title: Golf course

text: There may even be a practice course (often shorter and easier to play than a full-scale course), where players may measure the distance they can obtain with a specific club, or in order to improve their swing technique. Practice courses often consist of old holes of a previous design that are kept and maintained for practice purposes or as substitute holes if one or more holes become unplayable; a 21-hole golf course, for instance, will have three additional holes that can be used for practice or as substitutes for a flooded or otherwise damaged hole.


title: Golf course

text: Many golf courses have what may be referred to as a "signature hole". This will commonly be the most memorable, aesthetically pleasing or photogenic hole.


title: Golf course

text: Links is a Scottish term, from the Old English word hlinc : "rising ground, ridge", describing coastal sand dunes and sometimes similar areas inland. It is on links land near the towns of central eastern Scotland that golf has been played since the 15th century.


title: Golf course

text: The shallow top soil and sandy subsoil made links land unsuitable for the cultivation of crops or for urban development and was of low economic value. The links were often treated as common land by the residents of the nearby towns and were used by them for recreation, animal grazing and other activities such as laundering clothes.


title: Golf course

text: The closely grazed turf and naturally good drainage of the links was ideal for golf, and areas of longer grass, heather, low growing bushes and exposed sand provided the hazards that are familiar on modern courses. Although early links courses were often close to the sea it was rarely used as a hazard, perhaps due to the instability of the dunes closest to the water and the high cost of hand-made golf balls precluding anything that could result in their irrecoverable loss. The land is naturally treeless and this combined with their coastal location makes wind and weather an important factor in links golf.


title: Golf course

text: Traditional links courses are often arranged with holes in pairs along the coastline; players would play "out" from the town through a series of holes to the furthest point of the course, and then would return "in" along the second set of holes. The holes may share fairways and sometimes greens (such as at St Andrews to economize on land use, but in modern times this is rare due to the potential for injury from balls coming the other way.


title: Golf course

text: Famous links courses include the Old Course at St. Andrews, often described as the "Home of Golf", and Musselburgh Links, which is generally regarded as the first recorded golf course. The Open Championship, the oldest of golf’s major championships, is always played on a links course. Links and links-style golf courses have been developed throughout the world, reproducing the broken, treeless terrain with deep bunkers of their Scottish prototypes.


title: Golf course

text: An "executive course" or "short course" is a course with a total par significantly less than that of a typical 18-hole course. Two main types exist:


title: Golf course

text: These types of courses provide a faster pace of play than a standard course, and get their name from their target patronage of business executives who would play the course on a long lunch or as part of a meeting. They are also popular with young professionals, because during the normal golf season, the course can usually be played in the time between the end of the work day and sundown.


title: Golf course

text: The popularity of the 9-hole course has waned in recent decades; a full 18-hole course still allows for the player to play only the "front nine" or "back nine" as a shorter game, while attracting more golfers seeking to play a traditional full round of 18 distinct holes. Many older executive courses have been upgraded "in-place" to 18 holes and a traditional par score, or the original course was sold for other development and new land was acquired and built into an 18-hole course. By contrast, par-3 courses, especially Pitch and Putt, are rising in popularity as a compromise between the long play time and high skill levels required of a traditional 18-hole course, and the artificial nature and single-minded putting focus of miniature golf. Pitch and Putt, specifically its governing association the IPPA, has received financial support and logo rights from the R&A.


title: Golf course

text: In 2014, the PGA Tour held a Champions Tour event on a nine-hole par-3 course, the Big Cedar Lodge Legends of Golf in Ridgedale, Missouri, with four (regular division) or three (over-65 division) rounds played over the par-3 course, and one round played on a nearby regulation 18-hole course with par of 71.


title: Golf course

text: Pitch and putt is an amateur sport, similar to golf and is also known as chip and putt. The maximum hole length for international competitions is with a maximum total course length of . Players may only use three clubs; one of which must be a putter. The game is played from raised artificial teeing surfaces using a tee and it has its own handicap system.


title: Golf course

text: There are three main categories of ownership and management of a golf course: private, commercial, and municipal.


title: Golf course

text: A private course is owned and managed by a golf club on behalf of its members, on a non-profit basis. Many of the courses opened during the golf booms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are of this type. Some courses, such as Augusta National, are highly exclusive and will only allow visitors to play at the invitation of and alongside a member of the club. Others allow visitors at certain times but may insist on advance booking and proof of golfing competency.


title: Golf course

text: A commercial course is owned and managed by a private organisation and is operated for profit. They may be constructed to provide a core or supplementary attraction for visitors to a hotel or commercial resort, as the centrepiece to a real estate development, as an exclusive Country Club, or as a "Pay and Play" course open to the general public. Notable examples include Pinehurst in the USA and Gleneagles in Scotland.


title: Golf course

text: A municipal course is owned and managed by a local government body for the benefit of residents and visitors. Some of the historic Scottish golf courses, including St Andrews and Carnoustie fall into this category along with Bethpage in the USA and many others of less renown. It is increasingly common for the management of municipal courses to be contracted out to commercial or other organisations or the course to be sold or shut down completely.


title: Golf course

text: Many commercial and municipal establishments have associated golf clubs, who arrange competitions for their members on the courses and may provide clubhouse facilities. In the UK particularly, some older private members clubs have an associated "Artisan" club, originally established to provide low-cost golf with limited playing rights in exchange for unpaid work on the course. These associated clubs may be totally independent organisations from the course management, or may have various degrees of formal or informal links.


title: Golf course

text: Environmental concerns over the use of land for golf courses have grown since the 1960s. Specific issues include the amount of water required for irrigation and the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in maintenance, as well as the destruction of wetlands and other environmentally important areas during construction. The United Nations estimates that, worldwide, golf courses consume about 2.5 billion gallons/9.5 billion litres of water per day. Many golf courses are now irrigated with non-potable water and rainwater. In 1988, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency prohibited the use of Diazinon on golf courses and sod farms because of its negative impact on bird species.


title: Golf course

text: In 2022 the U.S. Geological Survey reported that the state of Utah uses about 38 million gallons of water on its golf courses per day - enough water to fill almost 58 Olympic-sized swimming pools.


title: Golf course

text: Environmental concerns, along concerns with cost and human health, have led to research into more environmentally sound practices and turf grasses. Golf course superintendents are often trained in the uses of these practices and grasses. This has led to significant reduction in the amount of water and chemicals on courses. Golf course turf is an excellent filter for water and has been used in communities to cleanse grey water, such as incorporating them into bioswales.


title: Golf course

text: The use of natural creeks and ponds is generally desirable when designing a golf course for their aesthetics and the increase in playing difficulty. However, such areas also typically include wetlands within the flood plain that are unsuitable for golfing and are often filled in and raised to remain dry. In arid areas, dry creek beds can be marked as "water hazards", but the importation of non-native grasses and other plant life can have a detrimental effect on native landscapes, often requiring non-native soil and large quantities of water and fertilizer to maintain the course. In these areas, course builders are often prohibited from growing and maintaining non-native grass on areas of the course other than the fairway, or even on the fairway itself, in which case only greens are allowed to have grass.


title: Golf course

text: A result of modern equipment is that today's players can hit the ball much farther than previously. As a result, because of demand from course customers who possess this enhanced equipment, and also out of an expressed concern for safety, golf course architects have had to lengthen and widen golf courses. Where a 7,000-yard course used to be a great rarity, courses measuring 7,500-yards are now not uncommon, and courses of 8,000-yards are being contemplated. All this has led to a ten-percent increase in the acreage required to build a typical course. At the same time, water restrictions established by communities have forced courses to limit the amount of maintained turf grass. While most modern 18-hole golf courses occupy as much as of land, the average course has of maintained turf.


title: Golf course

text: Golf courses can be built on sandy areas along coasts, on abandoned farms, among strip mines and quarries, and in deserts and forests. Many Western countries have instituted environmental restrictions on where and how courses are allowed to be built.


title: Golf course

text: In some parts of the world, attempts to build courses and resorts have led to protests, vandalism, and violence. Populists perceive golf as an elitist activity, and thus golf courses become a target for popular opposition. Resisting golf tourism and golf's expansion has become an objective of some land-reform movements, especially in the Philippines and Indonesia.


title: Golf course

text: In the Bahamas, opposition to golf developments has become a national issue. Residents of Great Guana Cay and Bimini, for example, are engaged in legal and political opposition to golf developments on their islands, for fear the golf courses will destroy the nutrient-poor balance on which their coral reef and mangrove systems depend.


title: Golf course

text: In Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in arid regions, golf courses have been constructed on nothing more than oil-covered sand. Players may use a roller on the "greens" to smooth the intended path before putting.


title: Golf course

text: A course in Coober Pedy, Australia, consists of nine holes dug into mounds of sand, diesel fuel, and oil, with no grass appearing anywhere on the course. Players carry a small piece of astroturf from which they tee the ball. Other Australian golf courses in locations where water is scarce or water conservation is a priority sometimes feature "scrapes" in place of greens. These are made of fine dirt which requires raking between uses but does not require watering.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Janigleison Herculano Alves, better known as Gleison Tibau (; born July 10, 1983) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist currently competing in the Lightweight division of Professional Fighters League. A professional since 1999, he has competed for the UFC, DEEP, and Golden Boy Promotions.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau began training for mixed martial arts at 13 and was fighting by 15. He was a state champion in Rio de Janeiro in both Brazilian jiu-jitsu and wrestling. He was brought up as a fighter in Kimura team, from northern Brazil. Tibau trains at American Top Team.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau made his UFC debut at welterweight against Nick Diaz. Tibau started strong and was taking Diaz down efficiently while avoiding submissions using Brazilian Jiu Jitsu. In the second round he got tired and lost by TKO due to strikes. Tibau took on Jason Dent at UFC 68. Tibau won by unanimous decision. He then took a one fight hiatus from the company and returned to defeat Jeff Cox by submission due to an arm-triangle choke. Tibau then fought undefeated Brit Terry Etim, outwrestling his opponent for a unanimous decision.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau then lost back to back fights to Tyson Griffin at UFC 81 and Joe Stevenson at UFC 86. He was on the verge of release from UFC by president Dana White. He rebounded with back to back wins over Rich Clementi and Jeremy Stephens.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: At the TUF 9 Finale, Tibau fought Melvin Guillard. Tibau lost by split decision. Many thought Tibau won the fight.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau's next fight was at UFC 104 where Tibau beat Josh Neer after landing 10 takedowns via unanimous decision (30-27, 30–27, 30–27).


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau won his second straight match with a first-round TKO over Caol Uno on March 31, 2010 at UFC Fight Night 21. Tibau faced Jim Miller on September 15, 2010 at UFC Fight Night 22. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau then defeated veteran Rafaello Oliveira via second round rear naked choke, earning Submission of the Night honors.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau won via split decision against Rafael dos Anjos on November 19, 2011 at UFC 139. Tibau next faced undefeated prospect Khabib Nurmagomedov on July 7, 2012 at UFC 148, losing via unanimous decision.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: He lost to Evan Dunham on February 2, 2013 at UFC 156 by split decision. Tibau then faced John Cholish on May 18, 2013 at UFC on FX 8, winning via second round submission.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau beat Jamie Varner on August 31, 2013 at UFC 164 by split decision. With this fight, he became the youngest fighter in UFC history to record 20 bouts.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau lost to Michael Johnson in the last fight of his contract on December 28, 2013 at UFC 168 via second-round knockout.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau next faced Piotr Hallmann on September 13, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 51. He won the back-and-forth fight via split decision. This fight earned Tibau his first "Fight of the Night" bonus award. Following the bout Hallmann failed his post fight drug test due to the presence of drostanolone in his system.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau defeated Norman Parke on January 18, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 59, replacing Jorge Masvidal, winning via split decision.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau replaced an injured Yancy Medeiros was against Tony Ferguson on February 28, 2015 at UFC 184, losing by submission in the first round, his first submission defeat since his 2008 loss to Joe Stevenson.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau defeated Abel Trujillo at UFC Fight Night 77 on November 7, 2015 via a first round submission. Tibau took Trujillo's back, secured a body triangle from the bottom and grabbed a rear-naked choke grip with his arm underneath Trujillo's chin. After a few seconds in this position, referee Keith Peterson halted the contest as he believed that Trujillo was unconscious. Trujillo indicated that he planned to appeal the decision in hopes that the result may be changed to a No Contest.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: On December 4, 2015, Tibau was suspended by USADA due to a potential Anti-Doping Policy violation stemming from an out-of-competition test. On December 23, 2015, it was reported that he had also failed an in-competition test following his win over Trujillo. On February 18, 2016 Tibau was suspended for 2 years by USADA as well as having the result of his fight against Trujillo reversed to a loss.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau faced Islam Makhachev on January 20, 2018 at UFC 220. He lost the fight by knockout in the first round.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau faced Desmond Green on June 1, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 131. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau's bout with Green marked the last fight of his contract and after more than a decade in the UFC, Tibau chose not to renew the contract, becoming a free agent.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: After the long career in the UFC, Tibau revealed he will be moving up to welterweight division. On September 4, 2018, it was revealed that Tibau would fight Golden Boy Promotions' inaugural MMA event, headlined by the third encounter of Chuck Liddell and Tito Ortiz. Despite the announcement on going up a weight class, Tibau faced fellow UFC veteran Efrain Escudero in a 160lbs catchweight bout. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau replaced Abel Trujillo on short notice against Will Brooks at Battlefield FC 2 on July 27, 2019 winning by Round 1 Submission.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau was next expected to face Chris Cisneros at Taura MMA 11 on October 30, 2020. However, the bout was moved to Taura MMA 12 on November 22, 2020, which in turn was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic related issues.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: On February 25, 2021, news surfaced that Tibau had signed with Professional Fighters League and is expected to compete in the welterweight tournament of season 2021.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau was set to face fellow UFC vet Alexey Kunchenko on April 29, 2021 at PFL 2 as the start of the 2021 PFL Welterweight tournament. On March 25, it was announced that Kunchenko pulled out of the bout and due to this Tibau was set to face João Zeferino. He lost the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau faced Rory MacDonald at PFL 5 on June 17, 2021. He won the fight by a controversial split decision, with the vast majority of media scores and other professional MMA fighters scoring the bout as a win for MacDonald. Despite the victory over MacDonald, Tibau did not advance to the playoffs.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau was scheduled to face Sadibou Sy on August 13, 2021 at PFL 7. However on August 4, it was announced that Sy replaced João Zeferino in the playoffs, and therefore Tibau's new opponent would be Curtis Millender. On August 12, Millender was announced to have pulled out of the bout, so Tibau instead faced Micah Terrill. Tibau won the bout via technical submission, choking Terrill unconscious in the first round via arm-triangle choke.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau faced Jarrah Al-Silawi on May 6, 2022 at PFL 3. He lost the bout via controversial split decision.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau was scheduled to face Nikolai Aleksakhin on July 1, 2022 at PFL 6. However, Tibau pulled out of the bout and was replaced by Carlos Leal.


title: Gleison Tibau

text: Tibau faced Magomed Magomedkerimov on November 25, 2022 at PFL 10. He lost the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Tyrrell P34

text: The Tyrrell P34 (Project 34), commonly known as the "six-wheeler", was a Formula One (F1) race car designed by Derek Gardner, Tyrrell's chief designer. The car used four specially manufactured 10-inch diameter (254 mm) wheels and tyres at the front, with two ordinary-sized wheels at the back. Along with the Brabham BT46B "fancar" developed in , the six-wheeled Tyrrell was one of the most radical entries ever to succeed in F1 competition and has been called the most recognisable design in the history of world motorsports.


title: Tyrrell P34

text: The P34 was introduced in September 1975 and began racing in the 1976 season. It proved successful and led other teams to begin design of six-wheeled platforms of their own. Changes to the design made for the 1977 season made it uncompetitive and the concept was abandoned for Tyrrell's 1978 season. The other six-wheeled designs ended development and F1 rules later stipulated that cars must have four wheels in total. The cars later had some success in various "classics" race events, but today are museum pieces.


title: Tyrrell P34

text: For the mid-1970s, F1 stipulated that the maximum width of the front wing was 1.5 m. Considering the needed room for the driver's feet, the steering mechanism, suspension and the normal front tyre size, this meant the front tyres projected above and out to the sides of the wing. P34's basic concept was to use a tyre that would be small enough to fit entirely behind the wing. This would have two effects; one would be to lower overall drag and thus improve speed on straights and the other was to clean up overall aerodynamics so the rear wing would receive cleaner airflow.


title: Tyrrell P34

text: However, given the space limitations, such a tyre would have to be quite small; in the final design it was in diameter. This had too small a contact patch to offer reasonable cornering performance, which led to the use of four wheels instead of two. Adding more wheels also had the advantage of offering more total brake area. The downside was increased complexity of the steering system and a physically larger suspension system. The steering complexity was solved by connecting only the front pair of wheels to the steering wheel and connecting the rear set to the front with a bell crank. Initially considered to be a problem area, Joel Rosinsky later declared that "The steering is so gentle and absolutely free of reaction that you might have thought it was power-assisted!"


title: Tyrrell P34

text: The new design was unveiled at the Heathrow Hotel in late September 1975. The car was initially kept under a tarpaulin with hoops over the wheels to make it look conventional, leading to astonishment when the tarp was pulled off. Some in the audience were convinced the design was a publicity stunt. The car first took to the track at Silverstone on 8 October 1975, and, after more tests, Tyrrell decided to build two more examples with a slightly longer wheelbase to race in the 1976 season.


title: Tyrrell P34

text: The stretched versions first ran in the Spanish GP in and proved to be very competitive. Both Jody Scheckter and Patrick Depailler produced good results with the car, but while Depailler praised the car continually, Scheckter was unimpressed. The P34's golden moment came in the Swedish Grand Prix. Scheckter and Depailler finished first and second, and to date Scheckter is the only driver ever to win a race in a six-wheeled car. The car seemed to be particularly good down the straights and through long corners, like at Anderstorp, Watkins Glen, Mosport Park, Fuji and the Österreichring, but it struggled on bumpy circuits like Brands Hatch, Jarama and the Nürburgring, where the grip was actually variable, because, depending upon the contours or bumps on the track, one of the front small tires would touch the road, but the one in front or behind it on the same side would not. Scheckter left the team at the end of the season, insisting that the six-wheeler was "a piece of junk".


title: Tyrrell P34

text: For 1977, Scheckter was replaced by Ronnie Peterson, and the P34 was redesigned for cleaner aerodynamics, and some redesign was done on Peterson's car to accommodate his height. The P34B was wider and heavier than before, and, although Peterson was able to string some promising results from the P34B, as was Depailler, it was clear the car was not as good as before. Tyrrell blamed the problems on the increased weight, now over the F1 minimum. This placed more strain on the brakes and made it struggle through the corners. Others have blamed Goodyear's failure to properly develop the small front tyres. Late in the season, an attempt to address the handling was made by increasing the track of the front suspension, but this moved the tyres out from their original hidden position, essentially eliminating the whole advantage of the concept.


title: Tyrrell P34

text: In November 1977, Tyrrell introduced his car for the 1978 season, and it had a conventional layout. He commented, "In the meantime, we have closed the book on our six-wheeled project, and I am sure the cars will become something of a collector's piece". Tyrrell kept the frame that Scheckter won on and sold the rest.


title: Tyrrell P34

text: More recently, the P34 has been a popular sight at historic racing events, proving competitive once more. This was made possible when the Avon tyre company agreed to manufacture bespoke 10-inch tyres for Simon Bull, the owner of chassis No. 6. In 1999 and 2000, the resurrected P34 competed at a number of British and European circuits as an entrant in the FIA Thoroughbred Grand Prix series. Driven by Martin Stretton, the car won the TGP series outright in 2000, the sister car repeating that success in 2008 in the hands of Mauro Pane; this example is today part of a private collection in Italy. Stretton also achieved numerous pole positions and class wins at the Grand Prix Historique de Monaco. The P34 has also been seen a number of times at the Goodwood Festival of Speed.


title: Tyrrell P34

text: While the Tyrrell P34 is the most widely known six-wheeled F1 car, it was not the only one. The March Engineering, Williams and Scuderia Ferrari teams also built experimental six-wheeled F1 chassis; however, all of these had four wheels at the back rather than at the front like the P34. The Williams FW07D and FW08B, and the March 2-4-0, had tandem rear wheels, which reduced drag by using the smaller front wheels and tyres in place of the typical larger rear wheels. The Ferrari 312T6 featured the four rear wheels on a single axle. This was similar to how Auto Union increased traction with its Type-D Grand Prix cars in the 1930s. Despite extensive testing, neither the March, Williams, nor the Ferrari, were ever raced. In 1983, the FIA prohibited cars with four driven wheels from competing. Later, the Formula 1 regulations required four as the maximum number of wheels allowed.


title: Tyrrell P34

text: The Tyrrell P34 was featured in the cartoon "The Transformers" as the vehicle converted into the Decepticon Stunticon known as Drag Strip. The car, shown sporting a yellow livery with red accents, was depicted as still being active in automotive races, despite the fact that the episode wherein it was stolen was produced and set in the mid-eighties.


title: Tyrrell P34

text: The race car also made an appearance in the first episode of the 1993 anime series "Moldiver" and the 2013 film "Rush".


title: Tyrrell P34

text: Lupin is seen racing a version of the car in season 1 episode 11 of "Lupin the Third Part II" - "Bet on the Monaco Grand Prix (Who's Vroomin Who?)".


title: John Quiñones

text: Juan Manuel "John" Quiñones (born May 23, 1952) is an American ABC News correspondent who hosted "What Would You Do?".


title: John Quiñones

text: Quiñones was born in San Antonio, Texas, on May 23, 1952. He is a fifth-generation San Antonian and a fifth-generation Mexican-American. Quiñones grew up in a Spanish-speaking household where he did not learn to speak English until he started school at age six. When he was 13 years old, his father was laid off from his job as a janitor at which the family joined a caravan of migrant farmworkers who traveled to Traverse City, Michigan, to harvest cherries. Later that summer, the Quiñones family followed the migrant route to pick tomatoes outside Toledo, Ohio.


title: John Quiñones

text: While attending Brackenridge High School in San Antonio, Quiñones was selected to take part in the federal anti-poverty program, Upward Bound, which prepared inner-city high school students for college. As an undergraduate, Quiñones was also a member of the Sigma Beta-Zeta of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. After graduating from St. Mary's with a Bachelor of Arts degree in speech communication, Quiñones earned a Master of Arts degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.


title: John Quiñones

text: Quiñones worked as a radio news editor at KTRH in Houston, Texas from 1975 to 1978 and also worked as an anchor and reporter for KPRC-TV. He later reported for WBBM-TV in Chicago. In 1982, Quiñones started as a general assignment correspondent with ABC News based in Miami. He was a co-anchor of the ABC News program, "Primetime," and hosted "What Would You Do?". He also reports for all ABC News programs such as "20/20", "Good Morning America", "ABC World News Tonight," and "Nightline".


title: John Quiñones

text: According to communications attorney Mark Lloyd, "Quiñones told the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) audience that he got his start because a San Antonio community organization threatened that if the stations didn't hire more Latinos, the group would go to the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) and challenge their licenses."


title: Battle of Ankara

text: The Battle of Ankara or Angora was fought on 20 July 1402 at the Çubuk plain near Ankara, between the forces of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and the Emir of the Timurid Empire, Timur. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to the Ottoman Interregnum.


title: Battle of Ankara

text: Timur, a Turco-Mongol from Transoxiana (now Uzbekistan), had built an empire in Central Asia over the years, and became the most powerful ruler in Central Asia since Genghis Khan. He sought to rebuild the once great Mongol Empire. In the 1380s and 1390s, he invaded and conquered parts of Persia (including Armenia, Azerbaijan and Upper Mesopotamia), ravaged southern Russia and Ukraine (1395–96), and invaded India (1398). Although there had been tensions between the Ottomans and Mongols, nothing would warrant a war, until Bayezid demanded tribute from an emir loyal to Timur, which he understood to be a personal affront and a reason for war. In 1400–01 Timur took Sivas from the Ottomans, parts of Syria from the Mamluks, and next directed towards Anatolia.


title: Battle of Ankara

text: Meanwhile, in 1402, the Ottomans had been campaigning in Europe. Bayezid broke off the blockade of Constantinople and marched to Ankara after Timur again moved his army to the southeast in the summer of 1402.


title: Battle of Ankara

text: It is estimated that the Timurid army counted 140,000, mostly cavalry, and also 32 war elephants. Bayezid's army numbered 85,000. Historical sources exaggerated the number of troops to unrealistic proportions: Ahmad ibn Arabshah claimed 800,000 Timurid troops, while a German witness claimed 1.6 million, for instance.


title: Battle of Ankara

text: The Ottoman force included contingents under his sons, Ghazis, Janissaries, Anatolian Muslim vassals, and various European (Balkan Christian) vassals. Among Serbian vassals participating were Stefan Lazarević, Vuk Lazarević, Đurađ Branković and his brother Grgur Branković, and among Albanian were Koja Zakarija, Demetrius Jonima, Gjon Kastrioti, and probably Tanush Major Dukagjin. Christian vassals that did not participate include Zetan Konstantin Balšić. A quarter of the Ottoman troops were recently conquered Tatars.


title: Battle of Ankara

text: Bayezid reluctantly withdrew his forces from the blockade of Constantinople and marched them through the midsummer heat. When they arrived, they were tired and thirsty, but were allowed no time to rest or recuperate. Bayezid was advised by his generals to take up defensive positions and, when Timur's forces pushed back the Ottomans, to withdraw into the mountains and force Timur to break ranks and attempt to hunt the Ottomans in their own terrain during the midsummer heat. Bayezid instead chose to take an offensive stance and marched eastward. Advancing Ottoman scouts found no traces of the Timurids, who secretly marched southwest, rested, and were situated to the rear of the Ottomans. The Timurids encamped in the same locations that the Ottomans had previously occupied, making use of abandoned tents and water sources.


title: Battle of Ankara

text: In the Timurid army, Timur commanded the centre, his sons Miran and Rukh the right and left, respectively, and his grandsons the vanguard.


title: Battle of Ankara

text: In the Ottoman army, Bayezid commanded the centre with Janissaries, his son Suleyman the left flank with the best troops, Stefan Lazarević the right with the Balkan troops, and his son Mehmed the rear guard.


title: Battle of Ankara

text: The battle began with a large-scale attack from the Ottomans, countered by swarms of arrows from the Timurid horse archers. Several thousand were killed and many surrendered to Timur. Stefan Lazarević and his knights successfully fought off the Timurid assaults and cut through the Mongol ranks three times. Each time Stefan advised Bayezid to break out with him, Bayezid declined to do so. But the Serbians managed to save one of Bayezid's sons and the treasury from the Mongols and made their way to Constantinople. The Serbian troops wore heavy black plate armour which was very effective against the Timurid arrows. Timur admired the Serbian troops who according to him "fight like lions". During the battle the main water supply of both armies, Çubuk creek, was diverted to an off-stream reservoir near the town of Çubuk by Timur, which left the Ottoman army with no water. The final battle took place at Catal hill, dominating the Çubuk valley. The Ottoman army, both thirsty and tired, was defeated, though Bayezid managed to escape to the nearby mountains with a few hundred horsemen. However, Timur had the mountains surrounded and, heavily outnumbering Bayezid, soon captured him. He died in captivity three months later. Already heavily outnumbered, the Ottoman army was further weakened by the desertion of the Black Tatars and the Sipahis from the Anatolian beyliks, who left Bayezid's side and joined Timur's forces.


title: Battle of Ankara

text: After the battle, Timur moved through western Anatolia to the Aegean coast, where he besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers.


title: Battle of Ankara

text: The battle was catastrophic for the Ottoman state, fracturing what remained and bringing almost total collapse of the empire. This resulted in a civil war among Bayezid's sons. The Ottoman civil war continued for another 11 years (1413) following the Battle of Ankara.


title: Battle of Ankara

text: The battle is also significant in Ottoman history as being the only time a Sultan was captured in person.


title: Alice Weidel

text: Alice Elisabeth Weidel (born 6 February 1979) is a German politician and has been the leader of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the Bundestag since October 2017. She has been a member of the Bundestag (MdB) since the 2017 federal election during which she was the AfD's lead candidate together with Alexander Gauland. Since November 2019, she has been the deputy federal spokeswoman for her party and, since February 2020, chairwoman of the AfD state association in Baden-Württemberg.


title: Alice Weidel

text: Weidel was born in Gütersloh and grew up in Versmold, where she graduated from a Christliches Jugenddorfwerk Deutschlands (CJD) gymnasium in 1998. She studied economics and business administration at the University of Bayreuth and graduated as one of the best in the year in 2004. After receiving her undergraduate university degree, Weidel went to work for Goldman Sachs from July 2005 to June 2006 as an analyst in asset management in Frankfurt. In the late 2000s, she worked at the Bank of China, living six years in China. She speaks Mandarin. Subsequently, she wrote a doctoral thesis with the health economist Peter Oberender at the Faculty of Law and Economics in Bayreuth on the future of the Chinese pension system. In 2011, she received her doctorate "summa cum laude" and became a doctor of philosophy in international development. Her doctorate was supported by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation.


title: Alice Weidel

text: From March 2011 to May 2013, she worked at Allianz Global Investors in Frankfurt. She was employed in 2013 and 2014 at Heristo, a Bad Rothenfelde-based animal feed supplier. Since 2014, she has worked as a freelance business consultant. In 2015, she worked for Rocket Internet and Foodora. Weidel is a member of the Friedrich A. von Hayek Society.


title: Alice Weidel

text: Weidel joined the Alternative for Germany (AfD) in October 2013. According to Weidel, she was first attracted to the party due to her opposition to the Euro. She was elected to the federal executive committee of the AfD in June 2015. In April 2017 she was elected co-Lead Candidate of the party. She is the first lesbian to serve as a lead candidate of her party. She has been identified by the media as belonging to the more moderate conservative "Alternative Mitte" faction within the AfD.


title: Alice Weidel

text: At the end of 2017, Weidel accused the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church of Germany of "playing the same inglorious role that they played in the Third Reich", accusing both churches of being "thoroughly politicized" and stating that AfD is "the only Christian party that still exists" in Germany. Such statements were dismissed by the German Bishops' Conference and the Evangelical Church as "polemics" and "derailment".


title: Alice Weidel

text: Weidel has criticized the immigration policies of Angela Merkel, stating that "the country will be destroyed through this immigration policy. Donald Trump said that Merkel is insane and I absolutely agree with that. It is a completely nonsensical form of politics that is being followed here." She has called for the German government to invest in "special economic zones" in the Middle East to encourage educated and skilled persons to remain in their home countries and avoid the possibility of brain drain, but also says she supports a "Canadian-style system" which would privilege skilled, over unskilled, immigrants.


title: Alice Weidel

text: Weidel supports continued German membership in the European Union; however, she has called for economically weak states, such as Greece, to leave. And, though supporting the EU, she also believes Germany should withdraw from the Euro single currency.


title: Alice Weidel

text: Weidel has stated her opposition to discussion of sexuality prior to puberty saying that "I don’t want anyone with their gender idiocy or their early sexualisation classes coming near my children".


title: Alice Weidel

text: She has also expressed her opposition to legalization of same-sex marriage, stating that she supports protection of the "traditional family" while also supporting "other lifestyles". She has said she supports civil partnership for gay and lesbian couples, noting she is a lesbian herself.


title: Alice Weidel

text: In April 2017, Weidel railed against political correctness, claiming that it belonged in the "dustbin of history". In response, on 27 April, TV presenter Christian Ehring of the satire program "extra 3" addressed this, saying "That’s right! Let’s put an end to political correctness. The Nazi slut is right. Was this incorrect enough? I hope so!" Weidel sued the channel seeking to forbid re-airing of the program, and on 17 May the Hamburg District Court ruled against her, stating that a public figure must tolerate exaggerated criticism. Weidel disagreed with the decision and promised to bring it to the Oberlandesgericht (Higher Regional Court). As of September 2017, no further action had taken place.


title: Alice Weidel

text: A September 2017 report by "Die Zeit" claimed that Weidel had illegally hired a Syrian refugee to do housework at her home in Switzerland. The report also alleged that the asylum seeker did not have a written work contract, nor were there invoices for her work. Weidel responded in a tweet that the "Die Zeit" report was “fake news” and “false" and Weidel's lawyer stated that Weidel had a Syrian stay at her home as a guest but not as a worker.


title: Alice Weidel

text: Weidel is in a relationship with a woman who lives in Einsiedeln, Switzerland and is originally from Sri Lanka; she works as a film producer. Weidel primarily lives in Berlin, but lives part-time in Einsiedeln. They have two adopted children.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Pavel Valerievich Datsyuk (, ; born 20 July 1978) is a Russian former professional ice hockey player. Datsyuk was nicknamed the "Magic Man" honoring his incredible stickhandling and creativity with the puck. From 2001 to 2016, he played for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). In 2017, Datsyuk was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players" in history, and was the only active player outside of the NHL at the time of announcement.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: 2002 and 2008 with the Red Wings, and the Gagarin Cup in 2017 with SKA Saint Petersburg. He was part of the Russia men's national ice hockey team at the Olympic Games in 2002, 2006, 2010 and was team captain in 2014 and 2018. With his gold medal win at the 2018 Olympics, Datsyuk joined the Triple Gold Club.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Datsyuk won the Frank J. Selke Trophy as the NHL's top defensive forward in the 2007–08, 2008–09 and 2009–10 NHL season. He also won four consecutive Lady Byng Memorial Trophies, from 2006 to 2009, awarded for performance and sportsmanship. He was nominated for the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player following the 2008–09 season. Datsyuk is well known for his elite defensive play and game-changing offensive skills. He was also a game changer for the Russian hockey team and multiple Olympics and World Cups.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Datsyuk was born in Sverdlovsk of the then-Soviet Union. His parents have called him by his short name "Pasha" from an early age. His childhood had more than its fair share of difficulties, especially at the age of 16, when his mother died.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: While Datsyuk displayed above-average hockey skills, he was often overlooked by scouts because of his smaller size. He began playing for the farm club of Dynamo Yekaterinburg in the mid-1990s, though he seemed headed for an undistinguished career until noted Olympic trainer Vladimir Krikunov began coaching the team.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: The boy "with the twitchy walk" caught the eye of Krikunov, but not on the ice. Instead, Datsyuk excelled on the soccer field, where his anticipation, vision and intelligence were more apparent. Under Krikunov, Datsyuk evolved into a particularly efficient two-way player, and he began to draw wider attention among Russian hockey fans. Despite his early successes, however, he went undrafted in the 1996 and 1997 NHL drafts.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Datsyuk was first noticed by Detroit Red Wings Director of European Scouting Håkan Andersson in the summer of 1997–98. Andersson was in Moscow to scout defenseman Dmitri Kalinin, but the one who caught his eye was Datsyuk, described as "this little guy on the other team." Andersson made another trip to see Datsyuk and would have gone a third time, though his flight was canceled due to a storm. A scout from the Calgary Flames was scheduled to fly on the plane as well, and as a result of the storm Andersson believes he was the only NHL scout to have seen Datsyuk play prior to the 1998 NHL Entry Draft, when the Red Wings drafted him 171st overall.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: When Datsyuk began his NHL career for the Red Wings, he was mentored by Soviet stars Igor Larionov and Sergei Fedorov, as well as Detroit captain Steve Yzerman. He was put on a line with Brett Hull and Boyd Devereaux and had a moderately productive first year. The length and difficulty of the NHL season forced him to sit out a number of games at the end of the year in preparation for the Stanley Cup playoffs. He contributed three goals and three assists to the Red Wings' 2002 Stanley Cup run.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Expectations were high for Datsyuk's second season, particularly with the addition of another highly touted prospect to the team, Henrik Zetterberg. Zetterberg replaced Boyd Devereaux on the Datsyuk–Hull line, and the famous version of the "Two Kids and an Old Goat Line" was born. He played only 64 games due to a knee injury but ended up with 51 points for the season. His playoff performance was disappointing, however, the same as the entire Red Wings team; Detroit was swept by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in the first round, and Datsyuk was held pointless.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: The departure of Sergei Fedorov in the 2003 off-season made room for Datsyuk to rise to prominence on the Red Wings. He took full advantage of his elevated ice time, where his playmaking skills earned him a spot in the 2004 NHL All-Star Game. In the 2004 playoffs, he had no goals and six assists through 12 games before Detroit was eliminated in the second round by the Calgary Flames.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Datsyuk became a restricted free agent during the 2004–05 off-season but could not reach a deal with the Red Wings despite repeated statements by his agent, Gary Greenstin, indicating his desire to stay in Detroit. He chose not to take the salary dispute to arbitration, and instead played with Dynamo Moscow during the 2004–05 NHL lockout. On 4 September 2005, Datsyuk then signed a one-year contract with Avangard Omsk of the Russian Superleague (RSL), where Dynamo Moscow matched the offer two days later, retaining the player.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: On 19 September 2005, the day the arbitration committee of the RSL was set to determine which club had Datsyuk's rights, Datsyuk agreed to a two-year deal with the Red Wings for a total of US$7.8 million.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: During the 2005–06 season, Datsyuk's high level of play, combined with his sportsmanship (just 22 penalty minutes for the entire season), won him the Lady Byng Trophy, the first of four consecutive awards. Datsyuk also earned a spot on the Russian national team for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: During the 2006–07 season, Datsyuk debuted Reebok's new hockey stick, with holes bored into the shaft to make it more aerodynamic, dubbed the 9KO. He completed the season matching his previous campaign's total of 87 points. Prior to the beginning of the playoffs, on 6 April 2007, Datsyuk signed a seven-year, US$46.9 million contract extension with the Red Wings. He then helped Detroit advance to the Western Conference Finals against the eventual Stanley Cup champions, the Anaheim Ducks, contributing 16 points in 18 games.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: In 2007–08, Datsyuk was voted by NHL fans, along with teammates Nicklas Lidström and Henrik Zetterberg, to start for the Western Conference in the 2008 All-Star Game at Philips Arena in Atlanta. He went on to have a career year, scoring a team-high 97 points in 82 games while also leading all Red Wings forwards in blocked shots. In leading the team in scoring, he joined Ted Lindsay, Gordie Howe and Steve Yzerman as the only players in franchise history to do so in three consecutive seasons. Entering into the playoffs, Datsyuk scored his first career NHL hat-trick on 12 May 2008, in a 5–2 win over the Dallas Stars in Game 3 of the Western Conference Finals, en route to a meeting in the Finals with the Pittsburgh Penguins. In Game 6 of the series, Datsyuk recorded two assists in a 3–2 win to clinch the team's 11th Stanley Cup title and its fourth in 11 years.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Having led the NHL in 2007–08 with a plus-minus of +41 and 144 takeaways (58 more than Mike Modano's second-best total of 86), Datsyuk was awarded the Frank J. Selke Trophy as the League' best defensive forward. With just 20 penalty minutes, he also won the Lady Byng Trophy. In voting for the Selke, Datsyuk received 537 points (43 first place votes) while John Madden of the New Jersey Devils received 447 points and Datsyuk's linemate Henrik Zetterberg received 425 points. In voting for the Lady Byng, Datsyuk received 985 points (75 first place votes). In addition, Datsyuk became the first NHL player to win the Lady Byng three consecutive times in over 70 years, since Frank Boucher of the New York Rangers won from 1933 to 1935. Datsyuk and Ron Francis are the only players to have been awarded both the Selke and Lady Byng trophies during their careers.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Datsyuk was selected to his third NHL All-Star Game in 2009, but due to a hip injury, he did not participate. However, as per a newly formed League policy stating players must demonstrate injury by missing at least one game prior to the All-Star Game, Datsyuk was suspended one game, along with teammate Nicklas Lidström, for not attending.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Datsyuk finished the 2008–09 season with 97 points (32 goals and 65 assists), matching his career high. He also won the Frank J. Selke Trophy, beating out the Philadelphia Flyers' Mike Richards and the Vancouver Canucks' Ryan Kesler, and won the Lady Byng for the fourth consecutive season. Datsyuk also received a nomination for the Best NHL Player Award at the ESPYs, but lost to the Pittsburgh Penguins' Sidney Crosby.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Datsyuk finished with his lowest end-of-season point total since the lockout in the 2009–10 season, scoring 70 points in 82 games. As a result of early season injuries to sniper Johan Franzén, center Valtteri Filppula and defenceman Niklas Kronwall, the Red Wings struggled to find consistency. However, a strong finish escalated the team from ninth place in the Western Conference in February to fifth place, and another 100-point season. Datsyuk scored the first two goals in Game 7 of the first round against the Phoenix Coyotes, including a breakaway deke on Ilya Bryzgalov, that sent the Wings to the second round for the fourth consecutive playoff season. The Red Wings, however, lost in five games to the San Jose Sharks.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Datsyuk achieved a Gordie Howe hat trick on the opening night of the 2010–11 season against the Anaheim Ducks with a goal, an assist and a fight, which came against Corey Perry. Datsyuk was yet again impressive in the 2011 playoffs, leading his team with 15 points in 11 games. As the Red Wings fell behind 3–0 to the San Jose Sharks in the second round (which also happened the previous year), Datsyuk almost led his team back from the deficit to win the series; a Game 5-winning assist to Tomas Holmström's goal, a Game 6-winning assist to Valtteri Filppula's goal and a Game 7 late backhand goal highlighted Datsyuk's heroics in an eventual losing effort.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: During the entirety of the 2011 pre-season, Datsyuk wore jersey number 24 as a tribute to former teammate Ruslan Salei, who perished on 7 September 2011, in the 2011 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash, along with 43 others. Datsyuk was an early-season candidate for the Hart Memorial Trophy, awarded to the League MVP, until a knee injury in February forced the Red Wings into a slump. The team dropped from first place in February to fifth at the end of the season, where they drew the Nashville Predators in the first round, losing the series four games to one. Datsyuk finished the season with 67 points in 70 games for the regular season, and was also named to the 2012 NHL All-Star Game in Ottawa.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: As the NHL entered its second lockout in eight years in 2012–13, Datsyuk followed other prominent NHL players, such as Alexander Ovechkin and Evgeni Malkin, in playing overseas; he signed with CSKA Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) in September. Datsyuk tallied 36 points in 31 games.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: When play resumed in January 2013, Datsyuk returned to the Red Wings and managed to score 49 points in 47 games. Detroit would make it to the second round of the 2013 playoffs before being defeated by the eventual champions, the Chicago Blackhawks, in seven games via an overtime goal by Brent Seabrook. The Red Wings lost the series despite being ahead at one point three games to one. Later in the 2013 off-season, Datsyuk signed a three-year extension to stay with Detroit.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: On 14 February 2016, Datsyuk became the sixth Red Wing player to reach the 900 point milestone, and the fifth Russian player to do so. Datsyuk was named the First Star of the Week for the week ending 15 February 2016. He shared the league lead with five goals and tied for second overall with seven points in four games to help lead the Red Wings to seven out of a possible eight standings points.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: On 18 June 2016, Datsyuk announced that he was leaving Detroit to play in Russia, ending his 14-year career with the Red Wings. He left the Wings having won two Stanley Cups (2002 and 2008), four consecutive Lady Byng trophies (2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009), 953 games played, and 918 points. He was the last remaining member of the Wings' 2002 Stanley Cup Championship team.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: On 24 June 2016, the Red Wings traded Datsyuk's contract to the Arizona Coyotes along with the 16th overall pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft, in exchange for the 20th overall pick, the 53rd overall pick, and Joe Vitale in order for the Red Wings to clear salary cap space.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: On 8 July 2016, Datsyuk signed a two-year contract with SKA Saint Petersburg of the KHL. During the 2016–17 season, Datsyuk recorded 12 goals and 22 assists in 44 regular season games, and helped lead SKA Saint Petersburg to the Gagarin Cup in his first season back in the KHL. During the 2017–18 season, Datsyuk recorded eight goals and 27 assists in 37 regular season games. On 17 April 2018, Datsyuk signed a one-year contract extension with SKA Saint Petersburg.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: He was named "Male Athlete of the Year" in the nomination "Pride of Russia" by the Ministry of Sport of Russia, leaving behind runner Sergey Shubenkov and cross-country skier Alexander Bolshunov.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: Following completion of the 2018–19 season, his third with SKA, Datsyuk left the club as a free agent following the conclusion of his contract. On 5 June 2019, despite light speculation of a possible reunion with the Red Wings, Datsyuk opted to continue in the KHL, returning to play in his hometown with Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg on a one-year contract. On 10 July 2020, Datsyuk re-signed with Avtomobilist on a one-year contract.


title: Pavel Datsyuk

text: At the age of 18, Datsyuk met his future wife Svetlana in Sverdlovsk. They married three years later, and had a daughter named Elizabeth in 2004. They divorced in 2010. Datsyuk got married for a second time in 2012; his new wife is named Maria. On 23 April 2014, she gave birth to his second child, a daughter named Vasilisa. His third child, a son named Pavel Jr., was born in February 2017.


title: Margaret Field

text: Margaret Field (née Morlan; May 10, 1922 – November 6, 2011) was an American film actress usually billed as Maggie Mahoney after her marriage to actor Jock Mahoney. The mother of actress Sally Field, she was best known for her work in two science-fiction films, "The Man from Planet X" (1951) and "Captive Women" (1952) and played dozens of roles in various television series.


title: Margaret Field

text: Field was born in Houston, Texas, the daughter of Joy Beatrice (née Bickeley) and Wallace Miller Morlan. Late in the 1930s, her family and she moved to Pasadena, California.


title: Margaret Field

text: Field was discovered at the Pasadena Playhouse by talent scout Milton Lewis for Paramount Pictures. Following a successful screen test, she was offered an 18-month contract. She then attended Pasadena Junior College, studying voice training and acting, while acting in films. Early in her career, she acted in a series of "Musical Parade" short films for Paramount and had small roles in 26 full-length films from 1946 to 1953.


title: Margaret Field

text: She appeared, often more than once, in television series, among which were two roles as defendants on the CBS drama series "Perry Mason". In 1959, she played title character Eva Martell in "The Case of the Borrowed Brunette". In 1960, she played Linda Osborne in "The Case of the Nine Dolls". Other television appearances included a 1950 episode of "The Lone Ranger" entitled "Greed for Gold", "Wagon Train", "Bonanza", "The Virginian", "The Range Rider", "Yancy Derringer" starring her husband Jock Mahoney, "To Rome With Love" starring John Forsythe, "Lawman" starring Barry Sullivan and Clu Gulager, "Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse", and the 1963 "Twilight Zone" episode "The New Exhibit", among many others. She also appeared in the science-fiction films "Captive Women" and "The Man from Planet X". In February 1956, Field co-starred with her husband Jock Mahoney in the "Death Valley Days" episode "Swamper Ike".


title: Margaret Field

text: In 1942, Field married Richard Dryden Field, an Army officer, and had two children by him: television and film actress Sally Field and physicist Richard D. Field.


title: Margaret Field

text: On January 21, 1952, Field married actor Jock Mahoney in Tijuana, Mexico, thereafter billed in her acting work as "Maggie Mahoney". Together they had a daughter, Princess, a director of television shows, such as "ER" and "Shameless". Field and Mahoney divorced in June 1968. Around 1968, when her elder daughter Sally turned 22, Field virtually ended her acting career to focus on her family.


title: Margaret Field

text: Field, aged 89, died of cancer at her home in Malibu, California, on November 6, 2011, which was her daughter Sally Field's 65th birthday.


title: Le Monde

text: Le Monde (; ) is a French daily afternoon newspaper. It is the main publication of Le Monde Group and reported an average circulation of 323,039 copies per issue in 2009, about 40,000 of which were sold abroad. It has had its own website since 19 December 1995, and is often the only French newspaper easily obtainable in non-French-speaking countries. It is considered one of the French newspapers of record, along with "Libération", and "Le Figaro". It should not be confused with the monthly publication "Le Monde diplomatique", of which "Le Monde" has 51% ownership, but which is editorially independent. A Reuters Institute poll in 2021 in France found that ""Le Monde" is the most trusted national newspaper".


title: Le Monde

text: "Le Monde" was founded by Hubert Beuve-Méry at the request of Charles de Gaulle (as Chairman of the Provisional Government of the French Republic) on 19 December 1944, shortly after the Liberation of Paris, and published continuously since its first edition.


title: Le Monde

text: The paper's journalistic side has a collegial form of organization, in which most journalists are not only tenured, but financial stakeholders in the enterprise as well, and participate in the elections of upper management and senior executives. In the 1990s and 2000s, La Vie-Le Monde Group expanded under editor Jean-Marie Colombani with a number of acquisitions. However, its profitability was not sufficient to cover the large debt loads it took on to fund this expansion, and it sought new investors in 2010 to keep the company out of bankruptcy. In June 2010, investors Matthieu Pigasse, Pierre Bergé, and Xavier Niel acquired a controlling stake in the newspaper.


title: Le Monde

text: In contrast to other world newspapers such as "The New York Times", "Le Monde" was traditionally focused on offering analysis and opinion, as opposed to being a newspaper of record. Hence, it was considered less important for the paper to offer maximum coverage of the news than to offer thoughtful interpretation of current events. For instance, on the 10th anniversary of the sinking of the "Rainbow Warrior", the newspaper directly implicated François Mitterrand, who was the French president at the time, in the operation. In recent years, the paper has established a greater distinction between fact and opinion.


title: Le Monde

text: "Le Monde" was founded in 1944, at the request of General Charles de Gaulle, after the German army had been driven from Paris during World War II. The paper took over the headquarters and layout of "Le Temps", which had been the most important newspaper in France, but its reputation had suffered during the Occupation. Beuve-Méry reportedly demanded total editorial independence as the condition for his taking on the project.


title: Le Monde

text: In December 2006, on the 60th anniversary of its publishing début, "Le Monde" moved into new headquarters in Boulevard Auguste-Blanqui, 13th arrondissement of Paris. The building—formerly the headquarters of Air France—was refashioned by Bouygues from the designs of Christian de Portzamparc. The building's façade has an enormous fresco adorned by doves (drawn by Plantu) flying towards Victor Hugo, symbolising freedom of the press.


title: Le Monde

text: In 2008, "Le Monde" was found guilty of defamation for saying that Spanish football club FC Barcelona was connected to a doctor involved in steroid use. The Spanish court fined the newspaper nearly $450,000.


title: Le Monde

text: In April 2016, two "Le Monde" reporters were denied visas to visit Algeria as part of the French Prime Minister press convoy to Algeria. The denial of visas to "Le Monde" reporters caused some French media to boycott the event, including "Libération", "Le Figaro", and "France Inter". "Le Monde" had previously published the names of Algerian officials directly involved with the Panama Papers scandal. Coverage of the scandal in "Le Monde" included a front-page photo of President of Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika. However, the paper clarified in its next edition that Bouteflika was not directly implicated, but maintained that his associates were. Bouteflika opened a libel suit against Le Monde, which was later dropped after the newspaper apologised.


title: Le Monde

text: In 2014, Groupe Le Monde announced that "Le Monde" would move into a new headquarters, also in the 13th arrondissement, around 2017, with space for 1,200 people.


title: Le Monde

text: In June 2010, investors Matthieu Pigasse, Pierre Bergé, and Xavier Niel acquired a controlling stake in the newspaper. In October 2018, staff learned that Pigasse had sold 49% of his stake in the company to Czech businessman Daniel Křetínský. "Le Monde"'s Independency Group, a minority shareholder that aims to protect the paper's editorial independence, had not been informed of the sale, and asked Pigasse and Křetínský to sign an "approval agreement" that would give the Independency Group the right to approve or reject any controlling shareholder. , they had not done so.


title: Le Monde

text: "Le Monde" is published around midday, and the cover date on the masthead is the following day's. For instance, the issue released at midday on 15 March shows 16 March on the masthead. It is available on newsstands in France on the day of release, and received by mail subscribers on the masthead date. The Saturday issue is a double one, for Saturday and Sunday.


title: Le Monde

text: Thus the latest edition can be found on newsstands from Monday to Friday included, while subscribers will receive it from Tuesday to Saturday included.


title: Le Monde

text: Le Monde was among the first French newspapers on the web, with its first web edition on 19 December 1995. It is among the 50 most visited websites in France.


title: Le Monde

text: Starting in the 2000s "Le Monde" allowed its subscribers to publish a blog on its website. These blogs were called the "les blogs abonnées du Monde.fr". On 10 April 2019, "Le Monde" announced that it would be closing its blog platform on 5 June 2019. Although the reasons for the closing of the blogs were unclear, it could be linked to the dominance of social networks like Facebook.


title: Le Monde

text: "Le Monde" launched an English language edition of its news website on 7 April 2022, featuring its articles translated from French.


title: Le Monde

text: In 1981, "Le Monde" backed the election of socialist François Mitterrand, partly on the grounds that the alternation of the political party in government would be beneficial to the democratic character of the state. The paper endorsed centre-right candidate Édouard Balladur in the 1995 presidential election, and Ségolène Royal, the Socialist Party candidate, in the 2007 presidential election.


title: Le Monde

text: According to the Mitrokhin Archive investigators, "Le Monde" (KGB codename VESTNIK, "messenger") was the KGB's key outlet for Soviet disinformation in the French media. The archive identified two senior "Le Monde" journalists and several contributors who were used in the operations (see also the article on Russian influence operations in France).


title: Le Monde

text: Michel Legris, a former journalist with the paper, wrote "Le Monde tel qu'il est" ("Le Monde as it is") in 1976. According to him, the journal minimized the atrocities committed by the Cambodian Khmer Rouge.


title: Le Monde

text: In their 2003 book titled "La Face cachée du Monde" ("The Hidden face of "Le Monde""), authors Pierre Péan and Philippe Cohen alleged that Colombani and then-editor Edwy Plenel had shown, amongst other things, partisan bias and had engaged in financial dealings that compromised the paper's independence. It also accused the paper of dangerously damaging the authority of the French state by having revealed various political scandals (notably corruption scandals surrounding Jacques Chirac, the "Irish of Vincennes" affair, and the sinking of a Greenpeace boat, the "Rainbow Warrior", by French intelligence under President François Mitterrand). This book remains controversial, but attracted much attention and media coverage in France and around the world at the time of its publication. Following a lawsuit, the authors and the publisher agreed in 2004 not to proceed to any reprinting.


title: Le Monde

text: The Prix littéraire du "Monde" has been awarded annually by "Le Monde" since 2013. It is awarded at the beginning of September to a novel published at the start of the French literary season—or "rentrée littéraire". The winner of the prize is chosen by a jury made up of journalists—literary journalists from "Le Monde des livres", cultural or other editorial staff—chaired by the director of the newspaper.


title: Nicky Katt

text: Nicky Katt (born May 11, 1971) is an American actor. Katt often plays unsympathetic characters, such as an irascible motorhead in "Dazed and Confused," an ill-fated white supremacist child rapist in "A Time to Kill", and an embittered business rival in "Boiler Room".


title: Nicky Katt

text: Katt known for his role as unorthodox teacher Harry Senate on David E. Kelley's Fox drama series "Boston Public". Katt's film roles include Clint Bruno in "Dazed and Confused" (1993), Billy Ray Cobb in "A Time to Kill" (1996), Tim in "SubUrbia" (1996), Stacy the hitman in "The Limey" (1999), Greg Weinstein in "Boiler Room" (2000), Adolf Hitler in "Full Frontal" (2002), Fred Duggar in "Insomnia" (2002), Stuka in "Sin City" (2005), and Nate Petite in "Snow Angels" (2008).


title: Nicky Katt

text: Katt has co-starred in many movies and received critical praise for performances in "The Limey" and "SubUrbia". He was originally cast to star in the ABC spring 2006 replacement series "The Evidence", but was replaced by Rob Estes. Katt was a child actor as well, appearing as Marc Singer's son on the television series "V". He also lent his voice in gaming as the voice of Atton Rand in "".


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: Task Manager, previously known as Windows Task Manager, is a task manager, system monitor, and startup manager included with Microsoft Windows systems. It provides information about computer performance and running software, including name of running processes, CPU and GPU load, commit charge, I/O details, logged-in users, and Windows services. Task Manager can also be used to set process priorities, processor affinity, start and stop services, and forcibly terminate processes.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: The program can be started in recent versions of Windows by pressing and then typing in codice_1, by pressing and clicking "Start Task Manager", by pressing , by using Windows Search in the Start Menu and typing codice_2, by right-clicking on the Windows taskbar and selecting "Task Manager", by typing codice_2 in the File Explorer address bar, or by typing codice_2 in Command Prompt or Windows PowerShell.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: Task Manager was introduced in its current form with Windows NT 4.0. Prior versions of Windows NT, as well as Windows 3.x, include the Task List application, are capable of listing currently running processes and killing them, or creating new processes. Windows 9x has a program known as "Close Program" which lists the programs currently running and offers options to close programs as well shut down the computer.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: Since Windows 8, Task Manager has two views. The first time Task Manager is invoked by a user, it shows in a simplified summary mode (described in the user experience as "Fewer Details"). It can be switched to a more detailed mode by clicking "More Details". This setting is remembered for that user on that machine.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: Since at least Windows 2000, the CPU usage can be displayed as a tray icon in the task bar for quick glance.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: In summary mode, Task Manager shows a list of currently running programs that have a main window. It has a "more details" hyperlink that activates a full-fledged Task Manager with several tabs.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: Right-clicking any of the applications in the list allows switching to that application or ending the application's task. Issuing an "end task" causes a request for graceful exit to be sent to the application.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: The "Processes" tab shows a list of all running processes on the system. This list includes Windows Services and processes from other accounts. The "Delete" key can also be used to terminate processes on the Processes tab. By default, the processes tab shows the user account the process is running under, the amount of CPU, and the amount of memory the process is currently consuming. There are more columns that can be shown. The Processes tab divides the process into three categories:


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: This tab shows the name of every main window and every service associated with each process. Both a graceful exit command and a termination command can be sent from this tab, depending on whether the command is sent to the process or its window.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: The "Details" tab is a more basic version of the "Processes" tab, and acts similar to the "Processes" tab in Windows 7 and earlier. It has a more rudimentary user experience and can perform some additional actions. Right-clicking a process in the list allows changing the priority the process has, setting processor affinity (setting which CPU(s) the process can execute on), and allows the process to be ended. Choosing to "End Process" causes Windows to immediately kill the process. Choosing to "End Process Tree" causes Windows to immediately kill the process, as well as all processes directly or indirectly started by that process. Unlike choosing "End Task" from the "Applications" tab, when choosing to "End Process" the program is not given a warning nor a chance to clean up before ending. However, when a process that is running under a security context different from the one which issued the call to Terminate Process, the use of the KILL command-line utility is required.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: The "Performance" tab shows overall statistics about the system's performance, most notably the overall amount of CPU usage and how much memory is being used. A chart of recent usage for both of these values is shown. Details about specific areas of memory are also shown.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: There is an option to break the CPU usage graph into two sections: kernel mode time and user mode time. Many device drivers, and core parts of the operating system run in kernel mode, whereas user applications run in user mode. This option can be turned on by choosing "Show kernel times" from the "View" menu. When this option is turned on the CPU usage graph will show a green and a red area. The red area is the amount of time spent in kernel mode, and the green area shows the amount of time spent in user mode.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: The "Performance" tab also shows statistics relating to each of the network adapters present in the computer. By default, the adapter name, percentage of network utilization, link speed, and state of the network adapter are shown, along with a chart of recent activity.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: The "App history" tab shows resource usage information about Universal Windows Platform apps. Windows controls the life cycle of these apps more tightly. This tab is where the data that Windows has collected about them, and then be viewed at a later time.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: The "Users" tab shows all users that currently have a session on the computer. On server computers, there may be several users connected to the computer using Terminal Services (or the Fast User Switching service, on Windows XP). Users can be disconnected or logged off from this tab.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: Task Manager was originally an external side project developed at home by Microsoft developer David Plummer; encouraged by Dave Cutler and coworkers to make it part of the main product "build", he donated the project in 1995. The original task manager design featured a different Processes page with information being taken from the public Registry APIs rather than the private internal operating system metrics.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: A "Close Program" dialog box comes up when is pressed in Windows 9x. Also, in Windows 9x, there is a program called Tasks (codice_5) located in the Windows directory. It is rudimentary and has fewer features. The System Monitor utility in Windows 9x contains process and network monitoring functionality similar to that of the Windows Task Manager. Also, the Tasks program is called by clicking twice on the desktop if codice_6 process is down.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: In Windows XP only, there is a "Shut Down" menu that provides access to Standby, Hibernate, Turn off, Restart, Log Off, and Switch User. This is because, by default in Windows XP, pressing opens the Task Manager instead of opening a dialog that provides access to the Task Manager in addition to the options mentioned above.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: On the Performance tab, the display of the CPU values was changed from a display mimicking a LED seven-segment display, to a standard numeric value. This was done to accommodate non-Arabic numeral systems, such as Eastern Arabic numerals, which cannot be represented using a seven-segment display.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: Prior to Windows XP, process names longer than 15 characters in length are truncated. This problem is resolved in Windows XP.


title: Task Manager (Windows)

text: Task Manager is a common target of computer viruses and other forms of malware; typically malware will close the Task Manager as soon as it is started, so as to hide itself from users. Some malware will also disable task manager as an administrator. Variants of the Zotob and Spybot worms have used this technique, for example. Using Group Policy, it is possible to disable the Task Manager. Many types of malware also enable this policy setting in the registry. Rootkits can prevent themselves from getting listed in the Task Manager, thereby preventing their detection and termination using it.


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: "Fuck her right in the pussy" (FHRITP) is a catchphrase that was popularized by several viral videos posted online in 2014. The videos portrayed fictitious bloopers from television newscasts that involved the phrase; the original video focused on a news reporter using the phrase while unaware he was on the air, followed by videos portraying alleged videobombing incidents involving the eponymous phrase on multiple Cincinnati television stations by a character named "Fred".


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: The phrase and its associated videos quickly became an Internet meme, and inspired real-life videobombing incidents. John Cain, who created the videos, acknowledged that he had been able to profit off them through the sales of official merchandise carrying the phrase. Media attention to the phrase grew in May 2015, where videobombing incidents surrounding the phrase on newscasts in Toronto and Calgary spurred discussion over whether use of the phrase constituted sexual harassment and public humiliation of women.


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: The phrase originated from a hoax video created by YouTube user John Cain in January 2014. The video portrayed a fictitious blooper from a live newscast covering the disappearance of Florence, Kentucky-native Jena Chisholm (who had been safely found in Las Vegas the day prior to filming), which featured a news reporter (played by Cain) on a hot mic, unaware he was on the air, telling his cameraman that he wanted to "fuck her right in the pussy" if she were found.


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: The video was inspired by videos of bloopers from actual newscasts that had gone viral; Cain had considered the possibility of excluding the phrase from the video, but felt that the juxtaposition of a missing woman with the reporter's sexual desires added to the video's shock value. The video quickly went viral once it was posted to YouTube; Cain believed that the video had "spread faster than the news video of [Chisholm] being found."


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: In response to the success of the original video, Cain began producing additional videos that surrounded the phrase, portraying fictitious videobombing incidents involving reporters from television stations in Cincinnati, Ohio (all of whom were played by actors). The videos featured a hoodie-wearing man identified as "Fred"; in one video, Fred was depicted interrupting a WLWT reporter during a story surrounding a train derailment, and in another, Fred was seen concluding an eyewitness account of an oil spill during an interview with WKRC-TV with the phrase.


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: Although seemingly realistic, the media blog "Mediaite" acknowledged inconsistencies in the videos that affected their authenticity, such as the use of anchors who do not work for the stations in question (including a spliced-in reaction by Fox News Channel anchor Megyn Kelly, who referred to the fake reporter in one of the videos as being Laura Ingle), the subdued reactions by the anchors to Fred's antics, a street sign and restaurant in the background that pinpointed the filming location to Florence—rather than in Cincinnati as implied by the stations portrayed, and that if the videos were authentic, given the age of the actual stories, "some intrepid Reddit user" would have already drawn attention to them. Cain also began to market a line of official merchandise, such as T-shirts, carrying the phrase.


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: Following the publishing of the "Fred" videos, "FHRITP" became a wider viral phenomenon. Cain explained that he had earned at least $20,000 in a single month from the sales of FHRITP merchandise, and that he was "completely able to get out of debt, buy a new car, buy a home and relocate to Orlando, Florida, and still have money left over." The videos would inspire a large number of real-life occurrences of people videobombing live news reporters with the phrase—many of whom were unaware that the videos were actually fictitious.


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: Several incidents involving the phrase garnered media attention. On September 17, 2014, Florida State Seminoles quarterback Jameis Winston was suspended for the first half of Florida State's game against Clemson after "several students tweeted" that Winston had shouted "fuck her right in the pussy" while standing on top of a table in Florida State University's Student Union. Two days later, university president Garnett S. Stokes and athletic director Stan Wilcox, citing results of an "ongoing investigation", announced that Winston would be suspended for the whole game.


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: In January 2015, Sky Sports News decided not to brodcasting from sports grounds on transfer deadline day, due to a number of examples of the heckle at the previous deadline day in September 2014.


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: On May 10, 2015, a heckler outside of a Toronto FC Major League Soccer match interrupted a live report by CITY-DT "CityNews" reporter Shauna Hunt with the phrase. Provoked by the obscene language, Hunt confronted nearby men and asked them about the phrase, which they felt was funny and commonplace. The resulting footage went viral; following the incident, Toronto FC owners Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment issued a statement reading that the company was "appalled that this trend of disrespectful behaviour would make its way to our city, let alone anywhere near our stadium." MLSE also announced that it intended to ban four individuals from all of its venues for a year. One of the men approached by the journalist was identified as an assistant network management engineer at utility company Hydro One, who had a salary of just over C$107,000; on May 13, 2015, the employee was fired for violating Hydro One's employee code of conduct. In November 2015, the employee was reinstated following third-party arbitration.


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: In an interview with the "Toronto Star", Cain claimed that he had received an e-mail from one of the men interviewed, claiming that the incident was staged. He felt that the station was "doing it the way I would do it if I was trying to ruin FHRITP." However, the station's head of news Dave Budge denied the allegations, stating that the reactions were "spontaneous and genuine", and that "any suggestion to the contrary is absurd." Hunt explained that the video was meant to "shed light on a much bigger issue."


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: On May 14, 2015, a Calgary man was charged with "stunting" under provincial traffic safety laws following an incident in April, where he had yelled the phrase at CBC News reporter Meghan Grant while driving by her on the city's "Red Mile". The incident occurred, coincidentally, while Grant was filming an interview for a story regarding a campaign against harassment and other lewd behavior on the stretch during the Calgary Flames' NHL playoff games. On May 15, 2015, it was reported that the police in Halifax, Nova Scotia, were willing to consider the laying of charges in future incidents involving male hecklers using the phrase towards women as a form of public humiliation, justifying the actions as being "sexualized violence".


title: Fuck her right in the pussy

text: In February 2022, the "Star Tribune" interviewed a KARE reporter who had been targeted with the phrase on multiple occasions, including at a previous position at a station in Iowa, and by a bystander while recording an interview over videoconference.


title: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

text: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (lit. "Jharkhand Liberation Front"; JMM) is a State political party in the Indian state of Jharkhand which was founded by Binod Bihari Mahato. It has one seat in the 17th Lok Sabha. Shibu Soren is the president of the JMM. JMM is also an influential political party in the state of Odisha and parts of neighbouring of states. Its election symbol for Jharkhand is "Bow and Arrow".


title: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

text: The party was officially created on the birthday of Birsa Munda, the 19th century tribal warrior of Jharkhand, who fought against the British rule in present-day Jharkhand. The State of Jharkhand also came into existence on Birsa Munda's birthday in 2000.


title: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

text: For almost six decades the movement for formation of Jharkhand from Bihar had been changing colour and strategy to gain a foothold. The Jharkhand Party grew politically stronger but the commissions examining the demands for a separate Jharkhand State rejected these demands every time due to linguistic basis. Despite the reports of these commissions deciding against them, the Jharkhand Party never lost sight of its ultimate target: a separate state of Jharkhand. Till 1962 Jharkhand Party won between 23–32 seats in the Bihar Legislative Assembly. In 1962, It won 20 seats. Jaipal Singh Munda merged his party with Indian National Congress in 1963 and became a minister in Vinodanand Jha's government in Bihar. But other members did not join the Congress.


title: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

text: At the 4th General Election held in 1967 the party had a very poor showing with only eight Assembly seats. The party soon split into several splinter groups each claiming to be the genuine Jharkhand Party. These were – the Jharkhand Party led by N.E. Horo, the Jharkhand Party led by Naren, All India Jharkhand Party led by Bagun Sumroi, the Hul Jharkhand Party led by Justin Richard which further fragmented and came to be called the Bihar Progressive Hul Jharkhand Party and it was led by Shibu Soren.


title: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

text: Binod Bihari Mahato founded "Shivaji Samaj" in 1967. Santhal leader Shibu Soren founded the ‘Sonat Santhali Samaj’ in 1969. The "Jharkhand Mukti Morcha" was founded by Binod Bihari Mahato, the leader of ‘Shivajee Samaj’, Shibu Soren and Marxist Co ordination leader Comrade Dr. A. K. Roy. The party was officially created on the birthday of Birsa Munda, the 19th century tribal warrior of Jharkhand, who fought against the British rule in present-day Jharkhand.


title: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

text: On 4 February 1973 Binod Bihari Mahto became the President and Shibu Soren as General Secretary of the party. The prominent party leaders at that time were: Comrade A. K. Roy (Party Secretary-Society of Industrial and Coal Laborers), Martyr Nirmal Mahto (prominent Trade Union Movement leader) and Tek Lal Mahto, among others.


title: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

text: In its early years, the JMM under Soren's leadership brought industrial and mining workers who were mainly non-tribals belonging to the Dalit and Backward communities such as Surdis, Doms, Dusadh and Kudumi Mahato into its fold. However Soren's association with the late congress M.P. Gyanranjan brought him close to the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi in New Delhi. He won the Dumka Lok Sabha seat in 1972. Irked by Soren's association with the Indian National Congress, a few of the younger members of the JMM banded together in Jamshedpur and set up the All Jharkhand Students Union (AJSU). This did not affect the growth of the JMM in the 1991 Indian general election where the JMM won six seats.


title: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

text: Ram Dayal Munda reignited the movement for Jharkhand by unifying splinter groups among the tribals. Under his guidance the Jharkhand Coordination Committee was constituted in June 1987, comprising 48 organisations and group including the JMM factions. Due to Ram Dayal Munda, Shibu Soren, Suraj Mandal, Simon Marandi, Shailendra Mahato, and AJSU leaders like Surya Singh Besra and Prabhakar Tirkey briefly shared a political platform, but the JMM pulled out of JCC as it felt that 'the collective leadership was a farce'. The JMM/AJSU and JPP successfully orchestrated so-called bandhs, economic blockades in 1988–89 in the interim.


title: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

text: Jharkhand Yuva Morcha (Jharkhand Youth Front), And Jharkhand Chhatra Morcha (Jharkhand Student Front) the youth and student wing of Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, was constituted at a conference in Ranchi 16 October 1991.


title: Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

text: Following is the list of the Chief Ministers of Jharkhand from Jharkhand Mukti Morcha since the formation of the state on 9 November 2000:


title: Gender neutrality

text: Gender neutrality (adjective form: gender-neutral), also known as gender-neutralism or the gender neutrality movement, is the idea that policies, language, and other social institutions (social structures or gender roles) should avoid distinguishing roles according to people's sex or gender. This is in order to avoid discrimination arising from the impression that there are social roles for which one gender is more suited than another. The disparity in gender equality throughout history has had a significant impact on many aspects of society, including marketing, toys, education and parenting techniques. In order to increase gender neutrality in recent years, there has been a societal emphasis on utilizing inclusive language and advocating for equality.


title: Gender neutrality

text: Proponents of gender neutrality may support public policies designed to eliminate gender distinctions. Gender neutrality in the law has changed the nature of custody disputes, making it more likely that men will be awarded custody of their children in the event of a divorce.


title: Gender neutrality

text: The legal definition of gender has been a controversial topic particularly to transgender people; in some countries, in order to be legally defined as a new gender, people must first undergo sex reassignment surgery resulting in sterilization.


title: Gender neutrality

text: California joined Oregon in its effort to recognize gender neutrality. On 15 October 2017, California governor Jerry Brown signed new legislation into law that allows persons the option to select gender-neutral on state identification cards. On 9 October 2021, governor Gavin Newsom signed California Assembly Bill 1084 requiring many department stores in California to maintain a gender neutral children's section.


title: Gender neutrality

text: Someone who is gender blind does not necessarily side with ideas of movements that are found within gender-related biases, though these accounts are debatable.


title: Gender neutrality

text: Gender-neutral language, gender-inclusive language, inclusive language or gender neutrality is a form of linguistic prescriptivism that aims to eliminate (or neutralize) reference to gender in terms that describe people. This can involve discouragement of the use of gender-specific job titles, such as "policeman/policewoman", "fireman", "stewardess", "chairman", and, arguably, in favor of corresponding gender-neutral terms such as "police officer", "firefighter", "flight attendant" and "chairperson" (or "chair"). Other gender-specific terms, such as "actor" and "actress", may be replaced by the originally male term ("actor" used for either gender).


title: Gender neutrality

text: The practice of gender-neutral language is highly encouraged among law students and the Supreme Court of the United States. However, research has shown that, as of 2010, only one judge on the Supreme Court consistently uses gender-neutral language.


title: Gender neutrality

text: The pronouns "he" or "she" may be replaced with "they" when the gender of the person referred to is unknown. In addition, those who do not identify as either female or male may use a gender-neutral pronoun to refer to themselves or have others refer to them.


title: Gender neutrality

text: A traditional view encouraged the pronoun "he" to be considered neutral up until the 60s-70s, when feminist objections occurred, so people began to use "he or she" pronouns. Today, using "he or she" can be considered making assumptions about someone's gender. The pronoun "they" wouldn't necessarily refer to a male or female.


title: Gender neutrality

text: In 2012 a gender-neutral pronoun was proposed in Sweden, and in 2014 it was announced that this word would be included in the following edition of the Swedish Academy Glossary. Swedish thus became the first language to have a gender-neutral pronoun added by an authoritative institution. can be used to describe anyone regardless of their sex or gender identification. Gender-neutral pronouns that have been proposed in the United States have not had widespread use outside of LGBTQ communities.


title: Gender neutrality

text: LGBTQ activists have suggested that the pronouns "he/she and his/her linguistically enforce a normative two sex system" where one must fall into the gender binary of either male or female. There is a growing variety of several different gender-neutral pronouns. These may include "sie", "hir", "hirs", and "hirself", and also include "z" or "p". LGBTQ activists argue that only changing pronouns to be gender-neutral for people who are "sex/gender" ambiguous creates someone "other" than the norm. A proposed solution to this issue is to move towards the use of inclusive language and gender-neutral pronouns for everyone, even when the sex of a person is known, in an effort to remove the alleged subconscious effects of language in reinforcing gender and gender stereotypes.


title: Gender neutrality

text: "Gender-neutral language" should not be confused with "genderless language", which refers to a language that does not have grammatical gender.


title: Gender neutrality

text: Gender neutrality emphasizes the equal treatment of men and women and people of any other gender legally with no discrimination whatsoever. This goal is in principle shared with both feminists and masculists. However, in gender neutralism, the emphasis is on transcending the perspective of gender altogether rather than focusing on the rights of specific genders.


title: Gender neutrality

text: Gender neutrality or "gender transcendence" is part of the transhumanist concept of postgenderism, which is defined as the movement to erode the cultural, biological, psychological, and social role of gender within society.


title: Gender neutrality

text: Advocates of postgenderism argue that the presence of gender roles, social stratification, and cogno-physical disparities and differences are generally to the detriment of individuals and society. Given the radical potential for advanced assistive reproductive options, postgenderists believe that sex for reproductive purposes will either become obsolete, or that all post-gendered humans will have the ability, if they so choose, to both carry a pregnancy to term "and" father a child, which, postgenderists believe, would have the effect of eliminating the need for definite genders in such a society.


title: Gender neutrality

text: From a transhumanist perspective, a shift in gender neutrality is seen as a direct result of the movement of postgenderism. Along with gender fluidity and postgenderism, gender neutrality would be a contributor if a movement of transhumanism were to occur. Given that an individual's phenotype serves as the primary basis for gender classification, transhumanism would erode the binary division of gender, allowing for gender neutrality within future societies.


title: Gender neutrality

text: Marketing is often focused on targeting specific demographics and creates products focused on specific genders. Public views on gender-specific marketing have gained media attention in recent years, for example a protest against a Bic pen "Bic for her" that was targeted towards women by the posting of thousands of fake reviews of the pen mocking its female-specific advertising.


title: Gender neutrality

text: In the marketing of children's toys, gender-specific marketing has been very prevalent. According to a study conducted in 2012, "children learn about the toys seen as appropriate for their gender not only from adults and children but also through the media, which serves as an important source of socialization and gender socialization." Color palettes and types of toys are gendered characteristics of the toys marketed to either boys or girls. The results of the study mentioned above, showed that "toys that were pastel colored were much more likely to be marketed as toys for 'only girls', while bold colored toys were much more likely to be marketed as toys for 'boys only'" and also found that blue was a more gender-neutral color. Action toys, like cars, weapons, and building toys are marketed toward boys, while toys that have to do with beauty and domestic work are marketed towards girls.


title: Gender neutrality

text: An additional study done in 2014 focuses on labeling of toys, "for girls" and "for boys", paired with explicit colors, pink and blue, and gender stereotypes in children. In one study, novel items were presented to children, painted different colors and labeled differently. A nutcracker was presented to the children as blue and labeled "for boys" in once instance, but to other children it was pink and labeled "for girls". The results of the studies found labeling profoundly affected the children's liking towards toys, and the other study showed that girls are more affected than boys in terms of labeling.


title: Gender neutrality

text: The "color pink did seem to give girls permission to explore masculine toys. This indicates that pink may signify that it is allowable for girls to show interest in counter-stereotypic toys and activities". This gender specific marketing/labeling exposes children to gender roles and that color can be an indicator of gender. Children "show less involvement with toys stereotypically associated with the opposite sex, and they reject such toys more than ones stereotypically associated with their own sex or neutral ones". Toys are a medium for children to form gender stereotypes. Some toys, like stuffed animals, have proven to be gender-neutral and are usually marketed to both boys and girls.