title: Julian Castro

text: In 2001, Castro was elected to the San Antonio City Council, winning 61 percent of the vote against five challengers. At age 26 he was the youngest city councilman in San Antonio history, surpassing Henry Cisneros, who won his council seat in 1975 at age 27. Castro represented District 7, a precinct on the city's west side with 115,000 residents. The population was 70 percent Hispanic and included a large number of senior citizens. As a councilman from 2001 to 2005, he opposed a PGA-approved golf course and large-scale real estate development on the city's outer rim.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro ran for mayor of San Antonio in 2005 and was widely viewed as the front runner in a field that also included retired judge Phil Hardberger and conservative city councilman Carroll Schubert. He was defeated by approximately 4000 votes when Hardberger received 51.5% of the votes in the runoff. Following his election defeat, Castro established his own law practice.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro ran for mayor of San Antonio again in 2009. Castro hired Christian Archer, who had run Hardberger's campaign in 2005, to run his own 2009 campaign. Castro won the election on May 9, 2009 with 56.23% of the vote, his closest opponent being Trish DeBerry-Mejia. He became the fifth Latino mayor in the history of San Antonio. He was the youngest mayor of a top-50 American city. Castro easily won re-election in 2011 and 2013, receiving 82.9% of the vote in 2011 and 67% of the vote in 2013.


title: Julian Castro

text: In 2010, Castro created SA2020, a community-wide visioning effort. It generated a list of goals created by the people of San Antonio based on their collective vision for San Antonio in the year 2020. SA2020 then became a nonprofit organization tasked with turning that vision into a reality. Castro also established Cafe College in 2010, offering college guidance to San Antonio-area students. In 2012 he led a voter referendum to expand pre-kindergarten education. Castro persuaded two of the most prominent businessmen in San Antonio, Charles Butt and Joe Robles, to lead an effort to pass a $30 million sales tax to fund the pre-kindergarten education program.


title: Julian Castro

text: In March 2010, Castro was named to the World Economic Forum's list of Young Global Leaders. Later that year, "Time" magazine placed him on its "40 under 40" list of rising stars in American politics.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro gained national attention in 2012 when he was the first Hispanic to deliver the keynote address at a Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina. Following the 2012 elections, Castro declined the position of United States Secretary of Transportation, partly with an eye on running for governor of Texas after 2017. However, in 2014, Castro accepted President Barack Obama's offer of the position of United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Castro resigned as mayor effective July 22, 2014, so that he could take up his duties in Washington. The San Antonio City Council elected councilmember Ivy Taylor to replace him.


title: Julian Castro

text: On May 22, 2014, the White House announced Castro as the nominee to be the next secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) by President Barack Obama. He was confirmed by the Senate on July 9, 2014 by a vote of 71-26 and replaced Shaun Donovan, who was nominated to be the Director of the Office of Management and Budget. He took office on July 28, 2014. Following the announcement, Castro was discussed as a potential nominee for vice president for the Democratic Party in the 2016 presidential election.


title: Julian Castro

text: On July 28, 2014, his first day in office, Castro was honored at a reception called "Celebrating Latino Cabinet Members" hosted by the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute.


title: Julian Castro

text: Upon exiting office in 2017, Castro's final memo outlined various accomplishments of the department under his leadership. These areas included HUD's work to stabilize the housing market, rebuild communities struck by natural disasters through a $1 billion National Disaster Resilience Competition, expansion of lead safety protections in federally assisted housing, and the Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing rule to "finally fulfill the full obligation of the Fair Housing Act.


title: Julian Castro

text: On October 15, 2015, Castro endorsed Hillary Clinton for president. When Clinton was asked if Castro could be her pick for vice president, she said, "I am going to look really hard at him for anything because that's how good he is." Discussion of Castro as a candidate to run on the Democratic ticket with Hillary Clinton increased markedly in January 2016, as the Iowa and New Hampshire primaries approached. In late January, Castro began to campaign for Clinton in Iowa, a move interpreted as a test of his appeal to the electorate. In July 2016, the U.S. Office of Special Counsel issued a finding that Castro had violated the Hatch Act by commenting on the 2016 campaign while giving an interview in an official capacity; Castro admitted the error and ordered his team to improve training on the Hatch Act.


title: Julian Castro

text: In October 2018, Castro published his memoir, "An Unlikely Journey: Waking Up from My American Dream" through Little, Brown and Company.


title: Julian Castro

text: In 2018, Castro visited the first in the nation New Hampshire primary state, and delivered the commencement address at New England College in Henniker, New Hampshire, on May 12, 2018. Castro stated that he would make his decision on whether to run in 2020 after the November 2018 mid-term elections. On December 12, 2018, Castro announced the formation of an exploratory committee. The next day, during an episode of "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", Julián's brother Joaquin (during a joint appearance by both brothers) stated that he confidently believed that Julián will be running for president.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro formally announced his candidacy for the 2020 presidential election on January 12, 2019 at a rally in San Antonio, TX. His brother, Congressman Joaquín Castro, and their mother introduced him at the rally. Castro would have been the first Democratic presidential nominee since 1924 to not have first served as vice president, governor or senator, and the first Hispanic or Latino nominee for president. He was the first Texan in the 2020 race and would have been the third-youngest president if elected. In his announcement, Castro emphasized Medicare-For-All, universal pre-K, and a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants as part of comprehensive immigration reform. In 2019, he purchased a Fox News ad in order to speak directly to Donald Trump about the El Paso shooting. Despite referring to his healthcare plan as Medicare for All, his position was actually a public option rather than the single-payer plan proposed by Bernie Sanders and Pramila Jayapal.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro's performance in the second night of the first debate was praised, with many pundits considering him to have been the "breakout star" of the night, and to have been one of the "winners" of the debate.


title: Julian Castro

text: During the third Democratic Presidential Debate, Castro was accused of ageism after he attacked Joe Biden in a heated exchange over health care plans with Castro taunting Biden saying "Are you forgetting what you just said two minutes ago", repeating it multiple times. Castro was rebuked for his remarks by various members of the candidates on stage including, Andrew Yang, Amy Klobuchar, and Pete Buttigieg. Castro was widely criticized for what was seen as a "low blow", and with many accusing Castro of "bullying", and engaging in "ageism". Journalist Gayle King saw the interaction as a "personal attack". On "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", Stephen Colbert described the interaction as both "mean and inaccurate", since Castro was factually incorrect in his attack against Biden according to Politifact.


title: Julian Castro

text: Many remarked that the exchange was the beginning of the end of Castro's presidential campaign. Castro has defended his attack against Biden saying he "wouldn't do it differently" and insisted he wasn't making fun of Biden."


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro suspended his presidential campaign on January 2, 2020. ""¡Ganaremos un día!"" he said in Spanish, which translates to "One day we'll win!"


title: Julian Castro

text: On January 6, 2020, Castro endorsed Senator Elizabeth Warren for president. The next day, he gave a speech formally supporting Warren during her campaign rally in Brooklyn, New York. Castro was a "partner" in Warren's presidential campaign but she failed to win Texas. Castro's political future is unknown. On June 2, 2020, he endorsed presumptive Democratic nominee Joe Biden.


title: Julian Castro

text: In September 2020, Castro partnered with Lemonada Media to launch "Our America with Julián Castro", a weekly podcast discussing America’s past and possibilities.


title: Julian Castro

text: In October 2020, Castro joined the board of directors of the Center for American Progress, a center-left think tank founded by John Podesta.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro "believes in balanced budgets". He also supports increasing the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro is a supporter of national and international trade regulation. He has been a strong supporter of the North American Free Trade Agreement while serving as mayor of San Antonio, but has also said that the agreement should be renegotiated to "strengthen worker and environmental protections".


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro supports universal pre-kindergarten, and managed to institute a pre-kindergarten program for 4-year-olds, funded by higher local taxes, while serving as mayor of San Antonio. He also supports making the first two years of higher education tuition-free.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro has called for universal health care and Medicare for All, and indicated he would consider funding such a program by raising taxes on corporations and the wealthy. He has supported the Affordable Care Act. His campaign's healthcare plan calls for a public option.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro supports the Paris climate accord, and has criticized President Trump's withdrawal from the agreement. While in office, Castro worked with companies to promote their transition to renewable energy. He has voiced support for a Green New Deal.


title: Julian Castro

text: In the past, Castro has advocated for an "energy policy that includes fossil fuels" while also "pointing out the benefits of fossil fuel jobs".


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro has endorsed a gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria while also criticizing Trump's approach to the issue.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro voiced support for Hong Kong protesters. He wrote that "The United States must lead with our values and speak out for pro-democracy protestors in Hong Kong, and not allow American citizens to be bullied by an authoritarian government."


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro has stated that he is "not going to take any PAC money" as a presidential candidate, and has encouraged others to do the same. He had however formed a PAC (Opportunity First) in 2017 which mostly covered his running expenses while also donating to several dozen "young, progressive" Democratic politicians.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro is pro-choice, and has "vigorously" opposed state laws limiting abortion access after the 20th week of pregnancy and other restrictions.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro has been an advocate for LGBTQ rights and, as mayor, opposed the law in Texas (later overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court) that denied legal recognition to same-sex marriages. He is also a member of Washington D.C. based think tank the Inter-American Dialogue. Castro was the first San Antonio mayor to serve as the grand marshal of the city's Pride Parade in 2009 and in 2011 led a push to offer domestic partner benefits in the city. In 2012, he joined mayors across the country in signing the "Mayors for the Freedom to Marry" petition for same-sex marriage equality.


title: Julian Castro

text: In his remarks during the first round of 2019 Democratic Presidential debates, Castro pledged to make abortions available to trans men, mistakenly referring to them as trans women. He later rectified himself to include all trans and non-binary people after having been corrected on Twitter.


title: Julian Castro

text: In an interview with Mara Keisling of TransEquality, Julian Castro decried the treatment of trans people as second-class citizens.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro supports tighter gun control and has supported the reinstatement of the assault weapons ban, limiting access to high-capacity magazines, and closing the gun show loophole.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro supports a path to citizenship for most undocumented residents of the US, has opposed President Trump's "border wall" plan, and has said that the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency needs to be "reconstituted" and that illegal immigration should be treated as a civil offense instead of a criminal one. Additionally, he asserted in the first Democratic primary candidate debates on June 26, 2019 that he would repeal Section 1325 of Title 8 of the U.S. criminal code, which would decriminalize illegal entry into the U.S., rendering unlawful entry a civil offense instead of a criminal one.


title: Julian Castro

text: In 2007, Castro married Erica Lira, an elementary school teacher. They had a daughter in 2009 and a son in December 2014. He is Catholic. He is not a native Spanish speaker, but he began learning the language in 2010 while serving as mayor of San Antonio. He also studied Latin and Japanese in school.


title: Fnatic

text: Fnatic (pronounced "fanatic"; also stylized as fnatic or FNATIC) is a professional esports organization headquartered in London, United Kingdom. Founded 23 July 2004, the team has players from around the world, across a variety of games, such as "Apex Legends", "", "Dota 2", "FIFA", "Heroes of the Storm", "League of Legends", "Valorant", and "Rainbow Six Siege".


title: Fnatic

text: Fnatic's "League of Legends" team won the first-ever League of Legends World Championship in 2011, and also held the record for the most League of Legends Championship Series split titles in the LEC—totalling seven of the 19 played so far ()—until G2 Esports won their eighth title in the 2020 LEC Summer Split. With the 2015 EU LCS Summer Split they became the first LCS team to finish a split undefeated.


title: Fnatic

text: Fnatic's "CS:GO" team, which has traditionally been located in Sweden, won the first ever in 2013 and two more between 2013 and 2015. After a series of poor results dating back to the start of 2021, Fnatic made a move towards an international roster for the first time since 2013.


title: Fnatic

text: The organization has claimed more than 200 championship victories across 30 different games since its inception in 2004. According to Forbes, Fnatic is now worth $260 million in 2022 and is among the top 10 most valuable esports companies.


title: Fnatic

text: The organization was founded on 23 July 2004 by Sam Mathews and Anne Mathews. After playing several years for Fnatic, Patrik "cArn" Sättermon, a "Counter-Strike" player, became the chief gaming officer of Fnatic in 2012. Wouter Sleijffers replaced Anne Mathews as CEO in 2015, whilst Sam Mathews is the board chairman.


title: Fnatic

text: Between 2008 and 2009, Fnatic was sponsored by MSI and SteelSeries, spurring a temporary name change to FnaticMSI. On 1 June 2011, Fnatic partnered with EIZO to launch their gaming monitors into the market.


title: Fnatic

text: In 2006, Fnatic acquired a "World of Warcraft" team, Fnatic. WoW. Returning to represent Fnatic in the "World of Warcraft" 3v3 community was players TooGood, Vo0, and Ztrider. The Fnatic. WoW division won top finishes in events including BlizzCon, Intel Extreme Masters (IEM) and Major League Gaming (MLG).


title: Fnatic

text: In 2007, Fnatic acquired a "DotA" team, Fnatic. DotA, represented by Ritter "Ritter" Rusli, Romi "melen" Gunawan, Ariyanto "Lakuci" Sony, Sugiarto "BaHaMuT" Cahyadi, Jeffry "Neo" Lu. They were formerly known as XcN DotA.


title: Fnatic

text: In 2008, Fnatic picked up a new "DotA" team with a roster of Edvin "Kwom" Börjesson, Jonathan "Loda" Berg, Rasmus "Misery" Berth, Rene "Kebap-" Werner, and Aringazin "Aidar" Aidar.


title: Fnatic

text: In 2010 FnaticMSI.HoN was restructured with a roster of Johan "N0tail" Sundstein, Kalle "Trixi" Saarinen, Henrik "Freshpro" Hansen, Jascha "Nova" Markuse, and Tal "Fly" Aizik.


title: Fnatic

text: In January 2012, Fnatic took on "RaidCall" as a sponsor. With the new title sponsor, Fnatic expanded into South Korea and became the first non-Korean esports team to acquire a professional gaming house in Seoul.


title: Fnatic

text: In 2012, Fnatic picked up the former GamersLeague "Dota 2" team in order to compete with other top teams. The team placed fourth in ESWC, but soon after, the team parted ways with Fnatic.


title: Fnatic

text: In August 2014, Fnatic announced that it had partnered with Luke Millanta to produce a number of "Counter Strike: Global Offensive" weapon finishes.


title: Fnatic

text: On 23 March 2017, Fnatic announced that it will be making a one-off return to "Heroes of Newerth" with an all-Swedish roster made up of Makke, iNsaniA, Xibbe, Boxi & miCKe and will compete at the HonTour Season 5 World Finals in Bangkok. On 2 April 2017, Fnatic became the champions of HonTour Season 5, defeating [MiXs] Phoenix MiXs on the grand finals.


title: Fnatic

text: On 6 October 2017, Fnatic joined the competitive "Rocket League" scene after acquiring the former roster of "Leftovers".


title: Fnatic

text: On 12 April 2018, Fnatic joined the competitive "Rainbow Six Siege" scene after acquiring the former roster of Mindfreak.


title: Fnatic

text: The company has its headquarters in London, near the Silicon Roundabout at Old Street, with a full-time senior management team including a CEO, CGO, Sales Director, Accounts Director and Head of Creative Services.


title: Fnatic

text: Fnatic also runs an independent digital agency, "Sannpa", for businesses looking to be involved in esports.


title: Fnatic

text: In April 2019, Fnatic raised $19M in Series A funding round and restructured its leadership as it plans a major expansion in Asia and North America.


title: Fnatic

text: In October 2019, Fnatic acquired Indian "PUBG Mobile" team Xspark, consisting of Sc0utOP, Ronak, Paritosh, Owais and InYoDream. Fnatic disbanded the team in March 2021.


title: Fnatic

text: In November 2019, Fnatic announced it had entered into a partnership with Japanese company Sanrio to collaborate on content and merchandise around its Hello Kitty brand.


title: Fnatic

text: In October 2020, Fnatic announced a multi-year global partnership with Chinese-based global consumer electronics and home appliances market leader, Hisense. The same year Fnatic signed a multi-year partnership with BMW.


title: Fnatic

text: In March 2021, Fnatic announced a renewal of partnership with a global online gaming entertainment service "LeTou" and will serve as official sponsors for their DOTA 2 squad.


title: Fnatic

text: In November 2022, Fnatic launched its own music label, Fnatic Music. The announcement coincided with the album Fnatic Island Vol. 1.


title: Fnatic

text: Fnatic entered the "Counter-Strike" competitive scene in 2004, when the team was founded by Freek "FraK" Tammeling. The initial roster, led by Benjamin "diGitaL" Hildén, managed to win CPL Singapore 2005 but struggled to make much of an impact at other international events. At the beginning of 2006, Fnatic released the entire lineup except for sniper Harley "dsn" Örwall, who was tasked to assemble a new roster. Örwall recruited Patrik "cArn" Sättermon, the in-game leader of Eyeballers; Oscar "Archi" Torgersen, from Team GoN; and Begrip duo Patrik "f0rest" Lindberg and Kristoffer "Tentpole" Nordlund. This lineup would go on to win many major events in 2006, culminating with a 1st-place finish at CPL Winter 2006. In 2011, Fnatic's "Counter-Strike" team placed top three in many events with their newly acquired player, Michael "Friis" Jørgensen. This simultaneously led to dropping many uncontracted players such as Qet ("Counter-Strike"), Lauke ("UT") and Vo0 ("Q3").


title: Fnatic

text: cArn gained a reputation as one of "Counter-Strike"'s premier in-game leaders and strategy callers from 2006 to 2012 due to his ability to lead several completely different Fnatic rosters to major tournament wins. However, in March 2012, he announced his surprise retirement before the IEM Season VI World Finals, going on to become the first chief gaming officer for Fnatic. Xizt took on the role of the in-game leader, replacing cArn with Finn "karrigan" Andersen, another Danish player. The new team won their first major LAN event at Copenhagen Games 2012. On the same weekend, FnaticRC.aLive won his first ever major tournament at IPL4 Las Vegas.


title: Fnatic

text: After Fnatic won 2012 DreamHack Summer and the Swedish Championships, Rasmus "Gux" Stahl retired from "Counter-Strike", leaving an open spot in Fnatic. On 26 June, Fnatic announced that Martin "trace" Heldt will join the team. In August, Richard "Xizt" Landstorm left the team to play CS:GO for NiP; Emil "FYRR73" Karlsson was announced as his replacement.


title: Fnatic

text: When Fnatic switched to "Counter Strike: Global Offensive", they became one of the top teams in the world. In order to complete the roster, Fnatic announced that Xyp9x and JOKERN will join them to compete in "Counter Strike: Global Offensive". The team was able to finish in the 3rd/4th position of the EMS Season 1 Finals.


title: Fnatic

text: In late 2013, Fnatic won the first ever major tournament in "Counter Strike: Global Offensive", under the guidance of their new leader, Markus "pronax" Wallsten, taking out the team Ninjas in Pyjamas (NIP). In 2014, Fnatic took in 2 ex-LGB players, Olof "olofmeister" Kajbjer and Freddy "KRIMZ" Johansson. They went on to win ESL One Katowice 2015 after defeating NIP, and on 24 August 2015, Fnatic won ESL One Cologne 2015, after defeating Team EnVyUs. Because of this roster's back-to-back major wins and elven other international titles, some consider this Fnatic team to be the strongest roster ever assembled in the history of "CS:GO".


title: Fnatic

text: In November 2015, after a few disappointing tournament performances, pronax decided to take a hiatus from competitive "CS:GO". He was replaced with Dennis "dennis" Edman from international team G2 Esports. In December 2015, Fnatic beat NIP 2–1 and secured their second Fragbite Masters win, the other being in season 3. Fnatic regained the #1 position in HLTV's team rankings after the tournament, and remained the #1 ranked team in the world until 18 April 2016.


title: Fnatic

text: In April 2016 olofmeister suffered a wrist injury, and John "wenton" Eriksson took his place temporarily.


title: Fnatic

text: On 15 August 2016 Fnatic announced that Robin "flusha" Rönnquist, Jesper "JW" Wecksell, and KRIMZ would be transferred to GODSENT and the team would be welcoming Simon "twist" Eliasson and Jonas "Lekr0" Olofsson in return. Wenton, who was already a substitute for Fnatic, completed the lineup.


title: Fnatic

text: On 20 August 2017 Fnatic announced that olofmeister would depart from Fnatic to join FaZe Clan, and dennis would also leave Fnatic and join GODSENT; they were replaced by Maikil "Golden" Selim and Lekr0.


title: Fnatic

text: In September 2019, flusha and Golden, two previous squad members, rejoined the team. Following this roster move, Fnatic enjoyed some success, until at the start of 2021 there were more changes, with flusha stepping down from the team's active roster, to be replaced by the 21 year old talent Jack "Jackinho" Ström Mattsson. after this change, the team had a slew of losses, falling over the next six months to a near all-time low of position #65 on the HLTV team ranking. As a result of this, the decision was made to change things up, with the roster becoming, for the first time, an international one following the addition of UK players Alexander "ALEX" McMeekin and William "mezii" Merriman and the benching of JW and Golden.


title: Fnatic

text: This change was positive at first for Fnatic, leading to good performances at ESL Pro League XIV, and allowed them to regain a spot amongst the top 20 HLTV teams; however, following a bad performance at IEM Fall 2021, where they failed to win a single match, Fnatic failed to qualify for the 2021 Stockholm Major, and shortly afterward, Jackinho was benched from the team. Owen "smooya" Butterfield was signed to replace Jackinho on a 3-month trial. The addition of smooya marked the first time in the history of Fnatic fielded a British majority lineup. After poor results at Katowice 2022 in February, smooya was benched and replaced by the Romanian sniper Iulian "regali" Harjău, shortly before qualification for the PGL Major Antwerp 2022.


title: Fnatic

text: In March 2022, Brollan who had been with Fnatic since 2018 and during that time made the HLTV top 20 players twice, was transferred to NIP. Valentin "poizon" Vasilev and Peppe "Peppzor" Borak were added to the roster to replace smooya and Brollan, although poizon only on trial and Peppzor temporarily moved up from the academy team. After not achieving desired results, ALEX and poizon were benched and Peppzor was returned to the Fnatic Rising academy team, leaving only KRIMZ and mezii in the team.


title: Fnatic

text: In an attempt to better results, the Danish duo Nico "nicoodoz" Tamjidi and Fredrik "roeJ" Jørgensen were transferred from Copenhagen Flames to Fnatic, in June. In August, to complete the roster the Dutch rifler Dion "FASHR" Derksen was added to the roster. Furthermore, mezii took the position of in-game leader after it was left vacant after the departure of ALEX.


title: Fnatic

text: After three years of not attending a Major, with the last being the IEM Katowice Major 2019 where Fnatic finished 12-14th in the Challengers Stage, they managed to qualify for the IEM Rio Major 2022 Challengers Stage.


title: Fnatic

text: On 30 March 2012, Fnatic's "Heroes of Newerth" team, consisting of Johan "N0tail" Sundstein, Jascha "NoVa" Markuse, Tal "Fly" Aizik, and Adrian "Era" Kryeziu officially switched to "Dota 2". By early September of the same year, a roster was finalized with the addition of Kai "H4nn1" Hanbückers and Kalle "Trixi" Saarinen, the latter of whom replaced Jascha "NoVa" Markuse.


title: Fnatic

text: In 2014, Fnatic parted ways with its "Dota 2" squad with each member deciding to leave the organization.


title: Fnatic

text: In 2008, Fnatic picked up Maximo12, a Spanish "FIFA" football video game player who won several titles in 2008 & 2009, such as the WCG Spain Champion in 2008.


title: Fnatic

text: Fnatic entered the "League of Legends" scene in March 2011 by acquiring the roster of the esports team myRevenge. Two months later, the squad consisting of xPeke, LaMiaZeaLoT, Shushei, CyanideFI, Mellisan and MagicFingers qualified for the Season 1 World Championship after WetDream left. Fnatic performed well during the championship and after taking down against All authority 2–1 they were crowned the Season 1 world champions.


title: Fnatic

text: In Season 2 and the preseason before it, the team participated in the Intel Extreme Masters Season VI circuit and Azubu The Champions Spring 2012, where they reached the quarter finals. After that, the team lost many of its players. Between June and September 2012, Shuhei, Mellisan, Pheilox, and Lamia moved on and were replaced by sOAZ, and nRated. Among these roster changes the team did not manage to qualify for the Season 2 World Championship after losing the deciding series in the Regional Finals with 0–2 against Counter Logic Gaming EU.


title: Fnatic

text: In the Season 3 preseason, Rekkles joined the team and Fnatic won DreamHack Winter 2012, finished second at IPL 5 in Las Vegas and IEM Season VII – Global Challenge Cologne.


title: Fnatic

text: Rekkles did not meet the minimal age requirements for Riot's Season 3 League Championship Series and was replaced by YellOwStaR on 26 December.


title: Fnatic

text: In 2013, Fnatic won the Spring Split of Season 3, but during the Summer Split, the team struggled and decided that a player change was necessary. In July 2013, Fnatic announced changes to their League of Legends roster. nRated, the main support, left the team and YellOwstaR, the former AD carry, switched roles to play support. Puszu then joined the team in their Cologne gaming house to finish Season 3 as Fnatic's AD Carry. Fnatic later won the Season 3 Summer Split and qualified for the World Championship in Los Angeles, California.


title: Fnatic

text: During the Group Stage of the Season 3 World finals, Fnatic went into the quarter-finals against Cloud9, considered the best team in North America at the time. After defeating Cloud9 2–1, Fnatic advanced to the semi-finals against Royal Club Huang Zu. They later lost against Royal Club and placed tied for third place.


title: Fnatic

text: In the 2014 season, Rekkles rejoined the team and Fnatic secured their third LCS title after defeating SK Gaming in the playoffs final of the Spring Split. The Summer Split saw Fnatic struggle against Alliance in another playoffs final but even after losing the match, Fnatic had collected enough points to qualify for the 2014 World Championship.


title: Fnatic

text: The World Championship saw Fnatic placed in Group C with Korea's Samsung Blue, China's OMG, and North America's LMQ. The team was only able to win 2 out of 6 matches, meaning that they would go no further in the tournament.


title: Fnatic

text: In the 2015 preseason, sOAZ, Rekkles, xPeke and Cyanide left Fnatic and were replaced by Huni, Reignover, Febiven, and Steeelback.


title: Fnatic

text: Fnatic won the 2015 Spring Split, after beating the Unicorns of Love on 19 April 2015 in Madrid, Spain in the playoffs grand final that went 3–2 in favor of Fnatic. They would later attend the Mid-Seasonal Invitational, an international competition attended by the top teams of each region. They went 2–3 in the group stage and made it to the playoffs. They were matched against former world champion SK Telecom T1, to whom they lost 2–3.


title: Fnatic

text: In the 2015 EU LCS Summer Split, Fnatic became the first LCS team to complete a regular split undefeated, finishing with a score of 18 wins and 0 losses. They would go on to win the 2015 EU Summer Split Playoffs, beating Origen 3–2, and qualifying for the 2015 "League of Legends" World Championship as the first seed from Europe.


title: Fnatic

text: In the 2015 League of Legends World Championship, Fnatic took first place Group B in the group stage with a 4–2 record. In the quarterfinals they defeated the Chinese team EDward Gaming with a score of 3–0. In the semifinal, they lost to the Korean team KOO Tigers with a score of 0–3, giving them a third/fourth-place finish in the tournament.


title: Fnatic

text: The 2016 preseason saw the departure of Huni, Reignover and Yellowstar from the team. It was then announced that they would be replaced by Spirit, Gamsu and NoxiaK, respectively.


title: Fnatic

text: In the 2016 Spring Split the team struggled to find its footing at first but the replacement of NoxiaK by Klaj saw an improved Fnatic make it to the final of the Intel Extreme Masters Katowice where they lost 0–3 against SKT T1. The team finished the split in sixth place and made it to the playoffs where they upset Team Vitality 3–1 before losing to eventual champions G2 Esports 3–1 in the semifinals. They then defeated H2k Gaming 3–2 to secure third place overall.


title: Fnatic

text: On 13 May 2016, Fnatic announced the departure of Gamsu from the starting line-up. He was replaced by former G2 Esports top laner Mateusz "Kikis" Szkudlarek. Kikis debuted with Fnatic during the start of the 8th week of the EU LCS. Fnatic finished the 2016 EU LCS Summer Split regular season in 4th after a playoff match against H2k-Gaming. They would go on to play H2k again in the playoffs. In between the two fixtures, Fnatic parted ways with head coach Luis "Deilor" Sevilla and replaced him with Nicholas "NicoThePico" Korsgård. After their series against H2k was delayed due to technical issues, H2k defeated Fnatic 3–0 on 16 August 2016.


title: Fnatic

text: After acquiring Zdravets "Hylissang" Galabov for the Support role during the off-season, the new Fnatic roster, now also featuring Mads "Broxah" Brock-Pedersen as the starting Jungler, saw immediate improvements to their performance, and would go on to win both the 2018 EU LCS spring title, as well as the 2018 LEC summer title, (The league rebranded halfway through the year) overcoming their rivals G2 Esports in spring, and Schalke 04 in summer.


title: Fnatic

text: During MSI 2018 the team managed to make it past the group stage after a tie-breaker against the LCS champions, Team Liquid, but would be defeated in the playoffs after being clean swept by the LPL representatives and eventual tournament winners Royal Never Give Up, who at the time were widely considered to be the best team in the world.


title: Fnatic

text: During the 2018 EU LCS Summer Split the team, in a very controversial decision, would be forced to bench Rekkles and promote their top lane substitute Gabriël "Bwipo" Rau to the starting position after new meta developments left marksmen heavily unfavorable across all levels of play, though the former would eventually return after the meta changes were partially reverted by Riot.


title: Fnatic

text: During Worlds 2018 Fnatic would made it through the Group Stage only losing once to the China's Invictus Gaming as well as losing the tiebreaker, and advance to the Playoffs Stage, where the team would successfully defeat China's Edward Gaming, 3–1, and clean sweep North America's Cloud9 in the semifinals match. After these victories Fnatic would reach the World Championship Finals, the first time since 2011, and the second time ever for any western team, where they would meet their Group Stage competitors Invictus Gaming again. IG would dominate them in every game and clean sweep the Fnatic to win the 2018 World Championship.


title: Fnatic

text: On 12 April 2018, Fnatic signed their first "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege" team just days before the Season 7 APAC (Asia Pacific) Finals where they placed first, beating Japanese rivals, PET Nora-Rengo. Fnatic acquired the former Australian roster of Mindfreak. The original roster consisted of Matthew "Acez" McHenry, Jason "Lusty" Chen, Etienne "Magnet" Rousseau, Daniel "NeophyteR" An, Ethan "RizRaz" Wombwell, and Jayden "Dizzle" Saunders as coach.


title: Fnatic

text: On 19 May 2018, Fnatic went out in the quarter finals of the Season 7 Finals losing to eventual champions Team Liquid. On 17 November 2018, Fnatic unexpectedly beat top North American team, Evil Geniuses 2–0 in a stunning upset in the Season 8 Finals. The following day, Fnatic fell to G2 Esports without winning a single round in either of the played maps, losing 6–0, 6–0, and placing 3–4th in the event.


title: Fnatic

text: On 30 November 2018, Fnatic signed Jake "Virtue" Grannan as a sixth player after having their coach, Dizzle, substitute for Magnet after he contracted appendicitis, leaving Fnatic a man down in the Season 8 Finals, where they surprisingly upset against Evil Geniuses. Virtue officially replaced NeophyteR after the latter left in early March 2019 after having Virtue play for him on many events since his signing. On 12 March 2019, Fnatic signed Ryan "Speca" Ausden as a sixth player after Virtue filled NeophyteR's spot. On 19 May 2019, Fnatic placed 3–4th in the Season 9 Finals after beating their rivals, PET Nora-Rengo in the quarter finals but losing to eventual champions Team Empire. Fnatic placed 13–16th in the Six Major Raleigh 2019, falling to both DarkZero Esports and FaZe Clan without taking a single map. At the Season 10 APAC Finals, Singaporean Aerowolf upset against Fnatic, winning 2–1 and stopping Fnatic from qualifying to the Season 10 Finals and possibly prevented them from reaching the Six Invitational 2020.


title: Fnatic

text: After a disappointing result at the Season 10 APAC Finals, RizRaz and Speca both left, with the former retiring from competitive "Rainbow Six Siege". They were replaced by Tex "Tex" Thompson from fellow Australian Pro League team, Team Sinister, and the only notable Chinese player in "Rainbow Six Siege," Patrick "MentalistC" Fan from Aerowolf. At the Six Invitational 2020, Fnatic stunned all by making it out of the "Group of Death" which contained Team Empire, DarkZero, and FaZe Clan, who were all considered to be the top of their regions. Fnatic later defeated reigning two-time world champions, G2, before falling to BDS Esport. After the Six Invitational, Virtue was acquired by G2 making the first ever APAC to EU transfer in "Rainbow Six" competitive history. Acez was moved returned to the main roster to replace Virtue after he was previously moved to a substitute rule.


title: Fnatic

text: On February 2021, Fnatic entered Valorant by acquiring the SUMN FC roster. Following mixed results, the organisation signed MAGNUM and Derke leading up to the VCT Stage 2 Challengers 2 event, replacing Moe40 and tsack. The roster finished first following a 3-1 victory against Team Liquid, but lost 2-3 to the same team in the VCT EMEA Stage 2 Challengers Finals. By placing second in this event, Fnatic qualified for the VCT Stage 2 Masters tournament in Reykjavik, Iceland. In Iceland, Fnatic finished second following a 0-3 loss against the North American side Sentinels. On 6 August 2021, MAGNUM extended their contract until 2024. Despite weaker performances in other tournaments, Fnatic qualified for 2021 Valorant Champions on circuit points, where they finished 5-8th following a 1-2 loss against KRÜ Esports.


title: Fnatic

text: Ahead of the 2022 season, Fnatic signed BraveAF to replace Doma. BraveAF was suspended from the roster on 30 March 2022 following a leaked conversation regarding the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. BraveAF later stated that " We had a little chat before 24th of feb and I wrote her in the morning of 24th feb to know if she’s alright.", stating that he is for peace. Fearoth joined the team on loan from Alliance as a replacement ahead of the 2022 Valorant Champions Tour Stage 2 Masters in Reykjavik. H1ber was loaned from KOI following a positive COVID-19 test for Derke. Fnatic finished 11-12th at the event following a 0-2 loss against the Japanese ZETA Division. On 10 May 2022, Fnatic signed Enzo (previously known as Fearoth), as a full-time member, as well as Alfajer to complete the roster. MAGNUM left the team on 9 June to join KOI. The new roster finished first at the EMEA Stage 2 Challengers after beating FunPlus Phoenix 3-0 in the finals, handing them a direct invite to tournament. Fnatic finished fourth following a 1-2 loss against FunPlus Phoenix.


title: Fnatic

text: On 21 September 2022, Fnatic was selected as a partner to compete in the Valorant Champions Tour EMEA. Following this announcement, Mistic and Enzo both announced free agency from the organization and were placed on the bench.


title: Fnatic

text: On 3 April 2018, Fnatic announced that it was entering and competing in the upcoming "Clash Royale" League. They finished 7th in the group stage.


title: Fnatic

text: In "Clash Royale" League Season 2, Fnatic finished 4th in the Group Stage of West Region, thereby failing to qualify for finals.


title: Fnatic

text: On 9 October 2014, Fnatic expanded into "Heroes of the Storm", announcing a temporary team for the BlizzCon Exhibition Tournament, featuring key players from the "StarCraft II" and "League of Legends" competitive scenes (Johan Lucchesi, Kim Hammar, Manuel Mildenberger, Cristian Lippa and Joaquim Fitas). After this event, there was a rotation of new players, notably Jonathan Gunnarsson, Simon Svensson, Thomas Cailleux, Alexandre Laignel or Lawrence Harper. The team won nearly every HOTS tournament in 2017, but the game slowly began to lose its popularity and player base. Fnatic disbanded its "Heroes of the Storm" division on 19 December 2018.


title: Fnatic

text: On 8 November 2014, Fnatic signed its first Smite team, acquiring the roster of Exposed Secrets. The team made it to the semifinals of the Season 1 EU regional Championship but did not manage to qualify for the SMITE World Championship. On 23 December 2014 the team disbanded.


title: Fnatic

text: On 6 March 2015 Fnatic announced signing the roster of SK Gaming. The team competed in the Smite Pro League and finished 5th in the Summer Finals, winning $18,250.


title: Fnatic

text: For the Season 3 Spring Split, Fnatic announced the addition of BigManTingz and Jiffy to the team after Badgah and CaptainTwig left at the start of 2016. The team finished the season in 8th place with an 8–20 record.


title: Fnatic

text: In November 2012, Fnatic announced that they picked up a "ShootMania Storm" team. The team recruited Kévin "Strenx" Baéza, a former member of their previous "Quake" team, as well as two new players, Maikel "LeKaiM" Peeters and Jean Pierre "JiePie" Janssen. The trio won numerous small cups, and the Shootmania Launch Party, where they won $30,000. In December, Christoffer "Luxxiz" Losell joined the team after the departure of LeKaiM.


title: Fnatic

text: On 8 January 2014 Fnatic announced the departure of their ShootMania squad and the closure of their Shootmania division, stating a decline in quantity and quality of ShootMania tournaments as the main reason.


title: Fnatic

text: With DXRacer joining the list of sponsors, Fnatic decided to expand to Korea. On 19 March 2012 they announced that they would open a Fnatic Gaming House in Seoul. They became the first foreign team to establish a permanent training facility for players in Seoul.


title: Fnatic

text: Fnatic then acquired several talented players from the Korean StarCraft II scene. In January, "DeParture" and Warcraft legend "Moon", and "aLive" moved into the gaming house. They were coached by Hwanni, who also joined Fnatic that month. Later, OZ and Luvsic signed a contract with Fnatic. In 2012, Rain announced his retirement and left the team, followed by Byul, Ares and Moon. Only two players were left in Korea, forcing Fnatic to announce their closure of their gaming house in Seoul and the end of their contracts with aLive and OZ. Harstem was later promoted from the academy to the main roster, and the team picked up SaSe, another well known player in the scene.


title: Fnatic

text: On 18 October 2019, Fnatic entered the "PUBG Mobile" scene after signing the roster of Indian team XSpark. Following the acquisition, Fnatic announced plans to construct a gaming facility in India. On 28 November 2019, Fnatic underwent a roster change with Inyourdream being replaced by Ash along with Pratik "Aurum" Mehra being brought in as a coach. On 22 December 2019, the team won its first offline event at the PUBG Mobile All Stars in Hyderabad, India.


title: Fnatic

text: On 24 May 2021, Fnatic disbanded their PUBG Mobile roster after the game was banned in India due to tensions between China and India. PUBG Mobile was released in India by the Chinese conglomerate Tencent, and the company was banned in India due to data privacy issues.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Joshua Anthony Frydenberg () (born 17 July 1971) is an Australian former politician who served as the treasurer of Australia and deputy leader of the Liberal Party from 2018 to 2022. He also served as a member of parliament (MP) for the division of Kooyong from 2010 to 2022.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: After leaving university, Frydenberg served as an adviser to Prime Minister John Howard and Foreign Minister Alexander Downer during the Howard Government. He also worked for Deutsche Bank until his election to the Australian House of Representatives at the 2010 federal election. Quickly appointed to the frontbench, he went on to serve in several ministerial roles during the Abbott and Turnbull governments from 2013 to 2018, including as Minister for Resources and Minister for the Environment and Energy. In August 2018, he was elected as deputy leader of the Liberal Party following a leadership spill, which saw Scott Morrison elected as leader and prime minister. Morrison subsequently appointed Frydenberg as Treasurer.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: At the 2022 federal election, Frydenberg suffered a significant swing against him, and lost his seat to the teal independent candidate Monique Ryan. Frydenberg became the first sitting treasurer to lose his seat since Ted Theodore at the 1931 election. After leaving politics, he became an advisor at investment bank Goldman Sachs.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Frydenberg was born in Melbourne and educated at Bialik and Mount Scopus Colleges. His mother, Erika Strausz, is a psychologist and University of Melbourne professor and his father Harry is a general surgeon. His mother was a Jewish Hungarian born in 1943 who arrived in Australia in 1950 as a stateless child from a refugee camp after escaping the Holocaust. His father is also Jewish; his grandparents emigrated to Australia from Poland in the 1930s.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Throughout his childhood, Frydenberg was a keen tennis player. He lobbied his parents, unsuccessfully, to drop out of high school to pursue a career in tennis. When they refused, Frydenberg stuck up a handwritten sign on his bedroom: “the pain of discipline is far easier than the pain of regret". After finishing high school, he took a gap year to play tennis full-time in Australia and Europe. Frydenberg played against Mark Philippoussis and Pat Rafter, and represented Australia at two World University Games. He and his father were present at the 1997 Maccabiah bridge collapse.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Frydenberg completed honours degrees in economics and law at Monash University, where he became president of the Law Students Society, before working at Mallesons Stephen Jaques, a large Australian commercial law firm. Frydenberg won both a Fulbright Scholarship to attend Yale University and a Commonwealth Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He opted to accept the latter, completing a Master of International Relations at University College, Oxford, with a thesis on Indonesian politics. While deciding between Oxford and Yale, he was introduced to and developed friendships with Greg Hunt, a Fulbright Scholar and future cabinet colleague, and Sir Zelman Cowen, a former Australian governor-general and Oxford provost. He was introduced to the latter through their mutual friend Steven Skala. Cowen "became a mentor to Frydenberg and they spent many Sundays together discussing literature, music, philosophy and law". While at Oxford, Frydenberg was a member of the Oxford University L'Chaim Society.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Frydenberg has also earned a Master of Public Administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Frydenberg is one of seven Liberal MPs in the 46th Parliament of Australia who have obtained degrees at an Oxbridge or Ivy League university, the others being Alan Tudge, Angus Taylor, Andrew Laming, Dave Sharma, Greg Hunt and Paul Fletcher.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: In 1999, Frydenberg worked as an assistant adviser to Attorney-General Daryl Williams before becoming an adviser to Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer, a post he held until 2003. From 2003 to 2005 he was a policy adviser to Prime Minister John Howard, specialising in domestic security issues, border protection, justice and industrial relations. In 2005 he took up a position as a Director of Global Banking with Deutsche Bank in the company's Melbourne office.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: In 2006, Frydenberg announced that he was seeking Liberal preselection for Kooyong, a safe Liberal seat in Melbourne's eastern suburbs. He was contesting it against the incumbent member, Petro Georgiou, who had held the seat since 1994.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: In the days leading to the preselection convention, Queensland frontbenchers Ian Macfarlane, Peter Dutton and Santo Santoro backed Frydenberg's credentials, for which they were criticised by former Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Georgiou won the nomination by gaining 62 of the 85 delegates' votes, with Frydenberg receiving 22 votes and a third candidate, Alastair Armstrong, receiving one vote. After Frydenberg's defeat, federal Treasurer and deputy Liberal leader Peter Costello, who represented the neighbouring seat of Higgins, encouraged Frydenberg to run for pre-selection in Chisholm, a marginal electorate neighbouring Kooyong, held by Anna Burke of the ALP. Frydenberg declined the offer, saying, "This is where I am from, this is where I feel most comfortable and this is where I think there is real work to be done."


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: After Georgiou announced his decision to retire at the 2010 election, Frydenberg won the preselection vote, defeating industrial lawyer John Pesutto. Frydenberg's candidacy was supported by references from former Prime Minister John Howard and former Opposition Leader Andrew Peacock.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Georgiou retired ahead of the 2010 federal election. With the support of former Liberal state president Michael Kroger, Frydenberg won Liberal preselection, and went on to win the seat with 52.56% of the primary vote and 57.55% of the two-party-preferred vote. He was only the fifth person to represent this traditionally safe non-Labor seat in 88 years. He held the seat that was once held by Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister, Robert Menzies.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: The first Jewish Liberal elected to the House of Representatives, in his maiden speech, Frydenberg recounted the story of his Jewish grandparents' and great aunt's migration to Australia from Nazi controlled Europe and lauded the contribution of migrants to communities within his electorate. He enunciated his belief in small government, called for stronger ties with Asia while also maintaining a solid alliance with the US and proposed a target of having two Australian universities within the world's top ten by 2030.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Frydenberg has at times been the target of antisemitic attacks, such as defacing his election material with Nazi icons.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: At the 2013 federal election, Frydenberg was re-elected with the largest swing to the Liberal Party in the seat since 1975. He was sworn in as a Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister on 18 September 2013, with particular responsibility for the government's deregulation agenda. On 23 December 2014, Frydenberg was sworn in as Assistant Treasurer in a ministerial reshuffle and replaced Arthur Sinodinos, who resigned due to delays in an ICAC inquiry.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Following the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot where Malcolm Turnbull became the Prime Minister, Frydenberg was appointed the Minister for Resources, Energy and Northern Australia in the First Turnbull Ministry. In February 2016, the Nationals Matt Canavan took over responsibility for Northern Australia in the rearranged ministry.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: In 2015, he declared that he had switched positions regarding same-sex marriage and publicly supported same sex marriage.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: With the re-election of the Turnbull Government in 2016, Frydenberg became the Minister for the Environment and Energy in the Second Turnbull Ministry.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: In the years following the 2016 election, numerous members of parliament were deemed to be ineligible to sit in parliament due to them breaching Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia, which prohibits MPs from having dual citizenship.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: In the course of the 2017-18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis, suggestions were raised that Frydenberg might be in breach of Section 44, as his mother and her family had come to Australia as refugees from Hungary and was stateless at the time, but subsequently Hungary conferred citizenship by descent, which may have applied to Frydenberg. Documents from the National Archives show that Frydenberg's grandparents and mother were considered "Hungarian" when they arrived in Australia, but had applied for a certificate of exemption, listing their nationality as "stateless".


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Labor Party MPs were split on whether the matter should be investigated: Mark Dreyfus indicated that he would pursue the matter, but other Labor MPs requested that he desist. Ed Husic said that he felt uncomfortable with his party questioning the legal citizenship of stateless Jewish refugees escaping Europe. Mark Butler stated that it was not the party's official position to pursue the matter.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Following the 2019 election, Frydenberg was taken to court over the issue by a constituent, Michael Staindl. In March 2020, the Federal Court ruled that Frydenberg was eligible to sit in parliament. Frydenberg was awarded legal costs of $410,000 against Staindl, of which Staindl paid him $350,000. In July 2022, the Federal Court approved a settlement in which Staindl would make no further statement disparaging Frydenberg or his lawyers and no further payment would be required.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Two leadership spills were carried out by the Liberal Party in August 2018, with the second resulting in Treasurer Scott Morrison replacing Malcolm Turnbull as party leader and prime minister. Julie Bishop did not seek re-election as deputy leader, and in the resulting ballot Frydenberg won a majority in the first round with 46 votes, while Trade Minister Steven Ciobo received 20 and Health Minister Greg Hunt received 16. During Morrison's subsequent press conference, he announced that Frydenberg would replace him as Treasurer.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Frydenberg delivered his first federal budget in April 2019. At the 2019 federal election, he retained his seat of Kooyong with a reduced majority, following a challenge from high-profile Greens candidate Julian Burnside. Perceiving Burnside as a strong contender, the Liberal Party doubled its spending on the campaign in Kooyong, from $500,000 to $1 million. Frydenberg received a primary swing of -8.2% against him, as well as the lowest Liberal vote in Kooyong in 97 years.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: In July 2019 a Kooyong resident petitioned the High Court, as Court of Disputed Returns, for a ruling that Frydenberg had been ineligible owing to foreign citizenship, being allegedly a citizen of Hungary. On 23 November 2019 it was reported that Frydenberg had received confirmation from the Hungarian government that no record could be found of Hungarian citizenship of himself or his mother. On 12 December 2019, since factual as well as legal questions remained unresolved, Justice Gordon of the High Court (who was critical of parties' delay) referred the case to the Federal Court. On 17 March 2020, a Full Court of the Federal Court found on the basis of expert evidence that Frydenberg's maternal family had lost their Hungarian citizenship upon leaving Hungary, so that he was not and had never been a Hungarian citizen, and consequently he was not ineligible to be elected to the federal parliament.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: In the lead-up to the 2022 election, Frydenberg's marginal seat of Kooyong faced a significant challenge by independent candidate Monique Ryan, who was a part of the "teal independent" movement. At the election on 21 May, Frydenberg lost his seat to Ryan, and he conceded defeat two days later. Frydenberg's loss would mark the first time that the seat of Kooyong would not be held by the Liberal Party or its predecessors since its inception in 1901.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Frydenberg reportedly had a close working relationship with Morrison and "often stayed overnight at Kirribilli".


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: In June, 2022, it was rumoured that Frydenberg was in the running to become next AFL CEO after the resignation of Gillon McLachlan, Frydenberg was quoted in saying that he is "looking at different private sector options". Eventually, Frydenberg joined investment bank Goldman Sachs as a senior regional advisor for the Asia Pacific.


title: Josh Frydenberg

text: Frydenberg is a supporter of the Carlton Football Club, and served as the club's number-one ticket holder for 2021 and 2022. In 2019, he was the Melbourne Storm number-one ticket holder.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Star Destroyers are capital ships in the fictional "Star Wars" universe. Star Destroyers were produced by Kuat Drive Yards, later Kuat-Entralla Engineering, and serve as "the signature vessel of the fleet" for the Galactic Republic, Galactic Empire, the First Order, and the Sith Eternal in numerous published works including film, television, novels, comics, and video games.


title: Star Destroyer

text: A single Star Destroyer could project considerable influence over a solar system in the name of the Empire: each can be deployed individually as both a forward operating base and as mobile weapon systems platform responsible for safeguarding multiple planets, trade routes, and systems, and carried enough firepower to subdue an entire planetary system or annihilate a small rebel fleet.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Notable examples of Star Destroyers include the precursor "Venator"-class Star Destroyer (prequel trilogy), the ubiquitous "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer (original trilogy), and the recent "Xyston"-class Star Destroyer (sequel trilogy). Numerous other classes of "Star Destroyers" share the basic triangular "dagger" hull; the successful v-shaped designs are explained in "Legends" as reflecting the Empire's "Tarkin's Doctrine" military philosophy and originating from Sith ideological influence, and have been adapted by numerous factions for a wide variety of applications.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Numerous Star Destroyer models and toys have been released. The iconic scene in "Star Wars" (1977) featuring the Imperial Star Destroyer's first appearance where it pursues a Corellian Corvette has been called a milestone in special effects history.


title: Star Destroyer

text: In draft scripts for the film that would become "Star Wars", the term "Stardestroyer" refers to two-man fighters flown by what would become the Galactic Empire. The film's second draft features four Star Destroyers chasing a single Rebel ship, but the tremendous costs incurred by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) when production began helped lead Lucas to use a single "terrifyingly large" Star Destroyer instead of four. ILM built a shooting model that was about half the size of the model for the "Tantive IV" the Star Destroyer was chasing. Lucas asked ILM to build a larger Star Destroyer model to match the "Tantive IV"'s scale, but ILM convinced him that the Dykstraflex camera invented for the film made this unnecessary. Nevertheless, they added additional hull details to the Star Destroyer model. The 13-second opening shot was the first special effects piece ILM completed, and its success was an essential test for the Dykstraflex.


title: Star Destroyer

text: ILM built a Star Destroyer, equipped with internal lighting to provide a better sense of scale, for "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980). According to chief model maker Lorne Peterson, the new Star Destroyer model was scaled to appear two and a half miles long, though their official length was revised in later sources.


title: Star Destroyer

text: The "Imperial I"-class Star Destroyers are white, as shown in "A New Hope", "", and "". The "Imperial II"-class Star Destroyers in "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi" are grey.


title: Star Destroyer

text: The iconic "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer first appears in the opening scene of "Star Wars" (1977), where the Imperial Star Destroyer "Devastator" (carrying Darth Vader) chases the CR90 Corvette "Tantive IV" (carrying Princess Leia) above Tatooine after the latter had fled from Scarif. Background literature describes "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers as the chief warship of the Imperial Navy and symbol of Imperial might. These enormous capital ships are used to enforce the Emperor's will, bolster Imperial-backed governments, and act as mobile headquarters for senior Imperial commanders. In addition to their powerful armament, a Star Destroyer carries troops and vehicles for ground operations and a full wing of TIE Fighters (typically 48 fighters, 12 bombers and 12 boarding craft). A single Star Destroyer is considered sufficient to overwhelm a rebellious planet, though major industrialized worlds may be assaulted by a fleet of six Star Destroyers with support cruisers and supply craft. Deep-crust survival bunkers are regarded as a last refuge in the event of planetary bombardment by Imperial Star Destroyers.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Darth Vader's "Devastator" is the last of the "Imperial I"-class ships to be built by Kuat Drive Yards before switching to the "Imperial II"-class, a fleet of which take part in the Battle of Hoth as depicted in "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980). Designated Death Squadron, this fleet of Star Destroyers is led by Darth Vader aboard the "Executor", first in a new class of Super Star Destroyer. Although the battle is won by Imperial forces, Vader orders his Star Destroyers to focus on capturing the "Millennium Falcon" rather than hunt down the escaping Rebel transports, allowing many to escape. The "Falcon" manages to evade this pursuit by hiding in the sensor blind spot of the Star Destroyer "Avenger". These ships play a major role in the Battle of Endor as depicted in "Return of the Jedi" (1983). During the battle, Imperial Star Destroyers prove vulnerable to fleets of starfighters flown by skilled Rebel pilots, who exploit the ships' exposed bridges and deflector shield generators to cause damage. A year after their defeat at Endor, the Empire makes a last stand at Jakku. During the battle, Imperial Star Destroyers use their tractor beams to drag New Republic ships down to the planet's surface, where their wrecks form the Graveyard of Ships as seen in "The Force Awakens" (2015).


title: Star Destroyer

text: Examining what it would take to realistically build an Imperial Star Destroyer, it was estimated in 2016 that such a vessel would cost $636 billion USD. Using then-current technology and naval vessels as a reference, the ship would weigh 4.44 billion kilograms, generate 146.5 gigawatts of power, and its engines would produce a combined total thrust of 3.5 million newtons. However getting the parts into space to construct the Star Destroyer would require an additional $44.4 trillion USD in launch costs, suggesting that asteroid mining and refining technologies would have to be developed first to make it more economical.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Joe Pappalardo of "Popular Mechanics" argues that the Imperial Star Destroyer is a poorly-designed spaceship, being asymmetrical with its superstructure jutting out in one direction. Additionally, while its wedge shape would make sense for atmospheric travel, it serves no purpose in space. He argues a more realistic and effective design would be symmetrical and bowl-shaped like a saucer.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Lego has released numerous Star Destroyer kits, including a 4,784-piece "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer.


title: Star Destroyer

text: For "The Empire Strikes Back", George Lucas wanted Darth Vader's new flagship, "Executor", to be huge and to play a greater role in the film. According to chief model maker Lorne Peterson, the "Executor"'s model was six feet long and constructed with over 150,000 individual lights. The resulting model was so heavy it required additional support to keep from overwhelming the Dykstraflex's mechanical structure. The ship was originally scaled to appear sixteen miles long according to Lorne, though later sources would amend this figure.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Within the "Star Wars" universe, the term "Super Star Destroyer" is a colloquialism used to refer to any ship larger than an Imperial Star Destroyer. The largest and most powerful of these is the "Executor", which first appeared in "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980) as the personal flagship of Darth Vader. The first in a line of "Executor"-class Star Dreadnoughts, the ship is over in length, propelled by thirteen colossal engines and a Class 1 hyperdrive. Its armament includes over 5,000 turbolasers, ion cannons and tractor beam projectors and it can carry more than 1,000 vessels. The crew of the "Executor" numbers in the hundreds of thousands. Its command tower, rising above the ship's technoscape on a thick stalk, is a standard model found on other Star Destroyers – including a pair of geodesic domes containing communication transceivers, sensors and deflector shield projectors – and allows for an unobstructed view of the battlefield. At least twelve of these vessels were built by the Empire, including the "Executor", "Annihilator", "Ravager" and "Arbitrator", but the exact number is unknown thanks to Imperial propaganda and black budgets.


title: Star Destroyer

text: From the bridge of the "Executor", Darth Vader leads Death Squadron during the Battle of Hoth and afterwards in pursuit of the "Millennium Falcon". It later serves as the Imperial command ship during the Battle of Endor. At Endor, intense bombardment by the Rebel Alliance fleet cause the ship's shields to fail, allowing Rebel starfighters to strafe the command tower. During this attack an A-wing piloted by Arvel Crynyd crashes into the command bridge, destroying the main navigation complex and causing the vessel to lose control. The "Executor" is lost when the second Death Star's gravity well pulls the ship into its surface, destroying the vessel and damaging the Death Star itself. At Jakku where the Empire made its last stand, the Super Star Destroyer "Ravager" is one of the wrecks which make up the Graveyard of Ships.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Rhett Allain, an associate professor of physics at Southeastern Louisiana University, examined the death of the "Executor" in a Star Wars Day-themed article for "Wired". According to him, the "Executor" impacted the second Death Star traveling at , which - assuming the collision was strictly a result of gravitational interaction between the two objects - would require a super-dense Death Star to achieve such an impact velocity. Additionally, the "Executor" had a near constant angular velocity of 0.159 radians/second during the scene where it rotates to face the Death Star. For the crew at the front of the ship, this would result in a centripetal acceleration of 39 G.


title: Star Destroyer

text: If a model of the "Executor" was built to scale and placed hovering over New York City, it would cast a shadow over the island of Manhattan.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Like the Imperial Star Destroyer, the Super Star Destroyer has also been merchandised. Lego released a 3,152-piece model of the "Executor". Kenner wanted to use a less ominous name than "Executor" for the toy playset of Darth Vader's meditation chamber. An advertisement agency's list of 153 alternatives included Starbase Malevolent, Black Coven, Haphaestus VII, and Cosmocurse; ultimately, the toy was labeled "Darth Vader's Star Destroyer". In 2006, Wizards of the Coast created an "Executor" miniature as part of its "Star Wars" Miniatures Starship Battles game. An electronic Super Star Destroyer toy released by Hasbro "is the rarest among Hasbro's Collector Fleet".


title: Star Destroyer

text: The design of the "Venator"-class Star Destroyers appearing in "" (2005) are meant to bridge the appearance of the "Acclamator"-class transports in "" (2002) and the "Imperial"-class in the original trilogy. This included making use of the Imperial Star Destroyer bridge set for interior shots of the Venator as a connecting theme. Additionally, the changing coloration of the Star Destroyers is meant to represent the downfall of the Republic and rise of the Empire. At the start of the film they are given a red paint scheme first established in "The Phantom Menace" (1999) as representing the Republic, but by the end they are colorless.


title: Star Destroyer

text: The "Venator"-class Star Destroyer makes its first theatrical appearance in "Revenge of the Sith" during the opening Battle of Coruscant. Within the "Star Wars" setting, these ships are regarded as the most powerful capital ships of the Republic Navy during the Clone Wars, serving double duty as battleships and starfighter carriers. These massive ship require a relatively small crew to operate as a deliberate feature compensating for the fact that the Separatists can produce battle droids faster than the Republic can grow clone troopers. As a true warship, the "Venator"-class can feed nearly its entire reactor output (which at maximum power consumes 40,000 tons of fuel per second) into its heavy turbolasers to devastating effect. As a carrier, the Star Destroyer can rapidly deploy hundreds of starfighters, including ARC-170s, V-wings, Z-95 Headhunters and Jedi interceptors, from a -long dorsal flight deck. While strong deflector shielding is employed around the armored bow doors, they are slow to open or close, presenting a weakness in the vessel's design.


title: Star Destroyer

text: During the Clone Wars these Star Destroyers, referred to also as Republic attack cruisers or Jedi cruisers, play an important role combating Separatist fleets and providing supporting fire for ground forces. Thanks to their superior firepower, the "Venator"-class has a strong advantage against Separatist warships, and a small flotilla of attack cruisers can easily blast through the deflector shields of a Trade Federation Battleship. At the Battle of Coruscant, over a thousand attack cruisers are deployed to defend the planet, one of which (the Star Destroyer "Guarlara") delivers a devastating barrage to the "Invisible Hand" at point-blank range. After the end of the Clone Wars and creation of the Galactic Empire, these Star Destroyers will continue to serve for decades in the Imperial Navy until eventually replaced with the "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer.


title: Star Destroyer

text: In 2009, in conjunction with the then ongoing TV show "Star Wars: The Clone Wars", Lego released a 1,170 piece model of the Venator. For the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show, noted modder Sander van der Velden created a custom-built PC made to look like a Venator Star Destroyer. Built around a fully-functional, liquid-cooled PC, the surrounding case was constructed in the shape of a Venator using aluminum and 3D printed material. The final product required 400 hours of work to complete.


title: Star Destroyer

text: In "" (2015), set 30 years after the fall of the Empire, a new class of Star Destroyer is introduced in service to the First Order. The "Finalizer", the first of the "Resurgent"-class Star Destroyers built in secret by Kuat-Entralla Engineering, serves as the flagship for both Kylo Ren and General Hux. Described in background literature as a clear violation of the treaties between the New Republic and the First Order, "Resurgent"-class Star Destroyers are in length with a crew of 19,000 officers and 55,000 enlisted personnel. While evoking the traditional "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer, the "Resurgent"-class incorporates a number of fixes to the former's design flaws, including a less exposed command bridge and larger fighter complement. The ship is armed with thousands of turbolasers and ion cannons, sufficient firepower to slug it out with capital ships or reduce planetary surfaces to molten slag. Additional point-defense laser turrets and missile launchers are used to attack more nimble opponents. Two wings of TIE fighters can be quickly launched from dorsal flight decks and side hangars, and for planetary assaults, the ship carries a full legion of over 8,000 Stormtroopers and over a hundred assault vehicles.


title: Star Destroyer

text: The "Mega"-class Star Dreadnought "Supremacy" made its first appearance in "The Last Jedi" (2017). Described as the only "Mega"-class Star Destroyer in the galaxy, the "Supremacy" is wide, long and high. It has a crew of 2,225,000 personnel, a majority of whom are adolescents training to become officers and stormtroopers. The "Supremacy" serves as the capital from which Supreme Leader Snoke commands the First Order. Thousands of heavy turbolasers, antiship missile batteries, heavy ion cannons and tractor beam projectors give the ship firepower equivalent to an entire fleet. The vessel also possesses an industrial capacity that would rival most planets, with asteroid mining complexes, foundries, production lines, research labs and training centers. Six external and two internal stations allow "Resurgent"-class Star Destroyers to dock with the Mega-Destroyer.


title: Star Destroyer

text: In "" (2019), a reborn Darth Sidious unveils a new class of Star Destroyer as part of the Sith Eternal's fleet, the Final Order. Identified by in-universe sources as "Xyston"-class but referred to informally as Sith Star Destroyers, these ships resemble the older "Imperial I"-class Star Destroyers but are larger with a length of and height of . Built on Exegol by automated factories and with a total crew of 29,585 personnel, the distinguishing feature of these Sith Star Destroyers is an axial superlaser powerful enough to shatter a planet, made possible by a powerful reactor channeling the energy of a miniature sun through kyber crystals. Other weaponry includes 40 heavy turbo laser batteries, 40 ion cannons, 40 point-defense laser cannons, 35 warhead launchers, and 10 heavy tractor beam projectors, though the space for a hangar and other storage facilities is taken up by the superlaser.


title: Star Destroyer

text: In April 2014, most of the licensed "Star Wars" novels, games, and comics produced since 1976 (and prior to 2014), were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends; and therefore declared non-canon to the franchise.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Star Destroyers feature in numerous "Legends" publications, with a considerable amount of additional notable information. According to West End Games' "" sourcebooks and other texts, "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers are constructed by Kuat Drive Yards and hold a distinguished place in the Imperial Navy, symbolizing the Empire's military might with a peak number of more than 25,000 vessels. Like the "Venator" and "Victory"-class ships that precede it, the "Imperial"-class is a multi-role capital ship combining the roles of a battleship, starfighter carrier, and troopship. Notable for its massive size and overwhelming firepower compared to its fore-bearers; a single "Imperial"-class ship is capable of singlehandedly taking on a fleet of enemy vessels or "reducing the surface of a planet to a slag" (known as "Base Delta Zero"), and its mere presence is often enough to deter rebellion. At long, "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers are crewed by 9,235 Officers, 27,850 enlisted personnel, and 275 Gunners. The "Imperial I" is armed with 60 turbolasers, 60 ion cannons, and 10 tractor beam projectors for space combat. The standard complement is 72 TIE fighters (including 12 TIE Bombers and 12-24 TIE Interceptors), and a variety of support craft including shuttles and transports. Unlike other comparable capital ships like the Mon Calamari MC80 Star Cruiser of the Rebel Alliance (later New Republic), an "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer carries a full array of ground forces (including 9700 stormtroopers, 20 AT-ATs and 30 AT-STs) with dropships for rapid deployment to planetary surfaces, plus a prefabricated base if a permanent planetary garrison is required.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Though the Imperial Navy also has smaller capital ships like Nebulon-B Escort Frigates and CR90 Corvettes (the films show these vessels being used exclusively by the Rebel Alliance), "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers are usually the default choice for frontline deployments. At the Battle of Endor the Rebel Alliance captured two "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers and added them to the New Republic fleet; they serve alongside Mon Calamari Cruisers in General Han Solo's task force as told in the and Dark Empire comics. Although the New Republic eventually upgrades its starfleet with newer ship types, the "Imperial"-class Star Destroyer remains in service well into the "New Jedi Order" era and fights during the Yuuzhan Vong War.


title: Star Destroyer

text: Described in "A Guide to the Star Wars Universe" (1984) as being long, "Executor"-class Super Star Destroyers were later described as being long. In addition to Vader's command ship "Executor", "Star Wars" novels introduce the prison ship "Lusankya" and stealth-armored " Knight Hammer" as other in the class. Kevin J. Anderson's novel "Darksaber" describes a Super Star Destroyer as being "worth twenty Imperial Star Destroyers".


title: Star Destroyer

text: The description "Star Destroyer" and "Super Star Destroyer" are applied to several another massive dagger/triangle-shaped warships in "Star Wars", such as the "Pellaeon"-class Star Destroyer in the "" comic series (2006–2010), and the reborn Emperor Palpatine's flagships "Eclipse" and "Eclipse II" Super Star Destroyers in the Dark Empire series (1991–1995). The "Eclipse"-class was perhaps the ultimate Super Star Destroyer or Star Dreadnought in the Expanded Universe, incorporating a Death Star-type superlaser but miniaturized and more advanced, and gravity well projectors to prevent enemies from jumping to hyperspace, and having strong enough shields/armor to be able to ram enemy vessels. Curtis Saxton, in the unofficial "Star Wars Technical Commentaries" (he has since been the author of the official "Star Wars: Attack of the Clones Incredible Cross-Sections" and "Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith Incredible Cross-Sections"), has advocated using the term "Imperator"-class in lieu of "Imperial"-class. Saxton argues that "Imperial Star Destroyer" is a somewhat generic term, as the vast majority of Star Destroyer types are operated by the Galactic Empire's Imperial Navy which technically means they are all "Imperial Star Destroyers", although the "Imperator"/"Imperial"-class Star Destroyers are by far the most common type. Similarly, the "Super Star Destroyer" moniker has been used for numerous unrelated vessels of varying sizes and classes, so fans have suggested labeling the class instead of by the lead ship such as "Executor"-class and "Eclipse"-class, with some referring to them instead as a "Star Dreadnought" (sometimes spelled "Star Dreadnaught") to emphasize their massive size relative to Star Destroyers. Author Jason Fry introduced the "Anaxes War College System" which specifically divide warships into different types depending on their size and power, which explain all the differently sized "Super Star Destroyers" appearing in the Expanded Universe (now "Star Wars" Legends), supplementing the contradictory classification systems used in Star Wars lore previously, becoming reference material in the s by West End Games.


title: Star Destroyer

text: The "Victory"-class Star Destroyer first described in the early "Star Wars" novella, was initially designed as a direct predecessor to the "Imperial"-class during the development of "A New Hope", which would make it a follow-up to the "Venator"-class seen in "Revenge of the Sith". The "Victory" appears very similar in appearance to the "Imperial"-class which succeeded it; albeit the "Victory" being considerably smaller in scale (900 meters in length versus 1600 meters), adds atmospheric maneuvering "wings" on the port and starboard sides (according to "" sourcebooks, the "Victory I"-class can enter a planetary atmosphere which is a unique attribute not found in the "Victory II" and "Imperial"-class Star Destroyers), and a shorter conning tower with different elements on the command bridge. The "Victory"-class was developed from a prototype Star Destroyer model created by Colin Cantwell for "A New Hope", with the final design being used for the basis of the "Imperial"-class.


title: Maps of Meaning

text: Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief is a 1999 book by Canadian clinical psychologist and psychology professor Jordan Peterson. The book describes a theory for how people construct meaning, in a way that is compatible with the modern scientific understanding of how the brain functions. It examines the "structure of systems of belief and the role those systems play in the regulation of emotion", using "multiple academic fields to show that connecting myths and beliefs with science is essential to fully understand how people make meaning".


title: Maps of Meaning

text: Peterson spent more than 13 years writing the book in an attempt to "explain the meaning of history". In it, he briefly reflects on his childhood and on being raised in a Christian family. The responses to his questions about the literal truth of Biblical stories seemed ignorant, causing him to lose interest in attending church. During adolescence and early adulthood he tried finding the answer to "the general social and political insanity and evil of the world" (from Cold War to totalitarianism) and for a short period of time he embraced socialism and political science. Finding himself unsatisfied and falling into a depression, he discovered inspiration in the ideas of Carl Jung and decided to pursue psychology.


title: Maps of Meaning

text: Peterson began to write "Maps of Meaning" in the mid-1980s, and used text from it (then titled as "The Gods of War") during his classes teaching as an assistant professor of psychology at Harvard University. He initially intended to use it in an application for academic tenure at Harvard, but found that he was not emotionally up to the task, nor was he "in the position to make the strongest case for myself". The prospect of steady employment was attractive as he had two children by then, and so he decided to accept an offer from the University of Toronto in 1998.


title: Maps of Meaning

text: According to Craig Lambert, writing in "Harvard Magazine", the book is influenced by Jung's archetypal ideas about the collective unconscious and evolutionary psychology. It includes theories of religion and God, natural origin of modern culture, and the bibliography includes Dante Alighieri, Hannah Arendt, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Northrop Frye, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the Brothers Grimm, Stephen Hawking, Laozi, Konrad Lorenz, Alexander Luria, John Milton, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean Piaget, B. F. Skinner, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Voltaire, and Ludwig Wittgenstein among many others.


title: Maps of Meaning

text: The book was first published in 1999 by Routledge, with the hardcover edition following in 2002. The unabridged audiobook edition was released on 12 June 2018, by Random House Audio. A month after its release, the audiobook debuted on the 4th place of the monthly category "Audio Nonfiction" by "The New York Times Best Seller list".


title: Maps of Meaning

text: In 2004, a 13-part TV series based on Peterson's book "Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief" aired on TVOntario.


title: Maps of Meaning

text: According to Peterson, his main goal was to examine why both individuals and groups participate in social conflict, exploring the reasoning and motivation individuals take to support their belief systems (i.e. ideological identification) that eventually results in killing and pathological atrocities like the Gulag, the Holocaust, and the Rwandan genocide. He considers that an "analysis of the world's religious ideas might allow us to describe our essential morality and eventually develop a universal system of morality."


title: Maps of Meaning

text: In line with Peterson's reasoning, there exists a struggle between "chaos" (characteristic of the unknown, e.g. nature) and "order" (characteristic of explored, mapped territory, e.g. culture). Humans with their capability of abstract thinking also make abstract territoriality—the belief systems that "regulate our emotions." A potential threat to an important belief triggers emotional reactions, which are potentially followed by pathological attempts to face internal chaos, despite that "people generally prefer war to be something external, rather than internal … than re-forming our challenged beliefs." The principle in-between is "logos" (consciousness), and heroic figures are those who develop the culture and society as intermediaries between these two natural forces. In that sense, the "myth represents the eternal unknown … known … knower," the latter being the hero who "slays the dragon of chaos" like Saint George, resulting in "maturity in the form of individuality." Throughout the book, Peterson attempts to explain how the mind works, while including illustrations with elaborate geometric diagrams (e.g. "The Constituent Elements of Experience as Personality, Territory, and Process").


title: Maps of Meaning

text: One of relatively few reviews of the book upon release was from Sheldon H. White from Harvard University, who praised it as a "brilliant enlargement of our understanding of human motivation."


title: Maps of Meaning

text: Professor of psychiatry Dan Blazer, in the "American Journal of Psychiatry" (2000), emphasized that it "is not a book to be abstracted and summarized. Rather, it should be read at leisure (although it is anything but light reading) and employed as a stimulus and reference to expand one's own maps of meaning." Maxine Sheets-Johnstone, writing for "Psycoloquy" (2000), described it as an "original, provocative, complex, and fascinating book, which is also at times conceptually troubling, unduly repetitive, and exasperating in its format", however the "positive values of the book far outweigh its detractions."


title: Maps of Meaning

text: Harvey Shepard, writing in the religion column of the "Montreal Gazette" (2003), stated:To me, the book reflects its author's profound moral sense and vast erudition in areas ranging from clinical psychology to scripture and a good deal of personal soul searching … Peterson's vision is both fully informed by current scientific and pragmatic methods, and in important ways deeply conservative and traditional.Psychologists Ralph W. Hood, Peter C. Hill, and Bernard Spilka, in their book "The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach" (2009), state that in regard of the relationship of the five-factor model to religion, the "dynamic model for the tension between tradition and transformation has been masterfully explored by Peterson (1999) as the personality basis for what he terms the architecture of belief."


title: Maps of Meaning

text: In 2017, feminist academic Camille Paglia commented on the link between "Maps of Meaning" and her own book, "Sexual Personae" (1990).


title: Maps of Meaning

text: According to Peterson, until 2018 there had been lack of serious critique, and he did not "think people had any idea what to make of the book." In 2018, professor of philosophy Paul Thagard gave the book a highly negative review in a "Psychology Today" blog post, describing it as murky and arguing that it is "defective as a work of anthropology, psychology, philosophy, and politics." Commentator Nathan J. Robinson, in a "Current Affairs" article, described it as "an elaborate, unprovable, unfalsifiable, unintelligible theory."


title: Philip Hamilton (the second)

text: Philip Hamilton (June 1 or 2, 1802 – July 9, 1884) was the youngest child of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton and Alexander Hamilton, who was the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was named in memory of his oldest brother, also Philip Hamilton.


title: Philip Hamilton (the second)

text: Hamilton, known as "Little Phil" or as Philip Hamilton (the Second), born in New York City, was the youngest child of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton. The day of his birth in 1802 was June 2 by his son's account, or June 1 according to his "New York Herald" obituary and his gravestone.


title: Philip Hamilton (the second)

text: He was born the year after the death of his oldest brother, also named Philip Hamilton, after whom he was named. The older Philip, who was named for his grandfather Philip Schuyler, was killed in a duel with George Eacker on November 24, 1801.


title: Philip Hamilton (the second)

text: According to his son, psychiatrist Allan McLane Hamilton, the younger Philip "manifested much of his father's sweetness and happy disposition, and was always notably considerate of the feelings of others, and was punctilious to a fault in his obligations." Due to his widowed mother's poverty after Alexander Hamilton's death in 1804, during his childhood Philip "was denied those advantages accorded to his elder brothers, and had, in every sense, to make his own way."


title: Philip Hamilton (the second)

text: Hamilton stood nearly six feet tall. He had no college education, but was able to enter the profession of law after studying with one of his brothers in New York.


title: Philip Hamilton (the second)

text: Hamilton practiced law in New York, and served as an assistant United States Attorney during the 1830s under his older brother James Alexander Hamilton. As a prosecutor, he achieved a notable success in his trial and conviction of the pirate Charles Gibbs. Gibbs was sentenced to death for the murder of a ship's captain and mate, and was hanged on April 22, 1831.


title: Philip Hamilton (the second)

text: In 1851, during the California Gold Rush, Hamilton moved to San Francisco to practice law as a partner of his wife's brother Robert Milligan McLane. Hamilton returned to New York after one or two years.


title: Philip Hamilton (the second)

text: His legal practice was primarily in admiralty cases, with clients that included then-Commodore Silas H. Stringham. At the end of the Civil War, Hamilton served as Judge Advocate of the Naval Retiring Board at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. According to the "New York Herald", he "led a quiet life" after 1865.


title: Philip Hamilton (the second)

text: Hamilton's son characterized his career as "a hard, up-hill professional life," with legal clients that included a "very great" number of the poor, especially sailors, and much of his time "given up to unselfish acts."


title: Philip Hamilton (the second)

text: An abolitionist, Hamilton assisted the Underground Railroad in the escape of at least one slave by concealing the fugitive in his cellar until he could safely resume his travel to Canada.


title: Philip Hamilton (the second)

text: On December 29, 1842, Hamilton married Rebecca McLane, who died on , at the age of 80. She was the daughter of Louis McLane (1786–1857), who was a member of the U.S. House, the U.S. Senate, the 10th Secretary of the Treasury, the 12th Secretary of State, and a two-time U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom. Her younger brother, Robert Milligan McLane (1815–1898), was a Governor of Maryland and served as U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, France, and China.


title: Mirra Alfassa

text: Mirra Alfassa (21 February 1878 – 17 November 1973), known to her followers as The Mother, was a spiritual guru, occultist and yoga teacher, and a collaborator of Sri Aurobindo, who considered her to be of equal yogic stature to him and called her by the name "The Mother". She founded the Sri Aurobindo Ashram and established the town of Auroville; she was influential on the subject of Integral Yoga.


title: Mirra Alfassa

text: Mirra Alfassa (Mother) was born in Paris in 1878 to a Sephardic Jewish bourgeois family. In her youth, she traveled to Algeria to practice occultism along with Max Théon. After returning, while living in Paris, she guided a group of spiritual seekers. In 1914, she traveled to Pondicherry, India and met Sri Aurobindo and found in him "the dark Asiatic figure" of whom she had had visions and called him Krishna. During this first visit, she helped publish a French version of the periodical "Arya", which serialized most of Sri Aurobindo's post-political prose writings. During the First World war she was obliged to leave Pondicherry. After a 4-year stay in Japan, in 1920 she returned to Pondicherry for good. Gradually, as more and more people joined her and Sri Aurobindo, she organised and developed Sri Aurobindo Ashram. In 1943, she started a school in the ashram and in 1968 established Auroville, an experimental township dedicated to human unity and evolution. She died on 17 November 1973 in Pondicherry.


title: Mirra Alfassa

text: The experiences of the last thirty years of Mother life were captured in the 13-volume work "Mother's Agenda" by Satprem, who was one of her followers.


title: Mirra Alfassa

text: Mirra Alfassa was born in 1878 in Paris to Moïse Maurice Alfassa, a Turkish Jewish father who migrated from Edirne via Egypt, and Mathilde Ismalun, an Egyptian Jewish mother. They were a bourgeois family, and Mirra's full name at birth was Blanche Rachel Mirra Alfassa. She had an elder brother, Mattéo Mathieu Maurice Alfassa, who later held numerous French governmental posts in Africa. The family had just migrated to France a year before Mirra was born. Mirra was close to her grandmother Mira Ismalum (née Pinto), who was a neighbour and who was one of the first women to travel alone outside Egypt.


title: Mirra Alfassa

text: Mirra learnt to read at the age of seven and joined school very late at the age of nine. She was interested in various fields of art, tennis, music and singing, but was a concern to her mother owing to an apparent lack of permanent interest in any particular field. By the age of 14 she had read most of the books in her father's collection, which is believed to have helped her achieve mastery of French. Her biographer Vrekhem notes that Mirra had various occult experiences in her childhood but knew nothing of their significance or relevance. She kept these experiences to herself, as her mother would have regarded occult experiences as a mental problem to be treated. Mirra especially recalls at the age of thirteen or fourteen having a dream or a vision of a luminous figure whom she used to call Krishna but had never seen before in real life.


title: Mirra Alfassa

text: In 1893 after graduating from school, Mirra joined Académie Julian to study art. Her grandmother Mira introduced her to , an ex-student of the Académie; they were married on 13 October 1897. Both were well off and worked as artists for the next ten years, during an era known for having many impressionist artists. Her son André was born on 23 August 1898. Some of Alfassa's paintings were accepted by the jury of Salon d'Automne and were exhibited in 1903, 1904 and 1905. She recalls herself being a complete atheist at this time, yet was experiencing various memories which she found were not mental formations but spontaneous experiences. She kept those experiences to herself and developed an urge to understand their significance. She came across the book Raja yoga by Swami Vivekananda, which provided some of the explanations she was looking for. Mirra also received a copy of the Bhagavad Gita in French, which helped her considerably in learning more about these experiences.


title: Mirra Alfassa

text: During this time Mirra made the acquaintance of Louis Thémanlys who was the head of the Cosmic Movement, a group started by Max Théon. Through reading a copy of Cosmic Review, she attended Thémanlys's speeches and became active in the group. For the first time, on 14 July 1906, she journeyed alone to the Algerian city of Tlemcen to meet with Max Théon and his wife Mary Ware. She consequently travelled twice more, in 1906 and 1907, to their estate at Tlemcen and there practised and experimented with the teachings of Max Théon & Mary Ware.


title: Mirra Alfassa

text: In 1908, Mirra moved to 49 rue de Lévis, Paris, living alone in a small apartment and involving herself in discussions with Buddhists and Cosmic movement circles. During this time she also made the acquaintance of Madame David Néel. Mirra married Paul Richard in 1911 who after serving four years in the army had involved himself in philosophy & theology. He had come to know Mirra when he was in discussions with Max Théon. Vrekhem, a biographer of Mirra, mentions that Richard was undergoing a legal problem in inheriting children from his first marriage to a Dutch woman, and had asked Mirra for help which she had accepted by marrying him.


title: Mirra Alfassa

text: Richard was also an aspiring politician and had attempted to win election to the French senate from Pondicherry, which was then under French control. Despite his initial failure he wanted to make a second attempt, and on 7 March 1914 Mirra along with Richard set sail to India and reached Pondicherry by 29 March. It was in 1914 that Mirra Alfassa who later came to be known as The Mother, first set foot in Puducherry stayed in Grand Hotel D'Europe and met Sri Aurobindo. After reaching Pondicherry, they fixed an appointment with Sri Aurobindo who was then settled in Pondicherry and had suspended all his activity for Indian independence from British rule. When she first met Sri Aurobindo, Mirra recognized in him the person whom she used to see in her dreams. During a later meeting, she experienced a complete silence of the mind, free from any thought.


title: Mirra Alfassa

text: Richard lost the elections to Paul Bluysen whom he had supported in previous elections. Richard decided to publish a review of the yoga of Sri Aurobindo, and to be called Arya and be bilingual in both English and French. The Journal was first published on 15 August 1914 and ran for the next six and half years. Consequent journals published were later made into complete books. By this time World War I had erupted, and Indian revolutionaries were being prosecuted by the British for being spies of the German army. Although Sri Aurobindo had totally dispensed his activities against British rule, he was considered unsafe and all the revolutionaries were asked to move to Algeria. Sri Aurobindo had refused this offer, so the British had written to the French government in Paris asking to hand over revolutionaries staying at French Pondicherry. This request came to Mirra's brother, Mattéo Alfassa, who by then was foreign minister and who filed the request under other working files never to be looked upon again.