title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: According to journalist Sarah Stillman, a major turning point in forfeiture activity was the passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984. This law permitted local and federal law enforcement agencies to share seized assets. According to Stillman, civil forfeiture allowed federal and local governments to "extract swift penalties from white-collar criminals and offer restitution to victims of fraud". From 1985 to 1993, authorities confiscated $3 billion of cash and other property based on the federal "Asset Forfeiture Program", which included both civil and criminal forfeitures. The methods were supported by the Reagan administration as a crime fighting strategy:


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: The politics of civil forfeiture were somewhat unusual. The federal forfeiture laws were introduced and pushed through Congress by Republicans in the 1980s, with some Democrats supportive and some critical. Additionally, some libertarian-leaning Republican members of Congress have been critical of civil forfeiture, considering it offensive to property rights. Civil liberties organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union have long been opponents of civil forfeiture. A common criticism of civil forfeiture is that it adversely affects minorities and people from low-income communities (whose seizures are typically less than $500).


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Forfeiture was used for purposes other than trying to discourage illegal drug activity, such as attempts in New York City to discourage drunk driving. Forfeiture rules were used to confiscate cars of intoxicated motorists. In such instances, there are two types of cases: a criminal case against the drunk driver as a "person", and a civil case against the "property" used to facilitate the drunk driving, specifically their car. Critics contend that the punishment can be "deemed out of proportion with the offense"; for example, after a drunk driver is arrested and convicted and possibly imprisoned, is it proper to punish him or her additionally by civil forfeiture means by confiscating a $50,000 car? Civil forfeiture has been used to discourage illegal activities such as cockfighting, drag racing, gambling in basements, poaching of endangered fish, securities fraud, and other illegal activity.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Courts helped set up the legal framework to help law enforcement stem the drug tide while sometimes trying to rein in abuses. A 1984 law set up the equitable sharing arrangement in which state and local police can share the seizures with federal agents. While the 1993 Supreme Court case "Austin v. United States" ruled that a forfeiture could be considered as an excessive fine, the court upheld the principle of civil forfeiture generally. A 1996 Supreme Court decision ruled that prosecuting a person for a crime and seizing his or her property via civil forfeiture did not constitute double jeopardy, and therefore did not violate the Constitution. However, in 1999, the Supreme Court ruled that civil forfeiture was not permitted if the amount seized was "grossly disproportional" to the gravity of the offense.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Legislatures played a role as well. Since the 1990s, the number of federal statutes permitting government forfeiture doubled from 200 to 400. In 2000, lawmakers passed the "Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act", or "CAFRA", which stipulated protections for individuals and increased the level of proof required. Critics said that the new guidelines did not require poor persons to have free access to legal services. CAFRA guidelines suggest that if a claimant wins a civil-forfeiture case, that some of the legal fees paid to recover the property are partially payable by the government. CAFRA was supposed to raise government's burden of proof before seizing property. CAFRA meant if government loses a forfeiture challenge, government must pay the victim's attorney costs, but often victims are unaware of this fact, so they fail to hire lawyers thinking the cost will be prohibitive.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Police forces heeded instruction from a law enforcement consultant named Joe David who had an "uncanny talent for finding cocaine and cash in cars and trucks", according to one report. Officers trained in David's so-called "Desert Snow" stop-and-seizure techniques raked in $427 million from highway encounters during a five-year period. A contract allowed David's consulting firm to keep 25% of the seized cash.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: But when innocent owners were sometimes ensnarled in seizure proceedings, it spurred criticism. In the early 1990s, San Francisco-based defense attorney Brenda Grantland organized a group called Forfeiture Endangers American Rights (which spells the letters "FEAR"), with branches in New Jersey, Virginia, California, and Massachusetts. Debate about reforming civil forfeiture procedures happened in the late 1990s but after public scrutiny died down, lawmakers quietly relaxed the reforms at the behest of police groups and prosecutors without much public debate.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Civil forfeiture was used successfully on many occasions. For example, it was used to seize assets by corrupt foreigners, such as against Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, who stole money from the African nation of Equatorial Guinea and was convicted. Overall, the pattern in recent decades has been a substantial increase in forfeiture activity. According to government records, Justice department seizures went from $27 million in 1985 to $556 million in 1993 and $4.2 billion in 2012.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: In 2015, Eric Holder ended the policy of "adoptive forfeiture", which occurred "when a state or local law enforcement agency seizes property pursuant to state law and requests that a federal agency take the seized asset and forfeit it under federal law" due to abuse. Although states proceeded to curtail the powers of police to seize assets, actions by the Justice Department in July 2017 have sought to reinstate police seizure powers that simultaneously raise funding for federal agencies and local law enforcement.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Civil procedure cases generally involve disputes between two private citizens, often about money or property, while criminal procedure involves a dispute between a private citizen and the state, usually because a law has been broken. In legal systems based on British law such as that of the United States, civil and criminal law cases are handled differently, with different tests and standards and procedures, and this is true of forfeiture proceedings as well. Both civil and criminal forfeiture involve the taking of assets by police.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: In civil forfeiture, assets are seized by police based on a suspicion of wrongdoing, and without having to charge a person with specific wrongdoing, with the case being between police and the "thing itself", sometimes referred to by the Latin term "in rem", meaning "against the property"; the property itself is the defendant and no criminal charge against the owner is needed.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: In contrast, criminal forfeiture is a legal action brought as "part of the criminal prosecution of a defendant", described by the Latin term "in personam", meaning "against the person", and happens when government indicts or charges the property that is either used in connection with a crime, or derived from a crime, that is suspected of being committed by the defendant; the seized assets are temporarily held and become government property officially "after" an accused person has been convicted by a court of law; if the person is found to be not guilty, the seized property must be returned.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: The tests to establish the burden of proof are different; in civil forfeiture, the test in most cases is whether police feel there is a preponderance of the evidence suggesting wrongdoing; in criminal forfeiture, the test is whether police feel the evidence is beyond a reasonable doubt, which is a tougher test to meet.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: If property is seized in a civil forfeiture, it is "up to the owner to prove that his cash is clean". Normally both civil and criminal forfeiture require involvement by the judiciary; however, there is a variant of civil forfeiture called "administrative forfeiture", which is essentially a civil forfeiture that does not require involvement by the judiciary, which derives its powers from the Tariff Act of 1930, and empowers police to seize banned imported merchandise, as well as things used to import or transport or store a controlled substance, money, or other property that is less than $500,000 value.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Since a prosecutor can charge a person with a crime in a criminal case and charge his or her things in a civil case, issues such as double jeopardy have been raised. Further, there has been debate about whether seizures of property are considered as a fine or as a punishment in a legal sense. The distinction was clarified by the Supreme Court in "United States v. Bajakajian", which decreed that a criminal forfeiture could be considered as both a type of fine and a punishment, while a civil forfeiture was not intended as a punishment of a person but rather a "legal fiction of punishing the property". As a result, the court decreed that civil forfeitures that served as remedial were not considered as a type of fine.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: The United States Supreme Court has upheld the principle of civil asset forfeiture at the federal level. The Court ruled in "Austin v. United States" (1993) that such civil forfeiture, treated as punitive actions, are subject to the Excessive Fines clause of the Eighth Amendment. The Supreme Court ruled in "Timbs v. Indiana" (2019) that protection against excessive fees in civil forfeiture is also incorporated against state and local government.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: In addition, there are more than 400 federal statutes that empower police to take assets from convicted criminals, as well as from persons not charged with criminality. Sometimes the seizures happen as a result of different government agencies working together, such as the Internal Revenue Service and the Department of Justice. Police at national and state levels cooperate in many instances according to procedural laws known as equitable sharing. In addition, there are laws that make it difficult for criminals to get dirty money clean by methods of money laundering; for example, law requires that cash deposits greater than $10,000 to a bank account be reported by the bank to the federal government, and there have been instances in which repeated cash deposits under this amount have looked suspicious to authorities even though they were done legitimately, leading to civil forfeiture seizures directly from a bank account. What has caused controversy is when the property of innocent persons is seized by police who believe that the seized items were involved in criminal activity.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: A June 2019 study found that more equitable sharing funds do not translate into more crimes solved, not improving overall police effectiveness. Such funds also do not lead to less drug use. And forfeiture rates are linked to local economic performance, increasing when the local economy suffers, suggesting that such tactics are more geared towards raising revenue, not fighting crime.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Although there are accessible statistics of seizures at the federal level, it often happens that the totals of forfeitures from both criminals and innocent owners are combined; for example, one report was that in 2010, government seized $2.5 billion in assets from criminals and innocent owners by forfeiture methods, and the totals of assets seized incorrectly from innocent owners was not separated statistically. Further, since the United States is a federal republic with governments at both the national and state level, there are civil forfeiture seizures at the state level, which are not tracked and recorded in any central database, which make it difficult to make assessments, since state laws and procedures vary widely. According to "The Washington Post", federal asset forfeiture in 2014 accounted for over $5 billion going into Justice and Treasury Department coffers, while in comparison, official statistics show that the amount stolen from citizens by burglars during that same year was a mere $3.5 billion.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Civil forfeiture begins when government suspects that a property is connected with illegal drug activity, and files a civil action:


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Properties that can be confiscated include real estate property such as a house or motel, cars, cash, jewelry, boats, and almost anything suspected of being related to the manufacture and sale and transportation of illegal controlled substances, such as:


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: One method of intercepting funds is by highway interdictions, typically along highway routes suspected to be used regularly by drug smugglers, often between Mexico and the United States.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: If a passing motorist does not sign a waiver and it becomes recorded as a legal case, the case names are often unusual. In a civil forfeiture case, the asset itself is listed as the "defendant". For example, one case was titled "State of Texas v. One Gold Crucifix", based on a traffic stop in which a woman was pulled over, no charges were filed, but this item of jewelry was seized. Another case name was "United States v. $35,651.11 in U.S. Currency".


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: "The Washington Post" analyzed 400 seizures in 17 states that were examples of equitable sharing arrangements. Police stop motorists under the pretext of a minor traffic infraction, and "analyze" the intentions of motorists by assessing nervousness, and request permission to search the vehicle without a warrant; however, of the 400 seizures studied by "The Washington Post", police did not make any arrests.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Cash has been seized in peculiar circumstances. For example, New York businessman James Lieto's $392,000 in cash was seized by federal authorities, since his legitimate funds mixed up with illegal funds in an armored car that was seized by an FBI probe. Lieto had to wait until the government's criminal case was finished before he could get his money back, which took considerable time, and caused considerable financial hardship and stress.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Police have broken into homes. In March 2012, in the middle of the night, without a warrant, New York City police burst into the home of Gerald Bryan, ransacked his belongings, ripped out light fixtures, arrested him, and seized $4,800 of his cash, but after a year, the case against him was dropped. When Bryan tried to get back his money, he was told it was "too late" since the money had already been put into the police pension fund. Victims of forfeiture often find themselves faced with fighting in a "labyrinthine" procedure to get their money back.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: In May, 2013, IRS agents seized $32,821 from the account of a restaurant owner in Arnolds Park, Iowa, on suspicion of tax evasion, but the seizure was contested by lawyers from the Institute for Justice.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration has been seizing cash from passengers on domestic flights. Agents seized $209 million in cash from travelers at the 15 busiest airports from 2006 to 2016, according to an investigation by "USA Today". Agents seized $82,373 from a passenger, transporting her father's life savings, while boarding a domestic flight, despite no indication of criminal activity or drug use or charges, leading to a lawsuit to get the funds returned.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Police can seize not only cash from cars but real estate such as a person's home. For example, homes have been seized even if someone other than the homeowner on the premises committed drug crimes without the owner's awareness. If the IRS suspects that property is involved with crime, or has been produced as a result of crime, then it has a pretext with which to seize it. From 2010 to 2013, two motel owners were under constant threat of their property being seized after there were incidents of drug selling on the motel premises. A judge ruled in 2013 that the owners could keep their motel since the owners did not know about the illegal activity and took all reasonable steps to prevent it.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Police seized a house on the pretext that it was being used for selling drugs, after a couple's son was arrested for selling $40 worth of illegal drugs. In another case, homeowners Carl and Mary Shelden sold their house to a man who was later convicted of fraud, but because of the real estate transaction, the Sheldens got caught up in a 10-year legal battle that left them "virtually bankrupt"; after years, they finally got back their house but it was in badly damaged condition; the Sheldens had done nothing wrong.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: In Detroit, men suspected of hiring prostitutes had their automobiles seized. An owner's sailboat was taken after he was caught with a negligible amount of marijuana. Members of the Bergen County Prosecutor's Office were charged with fraud after knowingly selling counterfeit goods at an asset forfeiture auction.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: The government can seize money directly from a bank account. One way this happens is when there are large numbers of cash deposits that government investigators suspect are structured as a way to avoid deposits exceeding $10,000, since deposits greater than that amount must be reported to the federal government. But it can happen that legitimate businesses have regular large deposits of cash. In one instance, the Internal Revenue Service waited for large deposits to be placed into an owner's bank account, and then forced the bank by legal means to surrender it to the agency by means of a secret warrant; authorities took $135,000 from Michigan restaurant owners, named the Cheung family, who made cash deposits from their Chinese restaurant. In another instance, a businessman in New Jersey made repeated cash deposits to save for purchasing a house; each payment was below the $10,000 threshold for reporting to the government, but there were 21 deposits over a period of four months, which caused government to suspect that criminal activity was involved; as a result, the IRS seized $157,000 and the businessman was forced to hire an attorney to get his funds returned. Officials seized $35,000 from the bank account of a grocery store "without any warning or explanation" in 2013.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: After police and authorities have possession of cash or other seized property, there are two ways in which the seized assets become permanently theirs: first, if a prosecutor can prove that seized assets were connected to criminal activity in a courtroom, or second, if nobody tries to claim the seized assets. What happens in many instances is that the assets revert to police ownership by default. If a victim challenges the seizure, prosecutors sometimes offer to return half of the seized funds as part of a deal in exchange for not suing. Sometimes police, challenged by lawyers or by victims, volunteer to return all of the money provided that the victim promises not to sue police or prosecutors; according to "The Washington Post", many victims sign simply to get some or all of their money back. Victims often have "long legal struggles to get their money back". One estimate was that only one percent of federally taken property is ever returned to their former owners.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Statistical evidence suggests a strong upward trend in recent years towards greater seizure activity. In 1986, the Department of Justice's "Asset Forfeiture Fund" took in $93.7 million; in 2008, it took in $1 billion. Much of this growth happened in the past decade; one analysis suggested that seizures had grown 600 percent from 2002 to 2012. From 2005 to 2010, government seizures of assets from both criminals as well as innocent citizens went from $1.25 billion to $2.50 billion. In 2012, over $4.4 billion were seized through forfeiture as compared to an estimated $4.7 billion American suffered as losses from criminal burglary. Federal authorities seized over $4 billion in 2013 through forfeiture, with some of the money being taken from innocent victims. In 2010, there were 15,000 cases of forfeitures. Over 12 years, agencies have taken $20 billion in cash, securities, other property from drug bosses and Wall Street tycoons as well as "ordinary Americans who have not committed crimes". One estimate was that in 85% of civil forfeiture instances, the property owner was never charged with a crime. In 2010, there were 11,000 noncriminal forfeiture cases. In 2010, claimants challenged 1,800 civil forfeiture seizures in federal court.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Proponents argue that civil forfeiture tactics are necessary to help police fight serious crime. It is seen as a vital and powerful weapon in the continuing battle against illegal drugs, and effective at discouraging criminal activity. It makes it easier for law enforcement to fight organized crime when they had trouble imprisoning offenders, since they could deprive them of their property and income when it is much harder to prove their guilt in a court of law.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: The head of the asset forfeiture section of the Department of Justice said that civil forfeiture of cash from innocents was insignificant compared to the "thousands of traffic stops" that bust major drug money couriers.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Civil forfeiture has been used to restore money stolen by fraud and other schemes by corrupt politicians. Civil forfeiture targets cybercrime, fraud, and scams in high finance at Wall Street, and money-laundering on a global scale. It enables police to have sufficient power to "return money to crime victims" in instances of swindling or fraud. Civil forfeiture laws were helpful in enabling authorities to seize and return swindled funds by the Bernard Madoff fraud.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Proponents argue that government has sufficient safeguards in place so that individuals can challenge seizures if the need arises. Justice William H. Rehnquist said in a Supreme Court decision that federal forfeiture in drug-related cases was not a punishment but served nonpunitive purposes such as encouraging people to be careful that their property was not used illegally. A lobbyist for the Maryland State Police named Thomas Williams argued that bills to require police to keep better records of seized property would cost law enforcement more time and money, and that trying to track seizures by multi-agency task forces would not be easy. Proponents say that when claimants contest the seizures, they rarely win back their money, suggesting that the "system is working properly". Proponents say the system is monitored to make sure seizures are properly done. In addition, the funds enable police forces to equip themselves further for more effective crime prevention; for example, a $3.8 million drug bust let officers equip their cars with $1,700 video cameras and heat-sensing equipment for a seven-member force.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: They point to serious instances of abuse in which innocent owners have been victimized. Critics are from both sides of the political spectrum, from left-leaning groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union and right-leaning groups such as The Heritage Foundation. The main criticisms of civil forfeiture proceedings are as follows:


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: There have been numerous reports in the media about systemic abuse of civil forfeiture. "USA Today" described it as "an increasingly common—and utterly outrageous—practice that can amount to legalized theft by police". Reporter Sarah Stillman writing in "The New Yorker" interviewed numerous police officers, lawyers, prosecutors, justices and plaintiffs around the United States and found that many had reservations that innocent Americans were being abused. "The New Yorker" published a "sprawling investigation" about how cities abuse civil forfeiture to "bolster their cash-strapped coffers by seizing the assets of the poor, often on trumped up charges". Comedian and political commentator John Oliver devoted a presentation to a satirical exposure of civil forfeiture in 2014.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: Organizations working for reform, as well as helping individual victims, include the Institute for Justice, a libertarian nonprofit law firm in Washington, D.C., which works to end civil forfeiture abuse. It has helped numerous clients recover property seized by the government. The Institute of Justice is helping one forfeiture victim sue the federal district court as well as the mayor, district attorney, and police commissioner in Philadelphia. Scott Bullock, senior attorney at the Institute for Justice, advocates that civil forfeiture should be abolished except for use in enforcing maritime and customs laws, and require that any seizures be linked to criminal convictions of specific people. If that is not possible, Bullock recommends that seized revenues be placed in neutral funds such as drug treatment efforts, that standards of proof for law enforcement be raised to ensure that police provide "clear and convincing evidence" of wrongdoing, that the burden of proof should be moved to government to prove wrongdoing, that seized assets should be tracked such that information is easily accessible by the public, and that the equitable sharing arrangement be abolished. Sometimes victims turn to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) for legal assistance in winning back their seized property.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: There has been opposition to civil forfeiture in some lower courts. There have been attempts by lawmakers to introduce legislation to prevent abuses based on civil forfeiture procedures; one proposal was to raise the standard of proof necessary before property could be seized, and require government to prove that an owner of property was involved in an illegal criminal activity before such seizures could happen. There have been class action lawsuits against authorities, such as one in East Texas by black and Latino drivers; the suit alleges that police took $3 million from 2006 to 2008 in 140 separate incidents. One reform effort is to require authorities to keep better records about seized assets.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: In 2015, the New Mexico legislature outlawed civil forfeiture. Also in 2015 a number of criminal justice reformers, including the Koch family foundations and the ACLU, announced plans to advocate the reduction of asset forfeitures due to the disproportionate penalty it places on low-income wrongdoers; the forfeiture of private property in such cases often results in the deprivation of the majority of an individual's wealth.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: As civil forfeiture may not be allowed a new practice has emerged. By classifying valuables such as cars, cellphones, and wallets with cash as evidence the police can keep them and by making it very difficult and time consuming to get them back. After 120 days the police can sell the items.


title: Civil forfeiture in the United States

text: The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has been using civil forfeiture as one way of funding their efforts to combat the use of illegal drugs, including marijuana, which continues to be illegal to possess under Federal law as of 2019. According to government figures, the DEA collected $18 million in 2013 as part of its Cannabis Eradication Program. Proponents in favor of legalizing marijuana have objected to this practice, which includes DEA seizures of properties in which marijuana is used and sold. A bill has been proposed in the United States Congress to eliminate this source of funding. As more states progress towards legalizing marijuana for medical use and for recreational use, there are more businesses to sell marijuana, sometimes called dispensaries or "weed shops". A report in "The Guardian" in 2015 suggested that such shops operated in a "tricky gray zone", so that even in the 23 states where medicinal cannabis is legal, such dispensaries can be "wiped out by a single visit from law enforcement". While state law may recognize such establishments as having a legal purpose, federal law does not recognize this, and conflicting interpretations can emerge, which can result in properties being confiscated. It has sparked controversy and, in some instances, public outrage.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Andrea (last name implied to be Harrison in "") is a fictional character from the comic book series "The Walking Dead" and was portrayed by Laurie Holden in the American television series of the same name. The character was created by writer Robert Kirkman and artist Tony Moore, and debuted in "The Walking Dead "#2 in 2003. In both mediums, she and her sister Amy are among a group of survivors near Atlanta, Georgia.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: In the comic book series, Andrea is a 25-year-old law firm clerk who develops from an insecure and inexperienced young woman into a mature and hardened warrior, having killed more than any other character. She forms a relationship with moral compass Dale and they raise a short-lived family with adoptive twin sons, Billy and Ben. Andrea becomes the group's primary sharpshooter and, later, a main instigator in the war against the infamous tyrant, Negan. During this event, the stress of war and grief over the loss of her family brings her closer to group leader Rick Grimes, with whom she becomes romantically involved thereafter, also becoming a surrogate mother to Carl, who begins calling her "mom."


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: In the television series, Andrea is eleven years older, and a former successful civil rights attorney who forms a strong, but platonic, relationship with moral center, Dale Horvath. Her grief over her sister's loss causes her to attempt suicide. Robert Kirkman assured this would initiate her transformation into the "fearless sharpshooter," mirroring her comic book counterpart, although the character's arc drastically diverts further from her comic counterpart in the third season, and her primary story arc involves the character being caught in the conflict between Rick and The Governor.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: For her performance as Andrea, Holden received favorable reviews, although the character's story arc in the third season was not well received. She was nominated for several awards including the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television in 2010. She would later win the same award in 2013.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: As a main character of the comic book series, Andrea appears in every single volume. The character is introduced in issue two of "The Walking Dead" in the "Days Gone Bye" storyline on November 12, 2003 while her first prose appearance is issue five on February 1, 2004 as a survivor of the zombie apocalypse. A former file clerk, Andrea is a head-strong and independent young woman beginning to find her place in the world. During the initial stages of the outbreak, she and her younger sister Amy are getting back from a road trip and heading towards Amy's college, when they are stranded and eventually picked up by fellow survivor Dale. They set up camp together on the outskirts of Atlanta, Georgia, where they are soon joined by other survivors. The group members learn to handle guns, and Andrea discovers that she is an excellent marksman. When zombies invade the camp, Amy is bitten. A distraught Andrea shoots her sister to ensure that she does not return as a zombie. The group moves on, first to a gated community named Wiltshire Estates where Andrea and Dale engage in sex and thus begin a relationship. Following their desertion from the community, they end up at a farm, where they enjoy temporary peace. While there, Andrea makes continued failed attempts at consoling Allen and is concerned for the well-being of his children. No sooner after their arrival are they ousted from the farm by Hershel, and soon afterward while on the road she and Dale discover a path leading to a prison facility.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: In "Safety Behind Bars" (vol. #3), Andrea takes part in the clearing out of the prison. One of the surviving inmates named Thomas Richards attempts to behead her as she does laundry. She manages to escape, but her earlobe is partially severed and she receives a facial scar. In "The Heart's Desire" (vol. #4), in the aftermath of Thomas Richards' death, Andrea settles in and takes it upon herself to do others' laundry, among other household-like tasks. In addition to this, she discovers prison uniforms for the group to swap with their old clothes, and tests her sewing skills to make sure everyone has the appropriate length, ultimately becoming the group's seamstress. Dale and Andrea later become surrogate parents to twins Billy and Ben when their father Allen is bitten by a zombie and dies. The prison's existence is discovered by the Governor – the leader of Woodbury, a nearby town of survivors. In the seventh volume "The Calm Before", Andrea teaches other group members to shoot to prepare them to defend the prison, and joins an expedition led by fellow group member Tyreese to a nearby National Guard station, so as to increase their arsenal of weapons. Upon their return, Andrea discovers that Dale has been bitten on the calf by a zombie. She hurries him to the infirmary, where Rick Grimes, the groups' leader, cuts off his leg to save his life. Dale becomes jealous when Andrea begins spending increased amounts of time with group member Tyreese, until she reveals that Tyreese was helping her make a wooden leg and crutches for Dale. In "Made to Suffer", the eighth volume and conclusion to the first compendium, the Governor launches an attack on the prison. Andrea serves as a sniper and kills many of their attackers, though she is grazed by a bullet and receives a second facial scar. The Woodbury group retreats, and Dale convinces Andrea to leave the prison with him and the twins. When the prison is attacked for a second time, Andrea returns alone and again kills a number of the Woodbury group.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: In the ninth volume "Here We Remain", the prison survivors reunite back at the farm, where they meet a new group and decide to travel with them to Washington, D.C. The group of survivors who are on a mission to Washington, D.C. consist of Abraham Ford (the leader), Eugene Porter (a man who claims to have knowledge on the cure, requesting to go to D.C.) and Rosita Espinosa (Abraham's girlfriend). In "What We Become" (vol. #10), en route to DC, Dale attempts to convince Andrea to again break from the group and start a new life with Billy and Ben in an abandoned farmhouse. Andrea displays reluctance, and the suggestion becomes moot with the arrival of a herd of zombies. While on the road again, Ben murders Billy, seemingly unaware of the gravity of his actions. The group discuss killing him in which she threatens to kill anyone who even touches him, and Dale suggests that the three of them leave together, but that night, Rick's son Carl shoots Ben. Andrea is distraught, even more so when Dale disappears. In "Fear the Hunters" (vol. #11), she admits to Rick that she fears Dale never knew of her genuine love for him. Dale is later returned to the group missing his second leg, which has been eaten by cannibals. He reveals that he is dying, as he had been bitten by a zombie and left during the night to spare Andrea the pain of his death. She, Rick, Michonne and Abraham hunt down and murder the cannibals. She tells Dale how much she loves him, and is with him when he dies. As with Amy, she shoots him to stop him from turning into a zombie.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: On the outskirts of Washington, the group are recruited by a scout for the nearby Alexandria Safe-Zone, at Alexandria, Virginia named Aaron. Andrea becomes the town's look-out. Although she is pessimistic as to how long their safety will last, she attempts to discourage Rick from challenging the safe zone's hierarchy. She rebuffs the romantic advances of the zone's leader, Douglas Monroe. While she later shares a series of flirtations with Douglas Monroe's son, Spencer, that culminates in their almost kissing, she terminates their fledgling relationship when he suggests they abandon the zone while the other inhabitants are under attack by zombies, including his own father and her friends. Andrea gradually begins to develop feelings for Rick. They share a kiss, but he rebuffs her, with the explanation that everyone he cares about dies, and he does not want to lose her. She attempts to convince him that their shared experiences make them uniquely compatible, and insists on joining him in his journey to a neighboring safe zone twenty two miles away known as the Hilltop Colony to demonstrate that he need not worry about her safety. Andrea, along with Rick, Michonne, Carl, and Glenn, go to the Hilltop Colony by ambassador Paul Monroe, a community hoping to start a trading network with them. There, they are shown around and introduced to Gregory. Another resident of the colony, Ethan, returns from a failed mission where all of his companions were killed except for himself and a woman named Crystal. Ethan then tells Gregory he has a message for him and stabs him. Rick tackles Ethan to the ground and in the struggle cuts his throat, while the rest of the residents stare at him, shocked. The survivors learn of the Hilltop's trading with the dangerous Saviors and Andrea believes it to be "messed up" that they had taken advantage of it and taken most of their supplies. On the way back to Alexandria, they are stopped by a band of Saviors demanding all the supplies that Gregory gave them. The group kills all but one of the Saviors, issuing a warning to send back to their leader Negan and they make it back to the community. Andrea and Rick later find Abraham's corpse on the way back to the safe zone after she kills more Saviors to save Eugene who was left as a hostage. With Abraham gone, Rick feels Andrea is the only capable person left to defend the walls while he is gone to retrieve Paul Monroe and several others. While on patrol, a hesitant Andrea speaks to Spencer who is accepting of her relationship with Rick despite his jealousy earlier. Later, she successfully captures one of the Saviors who continue to attack named Dwight.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Andrea is taken aback by Rick's news of Glenn's death and feels they should retaliate by killing Dwight. He refuses, but she angrily protests saying he stop blaming himself every time someone they care about dies. During a meeting the next day, Andrea interrupts Rick and tries to rally the others to support her in fighting the Saviors. Rick says that he knows what he's doing and releases Dwight to go back to Negan. Furious at Rick, Andrea decides to move out, but, when Rick tells her that he's planning to take on The Saviors in the future, she forgives him. Rick tells Andrea about the alliance formed between the Safe-Zone, Dwight, and the leader of the Kingdom (another networking community) Ezekiel. He also gives more details about his plan, which she is happy to hear. She is then taken by Rick, along with Heath, Aaron, Michonne, and Carl, to visit the Kingdom. During their stay, Andrea observes several of the residents and is impressed with their accuracy with firearms. Rick tells her that there are over thirty residents in the Kingdom who are ready for combat, plus the twenty or so men that Paul is bringing from the Hilltop. She is a little hesitant and worried that they might not have enough manpower, but, Rick assures her that Eugene's ammunition production will help even the score. During a conference between Rick, Ezekiel, and Paul, Andrea agrees with Ezekiel's plan to focus on hitting the Savior outposts and whittle away their numbers. When they arrive back to the Safe-Zone, they are greeted with troubling news that Negan has arrived ahead of schedule and that he gutted Spencer, killing him. After Rick has an argument with Negan, he tells Andrea that this may be their best chance of killing Negan and to grab her rifle and get to the bell tower. He also tells her to rally the Alexandria defenders and have them assemble at the wall. She is able to kill the Savior who was driving the truck, however she is unable to get a clear shot of Negan. After the shot, Connor finds her, beats her, and almost kills her in the bell tower. While strangling her, Connor expresses his regret on killing her, since he sees that she's been through so much. Andrea reaches for his knife and slashes his arm. She gets up and tries to kill him, until he pushes her against the ledge of the tower, with the knife against his throat. Connor challenges her to kill him before he pushes off. Right before she is about to be pushed over the ledge to her death, she flips Connor out of the tower and kills him. She then states that she and Rick are survivors. After this scuffle, Andrea passes out in the tower until Rick and Michonne help her back to the safe-zone. Back at the safe-zone, beaten and bruised, Andrea is patched up by Dr. Denise Cloyd. Andrea spends her time in recovery and bonds with Carl until Negan bombs the safe zone and they are forced to leave to the Hilltop, which Maggie Greene now rules over. Andrea assures Rick that everything he has done to unite the communities against Negan is justified. She shares a hug with her new family before Rick makes the decision to confront the attacking Saviors who are outside the Hilltop's walls. She is shocked to hear that Rick is keeping him alive to rot in a cell, as she believes he should be publicly executed.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Two years after the events of "All Out War," Andrea is shown to still be with Rick, and now has Carl calling her "mom." She is preparing to run a fair that has been in preparation for months. They live in the re-built Alexandria Safe Zone with perimeter checks around the DC area to navigate their ways across the communities. She later tells Rick she agrees with the decision to send their son to the Hilltop to become a blacksmith apprentice. She bids Carl a farewell, telling him to follow Maggie's rules. In Rick's absence to trek to the Hilltop, she is the leader of the Alexandria Safe Zone. Andrea is questioned by newcomer Magna and her group about how they survived. She explains to Magna about the events of the war that unfolded. Andrea holds a gun to Negan's head as he gets cleaned up in his prison cell, but later learns Olivia forgot to lock the cell door. She later urges the returned Rick to kill him again. The morning before the fair, Andrea wakes up early and meets with Siddiq to check on the structure for the fair, tearing up at the sight of vendors and booths being set up. When she learns of Carl's disappearance, she joins Rick, Michonne, and Dante in a mission to bring him back safely. Once they are held hostage by the Whisperers, a tribe of thousands disguised as roamers, she sees the marked border of territories where she witnesses dozens of people she knew from each of the communities with their heads on spikes.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: After the massive walker herd swarms Alexandria, Andrea and a group of other survivors including Magna, Eugene and Yumiko try to lead the walkers away. Eugene and Andrea lead a large portion of the herd towards the ocean. Eugene attempts to lead more of the walkers away with the horn, but Andrea is reluctant. Andrea and the others stare in shock at the small wound on her neck which is revealed to be a bite from a walker. Upon returning to Alexandria, Rick and others say their farewells as she slowly passes away. Before her death, she reminds Rick to stay strong and continue to lead the community to rebuild society. Andrea eventually reanimates as a walker and tries to kill Rick, only for him to stab her in the head with a knife.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Andrea, a civil rights attorney, along with her younger sister Amy are part of the quarry survivor camp outside of Atlanta. She is part of a scavenger group trapped in a department store in Atlanta when Rick Grimes arrives. After rescuing Rick, the group takes some time to plan out; during this, Andrea realizes that Amy's birthday is coming up and takes a necklace for her. Later, they are forced to handcuff Merle to pipes on the store's roof when he becomes violent, and end up leaving him there when they make their escape. The group eventually escape and make their way back to the quarry. Later, Rick and others go back to Atlanta to retrieve his gun bag. While they are gone, the quarry camp is overrun with walkers, and Amy is among those to be bitten. Andrea holds a dying Amy in her arms, putting the necklace on her, and tearfully telling her how much she loves her; however, as soon as Amy turns, Andrea shoots her, and hugs the body before she is buried with the others.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: The group opts to leave the quarry and head for the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in downtown Atlanta, hoping there will still be researchers there. However, only one, Dr. Jenner, remains, but he offers the group shelter. While the group enjoys the luxuries of the CDC, they learn that it is already running on emergency power and once the generators run out of fuel, the building will explode as a failsafe to kill the virulent samples it contains. While others in the group attempt to escape, Andrea and Jacqui elect to stay behind with Dr. Jenner, ready to die. Dale decides he will also stay along with Andrea to encourage her to come with him, as she still has much more to live for, Andrea was forced to come with him. They make it out of the building in time before it explodes. The group leaves Atlanta towards Fort Benning.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Due to several events, the group is allowed to take shelter on Hershel Greene's farmstead while they search for Sophia who went missing in the midst of a walker horde passage. Andrea is angry with Dale for denying her the choice to die. This intensifies when he agrees with Rick and Shane Walsh that only those who have been trained should be allowed firearms and later confiscates her father's gun. Andrea helps to keep watch over the farm. Lori Grimes also criticizes Andrea for not supporting the group through necessary chores such as cooking.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: In the Greene household, Hershel's youngest daughter Beth becomes suicidal, and put on watch. During Andrea's watch, Andrea decides to leave the room, believing that Beth would come to realize that she didn't want to die by being left by herself, but Beth takes the opportunity to try to slit her wrists. Hershel and Maggie race to bandage her wounds, which were shallow and not lethal, but Maggie is furious with Andrea and bans her from the house. Despite her now-tense relationship with Dale she becomes the only one to stand with him at a group meeting against executing Randall Culver, an injured stranger who could've potentially disclosed their location to a hostile group. Dale is killed by a walker that night, leaving Andrea without her longest-surviving companion after her sister had died.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Eventually, the farm becomes overrun by walkers. Andrea is separated from the others, but as she escapes and is on the verge of collapsing from exhaustion she runs into a figure wielding a katana and leading two walkers on chains.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Andrea's rescuer is revealed to be Michonne, who helps to escort her over the next several months and the two bond. Andrea becomes ill, but Michonne is able to find medicine to help her. When they see a helicopter crash nearby, they go to investigate but find that it is already being scoured by Merle, who managed to escape by sawing off his hand and since replaced it with a prosthetic bayonet, and other men. Though they try to stay hidden, Andrea and Michonne are captured, with Merle recognizing Andrea from Atlanta, and taken back to Woodbury, a walled community being run by The Governor. The Governor allows them to stay, but Michonne is very uncomfortable about the community and makes plans to leave, while Andrea, tired of wandering, accepts the Governor's hospitality. Merle warns The Governor privately about the other members of Rick's group due to Andrea's appearance.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Andrea becomes a close confidant and of romantic interest to the Governor, and assists Milton in studying the walker epidemic. Later, Merle discovers and captures Glenn and Maggie, and takes him to the Governor who harshly interrogates them about where the rest of Rick's group is at. Michonne, who had seen this abduction, finds Rick's group, sheltered in a nearby prison, and she leads a small group back to rescue the pair. Michonne seeks out the Governor herself, discovering he has kept the still-animated heads of several walkers alive in fishtanks, as well as the re-animated body of his daughter Penny. She dispatches Penny, just as the Governor arrives, and the two fight, with Michonne ending up cutting out one of the Governor's eyes. She is about to kill him when Andrea arrives and warns Michonne away at gunpoint. Michonne flees with the rest of Rick's group, though Rick and Andrea catch sight of each other during this. However, Daryl has been captured after finding his brother is still alive, and Andrea is forced to watch as the Governor forces them to battle to the death, since Merle had lied to him. However, the brothers manage to escape when Rick's group return to help out.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: The Governor is vengeful after the attack, but Andrea provides an inspirational speech to the Woodbury residents about rebuilding. The Governor compliments her, but secretly has Milton keep tabs on her. Andrea suggests that she could bridge the Woodbury and prison groups for a peaceful resolution, but the Governor refuses; however, he tells Milton to help Andrea escape and seek out the prison, so that they can find it themselves, planning on launching an attack in revenge. She makes it to the prison, but refuses to help Rick's group sneak back into Woodbury, and Carol instead suggests she assassinate the Governor. When she returns to Woodbury, she has the opportunity to kill a sleeping Governor but she is unable to strike the blow. Instead, Andrea arranges for the two sides to negotiate at a neutral location, but both Rick and the Governor refuse to allow her to join in their discussion. She discovers the Governor's plans to launch an attack at the prison, and tries to escape, but the Governor captures her just as she reaches the prison. Back in Woodbury, the Governor throws her in a torture cell, strapped to a chair. He then fatally wounds Milton, having come to determine he has turned against him, and leaves them, anticipating that Milton will die, reanimate, and kill Andrea. A dying Milton keeps enough consciousness to point Andrea to a set of tools just in her reach to cut her bonds.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: The Governor launches his attack but Rick's group quickly overpowers them, forcing the Governor to flee elsewhere. Knowing Andrea may be in trouble at Woodbury, Rick and others head there, but arrive too late: Milton had turned, and while Andrea did free herself enough to subdue Milton's reanimated body, she has also been bitten. She is conscious enough to welcome her friends, and for them to say goodbyes to her. She asks Rick for his gun to end her own life, and the others leave as Michonne stays behind with Andrea before she commits suicide. Andrea's body is brought back to the prison to be buried.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Andrea appears in the tenth-season episode "What We Become" as one of Michonne's hallucinations. In the hallucination, instead of saving the woman as she had done originally during their first encounter, Michonne leaves Andrea for dead and allows her to be eaten by walkers.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Andrea is portrayed by Laurie Holden ("The X-Files", "The Shield", "Silent Hill"), who was cast as part of the series in 2010. Prior to the show, Holden had been in two of Frank Darabont's films, "The Majestic" (2001) and "The Mist" (2007); in the latter she starred with three other "The" "Walking Dead" cast members (Melissa McBride, Juan Pareja and Jeffrey DeMunn). Soon after being cast, she read through the comics to analyze and get a definite understanding of Andrea's character. She acknowledged her enjoyment of having a much more physical role than on some of her other past projects, as well as her excitement towards having her character gradually become a warrior like in the comics.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Andrea, as she appears in the comic series, is described by "The Hollywood Reporter" James Hibberd as "a key member of the survivor group who has a proficiency with a sniper rifle and falls for a man twice her age." Showrunner Scott M. Gimple (season 4–present) describes Andrea in the comic as having an "interesting evolution". He said: "There was a certain brashness and cockiness that she had. We've seen her mature." In the television series, she attempts suicide at the end of the first season, but Dale talks her out of this. Comic co-creator Robert Kirkman explained that her ensuing desire to protect herself would begin her evolution into her comic counterpart, "the fearless sharpshooter". On television, Andrea's motivation shifts following Dale's death. Holden allowed the event to color her portrayal, and for the remainder of season two, before each scene she filmed, she thought "Andrea, you must honor Dale." She explained that "every move that Andrea makes from that point forward is about honoring Dale, and that means being a leader, having a stronger moral compass, being compassionate and really lending her hand more so than she would have before." Former showrunner Glen Mazzara deemed Andrea the only character who could "hold [her] head up" after Dale's death, as she alone supported him against killing Randall and is "the one person who feels that she stood by him at the end."


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: In the comic series, Andrea has a physical relationship with Dale. Holden was surprised to discover this while researching her role, but in March 2011, stated her intention to "honor the relationship well". However, Mazzara and Kirkman decided not to incorporate the relationship into the television series, and Dale was killed much sooner in the television series than he was in the comics. Holden was dismayed by his departure; she commented that she "love[d] the Dale-Andrea dynamic and ... felt like [they] had so much more story to explore together". For Kirkman, the effect of Dale's death on the continuing plot was worth sacrificing their relationship. He expressed his approval of the differences between the series and its source material, and advised viewers interested in the relationship storyline to read the comics.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Also in the comics, Andrea and Rick eventually become romantically involved within their time at the Alexandria Safe-Zone community. Their relationship, while genuine and affectionate, was initially shown to be strained, as Rick struggled to get over the deaths of his past lovers and Andrea found herself constantly at odds with some of Rick's decisions in life-threatening matters. Later, especially near the end of the war and two years later, Andrea and Rick's relationship is very intimate and close, as Carl looks to Andrea as a maternal figure, referring to her "mom".


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Though Shane dies in the comics before the group reaches the farm, he remains alive longer in the television series. This resulted in alterations to the ensuing plot, including the creation of a relationship between Andrea and Shane. In season three, Andrea begins flirting with the Governor, the leader of a town she and Michonne are staying at, before she enters into a full-fledged romantic/sexual relationship with him.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: The death of Andrea (Laurie Holden) in the television series marks one of the biggest departures from Robert Kirkman's source material in which Andrea played an active role within the series beyond this for a total of 13 years. In an interview published March 31, 2013, TVLine asked Holden how long in advance she knew about her character Andrea's death. Holden replied, "I didn’t get the official word until a few days before we began [shooting] the finale. It was a shock to everyone. It was never part of the original story docs for Season 3. And it was rather unexpected." Robert Kirkman said: "The comics still exist and I'd urge those people to continue reading the comics where Andrea is still alive. Just know the show is something different and we are telling different stories. It doesn't mean we're not going to see a lot of the big stories and big events from the comic book in the TV show eventually; it just means those things will be a little bit altered from time to time. Hopefully it will be exciting, new and fresh just like it was the first time you read the comic, which is really the goal." Kirkman also said: "It's something that was debated quite a bit. There was a lot of opposition in the writers' room. I bounced back and forth between 'We really shouldn’t kill her' and 'this is a good idea.' In the end it all came together and we decided to go for it. It was definitely something that divided the room to a certain extent."


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Holden expressed desires of wanting to continue Andrea's story but she was grateful for the end result: "Do I wish we could’ve seen and explored more of the comic-book-Robert-Kirkman Andrea? Yes. Absolutely. Do I wish that I had more scenes with Michonne showing that friendship? Yes. Absolutely. But at the end of the day, I don’t think I could ask for a better death. I feel like her life mattered, and she died trying, and her heart was in the right place. I feel grateful for that. You can’t have it all."


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Glen Mazzara said the decision to kill off Andrea occurred organically throughout the season, and talks of it emerged half-way through. He also addressed that he never planned to faithfully follow the comic book source material anyway, regarding the negative feedback from comic book readers. On the significance of Andrea's death, he said:


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: I thought it was important that we always show that no one is safe. It's also important to show the effect that these deaths have on our other characters. Andrea's death, for example, I knew Rick was going to finally open up the gates of the prison after a season in which he's trying to hide away from the world and lock everybody away and keep them safe. He realizes what that means -- that our group is now becoming isolated and will be picked off, that his own son is on the road to becoming the Governor (David Morrissey), so he has to open up the gates and let other people in and be compassionate. At the end of the finale, he brings in these women, children and elderly people and the group is going to transform. There needed to be a blood sacrifice for that, and there had to be a price that was paid. Andrea paying that price was important. She is unable to re-enter the group. In a way, a lot of what she did was bring the two groups together. But she's never able to enter the prison and be reunited in a full way with Rick's group. That was an ultimate sacrifice that was worthy of the season finale.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: At Walker Stalker Con Chicago in 2014, Greg Nicotero and Laurie Holden discussed in depth the death of Andrea. They revealed there were three different versions of the script. One version included Andrea surviving the season finale and saving the people of Woodbury, leading them back to the prison. The other was the one that was written by Glen Mazzara and the aired one re-written partially by Scott Gimple. Holden felt that re-shooting her original death scene two months later was satisfying, because "she needed to be with her friends" and felt that she died with "grace" in the re-shoot as opposed to a "D-movie horror death" in the original run. Holden also revealed that the decision caused Glen Mazzara to lose his job as showrunner, as many of the writers were against the concept. Nicotero felt that Andrea's character got "lost in the writing" for the third season.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: The death of Andrea in the comic book series came 4 years later in "Issue #167" after the war with Negan and the Whisperers. Robert Kirkman issued an apology for killing Andrea and said, "“I’m sorry. I’m sorry to my fans and to myself and to Andrea. I feel like I killed a close friend. The deaths in this series are never taken lightly, they’re never done with a sense of glee. They weigh on me the same way they weigh on you. These characters are very real to me, and their deaths are upsetting even to me. I plotted this issue out during a plane ride a few months ago. I plot my stories down with a pencil and paper, and there I was in my seat, blocking out scenes and writing dialog notes, surrounded by strangers who probably thought I was jotting down a shopping list. As I was writing some of the moments from this issue, I started crying. I found myself glancing around, wiping my eyes, hoping no one would notice. I’ve been living with this death for months now…and I don’t like it. I had plenty of time to change my mind. I had plenty of time to just not do it. I am in control of this story after all. But honestly, sometimes it feels like I’m not. This was one of those times. I don’t like this. I don’t want this. I want Andrea to live. I want to write more stories with her. I want to see her and Rick grow old together, watching Carl grow up and have kids of his own. I want that kind of happiness for these characters. And yet, here we are. Andrea is dead and the story moves on. I don’t know why this had to happen…but I know it did. I know this is another important turning point in the life of this series. I know Andrea’s death will mean something, that will resonate in the stories moving forward for years to come. But I still don’t like it. It still upsets me. I loved Andrea and I will truly miss her.”


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: "The Weekly Crisis" listed Andrea as #2 in their list of "The Ten Best Characters in The Walking Dead", describing her as "Rick's real right hand, and she's definitely no man", commenting on her expert marksmanship, loyalty and positively calling Rick and Andrea a "power couple".


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Holden's performance as Andrea was well-received, particularly in the first and second seasons. Her character's role in the third season, however, was often criticized by critics and fans alike. Many praised the sisterly bond between Andrea and her sister, Amy (Emma Bell), her relationship with Dale and Andrea's grieving process and transformation into a skilled fighter by the end of the second season. For her performance in the first season, in 2011, Holden received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress on Television for her portrayal of Andrea. Her portrayal as Andrea in "TS-19" was particularly well received by MTV's Josh Wigler, who said she "delivered great character work." Similarly, Alan Sepinwall of HitFix ultimately cited the performance of Laurie Holden as an episode highlight.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: For her performance in the second season, she was also nominated for a Best Supporting Actress Scream Award. For the season 2 premiere "What Lies Ahead", Derek Boeckelmann of the "Daily Nexus" praised the performance of Holden, saying that she "continues to be the strongest of the show’s players, consistently putting forth exceptional performances as the grieving Andrea." Critics applauded the growing relationship between Andrea and Shane in the episode "Secrets". Despite describing them as an "unlikely pairing", Scott Meslow of "The Atlantic" asserted that it was superior to the storyline between Andrea and Dale. "There's something to be said for the occasional post-apocalyptic tryst, which allows two characters who've experienced almost nothing but misery to have, even for a moment, something that resembles joy," he articulated. Meslow retorted that it was wise to underplay the tryst between Shane and Andrea, which he predicted would not lead to anything serious.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: The character development of Andrea produced uniform praise among critics in the season 2 finale, "Beside the Dying Fire". Writing for "Paste", Josh Jackson felt that it served as the episode's highlight, and further assessed that she emulated actress Linda Hamilton. "After a season of whining, there had to have been at least a few fans pulling for the walkers in her early scenes, but she quickly became Linda Hamilton-badass, braining zombies with her foot," he said. Likewise, Kine asserted that "the badass she has tried so hard to convince us all she is finally came across." Ryan thought that Andrea's struggle to survive was a strong way to build up the exodus of the group. She spoke of her scene with Michonne: "She'd fought so hard to live that I wanted Andrea to fend off that final batch of walkers successfully. When it appeared she might not live, I was, quite rightly, on the edge of my seat. And the appearance of the caped figure—towing two armless walkers, no less—was as dramatic as could be."


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Andrea's role in the third season is a significant departure from the comic book series. In comparison to previous seasons, her role was criticized and garnered generally negative critiques. Darren Franich of "Entertainment Weekly" commented negatively on Andrea's actions and her relationship with The Governor, invented for the show, saying: "The characters on "Walking Dead" appear stuck in their tracks, reliving the same traumas over and over. Will Andrea fall for next season's villain, too?" "Entertainment Weekly" later included Andrea in their list of "21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever". Zack Handlen, writing for "The A.V. Club" felt that the climax of "I Ain't a Judas" didn't strengthen the sense of who Andrea is, and called the character "problematic" and "a mess", which "only becomes more obvious when she's asked to serve as the center of some kind of ongoing moral crisis." He then speculated whether "the horrible scripting" was responsible. Eric Goldman for IGN disliked the episode because it was Andrea-centric, a character he disliked particularly in the third season.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Andrea's death received a polarized reaction. For "Welcome to the Tombs", IGN writer Eric Goldman disliked that the finale rested its dramatic conclusion on Andrea's death. AV Club writer Zack Handlen said that Andrea would be "missed less" than Milton. Erik Kain of Forbes.com said that "Finally, Andrea is dead. I know this is something I’ve wished for all season, but it almost felt cheap at the end." Conversely, Josh Jackson, writing for "Paste" called the death "a heartbreaking end for the woman who tried to make between the two gangs of survivors." Despite the negative reception Andrea received for the third season, Holden was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her work on "The Walking Dead" in 2013, and won.


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Noel Murray of "Rolling Stone" ranked Andrea 18th in a list of 30 best "Walking Dead" characters, saying, "One of the biggest divergences between the comic book and the show has been the character of Andrea: She's practically a co-lead with Rick on the page yet became a surprise casualty in the show's third season. She had a good run though, with Laurie Holden playing her as shrewd enough to see through the Governor's beneficent facade, and friendly enough to bring the lone wolf Michonne into the fold. Even now, her steeliness and wits are missed. "


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Carolyn Burke for "Screen Rant" ranked Andrea the best "The Walking Dead" character, writing, "Usually found on everyone’s worst character list, Andrea is a great character who’s been given a bad rap. Viewing her storyline from a new perspective changes everything [...] She planned to kill herself after losing her sister but her hand was forced. Those feelings never went away. That’s why she behaved the way she did with Beth. Her actions were dangerous and ill-advised, but she truly believed she was sparing Beth from ending up in the same boat [...] It’s why she clung to the false promises of the Governor -- the creature comforts of Woodbury were her only reason to live. It was a promise that life could be semi-normal. She didn’t sell out her friends with fickle actions."


title: Andrea (The Walking Dead)

text: Among the various action figures released by McFarlane Toys, Andrea is featured in two line-ups. In the series 3 line-up of figures for Skybound's "The Walking Dead" comic book series, she wears a tank top and has two facial scars. Other accessories include her signature scoped rifle, along with a pistol and a knife. The figure is 5 to 5 1/2 inches in scale, and also has a black and white bloody version. Her television series counterpart also appears in the fourth line-up of its 4 to 4/12 inch figures. The figure comes with a pistol with leg holster, sniper rifle, and pitchfork from Hershel's farm.


title: Tickling

text: Tickling is the act of touching a part of a body in a way that causes involuntary twitching movements or laughter. The word evolved from the Middle English "tikelen", perhaps frequentative of "ticken", to touch lightly.


title: Tickling

text: In 1897, psychologists G. Stanley Hall and Arthur Allin described a "tickle" as two different types of phenomena. One type is caused by very light movement across the skin. This type of tickle, called a knismesis, generally does not produce laughter and is sometimes accompanied by an itching sensation.


title: Tickling

text: Tickling results from a mild stimulation moving across the skin, and is associated with behaviors such as smiling, laughter, twitching, withdrawal and goose bumps.


title: Tickling

text: The tickle can be divided into two separate categories of sensation, knismesis and gargalesis. Knismesis, also known as a "moving itch", is a mildly annoying sensation caused by a light movement on the skin, such as from a crawling insect. This may explain why it has evolved in many animals. For example, a dog exhibiting the scratch reflex is an example of knismesis. When stimulated in the saddle region, most dogs will exhibit a reflexive rhythmic twitching of their hind legs. This reflex can be brought on by actions such as scratching, brushing, stroking, or even tapping the sensitive area. Horses also exhibit a response to knismesis, as they can be observed twitching the panniculus carnosus muscle in response to insects landing on their sides. Gargalesis reactions refer to a laughter-provoking feeling caused by a harsher, deeper pressure, stroked across the skin in various regions of the body. These reactions are thought to be limited to humans and other primates, although some research has indicated that rats can also be tickled in this way. A German study also indicates that the gargalesis type of tickle triggers a defense mechanism for humans in the hypothalamus conveying submissiveness or fleeing from danger.


title: Tickling

text: It appears that the tickle sensation involves signals from nerve fibres associated with both pain and touch. In 1939, Yngve Zotterman of the Karolinska Institute studied the knismesis type of tickle in cats, by measuring the action potentials generated in the nerve fibres while lightly stroking the skin with a piece of cotton wool. Zotterman found that the "tickling" sensation depended, in part, on the nerves that generate pain. Further studies have discovered that when the pain nerves are severed by surgeons, in an effort to reduce intractable pain, the tickle response is also diminished. However, in some patients that have lost pain sensation due to spinal cord injury, some aspects of the tickle response do remain. Tickle may also depend on nerve fibres associated with the sense of touch. When circulation is severed in a limb, the response to touch and tickle are lost prior to the loss of pain sensation.


title: Tickling

text: It might be tempting to speculate that areas of the skin that are the most sensitive to touch would also be the most ticklish, but this does not seem to be the case. While the palm of the hand is far more sensitive to touch, most people find that the soles of their feet are the most ticklish. Other commonly ticklish areas include the belly, sides of the torso, underarms, ribs, midriff, neck, back of the knee, thighs, buttocks, feet and perineum.


title: Tickling

text: Some evidence suggests that laughing associated with tickling is a nervous reaction that can be triggered; indeed, very ticklish people often start laughing before actually being tickled.


title: Tickling

text: Charles Darwin theorized on the link between tickling and social relations, arguing that tickling provokes laughter through the anticipation of pleasure. If a stranger tickles a child without any preliminaries, catching the child by surprise, the likely result will be not laughter but withdrawal and displeasure. Darwin also noticed that for tickling to be effective, you must not know the precise point of stimulation in advance, and reasoned that this is why most people cannot effectively tickle themselves.


title: Tickling

text: Darwin explained why we laugh when we are tickled by saying, "The imagination is sometimes said to be tickled by a ludicrous idea; and this so-called tickling of the mind is curiously analogous with that of the body. Laughter from being tickled [is manifestly a] reflex action; and likewise this is shown by the minute unstriped muscles, which serve to erect the separate hairs on the body".


title: Tickling

text: Tickling is defined by many child psychologists as an integral bonding activity between parent and children. In the parent–child concept, tickling establishes at an early age the pleasure associated with being touched by a parent with a trust-bond developed so that parents may touch a child, in an unpleasant way, should circumstances develop such as the need to treat a painful injury or prevent them from harm or danger. This tickling relationship continues throughout childhood and often into the early to mid teen years.


title: Tickling

text: Another tickling social relationship is that which forms between siblings of relatively the same age. Many case studies have indicated that siblings often use tickling as an alternative to outright violence when attempting to either punish or intimidate one another. The sibling tickling relationship can occasionally develop into an anti-social situation, or tickle torture, where one sibling will tickle the other without mercy. The motivation behind tickle torture is often to portray the sense of domination the tickler has over the victim.


title: Tickling

text: As with parents and siblings, tickling serves as a bonding mechanism between friends, and is classified by psychologists as part of the fifth and highest grade of social play which involves special intimacy or "cognitive interaction". This suggests that tickling works best when all the parties involved feel comfortable with the situation and one another. It can also serve as an outlet for sexual energy during adolescence, and a number of people have stated in a study that their private areas were ticklish.


title: Tickling

text: While many people assume that other people enjoy tickling, a recent survey of 84 college students indicated that only 32% of respondents enjoy being tickled, with 32% giving neutral responses and 36% stating that they do not enjoy being tickled. The study also found a very high level of embarrassment and anxiety associated with tickling. However, in the same study the authors found that the facial indicators of happiness and amusement do not correlate, with some people who indicated that they do not enjoy being tickled actually smiling more often during tickling than those who indicated that they do enjoy being tickled, which suggests that there may be other factors at play (such as embarrassment and anxiety) in the case of those who indicated a dislike for tickling than the mere physical sensation experienced. It has also been suggested that people may enjoy tickling "because" it elicits laughter as well as the feeling of being tickled. Social psychologists find that mimicking expressions generally cause people to some degree experience that emotion.


title: Tickling

text: Excessive tickling has been described as a primary sexual obsession and, under these circumstances, is sometimes considered a form of paraphilia. Tickling can also be a form of sexual harassment.


title: Tickling

text: Some of history's greatest thinkers have pondered the mysteries of the tickle response, including Plato, Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei and Charles Darwin. In "The Assayer", Galileo philosophically examines tickling in the context of how we perceive reality:


title: Tickling

text: When touched upon the soles of the feet, for example, it feels in addition to the common sensation of touch a sensation on which we have imposed a special name, "tickling." This sensation belongs to us and not to the hand... A piece of paper or a feather drawn lightly over any part of our bodies performs intrinsically the same operations of moving and touching, but by touching the eye, the nose, or the upper lip it excites in us an almost intolerable titillation, even though elsewhere it is scarcely felt. This titillation belongs entirely to us and not to the feather; if the live and sensitive body were removed it would remain no more than a mere word.


title: Tickling

text: Francis Bacon and Charles Darwin believed that humorous laughter requires a "light" frame of mind. But they differed on ticklish laughter: Darwin thought that the same light state of mind was required, whereas Bacon disagreed. When tickled, noted Bacon, "men even in a grieved state of mind, yet cannot sometimes forbear laughing."


title: Tickling

text: One hypothesis, as mentioned above, is that tickling serves as a pleasant bonding experience between parent and child. However, this hypothesis does not adequately explain why many children and adults find tickling to be an unpleasant experience. Another view maintained is that tickling develops as a prenatal response and that the development of sensitive areas on the fetus helps to orient the fetus into favourable positions while in the womb.


title: Tickling

text: It is unknown why certain people find areas of the body to be more ticklish than others; additionally, studies have shown that there is no significant difference in ticklishness among the genders.


title: Tickling

text: In 1924, J. C. Gregory proposed that the most ticklish places on the body were also those areas that were the most vulnerable during hand-to-hand combat. He posited that ticklishness might confer an evolutionary advantage by enticing the individual to protect these areas. Consistent with this idea, University of Iowa psychiatrist Donald W. Black observed that most ticklish spots are found in the same places as the protective reflexes.


title: Tickling

text: A third, hybrid hypothesis, has suggested that tickling encourages the development of combat skills. Most tickling is done by parents, siblings and friends and is often a type of rough-and-tumble play, during which time children often develop defensive and combat moves. Although people generally make movements to get away from, and report disliking, being tickled, laughter encourages the tickler to continue. If the facial expressions induced by tickle were less pleasant the tickler would be less likely to continue, thus diminishing the frequency of these combat lessons.


title: Tickling

text: To understand how much of the tickle response is dependent on the interpersonal relationship of the parties involved, Christenfeld and Harris presented subjects with a "mechanical tickle machine". They found that the subjects laughed just as much when they believed they were being tickled by a machine as when they thought they were being tickled by a person. Harris goes on to suggest that the tickle response is reflex, similar to the startle reflex, that is contingent upon the element of surprise.


title: Tickling

text: The question as to why a person could not tickle themselves was raised by the Greek philosopher Aristotle.


title: Tickling

text: Knismesis may represent a vestige of the primitive grooming response, in effect; knismesis serves as a "non-self detector" and protects the subject against foreign objects. Perhaps due to the importance of knismesis in protection, this type of light touch is not dependent on the element of surprise and it is possible for one to induce self-knismesis, by light touching.


title: Tickling

text: Gargalesis, on the other hand, produces an odd phenomenon: when a person touches "ticklish" parts on their own body no tickling sensation is experienced. It is thought that the tickling requires a certain amount of surprise, and because tickling oneself produces no unexpected motion on the skin, the response is not activated. In 1998, Blakemore and colleagues analyzed the "self-tickle" response by using MRI technology to investigate how the brain distinguishes between sensations we create for ourselves and sensations others create for us. When subjects used a joystick to control a "tickling robot", they could not make themselves laugh. This suggests that when a person tries to tickle themselves, the cerebellum sends to the somatosensory cortex precise information on the position of the tickling target and therefore what sensation to expect. Apparently an unknown cortical mechanism then decreases or inhibits the tickling sensation.


title: Tickling

text: While the reasons for the inhibition of the tickling sensation during self-tickling remain unknown, research shows that the human brain is trained to know what sensation to expect when the body moves or performs an action. Another reason may be the lack of awareness of many sensations arising from self-movement, such as not paying attention to one's own vocal cords. When we try to tickle ourselves by grabbing our sides, the brain foresees this contact between body and hand and prepares itself for it. This removes the feeling of unease and panic, causing the body to not react to tickling in the same way it would if someone else supplied the stimulus.


title: Tickling

text: However, some people with schizophrenia have the ability to tickle themselves. Non-pathological individuals high in schizotypical traits also have a greater self-tickling ability than people low in schizotypical traits. This is suggested to possibly correlate with a less pronounced ability of these people to track and attribute the results of their own actions.


title: Tickling

text: Although some consensual tickling can be a positive, playful experience, non-consensual tickling can be frightening, uncomfortable, and painful for the recipient. Heinz Heger, a man imprisoned in the Flossenbürg concentration camp during World War II, witnessed Nazi prison guards perform tickle torture on a fellow inmate. He describes this incident in his book "The Men with the Pink Triangle": "The first game that the SS sergeant and his men played was to tickle their victim with goose feathers, on the soles of his feet, between his legs, in the armpits, and on other parts of his naked body. At first the prisoner forced himself to keep silent, while his eyes twitched in fear and torment from one SS man to the other. Then he could not restrain himself and finally he broke out in a high-pitched laughter that very soon turned into a cry of pain, while the tears ran down his face, and his body twisted against his chains. After this tickling torture, they let the lad hang there for a little, while a flood of tears ran down his cheeks and he cried and sobbed uncontrollably."


title: Tickling

text: An article in the "British Medical Journal" describes a European method of tickle torture in which a goat was compelled to lick the victim's feet after they had been dipped in salt water. Once the goat had licked the salt off, the victim's feet would be dipped in the salt water again and the process would repeat itself. In ancient Japan, authority figures could administer punishments to those convicted of crimes that were beyond the criminal code. This was called "shikei", which translates as ‘private punishment’. One such torture was "kusuguri-zeme": "merciless tickling."


title: Tickling

text: In Vernon Wiehe's book "Sibling Abuse", he published his research findings regarding 150 adults who were abused by their siblings during childhood. Several reported tickling as a type of physical abuse they experienced, and based on these reports it was revealed that abusive tickling is capable of provoking extreme physiological reactions in the victim, such as vomiting, incontinence (losing control of bladder), and loss of consciousness due to inability to breathe.


title: Peugeot 207

text: The Peugeot 207 is a supermini car (B) that was designed and produced by the French automaker Peugeot from 2006 to 2014. It was presented at the Geneva Motor Show in 2006, and entered production in April 2006, as the successor to the Peugeot 206. It shares the same platform with the Citroën C3.


title: Peugeot 207

text: The 207 was launched in France, Spain, and Italy during April 2006, and later on in other markets in Europe and the Middle East. In January 2004, Peugeot decided not to manufacture the 207 in Ryton.


title: Peugeot 207

text: The launch for the United Kingdom was on 8 June 2006. Amicus and the TGWU, both unions representing workers at PSA's manufacturing plant in Ryton, Coventry, chose the same day to launch a campaign calling for the boycott of PSA's Peugeot and Citroën vehicles in the United Kingdom, to protest against the company's plans to close the plant. Peugeot's United Kingdom sales grew, despite the resulting boycott.


title: Peugeot 207

text: The 207 was the successor to the 206. The 207 was based on a modified version of the platform used for the Citroën C3 and was built in Poissy (France), Madrid (Spain) and a new plant in Trnava, Slovakia.


title: Peugeot 207

text: Initially, three petrol engines were available: 1.4-litre 8v with 75 or 16v and 1.6 litre 16v with . From the end of 2006, the 1.4 and 1.6 16v models were replaced by the new 1.4 vti and 1.6 vti a Valvetronic engines.


title: Peugeot 207

text: Two turbocharged and intercooled versions, one with , and the other with were also added to the range. The latter four engines result from the cooperation agreement between PSA and the BMW Group; and can also be found in the Mini Cooper S. The diesel powered engines available are a 1.4 litre or a 1.6 litre HDi with maximum output of or , the latter with the addition of an intercooler.


title: Peugeot 207

text: The 207 was available as a three- or five-door hatchback, a 207 SW station wagon and the 207 coupé cabriolet (207 CC), which was launched in December 2006, as a replacement for the ageing 206 CC retractable hardtop, with engine choice limited to either the 1.6l HDi or 1.6l Vti.


title: Peugeot 207

text: A panel van 207 Van model was presented at the Commercial Vehicle Show in Birmingham, UK, and sold in the United Kingdom. The commercial 207 kept its side windows in most other markets, such as France, where it was marketed as 207 Affaire.


title: Peugeot 207

text: A GTI (or RC in some markets) version was also available, with the THP175 turbocharged 1.6 litre engine. A GT (or Limitee) version is also available, but is only sold with the THP150 turbocharged 1.6 litre engine, and also features a glass roof.


title: Peugeot 207

text: Both the GTI and GT versions are sold exclusively with manual gearboxes. The car was facelifted in July 2009, receiving a slightly smaller grille and revised front lighting, including new fog lamp housings, along with LED lights on the rear. Some engine management software changes were also made, boosting the power of the GTI from to .


title: Peugeot 207

text: After just securing the top three positions in qualifying for the 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race, Peugeot had fittingly released details for a Peugeot 207 Le Mans Series special edition model. With only 2,000 units produced, the 207 Le Mans Series was distinguished on the outside with a sport front bumper with Shadow aluminium grille and Black Chrome headlights.


title: Peugeot 207

text: The body side moldings, bumpers strips, and side view mirror housings were painted body color, while a long racing stripe got trimmed along the bonnet, roof, and rear spoiler. Other decal accents included a Peugeot logo, striping on the doors and Le Mans logos on the liftgate. Also special multispoke 17 inch Pitlane aluminium wheels set the tone of the vehicle. Exterior colours were Banquise White and Obsidien Black.


title: Peugeot 207

text: Carried over from the 207 RC, the interior received finish decor with front and rear bucket seats as well as RC front and rear mat covers. The steering wheel too, with a finish ring and numbered from 1 to 2,000. The gearshift lever knob, pedal assembly, foot rest and door sill are in aluminium.


title: Peugeot 207

text: Three engines were available with the 207 Le Mans Series. Starting with the 1.6 HDi 16v 110 hp DPFS and 1.6 THP150 16v 150 hp engines each of which receive a chrome plated single exhaust pipe. The top 1.6 THP175 16v 175 hp received a chrome plated dual exhaust pipe.


title: Peugeot 207

text: The Peugeot 207 met with mixed reviews, facing criticism for the design of its interior, for the quality of its gearbox, and for its handling, with the latter two issues also identified in the GTI version.


title: Peugeot 207

text: "Autocar" magazine said the Peugeot 207 hatchback was "safely played and as such lacks charm, verve and difference". It did receive praise for its value, safety and styling. Reviewers feared that it would prove unreliable, and one car insurer named it the fourth least reliable vehicle. The CC version was better received, with "Top Gear" motoring magazine describing it as "a decent new version of one of the originals...of the tin top cabrio breed".


title: Peugeot 207

text: Despite this lack of acclaim, it has sold well in Britain, being the sixth best selling car overall (and third in the supermini sector) in 2007, with more than 67,000 examples being sold.


title: Peugeot 207

text: At the 2006 Geneva Motor Show Peugeot also unveiled a sporty concept car based on the 207 and badged as the 207 RCup. This Super 2000 version is powered by a 2.0 litre petrol engine with maximum output of and is intended as a successor for the 206 World Rally Car which was successfully used by Peugeot in the World Rally Championship, where it helped the team winning the manufacturers' championship in 2000, 2001 and 2002.


title: Peugeot 207

text: The Peugeot 207 Epure was a concept car presented at the Mondial de l'Automobile 2006 designed to preview the 207 CC which followed. The 207 Epure was fitted with a sophisticated hydrogen fuel cell.


title: Peugeot 207

text: A Super 2000 version of the Peugeot 207 is used in the Super 2000 World Rally Championship as well as several rally championships across Europe. The 2008 European Rally drivers' champion and the 2007, 2008 and 2009 Intercontinental Rally Challenge drivers' champions drove 207 Super 2000s.


title: Peugeot 207

text: In several regions including China, South America, Southeast Asia and Iran, a facelifted Peugeot 206 version is marketed under the Peugeot 207 nameplate since November 2008. The model is based on the platform of the predecessor model, the Peugeot 206, and features the front end of the facelifted version 206+, which resembles the Peugeot 207. This name is used on 4-door, 5-door and even on SW model in Mercosur.


title: Markov's inequality

text: In probability theory, Markov's inequality gives an upper bound for the probability that a non-negative function of a random variable is greater than or equal to some positive constant. It is named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov, although it appeared earlier in the work of Pafnuty Chebyshev (Markov's teacher), and many sources, especially in analysis, refer to it as Chebyshev's inequality (sometimes, calling it the first Chebyshev inequality, while referring to Chebyshev's inequality as the second Chebyshev inequality) or Bienaymé's inequality.


title: Markov's inequality

text: Markov's inequality (and other similar inequalities) relate probabilities to expectations, and provide (frequently loose but still useful) bounds for the cumulative distribution function of a random variable.


title: Markov's inequality

text: In the language of measure theory, Markov's inequality states that if is a measure space, formula_5 is a measurable extended real-valued function, and , then


title: Markov's inequality

text: If is a monotonically increasing nonnegative function for the nonnegative reals, is a random variable, , and , then


title: Markov's inequality

text: We separate the case in which the measure space is a probability space from the more general case because the probability case is more accessible for the general reader.


title: Markov's inequality

text: formula_9 is non-negative and formula_10 is larger than or equal to formula_11 because the conditional expectation only takes into account of values larger than or equal to formula_11 which r.v. formula_13 can take.


title: Markov's inequality

text: For any event formula_21, let formula_22 be the indicator random variable of formula_23, that is, formula_24 if formula_21 occurs and formula_26 otherwise.


title: Markov's inequality

text: Using this notation, we have formula_27 if the event formula_28 occurs, and formula_29 if formula_30,


title: Markov's inequality

text: which is clear if we consider the two possible values of formula_28. If <math>X, then formula_29, and so formula_34. Otherwise, we have formula_28, for which formula_36 and so formula_37.


title: Markov's inequality

text: Since formula_38 is a monotonically increasing function, taking expectation of both sides of an inequality cannot reverse it. Therefore,


title: Markov's inequality

text: We may assume that the function formula_5 is non-negative, since only its absolute value enters in the equation. Now, consider the real-valued function "s" on "X" given by


title: Markov's inequality

text: Chebyshev's inequality uses the variance to bound the probability that a random variable deviates far from the mean. Specifically,


title: Markov's inequality

text: Assuming no income is negative, Markov's inequality shows that no more than 1/5 of the population can have more than 5 times the average income.


title: Li Peng

text: Li Peng (; 20 October 1928 – 22 July 2019) was a Chinese politician who served as the fourth Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1987 to 1998, and as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, China's top legislative body, from 1998 to 2003. For much of the 1990s Li was ranked second in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) hierarchy behind then Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin. He retained his seat on the CCP Politburo Standing Committee until his retirement in 2002.


title: Li Peng

text: Li was the son of an early Communist revolutionary, Li Shuoxun, who was executed by the Kuomintang. After meeting Zhou Enlai in Sichuan, Li was raised by Zhou and his wife, Deng Yingchao. Li trained to be an engineer in the USSR and worked at an important national power company after returning to China. He escaped the political turmoil of the 1950s, '60s and '70s due to his political connections and his employment in the company. After Deng Xiaoping became China's leader in the late 1970s, Li took a number of increasingly important and powerful political positions, eventually becoming premier in 1987.


title: Li Peng

text: As Premier, Li was the most visible representative of China's government who backed the use of force to quell the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. During the protests Li used his authority as premier to declare martial law and, in cooperation with Deng Xiaoping, who was the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, ordered the June 1989 military crackdown against student pro-democracy demonstrators in Tiananmen Square, leading to a massacre. Li advocated a largely conservative approach to Chinese economic reform, which placed him at odds with General Secretary Zhao Ziyang, who fell out of favour in 1989. After Zhao was removed from office Li promoted a conservative socialist economic agenda, but lost influence to incoming vice-premier Zhu Rongji and was unable to prevent the increasing market liberalization of the Chinese economy. During his time in office he helmed the controversial Three Gorges Dam project. He and his family managed a large Chinese power monopoly, which the Chinese government broke up after his term as premier expired. Li died at the age of 90 in Beijing.