title: Exile

text: During the period of National Socialism in the first few years after 1933, many Jews, as well as a significant number of German artists and intellectuals fled into exile; for instance, the authors Klaus Mann and Anna Seghers. So Germany's own exile literature emerged and received worldwide credit. Klaus Mann finished his novel "" ("The Volcano. A Novel Among Emigrants") in 1939 describing the German exile scene, "to bring the rich, scattered and murky experience of exile into epic form", as he wrote in his literary balance sheet. At the same place and in the same year, Anna Seghers published her famous novel "Das siebte Kreuz" ("The Seventh Cross", published in the United States in 1942).


title: Exile

text: Important exile literatures in recent years include that of the Caribbean, many of whose artists emigrated to Europe or the United States for political or economic reasons. These writers include Nobel Prize winners V. S. Naipaul and Derek Walcott as well as the novelists Edwidge Danticat and Sam Selvon.


title: Gypsophila

text: Gypsophila () is a genus of flowering plants in the carnation family, Caryophyllaceae. They are native to Eurasia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Turkey has a particularly high diversity of "Gypsophila" taxa, with about 35 endemic species. Some "Gypsophila" are introduced species in other regions.


title: Gypsophila

text: The genus name is from the Greek "gypsos" ("gypsum") and "philios" ("loving"), a reference to the gypsum-rich substrates on which some species grow. Plants of the genus are known commonly as baby's-breath, or babe's breath, a name which also refers specifically to the well known ornamental species "Gypsophila paniculata".


title: Gypsophila

text: "Gypsophila" is one of the most heterogeneous and largest groups in the carnation tribe, Caryophylleae. The genus comprises approximately 150 species of annual or perennial herbaceous, creeping or cushion-forming plants, inhabiting primarily the mountainous steppes in the north temperate part of the Old World with a diversification hotspot in the Irano-Turanian region. These species also show major variation in inflorescence type ranging from many-flowered lax thyrses or panicles (e.g., "G. elegans" M.Bieb., "G. paniculata" L., "G. pilosa" Huds.) to compact head-like cymes ( "G. capitata" M.Bieb., "G. capituliflora" Rupr., "G. caricifolia Boiss".), and few-(uni-)flowered raceme-like monochasia (e.g., "G. bazorganica" Rech.f., "G. saponarioides" Bornm. & Gauba). Each small flower has a cup-like calyx of white-edged green sepals containing five petals in shades of white or pink. The fruit is a rounded or oval capsule opening at valves. It contains several brown or black seeds which are often shaped like a kidney or a snail shell.


title: Gypsophila

text: A few species are commercially cultivated for several uses, including floristry, herbal medicine, and food. The baby's-breath most commonly used in flower arrangements such as bouquets is the common gypsophila, "G. paniculata". "G. elegans" is also used as a cut flower.


title: Gypsophila

text: The genus is a source of saponins that can be used for many purposes, including the production of photographic film and hemolytic laboratory reagents. Their detergent qualities make them useful in soap and shampoo.


title: Gypsophila

text: "G. rokejeka" is used to make the dessert halva. Species are also ingredients in liqueur, cheese, and ice cream, providing flavor, aroma, and crispness to foods.


title: Gypsophila

text: Several species are hyperaccumulators of boron, and may be planted to absorb the element from polluted soils.


title: Gypsophila

text: Some species are known as weeds, including the "aggressive ornamental" "G. paniculata", which invades habitat and competes with native flora.


title: Gypsophila

text: The plant Çöven, "G. simonii" is widely distributed throughout Çankırı, where it is a native species, and Turkey. In this study, chemical and physical properties of unripe saponins obtained by extraction from the roots of "G. simonii", an endemic plant, were isolated and investigated. Purified aglycones recovered from acid hydrolysis of the saponins were separated by reversed chromatography on a thin layer of silica gel. Phytochemical tests showed the presence of terpenoids in the crude extracts.


title: Gypsophila

text: "Gypsophila muralis" (annual gypsophila, cushion baby's-breath, low baby's-breath) is now placed in the genus "Psammophiliella".


title: Chirality

text: Chirality is a property of asymmetry important in several branches of science. The word "chirality" is derived from the Greek ("kheir"), "hand", a familiar chiral object.


title: Chirality

text: An object or a system is "chiral" if it is distinguishable from its mirror image; that is, it cannot be superimposed onto it. Conversely, a mirror image of an "achiral" object, such as a sphere, cannot be distinguished from the object. A chiral object and its mirror image are called "enantiomorphs" (Greek, "opposite forms") or, when referring to molecules, "enantiomers". A non-chiral object is called "achiral" (sometimes also "amphichiral") and can be superposed on its mirror image.


title: Chirality

text: The term was first used by Lord Kelvin in 1893 in the second Robert Boyle Lecture at the Oxford University Junior Scientific Club which was published in 1894:


title: Chirality

text: Human hands are perhaps the most recognized example of chirality. The left hand is a non-superimposable mirror image of the right hand; no matter how the two hands are oriented, it is impossible for all the major features of both hands to coincide across all axes. This difference in symmetry becomes obvious if someone attempts to shake the right hand of a person using their left hand, or if a left-handed glove is placed on a right hand. In mathematics, "chirality" is the property of a figure that is not identical to its mirror image.


title: Chirality

text: In mathematics, a figure is chiral (and said to have chirality) if it cannot be mapped to its mirror image by rotations and translations alone. For example, a right shoe is different from a left shoe, and clockwise is different from anticlockwise. See for a full mathematical definition.


title: Chirality

text: A chiral object and its mirror image are said to be enantiomorphs. The word "enantiomorph" stems from the Greek (enantios) 'opposite' + (morphe) 'form'. A non-chiral figure is called achiral or amphichiral.


title: Chirality

text: The helix (and by extension a spun string, a screw, a propeller, etc.) and Möbius strip are chiral two-dimensional objects in three-dimensional ambient space. The J, L, S and Z-shaped "tetrominoes" of the popular video game Tetris also exhibit chirality, but only in a two-dimensional space.


title: Chirality

text: Many other familiar objects exhibit the same chiral symmetry of the human body, such as gloves, glasses (sometimes), and shoes. A similar notion of chirality is considered in knot theory, as explained below.


title: Chirality

text: Some chiral three-dimensional objects, such as the helix, can be assigned a right or left handedness, according to the right-hand rule.


title: Chirality

text: In geometry, a figure is achiral if — and only if — its symmetry group contains at least one "orientation-reversing" isometry.


title: Chirality

text: In two dimensions, every figure that possesses an axis of symmetry is achiral, and it can be shown that every "bounded" achiral figure must have an axis of symmetry.


title: Chirality

text: In three dimensions, every figure that possesses a plane of symmetry or a center of symmetry is achiral. There are, however, achiral figures lacking both plane and center of symmetry.


title: Chirality

text: In terms of point groups, all chiral figures lack an improper axis of rotation (S). This means that they cannot contain a center of inversion (i) or a mirror plane (σ). Only figures with a point group designation of C, C, D, T, O, or I can be chiral.


title: Chirality

text: A knot is called achiral if it can be continuously deformed into its mirror image, otherwise it is called chiral. For example, the unknot and the figure-eight knot are achiral, whereas the trefoil knot is chiral.


title: Chirality

text: In physics, chirality may be found in the spin of a particle, where the handedness of the object is determined by the direction in which the particle spins. Not to be confused with helicity, which is the projection of the spin along the linear momentum of a subatomic particle, chirality is an intrinsic quantum mechanical property, like spin. Although both chirality and helicity can have left-handed or right-handed properties, only in the massless case are they identical. In particular for a massless particle the helicity is the same as the chirality while for an antiparticle they have opposite sign.


title: Chirality

text: The "handedness" in both chirality and helicity relate to the rotation of a particle while it proceeds in linear motion with reference to the human hands. The thumb of the hand points towards the direction of linear motion whilst the fingers curl into the palm, representing the direction of rotation of the particle (i.e. clockwise and counterclockwise). Depending on the linear and rotational motion, the particle can either be defined by left-handedness or right-handedness. A symmetry transformation between the two is called parity. Invariance under parity by a Dirac fermion is called "chiral symmetry".


title: Chirality

text: Electromagnetic waves can have handedness associated with their polarization. Polarization of an electromagnetic wave is the property that describes the orientation, i.e., the time-varying direction and amplitude, of the electric field vector. For example, the electric field vectors of left-handed or right-handed circularly polarized waves form helices of opposite handedness in space.


title: Chirality

text: Circularly polarized waves of opposite handedness propagate through chiral media at different speeds (circular birefringence) and with different losses (circular dichroism). Both phenomena are jointly known as optical activity. Circular birefringence causes rotation of the polarization state of electromagnetic waves in chiral media and can cause a negative index of refraction for waves of one handedness when the effect is sufficiently large.


title: Chirality

text: While optical activity occurs in structures that are chiral in three dimensions (such as helices), the concept of chirality can also be applied in two dimensions. 2D-chiral patterns, such as flat spirals, cannot be superimposed with their mirror image by translation or rotation in two-dimensional space (a plane). 2D chirality is associated with directionally asymmetric transmission (reflection and absorption) of circularly polarized waves. 2D-chiral materials, which are also anisotropic and lossy exhibit different total transmission (reflection and absorption) levels for the same circularly polarized wave incident on their front and back. The asymmetric transmission phenomenon arises from different, e.g. left-to-right, circular polarization conversion efficiencies for opposite propagation directions of the incident wave and therefore the effect is referred to as circular conversion dichroism.


title: Chirality

text: Like the twist of a 2d-chiral pattern appears reversed for opposite directions of observation, 2d-chiral materials have interchanged properties for left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized waves that are incident on their front and back. In particular left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized waves experience opposite directional transmission (reflection and absorption) asymmetries.


title: Chirality

text: While optical activity is associated with 3d chirality and circular conversion is associated with 2d chirality, both effects have also been observed in structures that are not chiral by themselves. For the observation of these chiral electromagnetic effects, chirality does not have to be an intrinsic property of the material that interacts with the electromagnetic wave. Instead, both effects can also occur when the propagation direction of the electromagnetic wave together with the structure of an (achiral) material form a chiral experimental arrangement. This case, where the mutual arrangement of achiral components forms a chiral (experimental) arrangement, is known as extrinsic chirality.


title: Chirality

text: Chiral mirrors are a class of metamaterials that reflect circularly polarized light of a certain helicity in a handedness-preserving manner, while absorbing circular polarization of the opposite handedness. However, most absorbing chiral mirrors operate only in a narrow frequency band, as limited by the causality principle. Employing a different design methodology that allows undesired waves to pass through instead of absorbing the undesired waveform, chiral mirrors are able to show good broadband performance.


title: Chirality

text: A "chiral molecule" is a type of molecule that has a non-superposable mirror image. The feature that is most often the cause of chirality in molecules is the presence of an asymmetric carbon atom.


title: Chirality

text: The term "chiral" in general is used to describe the object that is non-superposable on its mirror image.


title: Chirality

text: In chemistry, chirality usually refers to molecules. Two mirror images of a chiral molecule are called enantiomers or optical isomers. Pairs of enantiomers are often designated as "right-", "left-handed" or, if they have no bias, "achiral". As polarized light passes through a chiral molecule, the plane of polarization, when viewed along the axis toward the source, will be rotated clockwise (to the right) or anticlockwise (to the left). A right handed rotation is dextrorotary (d); that to the left is levorotary (l). The d- and l-isomers are the same compound but are called enantiomers. An equimolar mixture of the two optical isomers, which is called a racemic mixture, will produce no net rotation of polarized light as it passes through. Left handed molecules have l- prefixed to their names; d- is prefixed to right handed molecules. However, this "d-" and "l-" notation of distinguishing enantiomers does not say anything about the actual spatial arrangement of the ligands/substituents around the stereogenic center, which is defined as configuration. Another nomenclature system employed to specify configuration is Fischer convention. This is also referred to as the D- and L-system. Here the relative configuration is assigned with reference to D-(+)-Glyceraldehyde and L-(-)-Glyceraldehyde, being taken as standard. Fischer convention is widely used in sugar chemistry and for α-amino acids. Due to the drawbacks of Fischer convention, it is almost entirely replaced by Cahn-Ingold-Prelog convention, also known as the sequence rule or R and S nomenclature. This was further extended to assign absolute configuration to "cis-trans" isomers with the E-Z notation.


title: Chirality

text: Molecular chirality is of interest because of its application to stereochemistry in inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry, and supramolecular chemistry.


title: Chirality

text: More recent developments in chiral chemistry include the development of chiral inorganic nanoparticles that may have the similar tetrahedral geometry as chiral centers associated with sp3 carbon atoms traditionally associated with chiral compounds, but at larger scale. Helical and other symmetries of chiral nanomaterials were also obtained.


title: Chirality

text: All of the known life-forms show specific chiral properties in chemical structures as well as macroscopic anatomy, development and behavior. In any specific organism or evolutionarily related set thereof, individual compounds, organs, or behavior are found in the same single enantiomorphic form. Deviation (having the opposite form) could be found in a small number of chemical compounds, or certain organ or behavior but that variation strictly depends upon the genetic make up of the organism. From chemical level (molecular scale), biological systems show extreme stereospecificity in synthesis, uptake, sensing, metabolic processing. A living system usually deals with two enantiomers of the same compound in drastically different ways.


title: Chirality

text: In biology, homochirality is a common property of amino acids and carbohydrates. The chiral protein-making amino acids, which are translated through the ribosome from genetic coding, occur in the form. However, -amino acids are also found in nature. The monosaccharides (carbohydrate-units) are commonly found in -configuration. DNA double helix is chiral (as any kind of helix is chiral), and B-form of DNA shows a right-handed turn.


title: Chirality

text: Sometimes, when two enantiomers of a compound found in organisms, they significantly differ in their taste, smell and other biological actions. For example, (+)-limonene found in orange (causing its smell), and (–)-limonene found in lemons (causing its smell), show different smells due to different biochemical interactions at human nose. (+)-Carvone is responsible for the smell of caraway seed oil, whereas (–)-carvone is responsible for smell of spearmint oil.


title: Chirality

text: Also, for artificial compounds, including medicines, in case of chiral drugs, the two enantiomers sometimes show remarkable difference in effect of their biological actions. Darvon (dextropropoxyphene) is a painkiller, whereas its enantiomer, Novrad (levopropoxyphene) is an anti-cough agent. In case of penicillamine, the ("S"-isomer is used in the treatment of primary chronic arthritis, whereas the ("R")-isomer has no therapeutic effect, as well as being highly toxic. In some cases, the less therapeutically active enantiomer can cause side effects. For example, ("S"-naproxen is an analgesic but the ("R"-isomer causes renal problems. In such situations where one of the enantiomers of a racemic drug is active and the other partner has undesirable or toxic effect one may switch from racemate to a single enantiomer drug for a better therapeutic value. Such a switching from a racemic drug to an enantiopure drug is called a chiral switch.


title: Chirality

text: The naturally occurring plant form of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) is RRR-α-tocopherol whereas the synthetic form (all-racemic vitamin E, or dl-tocopherol) is equal parts of the stereoisomers RRR, RRS, RSS, SSS, RSR, SRS, SRR, and SSR with progressively decreasing biological equivalency, so that 1.36 mg of dl-tocopherol is considered equivalent to 1.0 mg of d-tocopherol.


title: Chirality

text: Macroscopic examples of chirality are found in the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom and all other groups of organism. A simple example is the coiling direction of any climber plant, which can grow to form either a left- or right-handed helix.


title: Chirality

text: In anatomy, chirality is found in the imperfect mirror image symmetry of many kinds of animal bodies. Organisms such as gastropods exhibit chirality in their coiled shells, resulting in an asymmetrical appearance. Over 90% of gastropod species have "dextral" (right-handed) shells in their coiling, but a small minority of species and genera are virtually always "sinistral" (left-handed). A very few species (for example "Amphidromus perversus") show an equal mixture of dextral and sinistral individuals.


title: Chirality

text: In humans, chirality (also referred to as "handedness" or "laterality") is an attribute of humans defined by their unequal distribution of fine motor skill between the left and right hands. An individual who is more dexterous with the right hand is called "right-handed", and one who is more skilled with the left is said to be "left-handed". Chirality is also seen in the study of facial asymmetry.


title: Chirality

text: In the case of the health condition "situs inversus totalis", in which all the internal organs are flipped horizontally (i.e. the heart placed slightly to the right instead of the left), chirality poses some problems should the patient require a liver or heart transplant, as these organs are chiral, thus meaning that the blood vessels which supply these organs would need to be rearranged should a normal, non "situs inversus" ("situs solitus") organ be required.


title: Chirality

text: In the monocot bloodroot family, the species of the genera "Wachendorfia" and "Barberetta" have only individuals that either have the style points to the right or the style pointed to the left, with both morphs appearing within the same populations. This is thought to increase outcrossing and so boost genetic diversity, which in turn may help to survive in a changing environment. Remarkably, the related genus "Dilatris" also has chiraly dimorphic flowers, but here both morphs occur on the same plant. In flatfish, the summer flounder or fluke are left-eyed, while halibut are right-eyed.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Sandy Springs is a city in northern Fulton County, Georgia and an inner ring suburb of Atlanta. The city's population was 108,080 at the 2020 census, making it Georgia's seventh-largest city. It is the site of several corporate headquarters, including UPS, Newell Brands, Inspire Brands, Focus Brands, Cox Enterprises, and Mercedes-Benz USA's corporate offices.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Human settlement in the area can be traced back to approximately 400 CE, when Native Americans forged three trails to better access the area's freshwater springs. In the 16th century, the Creek Muskogee tribe settled the area, where they remained until the early 1800s, when they were forced out of the area due to the discovery of gold.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: In 1821, the federal government held a number of land lotteries in the area, resulting in the purchase of land in present-day Sandy Springs and its subsequent settlement. The Austin-Johnson House, the oldest existing unaltered house, was built in 1842 on what is now Johnson Ferry Road. In 1851, Wilson Spruill donated of land for the founding of Sandy Springs United Methodist Church, near the natural spring for which the city is named. In 1905, the Hammond School was built at Johnson Ferry Road and Mt. Vernon Highway, across the street from the church.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: In 1950, the state legislature blocked Atlanta from annexing the community, which remained rural until the Interstate Highway System was authorized by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. In 1959, after a fire at Hammond Elementary School, William Hartsfield, the mayor of Atlanta, urged residents to support annexation so that the area would have better firefighting protection. Community opposition killed the proposal. In the early 1960s, Georgia 400 and Interstate 285 were constructed, connecting Sandy Springs to metro Atlanta and initiating a housing boom that brought new residents and major land development as part of the white flight from Atlanta after the Civil Rights Movement won greater racial integration within Atlanta.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: In 1965, Hartsfield once again proposed the annexation of the Sandy Springs area. Spokesmen for Sandy Springs promised residents to "build up a city separate from Atlanta and your Negroes and forbid any Negroes to buy, or own, or live within our limits" should they reject annexation. In 1966, annexation by Atlanta was defeated in a referendum, with two-thirds voting against.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Efforts to incorporate Sandy Springs began in 1966 in response to attempts by the city of Atlanta to annex this unincorporated area of north Fulton County.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: In the early 1970s, the city of Atlanta attempted to use a state law to force annexation of Sandy Springs, which failed after the Supreme Court of Georgia ruled that the law was unconstitutional. In response, a group of residents formed the Committee for Sandy Springs 1975 to lobby for the incorporation of Sandy Springs.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: During this time, proponents for an incorporated Sandy Springs argued that their taxes were disproportionately going to other, largely non-white, communities in Fulton County. In every legislative session, state legislators representing the area introduced a bill in the Georgia General Assembly to authorize a referendum on incorporation. Legislators representing Atlanta and southwestern Fulton County, who feared that tax revenue would be lost from incorporation, blocked the bills, using the procedural requirement that all local legislation be approved first by a delegation of representatives from the affected area.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: In 1991, the Georgia state government determined that Sandy Springs, along with other wealthier, and predominantly white, communities in Fulton County was being taxed below statewide minimums, resulting in an increase in taxes for the area. Some Sandy Springs residents, including Mitch Skandalakis, launched a number of campaigns against the taxes, and launched an unsuccessful lawsuit against the state.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: When the Republican Party gained a majority in both houses of the Georgia General Assembly in 2005, the procedural rules previously used to prevent a vote by the full chamber were changed so that the bill was handled as a state bill and not as a local bill. The assembly also repealed the requirement that new cities must be at least from existing cities that had stymied previous attempts to incorporate due to Sandy Springs directly bordering both Roswell and Atlanta. The bill allowing for a referendum on incorporation was introduced and passed as HB 37. The referendum initiative was approved by the Assembly and signed by Governor Sonny Perdue.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The referendum was held on June 21, 2005, and residents voted 94% in favor of incorporation. In November 2005, voters returned to the polls to elect a mayor and six city council members.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Formal incorporation occurred on December 1, making Sandy Springs the third-largest city ever to incorporate in the U.S. The city's police force and fire department began service in 2006. Upon incorporation, Sandy Springs initiated a nontraditional approach by operating as a public-private partnership (PPP), with all but six full-time employees being contracted.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: In 2010, the city undertook a procurement process to rebid all general city services, which was won by CH2M Hill. The timing of this contract, during the Great Recession, allowed the city to leverage a cheaper contract due to the economic downturn.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: In 2010, the city became the first jurisdiction in Georgia to successfully "bail out" from the preclearance requirements of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: In 2019, the Sandy Springs City Council moved to scale back the PPP model, directly hiring 183 contract employees, leaving only 15 outsourced full-time workers by the end of 2019. The city will still outsource a number of services, including the city attorney's office, as well as security, street sweeping and ambulance services. The move is expected to save $2.7 million in the next year and more than $14 million over 5 years.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The boundaries of Sandy Springs are Atlanta to the south, Cobb County (at the Chattahoochee River) to the west and north, Roswell (also at the river) to the north, and Dunwoody and Brookhaven, at the DeKalb County line, to the east. A small panhandle in the northeast extends between the Chattahoochee River to the north and Dunwoody to the south, ending in a very small border with Peachtree Corners in the extreme western edge of Gwinnett County.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Sandy Springs has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfa"). During January and February 2014, the Atlanta area, including Sandy Springs, experienced a severe snow storm and a severe ice storm, both of which left much of the region without power, caused major travel disruptions, and the former storm forced people to take shelter in cars and schools as the city was underprepared for the black ice that prevented transport.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: City Springs, the downtown district of Sandy Springs, is usually defined as the area to the south and east of Sandy Springs Circle, to the north of Interstate 285, and to the west of Boylston Drive. It is located approximately 12 miles directly north of Downtown Atlanta. In the absence of a traditional downtown, city leaders created City Springs, a multi-use development containing municipal offices, residential, retail, green space and a performing arts center, landmarking a formal "downtown" for its residents. City leaders purchased the property in 2008, which was once the site of a former Target (formerly Richway) shopping center, located between Roswell Road, Johnson Ferry Road, and Mount Vernon Highway. Since then, the surrounding area in the district has become a center for urban renewal for the city, with many new mixed-use apartment developments being planned or built, primarily replacing old strip malls along Roswell Road. The City Springs center officially opened in 2018, 10 years after the original site purchase. The official address for the complex is on Galambos Way, named after the city's first mayor, Eva Galambos. Within the City Springs district is Heritage Green, which is home to the spring which spurred the name of the city.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Riverside is the western district of the city, located south of Dalyrmple Road and west of Roswell Road, bordering the Chattahoochee River to the west, forming the western border with Cobb County. It is a high-income, residential area marked by winding, hilly roads and old growth forest. The main roads are Heards Ferry Road and Riverside Drive, and it is located off the Riverside Drive exit of I-285. Two of the public schools within Sandy Springs are located here, Heards Ferry Elementary and Riverwood International Charter School. The headquarters for the Fulton County Board of Education are also found in this district. Many of the neighborhoods in this area derive their name from the river.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The Dunwoody Panhandle, or just "The Panhandle" is a residential area bounded by the Dunwoody city limit to the south, the Chattahoochee River to the north, Georgia 400 to the west, and Peachtree Corners city limit to the east. The district's name is derived from the fact that it is wedged between the river and Dunwoody, forming a geographic panhandle. Major roads include Dunwoody Club Drive and Spalding Drive, and Interstate access is through the Northridge Road exit of Georgia 400. Many who lived in the neighborhood during Sandy Springs' incorporation considered themselves part of Dunwoody, and voiced their opposition to the installment of street sign toppers labelled "Sandy Springs". Then-mayor Eva Galambos stated that these new signs would do nothing to diminish the neighborhood's identity. Some residents still consider the area to be "Dunwoody in Sandy Springs", similar to the Buckhead Community district of Atlanta.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Perimeter Center is a commercial edge city and business district surrounding Perimeter Mall. Although about 40% of Perimeter Center, including the mall, is located in Dunwoody, the western 60%, including most of the area's office towers, are located in Sandy Springs. Pill Hill is located in the Sandy Springs section of Perimeter Center, and is the largest medical center in Georgia. It includes Northside Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. More than 40% of the hospital beds in the metro area are located within Sandy Springs. Landmarks include Hammond Park, Concourse at Landmark Center, colloquially called the ‘King’ and ‘Queen’ buildings due to their distinct white crown architecture at the top of each tower, as well as two MARTA stations, the Sandy Springs and Medical Center MARTA stations. The area also includes the 400-285 highway interchange, which is currently undergoing major construction. The top three tallest suburban buildings in the country are found here, the ‘King’ and ‘Queen’, and nearby Park Towers at #3.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: North Springs is located in the northern portion of the city, and is generally defined as the area west of the Dunwoody/DeKalb County border, east of Brandon Mill Road, north of Abernathy Road, and south of Dalrymple Road and Spalding Drive. The North Springs MARTA station, the terminus of the MARTA Red Line, serves the district. Five of Sandy Springs’ public schools are in this area, including the newest Ison Springs Elementary School, Woodland Elementary School, Spalding Drive Charter Elementary School, Sandy Springs Charter Middle School, and North Springs Charter High School.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: South Springs or Sandy Springs ITP, an acronym for "inside the perimeter", refers to a portion of the city which extends south of Interstate 285, colloquially referred to as "the perimeter". It is located north of the City of Atlanta border, east of the Riverside district, south of Interstate 285, and west of the Brookhaven/DeKalb County border. The southern area of this district is considered to be a part of the greater Chastain Park community of Buckhead. The public schools in this area include Ridgeview Charter School and High Point Elementary School. The popular Atlanta radio station 99X broadcasts on 98.9 from here.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The business district just east of the river crossing is called Powers Ferry Landing, located where Northside Drive crosses the road, just east of the former landing. This provides freeway access at Northside Drive (west ramps) and New Northside Drive (east ramps, road and ramps built in a 1990s reconstruction). Signage on the freeway indicates Powers Ferry Road, Northside Drive, and New Northside Drive.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The North End is a large district in the northernmost portion of the city, and is generally defined as the area to the west of GA400, to the south and east of the Chattahoochee River, and to the north of Dalrymple Road. It is accessible via GA400 at Northridge Road, and contains the Northridge business area and the North River Village community. The Huntcliff community is located west of the district, on a panhandle to the northwest.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: "(Note: the 2000 census numbers are for Sandy Springs prior to incorporation, but cover the same area.)"


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 108,080 people, 52,820 households, and 25,861 families residing in the city.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: In the official 2010 census, the population of Sandy Springs was 93,853. There were 42,334 households. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 65.0% white, 20.0% black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 5.0% Asian, 6.9% from some other race and 2.7% from two or more races. 14.2% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: In the preceding official census of 2000, when there were 85,781 people, 39,288 households, and 19,683 families residing in the CDP, the population density was . There were 42,794 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 77.55% White, 12.04% African American, 0.18% Native American, 3.29% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 4.94% from other races, and 1.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.93% of the population. According to a 2006 report by the Atlanta Jewish Federation, 15,300 Jews reside in Sandy Springs and the adjacent city of Dunwoody.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: There were 48,288 households, out of which 21.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.1% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.9% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.87.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 17.8% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 40.3% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: According to a 2008 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $106,240, and the median income for a family was $129,810. The average income for a household was $116,406 and the average income for a family was $169,815. Males had a median income of $60,053 versus $50,030 for females. About 3.1% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.9% of those under age 18 and 1.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The Sandy Springs Festival is the largest community event in Sandy Springs, with approximately 30,000 attendees. Established in 1984, the annual festival celebrated its 30th year in 2015. The festival features a juried artist's market, civic and business expo, performances by regional acts and community bands, a children's area with crafts and activities, a teen territory with bungee jumps and inflatables, the annual Kiwanis Pet Parade, the annual Doug Kessler Lighting 10K/5K race, and a food court. The festival serves as the primary fundraiser for Heritage Sandy Springs, a nonprofit dedicated to building community through preserving and promoting the historic and cultural identity of Sandy Springs. Heritage Sandy Springs also maintains Heritage Green, a park in the heart of Sandy Springs. The most recent festival was held September 19–20, 2015. The autumnal festival is typically the third weekend in September, but has been cancelled since 2020 due to the worldwide Coronavirus pandemic.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Sandy Springs Artsapalooza is a free fine arts festival held each year in Sandy Springs. Each year 125 to 150 notable artists from across the country have the opportunity to participate. Organizers of the event include the Georgia Foundation for Public Spaces and ArtsSpring, two groups that are dedicated to bringing free arts programs to the community.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Stars and Stripes Celebration is an annual community fireworks display held over the July 4 holiday. The community previously gathered on the Concourse lawn for fireworks and live music, but in 2020 they moved the fireworks from the Concourse to City Springs.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The annual Chattahoochee River Summer Splash, held in July, is a float along the Chattahoochee River, beginning at Morgan Falls Dam and finishing at Cochran Shoals-Powers Island National Recreation Area. After completing the float, participants can enjoy an afternoon of live music, food and fun during festivities at Powers Island. Guests can bring their own kayaks, canoes, or rafts, or rent them from several local outfitters. Morgan Falls Park is the hub for paddleboard and raft rentals in Sandy Springs.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The Heritage Sandy Springs Museum opened on March 20, 2010. It is dedicated to the history of the Sandy Springs community and is located in the repurposed Williams-Payne house at Heritage Green. Two notable exhibits are "Sandy Springs: Land and People", which tells the changing story of Sandy Springs as the home of Native Americans, rural farmers, and modern suburbanites; and "A Land Nearby", which features a collection of 20 photographs of Georgia's Barrier Island taken by Dr. Curt Hames Jr.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Sandy Springs was noted for contracting private companies to perform the majority of its services in a public-private partnership model of government at the beginning of its incorporation in 2005. While many governments contract with private-sector companies on a per-project basis, Sandy Springs is believed to be the first American city to outsource its services for the majority of ongoing operations. They chose to do so as an economic response to the Great Recession. The city regularly hosted delegations from other governments that were interested in the model. Services not outsourced include police, fire-rescue, and city management. The city moved away from the private-public partnership model in 2019 when it was realized how much money was lost to private contractors and hired 184 full-time city staff that work at the new City Springs development. It now operates as a hybrid model, outsourcing projects to private companies as needed. The city estimates $14 million will be saved over the next 5 years from hiring full-time staff.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The Sandy Springs Police Department (SSPD) is the city's police department and took over services from Fulton County on July 1, 2006, with 86 original police officers recruited from various police agencies from all over the State of Georgia.  The department currently has an authorized staff of 149 full-time sworn officers and 11 part-time officers. Additionally, SSPD also employs 23 civilian staff members who handle duties such as records, permits, GCIC, and fleet maintenance. The current Executive Officer is Chief Kenneth DeSimone, who assumed the position in 2013 from Terry Sult, who replaced Gene Wilson in 2008 as the Department's first Chief.  The department answered 124,374 Calls for Service and made 3,390 arrests in 2020.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Dedicated units of the SSPD include Uniform Patrol, Bike Unit, Community Affairs, Crime Scene Investigations, Criminal Investigation Division, Criminal Intelligence Unit, Crisis Negotiation Team, Honor Guard, K-9 Unit, Quick Response Force, Special Investigation Unit, Swift Water Rescue Team, Traffic Unit, and the Training Unit. Further, SSPD is a member of the North Metro SWAT Team, consisting of officers from Sandy Springs Police Department, Dunwoody Police Department, Johns Creek Police Department, and the Brookhaven Police Department.  The SSPD headquarters is located at 7840 Roswell Road, Suite 301, within the Morgan Falls Office Park.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The city's fire department began operations in December 2006. The department consists of 97 full-time firefighters. Chief Jack McElfish headed the fire department from 2005 - 2014. The fire department is today led by Chief Keith Sanders. It is staffed by 91 full-time firefighters and 52 part-time firefighters. The fire department handled 17,000 responses to 8,205 calls for service


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The city of Sandy Springs has purchased the old Target Corporation building (originally Richway) located on the corner of Sandy Springs Circle and Johnson Ferry Road. In May 2018, the new city hall opened after years of construction.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Public schools are operated by the Fulton County School System. Elementary schools serving sections of Sandy Springs include Dunwoody Springs Charter Elementary School, Heards Ferry Elementary School, High Point Elementary School, Ison Springs Elementary School, Lake Forest Elementary School, Spalding Drive Charter Elementary School, and Woodland Charter Elementary School. Two middle schools, Sandy Springs Middle School and Ridgeview Charter Middle School, and two high schools, North Springs Charter School of Arts and Sciences and Riverwood High School, are in and serve Sandy Springs.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The initial campus of Sophia Academy, which opened in 1999, was on a rental property, in what became Sandy Springs. Construction on its new campus on what later became Chamblee began circa 2007.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The largest employers within Sandy Springs are hospitals, headquarters and regional offices from a variety of industries including computer related services, package delivery, telecommunications, media, and financial transaction processing.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Sandy Springs is home to three hospitals: Northside Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, comprising 40 percent of the hospital beds in the region.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: According to the city's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Some notable newspapers that cover areas of interest to Sandy Springs include the "Sandy Springs Reporter" and "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution". Multiple television series are and have recorded within the city: "Auction Kings" at Gallery 63 on Roswell Road, Caffeine and Octane, and "" at Bridals by Lori on Hammond Drive. Other shows that have filmed in Sandy Springs include "The Real Housewives of Atlanta", HBO's "The Righteous Gemstones", the CW's "Dynasty" and the longest-running vampire television show" The Vampire Diaries", which filmed scenes at the now torn-down Glenridge Hall and is portrayed as the main characters' home. It was also the film location of "Driving Miss Daisy". The location of Glenridge Hall is now the home of the new North-American Headquarters for Mercedes-Benz and an additional townhouse development.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Sandy Springs is served by two major limited-access highways, Georgia 400 − which runs north–south − and I-285 − which runs east–west. Major surface streets include Roswell Road (U.S. 19 south of I-285 and Georgia 9 entirely), Hammond Drive, Spalding Drive, Johnson Ferry Road, Abernathy Road, Glenridge Drive, and Dunwoody Club Drive.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Roswell Road is considered the "main street" of the city, with a majority of residents living within 2 miles of the corridor. It connects Roswell at the Chattahoochee River to the north into the Atlanta neighborhood of Buckhead to the south. It runs through the heart of Downtown Sandy Springs, with the City Springs complex being located on the highway.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Recently completed major road projects include the widening of Abernathy Road between Johnson Ferry and Roswell Roads from two lanes to four plus a road median. The western intersection has been reconfigured so that traffic to and from Johnson Ferry Road − which carries heavy loads of Cobb County commuters across the Chattahoochee River at rush hour − now flows directly with Abernathy to and from the northwest. Additionally, the Roswell Road bridge over I-285 has been widened to add a turn lane in each direction. There had previously been talk of a tunnel under the freeway to bypass the highway interchange altogether, however this proved to be much too expensive. Another state project is the addition of a half-diamond interchange to Georgia 400 on the north side of Hammond Drive, allowing southbound traffic to exit and northbound traffic to enter the highway. (Ramps on the south side were not possible due to the proximity of the 400/285 interchange.)


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The city's public works department has made improvements in the conditions of roads and traffic signals since incorporation in December 2005. The department has cleaned approximately 1,500 catch basins, striped of roadway, responded to more than 2,000 calls for repair and service, re-timed hundreds of traffic lights to help improve the flow of traffic and reduce automobile idling, and repaved of roads.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The 2008 fiscal year saw the creation of the Sandy Springs Traffic Management Center (TMC). The TMC was constructed and began to operate in less than six months. Construction began in February 2008, five cameras viewed traffic along Roswell Road by the end of June. Special features of the TMC include a webpage that allows the public access to real-time traffic conditions and voice-activated controls. By June 2009, 16 traffic cameras are now available and can be viewed online at the city's website.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The major provider of mass transit is MARTA, which operates a heavy rail rapid transit line and several bus lines through Sandy Springs. The city is served by the Medical Center, Sandy Springs and North Springs stations. The Georgia Regional Transportation Authority also operates express buses from the North Springs station (which has its own ramps to and from 400) to other counties.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: Currently the city is limited in multi-use trails, but bike lanes can be found in certain parts of the city. The city is currently working on creating more trails and bike lanes. Currently, the Abernathy Greenway is a popular multi-use trail running adjacent to Abernathy Road, connecting to Abernathy Park. The PATH400 Greenway Trail is a multi-use trail running along the Georgia 400 freeway in the Buckhead district of Atlanta. Sandy Springs is currently in the early stages of planning an extension of the trail through the city north into Roswell. Once complete, it would run from the northern border of Sandy Springs to the Atlanta BeltLine. As well, the city is working with the Georgia Department of Transportation to transform the city's portion of Roswell Road into a more pedestrian and transit friendly corridor. The city council came under fire in 2021 after two separate tragic hit-and-run accidents killed both a pedestrian and his dog and a cycler near downtown Sandy Springs.


title: Sandy Springs, Georgia

text: The city has three consulates general. The Consulate-General of Nigeria in Atlanta is located at 8060 Roswell Road. The Counsulate-General of India is at 5549 Glenridge Drive.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: The Paris Peace Treaties () were signed on 10 February 1947 following the end of World War II in 1945.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: The Paris Peace Conference lasted from 29 July until 15 October 1946. The victorious wartime Allied powers (principally the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, United States and France) negotiated the details of peace treaties with Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Finland. The treaties allowed the defeated Axis powers to resume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the United Nations.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: The settlement elaborated in the peace treaties included payment of war reparations, commitment to minority rights, and territorial adjustments including the end of the Italian colonial empire in Africa, Greece, and Albania, as well as changes to the Italian–Yugoslav, Hungarian–Czechoslovak, Soviet–Romanian, Hungarian–Romanian, French–Italian, and Soviet–Finnish borders. The treaties also obliged the various states to hand over accused war criminals to the Allied powers for war crimes trials.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: The political clauses stipulated that the signatory should "take all measures necessary to secure to all persons under (its) jurisdiction, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, the enjoyment of human rights and of the fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, of press and publication, of religious worship, of political opinion and of public meeting."


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: No penalties were to be visited on nationals because of wartime partisanship for the Allies. Each government undertook measures to prevent the resurgence of fascist organizations or any others "whether political, military or semi-military, whose purpose it is to deprive the people of their democratic rights".


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: Italy lost the colonies of Italian Libya and Italian East Africa. The latter consisted of Italian Ethiopia, Italian Eritrea, and Italian Somaliland. Italy continued to govern the former Italian Somaliland as a UN trust territory until 1960. In the peace treaty, Italy recognized the independence of Albania (in personal union with the Italian monarchy after the Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939). Italy also lost its concession in Tianjin, which was turned over to China, and the Dodecanese Islands in the Aegean Sea were ceded to Greece.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: Italy lost Istria: the provinces of Fiume, Zara, and most of Gorizia and Pola were ceded to Yugoslavia; the rest of Istria and the province of Trieste formed a new sovereign State (Free Territory of Trieste) divided in two administrative zones under a provisional government for which the United Nations Security Council was responsible. In 1954, Italy incorporated the Province of Trieste (Zone A) and Yugoslavia incorporated the rest of Istria (Zone B). This was officially recognized with the Treaty of Osimo in 1975.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: The villages of the Tende valley and La Brigue were ceded to France but Italian diplomats were able to maintain in place the Treaty of Turin (1860), according to which the French-Italian alpine border passes through the summit of Mont Blanc, despite French designs on the Aosta Valley. The French Republic has never made provision for the Italian language in the ceded formerly Italian towns of Briga and Tenda, effectively opting for a policy of linguistic assimilation. The province of South Tyrol was also kept by Italy despite the territorial demands of Austria, largely thanks to the Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement signed some months before.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: Finland was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941 (thus confirming its territorial losses after the Winter War of 1939-1940), except for the former province of Petsamo, which was ceded to the Soviet Union. In Finland, the reparations and the dictated border adjustment were perceived as a major injustice and a betrayal by the Western powers, after the sympathy Finland had received from the West during the Soviet-initiated Winter War. However, this sympathy had been eroded by Finland's collaboration with Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1944. During this time, Finland not only recaptured territory it had lost in 1940, but continued its offensive deeper into Soviet lands, occupying a broad strip of Soviet territory. This prompted the United Kingdom to declare war on Finland in December 1941, further weakening political support in the West for the country. The Soviet Union's accessions of Finnish territory was based on the Moscow Armistice signed in Moscow on 19 September 1944 and resulted in an extension of the accessions in the Moscow Peace Treaty that ended the Winter War.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: Hungary was restored to its borders before 1938. This meant restoring the southern border with Yugoslavia, as well as declaring the First and Second Vienna Awards null and void, cancelling Hungary's gains from Czechoslovakia and Romania. Furthermore, three villages (namely Horvátjárfalu, Oroszvár, and Dunacsún) situated south of Bratislava were also transferred to Czechoslovakia, in order to form the so-called "Bratislava bridgehead".


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: Romania was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941, with the exception of the border with Hungary giving Northern Transylvania back to Romania. This confirmed the 1940 loss of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and the Treaty of Craiova, which returned Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: Bulgaria was restored to its borders of 1 January 1941, returning Vardar Macedonia to Yugoslavia and Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace to Greece, but keeping Southern Dobruja per the Treaty of Craiova, leaving Bulgaria as the only former Axis power to keep territory that was gained during the Second World War.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: The war reparation problem proved to be one of the most difficult arising from post-war conditions. The Soviet Union, the country most heavily ravaged by the war, felt entitled to the maximum amounts possible, with the exception of Bulgaria, which was perceived as being the most sympathetic of the former enemy states. (Bulgaria was part of the Axis but did not declare war on the Soviet Union). In the cases of Romania and Hungary, the reparation terms as set forth in their armistices were relatively high and were not revised.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

text: The dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the early 1990s did not lead to any renegotiation of the Paris Peace Treaties. However, in 1990 Finland unilaterally cancelled the restrictions the treaty had placed on its military.


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: Lee Hyun-woo (born March 23, 1993) is a South Korean actor and singer. He began his career as a child actor when he was nine, and later appeared in the television series "The Return of Iljimae" (2009) and "Queen Seondeok" (2009). He also featured in "Master of Study" (2010) and "To the Beautiful You" (2012). Lee gained recognition with his role as a North Korean spy in the 2013 film "Secretly, Greatly" as well as a genius hacker in 2014's "The Con Artists". He then played lead roles in "Moorim School" (2016) and "The Liar and His Lover" (2017).


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: Lee began his career as a child actor, building up his resume by playing roles in a number of large-scale productions, such as "The Legend", "King Sejong the Great", "The Return of Iljimae", and "Queen Seondeok".


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: He rose to fame for his role in "Master of Study", a Korean screen adaptation of Japanese manga "Dragon Zakura". The same year, Lee took to the stage for the 2010 musical production of "Footloose", where he played the leading role of Ren.


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: In 2011, he and K-pop singer Yoon Doo-joon (from B2ST) began hosting the music program "Music on Top" for cable channel jTBC. He was then featured in IU's music video for the song "You and I". Lee further expanded his acting scope in historical drama "Gyebaek", revenge thriller "Man from the Equator", and made a guest appearance in medical drama "Brain".


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: In 2012, Lee co-starred in "To the Beautiful You", the Korean television adaptation of Japanese manga "Hana-Kimi", with his role based on the character Shuichi Nakatsu. Despite low ratings during its domestic run, "To the Beautiful You" led to increased Korean Wave exposure for Lee in countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan and China. He and co-star Hwang Kwang-hee were later announced as the new hosts of live music show "Inkigayo".


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: His breakthrough continued when he landed a major role in 2013 box office hit "Secretly, Greatly", an action-comedy film in which he played a North Korean undercover spy disguised as a high school boy. Lee also sang "Ode to Youth" for the film's soundtrack. He became the first male celebrity to be appointed ambassador of the Puchon International Film Festival.


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: In 2014, he and real-life best friend Park Ji-bin (both were child actors and belong to the same agency) appeared in the travel/reality show "Real Mate in Saipan". Lee next played a hacker in the heist movie "The Con Artists".


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: He then starred in "Northern Limit Line", a 2015 naval thriller about the Second Battle of Yeonpyeong. The film sold 6,024,894 tickets (grossing ), making it the most-watched Korean film in 2015.


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: In 2016, he starred in the fantasy youth drama "Moorim School". Initially slated for 20 episodes, the drama was reduced to 16 episodes instead due to low ratings.


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: In 2017, Lee starred in the drama "The Liar and His Lover", the Korean remake of the Japanese manga "Kanojo wa Uso o Aishisugiteru" alongside Red Velvet's Joy.


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: In 2022, Lee returned to the small screen with the Netflix drama "", a return to the small screen in five years.


title: Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993)

text: On February 19, 2018, Lee began his mandatory military service as an active duty soldier. He completed his military service and was discharged on October 19, 2019.


title: Jysk

text: Jysk A/S () is a Danish retail chain, selling household goods such as mattresses, furniture, and interior décor. Jysk is the largest Danish retailer operating internationally with over 3,100 stores in 51 countries. Jysk (meaning "Jutlandic") was founded by Lars Larsen, who opened the first store on Silkeborgvej in the Danish city Aarhus in April 1979. It is owned by the founder Lars Larsen's family through the holding company Lars Larsen Group which also owns wholly or partly the furniture chains ILVA , IDÉmøbler, IDdesign, Bolia.com and Sengespecialisten. The logo displays a goose, which has a historical thread to the brand. Due to the Scandinavian design for its products, it is also called the Danish IKEA in a small format.


title: Jysk

text: On 2 April 1979, the world's first Jysk Sengetøjslager opened in Aarhus, Denmark, where it still operates today.


title: Jysk

text: In 1984, Jysk Sengetøjslager opened its first store outside the country - Dänisches Bettenlager in Germany; and the Jysk franchise also opened its first store in Greenland. In 1986, Jysk opened its first store in the Faroe Islands. In 1987, Jysk expanded to Iceland as "Rúmfatalagerinn" and opened a store in Kópavogur. In 1988, Jysk expanded to Norway as "Norsk Sengetøylager" and opened its first store in Stavanger.


title: Jysk

text: In 2001, The stores in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland changed their name from Jysk Sengetøjslager, Jysk Bäddlager, Norsk Sengetøylager and Jysk Vuodevarasto to Jysk. In 2004, Jysk opened its first store in Hungary. In 2008, Jysk Nordic opened Northern Europe's largest warehouse in Uldum in Mid-Jutland. The warehouse now has an area of 64,000 m2. In 2008, Jysk opened its first stores in the United Kingdom. Mansfield and Lincoln opened in April, then Blackburn and York opened in the summer.


title: Jysk

text: Also in 2010, Jysk's staff magazine "GO JYSK" won several awards, as staff magazine 2010 in Denmark and as the second best staff magazine in Europe. In 2011, Jysk launched its own television channel on www.jysk.tv. In 2013, Jysk opened its first store in Yerevan, the capital city of Armenia. This marked the first Jysk store in the Caucasus. In 2014–2015, Jysk opened a store in Mall Taman Anggrek and Pejaten Village in Jakarta, Indonesia. Jysk continued to expand in Indonesia as the company opens four new stores at Margo City Depok, Kuningan City and Pluit Village in Jakarta, and Aeon Mall BSD City in Tangerang. In 2016, Jysk expanded by opening its first stores in Singapore at Tiong Bahru Plaza.


title: Jysk

text: and its first store in Tbilisi. In 2017, it expanded further opening its third store in Minsk, and the first in Brest. and its first store in Kuwait. In 2018, Jysk opened its first store in Dubai. In 2019, Jysk opened its first store in Thailand. and opened its first store in Baku. and opened its 4th logistics hub in Bulgaria - DCB (Distribution Center Bozhurishte), and Jysk opened its first store in the Republic of Ireland. Located in Naas it was the first of a planned 15 stores across the country. This was later upped to a planned 40 stores. Stores currently operate in Naas, Drogheda, Navan, Portlaoise, Thurles, Youghal, Little Island, Limerick, Sligo, and Santry (as of February 2022).


title: Jysk

text: In 2020, Jysk opened its first store in Moscow. The Austrian branch, formerly "Dänisches Bettenlager", was rebranded to "Jysk" in 2020 The German branch, formerly "Dänisches Bettenlager", rebranded to "Jysk" in 2021.


title: Jysk

text: Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which led to the temporary closure of the 13 stores in Russia, JYSK has announced on 30 March that it will close their stores permanently and leave Russia completely.


title: Jysk

text: Jysk stores are operating through three entities Jysk Nordic, Dänisches Bettenlager and Jysk Franchise. Jysk Nordic operates over 1,500 stores in 20 countries (including Scandinavia and Central and Eastern Europe). Dänisches Bettenlager operates over 1,300 stores in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, Spain and Portugal. Dänisches Bettenlager name was used for stores until 2020 in Austria and until 2021 in Germany, which is the largest market for Jysk, while the stores in Switzerland, Italy, France, Spain and Portugal are operated under the name Jysk.


title: Jysk

text: Jysk also includes franchises agreements around the world with over 200 stores in 25 countries (including Canada, Baltics, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Tajikistan, Thailand and Vietnam).


title: Michael Shermer

text: Michael Brant Shermer (born September 8, 1954) is an American science writer, historian of science, executive director of The Skeptics Society, and founding publisher of "Skeptic" magazine, a publication focused on investigating pseudoscientific and supernatural claims. The author of over a dozen books, Shermer is known for engaging in debates on pseudoscience and religion in which he emphasizes scientific skepticism.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer was the co-producer and co-host of "Exploring the Unknown", a 13-hour Fox Family television series broadcast in 1999. From April 2001 to January 2019, he contributed a monthly "Skeptic" column to "Scientific American" magazine.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer was raised in a non-religious household, before converting to christian fundamentalism as a teenager. He stopped believing in God during graduate school, influenced by a traumatic accident that left his then-girlfriend paralyzed. He identifies as an agnostic and an atheist, but prefers "skeptic". He also advocates for humanism.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer was born on September 8, 1954, in Los Angeles. He is partly of Greek and German ancestry. Shermer was raised in Southern California, primarily in the La Cañada Flintridge area. His parents divorced when he was four and later remarried. He has a step-sister, two step-brothers, and two half-sisters.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Although Shermer went to Sunday school, he said that neither his biological parents, stepparents nor siblings were religious nor non-religious, as they did not discuss that topic often, nor did they attend church or pray together. He began his senior year of high school in 1971, when the evangelical movement in the United States was growing in popularity. At the behest of a friend, Shermer embraced Christianity. He attended the Presbyterian Church in Glendale, California, and observed a sermon delivered by "a very dynamic and histrionic preacher who inspired me to come forward at the end of the sermon to be saved." For seven years, Shermer evangelized door-to-door.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer attended an informal Christian fellowship at "The Barn" in La Crescenta, California, which he described as "a quintessential 1970s-era hang-out with a long-haired hippie-type, guitar-playing leader". At the Barn, Shermer describes enjoying the social aspects of religion, especially theological debates.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer graduated from Crescenta Valley High School in 1972. He enrolled at Pepperdine University that year, intending to pursue Christian theology. Despite restrictions, such as a ban on dancing and visiting opposite sex dorms, he accepted the university’s teachings. When he learned a doctorate in theology required proficiency in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Aramaic, he changed majors to psychology. He completed his BA in psychology at Pepperdine in 1976.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer went on to study experimental psychology at California State University, Fullerton. Discussions with his professors, along with studies in the natural and social sciences, led him to question his religious beliefs. Fueled by what he perceived to be the intolerance generated by the absolute morality taught in his religious studies; the hypocrisy in what many believers preached and what they practiced; and a growing awareness of other religious beliefs that were determined by the temporal, geographic, and cultural circumstances in which their adherents were born, he abandoned his religious views. Halfway through graduate school, he stopped wearing his Christian silver ichthys medallion.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer attributed the paralysis of his college girlfriend as a key point when he lost faith. After she was in an automobile accident that broke her back and rendered her paralyzed from the waist down, Shermer relayed, "If anyone deserved to be healed it was her, and nothing happened, so I just thought there was probably no God at all."


title: Michael Shermer

text: After earning his MA in experimental psychology in 1978, Shermer worked as a writer for a bicycle magazine in Irvine, California. He took up bicycle racing after his first assignment, a Cycles Peugeot press conference, He completed a century ride (100 miles) and started to ride hundreds of miles a week.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer began competitive cycling in 1979 and rode professionally for ten years, primarily in long distance ultramarathon road racing. He is a founding member of the Ultra Cycling Hall of Fame.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer worked with cycling technologists in developing better products for the sport. During his association with Bell Helmets, a bicycle-race sponsor, he advised them on design issues regarding expanded-polystyrene for use in cycling helmets, which would absorb greater impact than the old leather "hairnet" helmets used by bicyclists for decades. Shermer advised them that if their helmets looked too much like motorcycle helmets, in which polystyrene was already being used, and not like the old hairnet helmets, no serious cyclists or amateur would use them. This suggestion led to their model, the "V1 Pro", which looked like a black leather hairnet, but functioned on the inside like a motorcycle helmet. In 1982, he worked with Wayman Spence, whose small supply company, Spenco Medical, adapted the gel technology Spence developed for bedridden patients with pressure sores into cycling gloves and saddles to alleviate the carpal tunnel syndrome and saddle sores suffered by cyclists.


title: Michael Shermer

text: While a long distance racer, he helped to found the 3,000-mile nonstop transcontinental bicycle Race Across America (known as "RAAM", along with Lon Haldeman and John Marino), in which he competed five times (1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and 1989), was an assistant race director for six years, and the executive race director for seven years. An acute medical condition is named for him: "Shermer's Neck" is pain in and extreme weakness of the neck muscles found among long-distance bicyclists. Shermer suffered the condition about 2,000 miles into the 1983 Race Across America. Shermer's embrace of scientific skepticism crystallized during his time as a cyclist, explaining, "I became a skeptic on Saturday, August 6, 1983, on the long climbing road to Loveland Pass, Colorado", after months of training under the guidance of a "nutritionist" with an unaccredited PhD. After years of practicing acupuncture, chiropractic, massage therapy, negative ions, rolfing, pyramid power, and fundamentalist Christianity to improve his life and training, Shermer stopped rationalizing the failure of these practices.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer participated in the Furnace Creek 508 in October 2011, a qualifying race for RAAM, finishing second in the four man team category.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer has written on the subject of pervasive doping in competitive cycling and a game theoretic view of the dynamics driving the problem in several sports. He covered r-EPO doping and described it as widespread and well known within the sport, which was later shown to be instrumental in the doping scandal surrounding Lance Armstrong in 2010.


title: Michael Shermer

text: While cycling, Shermer taught Psychology 101 during the evenings at Glendale Community College, a two-year college. Wanting to teach at a four-year university, he decided to earn his PhD. He lost interest in psychology and switched to studying the history of science, earning his PhD at Claremont Graduate University in 1991. His dissertation was titled "Heretic-Scientist: Alfred Russel Wallace and the Evolution of Man: A Study on the Nature of Historical Change".


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer then became an adjunct professor of the history of science at Occidental College, California. In 2007, Shermer became a senior research fellow at Claremont Graduate University. In 2011, he worked as an adjunct professor at Chapman University, and was later made a Presidential Fellow. At Chapman, he taught a yearly critical thinking course called Skepticism 101.


title: Michael Shermer

text: In 1991, Shermer and Pat Linse co-founded the Skeptics Society in Los Angeles with the assistance of Kim Ziel Shermer. The Skeptics Society is a non-profit organization that promotes scientific skepticism and seeks to debunk pseudoscience and irrational beliefs. It started off as a garage hobby but eventually grew into a full-time occupation. The Skeptics Society publishes the magazine "Skeptic", organizes the Caltech Lecture Series, and as of 2017, it had over 50,000 members.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer is listed as one of the scientific advisors for the American Council on Science and Health (ACSH).


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer’s early writing covered cycling, followed by math and science education for children which included several collaborations with Arthur Benjamin.


title: Michael Shermer

text: From April 2001 to January 2019, he wrote the monthly "Skeptic" column for "Scientific American". He has also contributed to "Time" magazine.


title: Michael Shermer

text: He is the author of a series of books that attempt to explain the ubiquity of irrational or poorly substantiated beliefs, including UFOs, Bigfoot, and paranormal claims. Writing in "Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time" (1997), Shermer refers to "patternicity", his term for pareidolia and apophenia or the willing suspension of disbelief. He writes in the Introduction:So we are left with the legacy of two types of thinking errors: "Type 1 Error: believing a falsehood" and "Type 2 Error: rejecting a truth". ... Believers in UFOs, alien abductions, ESP, and psychic phenomena have committed a Type 1 Error in thinking: they are believing a falsehood. ... It's not that these folks are ignorant or uninformed; they are intelligent but misinformed. Their thinking has gone wrong.In "How We Believe: The Search for God in an Age of Science" (2000), Shermer explored the psychology behind the belief in God.


title: Michael Shermer

text: In February 2002, he characterized the position that "God had no part in the process [of the evolution of mankind]" as the "standard scientific theory". This statement was criticized in January 2006 by the scientist Eugenie Scott, who commented that science makes no claim about God one way or the other.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer's book "In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace: A Biographical Study on the Psychology of History" (2002) was based on his dissertation.


title: Michael Shermer

text: In his book "The Borderlands of Science", (2001) Shermer rated several noted scientists for gullibility toward "pseudo" or "borderland" ideas, using a rating version, developed by psychologist Frank Sulloway, of the Big Five model of personality. Shermer rated Wallace extremely high (99th percentile) on agreeableness/accommodation and argued that this was the key trait in distinguishing Wallace from scientists who give less credence to fringe ideas.


title: Michael Shermer

text: In May 2002, Shermer and Alex Grobman published their book "Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?", which examined and countered the Holocaust denial movement. This book recounts meeting various denialists and concludes that free speech is the best way to deal with pseudohistory.


title: Michael Shermer

text: His 2006 book "" marshals point-by-point arguments supporting evolution, sharply criticizing intelligent design. This book also argues that science cannot invalidate religion, and that Christians and conservatives can and should accept evolution.


title: Michael Shermer

text: In "The Mind of The Market: Compassionate Apes, Competitive Humans, and Other Tales from Evolutionary Economics" (2007), Shermer reported on the findings of multiple behavioral and biochemical studies that address evolutionary explanations for modern behavior. It garnered several critical reviews from academics, with skeptic Robert T. Carroll saying: "He has been blinded by his libertarianism and seduced by the allure of evolutionary psychology to explain everything, including ethics and economics."


title: Michael Shermer

text: In May 2011, Shermer published "The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies: How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths". In a review for "Commonweal", writer Joseph Bottum described Shermer as more of a popularizer of science and stated, "science emerges from "The Believing Brain" as a full-blown ideology, lifted out of its proper realm and applied to all the puzzles of the world."


title: Michael Shermer

text: Writing for "Society" in 2017, Eugene Goodheart noted that Shermer identified skepticism with scientism and observed that in his book "Skeptic: Viewing the World with a Skeptical Eye" (2016) Shermer was a "vivid and lucid" writer who imported his "political convictions into his advocacy of evolutionary theory, compromising his objectivity as a defender of science."


title: Michael Shermer

text: Harriet Hall says of Shermer's 2018 publication, "Heavens on Earth: The Scientific Search for the Afterlife, Immortality, and Utopia", that "the topics of "Heavens on Earth" are usually relegated to the spheres of philosophy and religion, but Shermer approaches them through science, looking for evidence – or lack thereof." She goes on to say that "[s]ome will argue that Shermer goes beyond the science" but that "it will definitely ... make the reader think."


title: Michael Shermer

text: In 2020, Shermer published "Giving the Devil His Due," a series of 30 reflections on essays that he had published the previous 15 years.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer appeared as a guest on "Donahue" in 1994 to respond to Bradley Smith's and David Cole's Holocaust denial claims, and in 1995 on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" to challenge Rosemary Altea's psychic claims.


title: Michael Shermer

text: In 1994 and 1995, Shermer made several appearances on NBC's daytime paranormal-themed show "The Other Side". He proposed a skepticism-oriented reality show to the producers but it did not move forward. Several years later Fox Family Channel, picked up the series. In 1999, Shermer co-produced and co-hosted the Fox Family TV series "Exploring the Unknown". Budgeted at approximately $200,000 per episode, the series was viewed by Shermer as a direct extension of the work done at the Skeptics Society and "Skeptic" magazine, with a neutral title chosen to broaden viewership.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer made a guest appearance in a 2004 episode of Penn & Teller's "", in which he argued that events in the Bible constitute "mythic storytelling", rather than events described literally. His stance was supported by the show's hosts, who have expressed their own atheism. The episode in question, "The Bible: Fact or Fiction?", sought to debunk the notion that the Bible is an empirically reliable historical record. Opposing Shermer was Paul L. Maier, professor of ancient history at Western Michigan University.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer presented at the three Beyond Belief events from 2006 to 2008. He has presented at several TED conferences with "Why people believe strange things" in 2006, "The pattern behind self-deception" in 2010, and "Reasonable Doubt" in 2015.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer has debated Deepak Chopra several times, including on the ABC News program "Nightline" in March 2010.


title: Michael Shermer

text: In 2012, Shermer was one of three guest speakers at the first Reason Rally in Washington, DC, an event attended by thousands of atheists, where he gave a talk titled "The Moral Arc of Reason." That same year, Shermer participated in an Intelligence Squared debate titled "Science Refutes God" paired with Lawrence Krauss, and opposing Dinesh D'Souza and Ian Hutchinson.


title: Michael Shermer

text: In 2018, Kimberly Winston reported in "The Washington Post" that Shermer had "denied allegations of sexual harassment and assault from several women." In 2019 NPR reported that although he was not charged for any wrongdoing, Illinois Wesleyan University had canceled author Shermer’s visit for the President’s Convocation at that institution after it discovered that sexual assault allegations had been made against Shermer. Writing for "The Guardian" in 2020, Fara Dabhoiwala stated that several of Shermer's public speaking engagements had been canceled as a result of the allegations of sexual harassment and assault from women, allegations that Shermer has denied. "Undark Magazine" reported that the allegations against Shermer began to emerge in 2013 and 2014. The magazine also reported that Shermer had sent cease and desist letters to the student-run newspaper of Santa Barbara City College and accused the editor of defamation in an email to the college.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer married Kim Ziel. They had one daughter together and later divorced. On June 25, 2014 he married Jennifer Graf, a native of Cologne, Germany. The ceremony was performed by Shermer's sister, Tina, who was ordained online for the occasion.


title: Michael Shermer

text: As of 2007, Shermer lived in Altadena, California, but no longer resided there by 2021. He has advocated for a reducetarian diet.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer is a self-described libertarian. In a 2015 interview, Shermer stated that he preferred to talk about individual issues after previous experience with people refusing to listen to him after learning he held libertarian views.


title: Michael Shermer

text: In 2000, Shermer voted for libertarian Harry Browne, on the assumption that the winner of the Al Gore – George W. Bush contest would be irrelevant. He later regretted this decision, believing that Bush's foreign policy made the world more dangerous. He voted for John Kerry in 2004. Shermer named Thomas Jefferson as his favorite president, for his championing of liberty and his application of scientific thinking to the political, economic, and social spheres.


title: Michael Shermer

text: In June 2006, Shermer, who formerly expressed skepticism regarding the mainstream scientific views on global warming, wrote in "Scientific American" magazine that, in the light of the accumulation of evidence, the position of denying global warming is no longer tenable.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer supports some measures to reduce gun-related violence. He once opposed most gun control measures, primarily because of his beliefs in the principles of increasing individual freedom and decreasing government intervention, and also because he has owned guns for most of his life. As an adult, he owned a .357 Magnum pistol for a quarter of a century for protection, although he eventually took it out of the house, and then got rid of it entirely. Though he no longer owns guns, he continues to support the right to own guns to protect one's family. However, by 2013, the data on gun homicides, suicides, and accidental shootings convinced him that some modest gun control measures might be necessary.


title: Michael Shermer

text: Shermer once favored capital punishment in sympathy for victims' families, but later came to oppose the death penalty, partially out of a resistance to giving the government too much power – in light of the hundreds of executed individuals who were later revealed to be innocent – and partially from his view that retributive justice is driven by humanity's baser instincts, and it does not effect restorative justice. He changed his mind about the issue during research for "The Moral Arc", reasoning that "[Capital punishment] is one of these barbaric practices that we need to get rid of. [The United States of] America is really the last of the 19 industrialized democracies to have the death penalty. (...) The Italian enlightenment philosopher Cesare Beccaria, in his book "On Crimes and Punishments", put forward the idea that the punishment should fit the crime and that the criteria should be whether it keeps people from committing crimes, and the Death Penalty does not do that."


title: Renault K-Type engine

text: The K-Type is a family of inline-4 automobile engines developed and produced by Renault since 1995. This is an internal combustion engine, four-stroke, with 4 cylinders in line bored directly into the iron block, water cooled, with tree (s) driven overhead camshafts driven by a toothed timing belt and an aluminium cylinder head. This engine is available in petrol and diesel versions, with 8 or 16 valves.


title: Renault K-Type engine

text: The K-Type engine is an evolution of the Energy engine, itself derived from the Cléon-Fonte engine in which a hemispherical head incorporating a camshaft driven by a toothed timing belt was fitted. The K-Type engine is the ultimate evolution of the Cléon-Fonte engine. The main modification of the K-Type engine is the use of non-removable cylinder liners. The first K-Type appeared on the Mégane with a capacity of .


title: Renault K-Type engine

text: In 1998, a 16-valve derivative of the K7M engine appeared in the Renault Laguna Phase 2, named the K4M. This new engine replaced the 1.8 litre F-Type engine fitted to the Laguna Phase 1.


title: Renault K-Type engine

text: The specificity of K4J and K4M engines is that they have a 16-valve cylinder head, similar to the F4P and F4R versions of F-Type engine, over the K4J and K4M engines share the same distribution kit and even water pump that the F-Type engine 16 valves (F4P and F4R).


title: Renault K-Type engine

text: The K9K engine - diesel version with - appeared on the Clio 2 Phase 2, to replace the 1.9 D ("F-Type engine"). This engine is equipped with high-pressure direct injection common-rail.


title: Renault K-Type engine

text: Starting 2011 Dacia replaced the old KxJ with Euro 5 1.0 (16 valves), 1.2 (16 valves) and 1.6-litre engines.


title: Renault K-Type engine

text: The KxM engine has a displacement of featuring multi-point fuel injection and EGR emission control system fitted.


title: Renault K-Type engine

text: The K9K is an automobile engine family – a group of straight-4 8-valve turbocharged Diesel engines co-developed by Nissan and/or Renault, and also Daimler AG (where it is called OM607). The turbochargers used with this engine are provided by Garrett and BorgWarner. It has a displacement of 1461 cc and is called 1.5 dCi (direct Common-rail injection). Fuel injection systems were supplied by Delphi on the lower power level versions (up to and by Continental (ex Siemens) on the higher power level versions ( and higher). The Delphi injection systems have been replaced with Bosch ones in the Euro 5 versions.


title: Renault K-Type engine

text: There are three versions of this engine: a low power version, a high power version and a high power version with variable-geometry turbocharger. Their maximum power output varies depending on the emission standards they meet.


title: Renault K-Type engine

text: The engine has been in production since 2001, with over 10 million units sold as of April 2013. Improvements over this period have included coating the tappets to reduce friction by 40%; redesigning the injector spray angle, resulting in a 15% reduction of during combustion and a small improvement in torque; and fitting new piston rings, reducing the tension on the belt-driving engine accessories and optimizing the dimensions of the base engine. The injection pattern has been altered to have two pilot injections over a wide operating range, reducing combustion noise by up to 3 decibels. Still newer technology also includes using a variable-pressure oil pump, and adding stop/start battery technology and low-pressure exhaust-gas recirculation. The K9K engine is produced in Bursa, Turkey; Chennai, India; and Valladolid, Spain. Emissions-wise, it emits as little /km of carbon dioxide.


title: Mary of Bethany

text: Mary of Bethany is a biblical figure mentioned only by name in the Gospel of John in the Christian New Testament. Together with her siblings Lazarus and Martha, she is described by John as living in the village of Bethany, a small village in Judaea to the south of the Mount of Olives near Jerusalem.


title: Mary of Bethany

text: Medieval Western Christianity identified Mary of Bethany with Mary Magdalene and with the sinful woman of , very common for that time period. This influenced the Roman Rite liturgy of the feast of Mary Magdalene, with a Gospel reading about the sinful woman and a collect referring to Mary of Bethany. Since the 1969 revision of that liturgy, Mary Magdalene's feast day continues to be on 22 July, but Mary of Bethany is celebrated, together with her brother Lazarus, on 29 July, the memorial of their sister Martha. In Eastern Christianity and some Protestant traditions, Mary of Bethany and Mary Magdalene are considered separate people. The Eastern Orthodox Church has its own traditions regarding Mary of Bethany's life beyond the gospel accounts.


title: Mary of Bethany

text: In the Gospel of John, a Mary appears in connection to two incidents: the raising from the dead of her brother Lazarus and the anointing of Jesus. The identification of this being the same Mary in both incidents is given explicitly by the author: "Now a man named Lazarus was sick. He was from Bethany, the village of Mary and her sister Martha. This Mary, whose brother Lazarus now lay sick, was the same one who poured perfume on the Lord and wiped his feet with her hair." The mention of her sister Martha suggests a connection with the woman named Mary in Luke 10:38-42.


title: Mary of Bethany

text: In the account of the raising of Lazarus, Jesus meets with the sisters in turn: Martha followed by Mary. Martha goes immediately to meet Jesus as he arrives, while Mary waits until she is called. As one commentator notes, "Martha, the more aggressive sister, went to meet Jesus, while quiet and contemplative Mary stayed home. This portrayal of the sisters agrees with that found in Luke 10:38–42." When Mary meets Jesus, she falls at his feet. In speaking with Jesus, both sisters lament that he did not arrive in time to prevent their brother's death: "Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died." But where Jesus' response to Martha is one of teaching, calling her to hope and faith, his response to Mary is more emotional: "When Jesus saw her weeping, and the Jews who had come along with her also weeping, he was deeply moved in spirit and troubled. As the 17th century Welsh commentator Matthew Henry notes, "Mary added no more, as Martha did; but it appears, by what follows, that what she fell short in words she made up in tears; she said less than Martha, but wept more."


title: Mary of Bethany

text: A narrative in which Mary of Bethany plays a central role is the anointing of Jesus, an event reported in the Gospel of John in which a woman pours the entire contents of an alabastron of very expensive perfume over the feet of Jesus. Only in this account is the woman identified as Mary, with the earlier reference in establishing her as the sister of Martha and Lazarus.


title: Mary of Bethany

text: The woman's name is not given in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark, but the event is likewise placed in Bethany, specifically at the home of one Simon the Leper, a man whose significance is not explained elsewhere in the gospels.


title: Mary of Bethany

text: According to the Markan account, the perfume was the purest of spikenard. Some of the onlookers were angered because this expensive perfume could have been sold for a year's wages, which Mark enumerates as 300 denarii, and the money given to the poor. The Gospel of Matthew states that the "disciples were indignant" and John's gospel states that it was Judas Iscariot who was most offended (which is explained by the narrator as being because Judas was a thief and desired the money for himself). In the accounts, Jesus justifies Mary's action by stating that they would always have the poor among them and would be able to help them whenever they desired, but that he would not always be with them and says that her anointing was done to prepare him for his burial. As one commentator notes, "Mary seems to have been the only one who was sensitive to the impending death of Jesus and who was willing to give a material expression of her esteem for him. Jesus' reply shows his appreciation of her act of devotion." The accounts in Matthew and Mark adds these words of Jesus, "I tell you the truth, wherever this gospel is preached throughout the world, what she has done will also be told, in memory of her".


title: Mary of Bethany

text: Easton (1897) noted that it would appear from the circumstances that the family of Lazarus possessed a family vault and that a large number of Jews from Jerusalem came to console them on the death of Lazarus, that this family at Bethany belonged to the wealthier class of the people. This would help explain how Mary of Bethany could afford to possess quantities of expensive perfume.


title: Mary of Bethany

text: A similar anointing is described in the Gospel of Luke as occurring at the home of one Simon the Pharisee in which a woman who had been sinful all her life, and who was crying, anointed Jesus' feet and, when her tears started to fall on his feet, she wiped them with her hair. Luke's account (as well as John's) differs from that of Matthew and Mark by relating that the anointing is to the feet rather than the head. Although it is a subject of considerable debate, many scholars hold that these actually describe two separate events.


title: Mary of Bethany

text: Jesus' response to the anointing in Luke is completely different from that recorded in the other gospels to the anointing in their accounts. Rather than Jesus' above-mentioned comments on the "poor you will always have with you", in Luke he tells his host the Parable of the Two Debtors. As one commentator notes, "Luke is the only one to record the parable of the two debtors, and he chooses to preserve it in this setting. ...If one considers the other gospel accounts as a variation of the same event, it is likely that the parable is not authentically set. Otherwise, the powerful message from the parable located in this setting would likely be preserved elsewhere, too. However, if one considers the story historically accurate, happening in Jesus' life apart from the similar incidents recorded in the other gospels, the question of the authenticity of the parable receives a different answer. ...John Nolland, following Wilckens' ideas, writes: 'There can hardly be a prior form of the episode not containing the present parable, since this would leave the Pharisee's concerns of v 39 with no adequate response'."


title: Mary of Bethany

text: In chapter 10 of the Gospel of Luke, Jesus visits the home of two sisters named Mary and Martha, living in an unnamed village. Mary is contrasted with her sister Martha, who was "cumbered about many things" while Jesus was their guest, while Mary had chosen "the better part," that of listening to the master's discourse.


title: Mary of Bethany

text: For Mary to sit at Jesus' feet, and for him to allow her to do so, was itself controversial. In doing so, as one commentator notes, Mary took "the place of a disciple by sitting at the feet of the teacher. It was unusual for a woman in first-century Judaism to be accepted by a teacher as a disciple."


title: Mary of Bethany

text: Most Christian commentators have been ready to assume that the two occurrences of sisters named as Mary and Martha refer the same pair of sisters.


title: Mary of Bethany

text: In medieval Western Christian tradition, Mary of Bethany was identified as Mary Magdalene perhaps in large part because of a homily given by Pope Gregory the Great in which he taught about several women in the New Testament as though they were the same person. This led to a conflation of Mary of Bethany with Mary Magdalene as well as with another woman (beside Mary of Bethany who anointed Jesus), and the woman caught in adultery. Eastern Christianity never adopted this identification. In his article in the 1910 "Catholic Encyclopedia", Hugh Pope stated, "The Greek Fathers, as a whole, distinguish the three persons: the 'sinner' of ; the sister of Martha and Lazarus, and ; and Mary Magdalen."


title: Mary of Bethany

text: Father Hugh Pope enumerated the accounts of each of these three persons (the unnamed "sinner", Mary Magdalene, and Mary of Bethany) in the Gospel of Luke and concluded that, based on these accounts, “there is no suggestion of an identification of the three persons, and if we had only Luke to guide us we should certainly have no grounds for so identifying them [as the same person].” He then explains first the position, at that time general among Catholics, equating Mary of Bethany with the sinful woman of Luke by referring to , where Mary is identified as the woman who anointed Jesus, and noting that this reference is given before John's account of the anointing in Bethany: