title: Spatial disorientation

text: Under ideal conditions, visual cues will provide sufficient information to override illusory vestibular inputs, but at night or in poor weather, visual inputs can be overwhelmed by these illusory nonvisual sensations, resulting in spatial disorientation. Low visibility flight conditions include night, over water or other monotonous/featureless terrain that blends into the sky, white-out weather, or inadvertent entry into instrument meteorological conditions after flying into fog or clouds.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: For example, in an aircraft that is making a coordinated (banked) turn, no matter how steep, occupants will have little or no sensation of being tilted in the air unless the horizon is visible, as the combined forces of lift and gravity are felt as pressing the occupant into the seat without a lateral force sliding them to either side. Similarly, it is possible to gradually climb or descend without a noticeable change in pressure against the seat. In some aircraft, it is possible to execute a loop without pulling negative g-forces so that, without visual reference, the pilot could be upside down without being aware of it. A gradual change in any direction of movement may not be strong enough to activate the vestibular system, so the pilot may not realize that the aircraft is accelerating, decelerating, or banking.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: Gyroscopic flight instruments such as the attitude indicator (artificial horizon) and the turn and slip indicator are designed to provide information to counteract misleading sensations from the non-visual senses.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: Two otolith organs, the saccule and utricle, are located in each ear and are set at right angles to each other. The utricle detects changes in linear acceleration in the horizontal plane, while the saccule detects linear accelerations in the vertical plane; humans have evolved to assume the vertical acceleration is caused by gravity. However, the saccule and utricle can provide misleading sensory perception when gravity is not limited to the vertical plane, or when vehicle speeds and accelerations result in inertial forces comparable to the force of gravity, as the otoliths only detect acceleration, and cannot distinguish inertial forces from the force of gravity. Some examples of this include the inertial forces experienced during a vertical take-off in a helicopter or following the sudden opening of a parachute after a free fall.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: Illusions caused by the otolith organs are called somatogravic illusions and include the Inversion, Head-Up, and Head-Down Illusions. The Inversion Illusion results from a steep ascent followed by a sudden return to level flight; the resulting relative increase in forward speed produces an illusion the aircraft is inverted. The Head-Up and Head-Down illusions are similar, involving sudden linear acceleration (Head-Up) or deceleration (Head-Down), leading to a misperception the nose of the aircraft is pitching up (Head-Up) or down (Head-Down); the aviator could be fooled into pitching the nose down (Head-Up) or up (Head-Down) in response, leading to a crash or a stall, respectively.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: Typically, the Head-Up illusion occurs during take-off, as a strong linear acceleration is used to generate lift over the wing and flaps. Without a visual reference, the pilot may assume from the vestibular system the nose has pitched up and command a dive; if this occurs during take-off, the aircraft may not have sufficient altitude to recover before crashing into the ground.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: In addition, the inner ear contains rotational accelerometers, known as the semicircular canals, which provide information to the lower brain on rotational accelerations in the pitch, roll and yaw axes. Changes in angular velocity are detected from the relative motion between the fluid in the canals and the canal itself, which is fixed to the head; because of inertia, the fluid in the canals tends to lag when the head moves, signaling a rotational acceleration. However, semicircular canal output ceases after prolonged rotation (beyond ) as the fluid has now been entrained into motion through friction, matching the motion of the head. If the rotation is then stopped, the perceived motion signal from the inner ear indicates the aviator is now turning in the opposite direction from actual travel, as the fluid continues to move while the canal has stopped. In addition, the inertia of the fluid means the detection threshold of rotational acceleration is limited to approximately 2°/sec; angular accelerations below this value cannot be detected. Specific common somatogyral illusions induced by the semicircular canals are the Leans, Graveyard Spin, Graveyard Spiral, and Coriolis.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: If the aircraft enters an unnoticed, prolonged turn gradually, then suddenly returns to level flight, the leans may result. The gradual turn sets the fluid into the semicircular canals into motion, and rotational acceleration of two degrees per second (or less) cannot be detected. Once the aircraft suddenly returns to level flight, the continued fluid motion gives the sensation the aircraft is banking in the opposite direction of the turn that just ended; the aviator may attempt to correct the misperception of the vertical by banking into the original turn. The leans is considered the most common form of spatial disorientation.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: The graveyard spiral and graveyard spin are both caused by the acclimation of the semicircular canals to prolonged rotation; after a banked turn (in the case of the graveyard spiral) or spin (for the graveyard spin) of approximately 20 seconds, the fluid in the semicircular canals has been entrained into motion by friction, and the vestibular system no longer perceives a rotational acceleration. If the aviator then ends the turn or spin and returns to level flight, the continued motion of the fluid will cause a sensation the aircraft is turning or spinning in the opposite direction, and the pilot may re-enter the original turn or spin inadvertently; the aviator may not recognize the illusion before the aircraft loses too much altitude, resulting in a collision with terrain or the g-forces on the aircraft may exceed the structural strength of the airframe, resulting in catastrophic failure. One of the most infamous mishaps in aviation history involving the graveyard spiral is the crash involving John F. Kennedy Jr. in 1999.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: Once an aircraft enters conditions under which the pilot cannot see a distinct visual horizon, the drift in the inner ear continues uncorrected. Errors in the perceived rate of turn about any axis can build up at a rate of 0.2 to 0.3 degrees per second. If the pilot is not proficient in the use of gyroscopic flight instruments, these errors will build up to a point that control of the aircraft is lost, usually in a steep, diving turn known as a graveyard spiral. During the entire time, leading up to and well into the maneuver, the pilot remains unaware of the turning, believing that the aircraft is maintaining straight flight.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: In a 1954 study (180 – Degree Turn Experiment), the University of Illinois Institute of Aviation found that 19 out of 20 non-instrument-rated subject pilots went into a graveyard spiral soon after entering simulated instrument conditions. The 20th pilot also lost control of his aircraft, but in another maneuver. The average time between onset of instrument conditions and loss of control was 178 seconds.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: Spatial disorientation can also affect instrument-rated pilots in certain conditions. A powerful tumbling sensation (vertigo) can result if the pilot moves his or her head too much during instrument flight. This is called the Coriolis illusion. Because the semicircular canals are set in three different axes of rotation, if the aviator suddenly moves their head during a rotational acceleration, one canal may abruptly start to detect an angular acceleration while another ceases, resulting in a tumbling sensation.


title: Spatial disorientation

text: Even with good visibility, misleading visual inputs such as sloping cloud decks, unfamiliar runway grades, or false horizons can also form optical illusions, resulting in the pilot misjudging the vertical orientation, aircraft speed or altitude, and/or distance and depth perception; these could even combine with nonvisual illusions from the vestibular and proprioceptive systems to produce an even more powerful illusion.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: Puppet Master (also titled The Puppet Master and Puppetmaster) is a 1989 American horror film written by Charles Band and Kenneth J. Hall, and directed by David Schmoeller. The film stars Paul Le Mat, Irene Miracle, Matt Roe and Kathryn O'Reilly as psychics who are plotted against by a former colleague, using puppets animated by an Egyptian spell.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: Originally intended for summer 1989 theatrical release, before being released on home video the following September, "Puppet Master" was ultimately pushed to a direct-to-video release on October 12, 1989, as Band felt this was likely to be more financially successful than the theatrical market. It was very popular and has since developed a large cult following, and a franchise.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: 1939, Bodega Bay Inn, California: An old puppeteer named André Toulon is putting the finishing touches on his newest puppet, Jester, before he brings it to life. Two Nazi spies arrive and head for Toulon's room while Kahn, another living puppet, warns him. Toulon calmly places all the animate puppets in a chest and hides it in a wall panel compartment. As the Nazis break down the door, Toulon commits suicide.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: Present day: Four psychics miles apart are all ""contacted"" by Neil Gallagher, all five of them previously being acquaintances: Professor Alex Whitaker through a nightmare involving Neil and leeches, Dana Hadley via a premonition of her own death, and psychic researchers Frank Forrester and Carissa Stamford through unspecified means. Dana has also uncovered Toulon's "hiding place" and tells the others, arranging a meeting at the Bodega Bay Inn, where Neil resides. Upon arrival, they are surprised to find that not only does Neil have a wife, Megan, but that he has also killed himself, leaving instructions for Megan on the others’ arrival. She leaves them with the body to pay respects and Dana stabs a long pin into Neil's corpse to verify that he is in fact dead.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: While getting settled into their rooms, the psychics experience different confusing visions of Neil. That night at dinner, Dana intentionally riles Megan, causing her to leave the table and Pinhead, another animated doll, crawls out of Neil's casket. Alex follows Megan and tells her their history with her husband. Carissa, a psychometrist, can see any object's emotional history by touching it, Dana can tell fortunes and locate items and people, and Alex himself can foresee the future in his dreams. Neil was researching alchemy and with Frank's help discovered that Ancient Egyptians had created a method of reanimating inanimate figurines, a power also discovered by André Toulon, the last true alchemist. But because Neil had not made contact with them in a while, Dana and the rest thought that he had abandoned them and took whatever he was looking for for himself, and they are there to take it and settle the score.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: That night, Theresa the housekeeper attends to the fire and is attacked by Pinhead with a poker, fulfilling Dana's fortune for her. Gallagher's body has moved to a chair which Megan finds, causing her to faint; Alex attends to her while the others return the body to the casket. After Blade finds protective spells on Alex and Dana's rooms, he moves on to Carissa and Frank's, who are having very loud sex and disrupting Alex and Dana's sleep. Two more puppets, Tunneler and Leech Woman, enter. Tunneler kills Carissa by drilling into her face when she inspects a noise coming from under the bed and Leech Woman regurgitates leeches onto Frank, who's tied to the bed, draining his blood. Returning from a walk, Dana finds Gallagher's body in her room and she is attacked by Pinhead, who breaks her leg. Pinhead chases her and repeatedly strangles and punches her until she manages to knock him away and crawl to the elevator, only to have her throat slit by Blade, fulfilling her fortune.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: Alex suffers more nightmares, eventually woken by Megan, who shows him Toulon's diary and tells him that Neil found Toulon's secret to reanimation. Alex has a vision of Neil and they rush downstairs to escape but find the bodies of Dana, Frank and Carissa sitting around the dining table accompanied by the newly resurrected Neil. He explains that while he did commit suicide, he used Toulon's secrets to become reanimated himself in an effort to become immortal. He reveals that he killed Megan's parents and expresses disgust for the puppets, violently throwing Jester, now satisfied to have human puppets to experiment with. The other puppets witness this and descend on Neil; Tunneler takes out his legs and Blade pins him down while Leech Woman regurgitates a leech into his mouth and Pinhead finally breaks his neck. The next day, Megan sees Alex off and as she ascends the stairs, she brings Dana's stuffed dog Leroy to life.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: "Puppetmaster" was released on VHS by Paramount Home Video on September 30, 1989. The film saw its first DVD release on June 13, 2000, through Full Moon Home Video.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: Following a release by Wizard Entertainment under "The Puppet Master" in March 2008, Wizard later released a Blu-ray in July 2010. Full Moon Features simultaneously released a remastered DVD.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: In 2014, Echo Bridge Home Entertainment released the "Killjoy and Puppet Master: The Complete Collections" alongside the "Killjoy" series, although both series have since produced additional sequels.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: On April 10, 2018, Full Moon issued both a Blu-ray and a limited-edition vintage VHS collection, with the latter having only 3,000 units produced, and the first 300 being signed and numbered by Charles Band.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 43% based on seven reviews, with a weighted average rating of 4/10.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: "Dread Central" awarded a score of 3/5, commending the atmosphere, soundtrack and set designs, but criticized the acting, weak script and first act. The review concluded their review by writing, ""Puppet Master" isn't what I would call a great film, but its heart is in the right place, and I've always been a huge fan of the evil doll subgenre of horror, making the film's shortcomings easily forgivable." Wes R. from "Oh the Horror.com" gave a positive review stating, "Despite its flaws, "Puppet Master" emerges as one of the more enjoyable of the 'killer toy' type horror films".


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: The success as a cult film inspired a franchise that would span decades to come. Five sequels followed: "Puppet Master II" (1990), "Puppet Master 4" (1993), "" (1994), "Curse of the Puppet Master" (1998) and "" (2003).


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: The third film, entitled "" (1991), serves as a prequel, as would "Retro Puppet Master" (1999). "" (2010) began a loose prequel trilogy, followed by "" (2012) and "" (2017).


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: In 2020, a spin-off focusing on the puppet Blade was released, "". Another film, this one about Doktor Death (from "Retro"), is set for release in 2022.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: "Puppet Master vs. Demonic Toys", a crossover with fellow Full Moon franchise "Demonic Toys", premiered on the Sci-Fi Channel in 2004.


title: Puppet Master (film)

text: In September 2021, Full Moon announced a partnership with independent game studio 'October Games' to release an official Puppet Master game, which is scheduled to be released on the Steam store in late 2022.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: The Brazil women's national football team (Portuguese: "Seleção Brasileira Feminina de futebol") represents Brazil in international women's football and is run by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF). It has participated in eight editions of the FIFA Women's World Cup, finishing as runner-up in 2007, and seven editions of the Copa América Femenina.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: The team finished the 1999 World Cup in third place and the 2007 in second, losing to Germany in the final, 2–0.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: Brazil won the silver medal twice in the Olympic Games, in 2004 and 2008, after getting fourth place in the two previous editions.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: Brazil is the most successful women's national team in South America, having won the first four editions of the Copa América championship. Since 1999, they have been contenders for the World title. In 1998 and 1999, the team finished as the runners-up at the Women's U.S. Cup.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: In 2017, the Brazilian Football Confederation's decision to fire head coach Emily Lima sparked protest among the team's players. The dispute evolved into an argument for greater wages, and more respect and recognition for the country's female football players. As a result, players such as Cristiane, Rosana, and Francielle announced their retirement from international football, hoping that this decision might make a difference in the years to come.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: Although today the Brazilian Women's National Team is one of the best in the world, it was not that long ago that women were not even allowed to watch a game. The women's game filtered sporadically throughout Brazil with popular traction in the early 20th century. Magazines such as "O imparcial and Jornal dos sports" covered the women's game praising their achievements in local cup competitions. Yet, the traditional order of futbol as "purely masculine" came into contention resulting in the games downfall. Until, the mid-1940s when Brazil became a dictatorship subsequently banning the women's game. Banned by the Minister of Education and Health in 1941, eugenic ideologies from the new dictatorship called for the protection of womanly bodies, thus sports became a disqualified endeavor. The game was male dominated, and those who could not perform well were even called feminine at times. Throughout the time of the ban, women were observed playing quite frequently forcing the Conselho Nacional de Desportos (CND) to take charge and reissue bans that were not working. In 1965, Deliberation no. 7 further forced an end to all women's sports in Brazil, not just football. This ban would not be lifted until the late 1970s, when Brazil passed Amnesty Laws allowing political exiles back into the country. A surge of Brazilian feminists returned to their country eager to change the social landscape inspired by the Western feminist movements of the 60s and 70s. Fan bases for the women's team with a new identity rooted themselves in the fabric of history and with the support of the general public the women's game led a rise in feminism that swept across the country. Finally in 1979 the National Sports Council of Brazil passed Deliberation no. 10 reinstating the women's game. Today the National team has won the Copa America 7 times and has made it to the world cup finals where they were beaten by Germany. Perhaps the most impressive statistic that even though the team played its first official match ever in 1986 only 5 years later they won their first title in Copa America and only 9 years after that they were challenging the world's best.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: Brazil was Latin America's first country to legally recognize "futebol feminino." As the first nation to popularize the women's game it was a hard sell for many Brazilian's caught up with traditional gender roles. Up until the national team started participating on the international stage. After the debut of women's association football in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta the women's game skyrocketed in admiration. In order to capitalize off of the teams commencement and fourth-place finish the State of São Paulo created Paulistana. The Paulistana was a domestic competition meant to attract young up and coming players for the national team. However, the methodology of Paulistana linked itself to the process futbol feminization. The administrators and managers who ran the competition scalped white, beautiful, and non-masculine players. An attempt to beautify the women's sport for the largely male population of futbol consumers. The 1999 World Cup golden boot winner Sissi noticed the negative effects of beautification over athletics and left for overseas competition. The introduction of the Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino in 2013 reinvigorated the domestic competition attracting the Brazilian stars of the national team back into the country.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: The Brazil women's national football team has been known or nicknamed as the ""Seleção" (The National Squad)", ""As Canarinhas" (The Female Canaries)" or ""Verde-Amarela" (Green-and-Yellow)".


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: Under the CBF requirements both men's and women's national teams are supplied by the same kit manufacturer. The current sponsorship deal is signed with Nike. Although, the details of the kit differ in style. The crest of the women's national team is produced without the five star accolades from previous men's World Cup titles. In honor of the burgeoning history of the women's team they will only attach star merits based on their own performances.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: "The Brazilian Football Confederation does not publish appearance statistics for its female players, so statistics here are unofficial."


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: The following players were called up for friendlies against and on 7 and 10 October 2022, respectively.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: The Algarve Cup is an invitational tournament for national teams in women's association football hosted by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). Held annually in the Algarve region of Portugal since 1994, it is one of the most prestigious and longest-running women's international football events and has been nicknamed the "Mini FIFA Women's World Cup".


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: The SheBelieves Cup is a global invitational tournament for national teams in women's football hosted in the United States.


title: Brazil women's national football team

text: The Tournament of Nations is a global invitational tournament for national teams in women's football hosted in the United States in non-World Cup and non-Olympic years.


title: Barbara Flynn

text: Barbara Flynn (born Barbara Joy McMurray, 5 August 1948) is an English actress. She first came to prominence playing Freda Ashton in the ITV drama series "A Family at War" (1970–1972). She went on to play the milk woman in the BBC comedy "Open All Hours" (1981–1985), Jill Swinburne in "The Beiderbecke Trilogy" (1985–1988), Dr. Rose Marie in the BBC series "A Very Peculiar Practice" (1986–1988), Judith Fitzgerald in the ITV drama "Cracker" (1993–1995), and Mrs. Jamieson in "Cranford" (2007–2009). In her own words, she tends to play "feisty, strong women".


title: Barbara Flynn

text: Flynn was born in St Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex. Her Irish father, Dr James McMurray, was a pathologist. Her mother was Joy (or Joyce) Crawford Hurst. Flynn attended St Mary's Convent School, Hastings. She then trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama (where she was awarded the Gold Medal in 1968) before appearing in repertory theatre.


title: Barbara Flynn

text: Flynn married television producer and science writer Jeremy Taylor in 1982. The couple had a son, born in 1990. Taylor died on 17 October 2017.


title: Barbara Flynn

text: In addition to her acting work, Flynn has provided voice-overs for numerous TV documentaries, including:


title: Barbara Flynn

text: Flynn appeared in the Birmingham Repertory Theatre production of "Pythagoras" in 1976. This was a new play by Danny Abse. In 2016 she appeared in the world premiere production of Elegy at the Donmar Warehouse.


title: Forsen

text: Hans Eli Sebastian Fors (born 16 December 1990), known by the pseudonym Forsen, is a Swedish Twitch streamer who initially gained popularity for having competed in "StarCraft II", but is best known for competing in "Hearthstone" and for streaming a variety of popular games. He is also known for his rowdy fanbase, who call themselves "Forsen Boys" or "Forsen Bajs" and have had a hand in popularizing a number of internet memes. Since December 2018, Forsen has had over one million followers on Twitch, and as of October 2022, has more than 1.6 million followers.


title: Forsen

text: In 2011, Forsen won first place in the E-Sport SM May Qualifier and was the runner-up in the E-Sport SM October Qualifier, earning a total of 3,500 Swedish krona ($382.50) and qualifying for the Swedish National Championships in "StarCraft II". In 2012, Forsen garnered attention by advancing to the final group stage of the 2012 DreamHack Stockholm "StarCraft II" tournament"."


title: Forsen

text: In "Hearthstone", Forsen won his first tournament in the May 2015 HTC Invitational, and won a Play it Cool streaming marathon in October 2015, achieving the highest rank among the competitors after 24 hours of play. In 2015, Forsen was one of the top four "Hearthstone" streamers, streaming to up to 45,000 viewers on his live stream on Twitch. He was once known as one of the game's most skilled experts at the Miracle Rogue deck, having piloted it to achieve the highest rank in the game's ladder system on both the North American and European servers in June 2014. In 2017, after spending much of his "Hearthstone" career as a free agent, Forsen signed with American esports organization Cloud9 as a streamer.


title: Forsen

text: Forsen's stream has been lauded as "genuinely... fun and entertaining" for its tightly-knit community and inside jokes, as well as for Forsen's tendency to stream "Lidl" games, a term coined by Forsen to describe games of low production value.


title: Forsen

text: In February 2018, Forsen captained his four-player team to first place in a $100,000 Twitch Rivals "PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds" (PUBG) Invitational tournament, winning $13,600. The following month, he also participated in the "Darwin Project" Invitational tournament, taking first place and winning US$20,000. In December 2018, he achieved a personal all-time high viewer count of 80,860.


title: Forsen

text: In late 2020, Forsen began a friendly rivalry with fellow streamer xQc, the pair competing to achieve the fastest time in a speedrun of "Minecraft". As of April 2021, Forsen has a personal best of 20:38, seven seconds faster than the 20:45 best time of xQc.


title: Forsen

text: On 26 November 2020, Forsen received an indefinite suspension from Twitch after he accidentally showed a GIF sent to him by a viewer displaying a sexually explicit interaction between a woman and a horse on stream. He was unbanned after a month.


title: Forsen

text: Forsen's stream community, known as the "Forsen Boys" or "Forsen Bajs", has gained notoriety of its own through its practice of stream sniping, especially in games like "PUBG". Stream snipers in Forsen's community are noted for locating Forsen in-game and playing loud music and audio through voice chat, and represent a point of appeal for Forsen's audience. In 2018, the "Darwin Project" Invitational tournament was disrupted by the infiltration of a match lobby by Samme1g, a stream sniper in Forsen's community.


title: Forsen

text: The community is also known for its practice of spamming, and its resulting popularization of internet memes and Twitch emotes. The spread of notable emotes such as "MonkaS" and "PepeHands" (images of Pepe the Frog) have been attributed to Forsen's community on Reddit. Their references to Ugandan action-comedy film "Who Killed Captain Alex?" have also helped popularise the Ugandan Knuckles meme. In January 2018, a warped image of Fors' face ("forsenE") became the most-used emote on Twitch worldwide.


title: Forsen

text: Forsen's moderation of the community has been described as "permissive" and ""laissez-faire"", and in 2015, he distanced himself from their actions and the "Forsen Boys" label. That year, streamer Katy Coe became the target of sexual harassment from members of Forsen's community, culminating in Forsen banning links to her channel after Coe posted to Reddit denouncing the behavior. In 2017, Forsen received a 24-hour ban from Twitch after members of his community spammed the n-word in the 2017 Awesome Games Done Quick chat room.


title: Superfecundation

text: Superfecundation is the fertilization of two or more ova from the same cycle by sperm from separate acts of sexual intercourse, which can lead to twin babies from two separate biological fathers. The term superfecundation is derived from fecund, meaning the ability to produce offspring. Homopaternal superfecundation is fertilization of two separate ova from the same father, leading to fraternal twins, while heteropaternal superfecundation is a form of atypical twinning where, genetically, the twins are half siblings – sharing the same mother, but with different fathers.


title: Superfecundation

text: Sperm cells can live inside a female's body for up to five days, and once ovulation occurs, the egg remains viable for 12–48 hours before it begins to disintegrate. Superfecundation most commonly happens within hours or days of the first instance of fertilization with ova released during the same cycle.


title: Superfecundation

text: Ovulation is normally suspended during pregnancy to prevent further ova becoming fertilized and to help increase the chances of a full-term pregnancy. However, if an ovum is atypically released after the female was already impregnated when previously ovulating, a chance of a second pregnancy occurs, albeit at a different stage of development. This is known as superfetation.


title: Superfecundation

text: Heteropaternal superfecundation is common in animals such as cats and dogs. Stray dogs can produce litters in which every puppy has a different sire. Though rare in humans, cases have been documented. In one study on humans, the frequency was 2.4% among dizygotic twins whose parents had been involved in paternity suits.


title: Superfecundation

text: In 1982, twins who were born with two different skin colors were discovered to be conceived as a result of heteropaternal superfecundation.


title: Superfecundation

text: In 1995, a young woman gave birth to diamniotic monochorionic twins, who were originally assumed to be monozygotic twins until a paternity suit led to a DNA test. This led to the discovery that the twins had different fathers.


title: Superfecundation

text: In 2001, a case of spontaneous monopaternal superfecundation was reported after a woman undergoing IVF treatments gave birth to quintuplets after only two embryos were implanted. Genetic testing supported that the twinning was not a result of the embryos splitting, and that all five boys shared the same father.


title: Superfecundation

text: In 2015, a judge in New Jersey ruled that a man should only pay child support for one of two twins, as the mother had sex with two different men within a week.


title: Superfecundation

text: In 2016, an IVF-implanted surrogate mother gave birth to two children: one genetically unrelated child from an implanted embryo, and a biological child from her own egg and her husband's sperm.


title: Superfecundation

text: In 2019, a Chinese woman was reported to have two babies from different fathers, one of whom was her husband and the other was a man having a secret affair with her during the same time.


title: Superfecundation

text: In 2022, a 19-year-old Brazilian from Mineiros gave birth to a twin from two different fathers with whom she had sex on the same day.


title: Jaipur International Airport

text: Jaipur International Airport is an international airport serving Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan. Jaipur International Airport has been declared as the 'World's Best Airport' in the category of 2 to 5 million passengers per annum for 2015 & 2016 by Airports Council International. Jaipur Airport is the 11th busiest airport in India in daily scheduled flight operations.


title: Jaipur International Airport

text: It is located in the southern suburb of Sanganer, which is located from Jaipur. The airport was granted the status of international airport on 29 December 2005. The airport's apron can accommodate 14 aircraft, and the new integrated terminal building can handle up to 1,000 passengers at peak hours.


title: Jaipur International Airport

text: The airport's runway is (9/27) and is long. Runway 9/27 became operational from 15 September 2016 to handle bigger aircraft like the Boeing 747 to take off and land from Jaipur Airport after the completion of the runway extension from to in order to handle Boeing 777s. The runway 9/27 is CAT-IIIB instrument landing system (ILS) compliant. This facilitates the landing of aircraft on a runway visibility range (RVR) of up to during fog. Earlier this was , benefiting airlines in terms of increased safety and avoiding diversions to other airports resulting in better operational and environmental efficiency. CAT III B became operational from 8 December 2016. A taxiway has been planned for Jaipur Airport, parallel to runway 9/27 to deal with its air traffic congestion. The work will be completed in the end of May 2018, after the completion the airport will be able to accommodate 16 flights in an hour.


title: Jaipur International Airport

text: The new domestic terminal building at the airport was inaugurated on 1 July 2009. The new terminal has an area of with facilities such as a central heating system, central air conditioning, an inline x-ray baggage inspection system integrated with the departure conveyor system, inclined arrival baggage claim carousels, escalators, a public address system, a flight information display system, CCTV for surveillance, airport check-in counters with Common Use Terminal Equipment (CUTE), car parking, etc. The domestic terminal building has a peak hour passenger handling capacity of 500 passengers and an annual handling capacity of 400,000. The entrance gate is made of sandstone and Dholpur stones along with Rajasthani paintings on the walls. The terminal is currently integrated to allow both international and domestic flights. To manage the hordes of VIP's who fly in and out of the Pink City, the airport has three VIP lounges to ensure that the visiting guests and commuters do not cause inconvenience to each other. Terminal 2 is spread over twenty three thousand meter square in area and has 14 airport check-in counters, six immigration counters, four customs counters, and four security counters that can easily accommodate the passenger traffic at the airport and provide them a hassle free experience.


title: Jaipur International Airport

text: Terminal 1 used to operate international flights until July 2012, when the airport authorities decided to shift the international flights to the newly built Terminal 2 to reserve Terminal 1 for cargo operations. After four years, in 2017, the airport administration began preparations to resume commercial flight operations in the old terminal due to increasing passenger load on Terminal 2. Presently, only Hajj and cargo flights are operated from Terminal 1. To shift the flights to Terminal 1, a part of the cargo operations will have to be shifted from there. Renovation work of Terminal 1 started in December 2017 and there are plans to make it operational by May 2019. Terminal 1 will be renovated in Rajasthani look. After the completion of renovation, Terminal 1 will be fully upgraded and expanded to 18,000 square meters and it will cater to only international departures and arrivals.


title: Jaipur International Airport

text: Beginning from 16 July 2012, Terminal 1 was closed to passenger traffic and was remodeled to handle solely cargo operations. The cargo terminal is adjacent to the old passenger terminal building and has an area of approximately . The cargo facility is being provided by Rajasthan Small Scale Industries, a public sector undertaking of Government of Rajasthan. To shift the flights to Terminal 1, a part of the cargo operations will have to be shifted there.


title: Jaipur International Airport

text: The current Terminal 2 will be expanded in a width of around 20 meters on each side. A new hall will be made in the departure area and 3 conveyor belts will be established in the arrival area with 2 new aerobridges to ease passenger movement. The work will be completed by May. The new departure area is spread in 2,700 square metres while the arrival area was constructed in an area of nearly 23,000 square feet.


title: Jaipur International Airport

text: A new integrated third terminal with amenities will come up in the following years, with an area seven times larger than Terminal 2, which will negate the need for passenger operations at previous Terminals 1 and 2.


title: Anne Spielberg

text: Anne Spielberg (born December 25, 1949) is an American screenwriter and producer, she is the younger sister of film director Steven Spielberg.


title: Anne Spielberg

text: After working for her brother's production company, Amblin Entertainment, Spielberg and her neighbor Gary Ross co-wrote the movie "Big" in 1988, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. She was also a co-producer on the film, along with noted television and film producer James L. Brooks. Spielberg was an uncredited co-writer of the film "Small Soldiers"; it was inspired by the combination of "Child's Play" (1988) and "Toy Story" (1995).


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals is a 2020 American contemporary science fantasy superhero action film directed by Anna Mastro with a screenplay co-written by Alex Litvak and Andrew Green, based on an original story by Litvak, Green, and Austin Winsberg. Zanne Devine, Mike Karz and Winsberg serve as producers. Peyton Elizabeth Lee, Niles Fitch, Isabella Blake-Thomas, Olivia Deeble, Noah Lomax, Faly Rakotohavana, Ashley Liao, Sam Page, Greg Bryk, Élodie Yung, and Skylar Astin star in the film. The film was produced in association with Disney Channel. The film generally received mixed reviews from critics, with some finding it to be a cliché Disney Channel original movie.


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: In the kingdom of Illyria, second-born royal Sam argues against the monarchy with her friend Mike by performing rock music on the streets. Her older sister, Eleanor, is to succeed their mother Catherine to the throne following the death of their father and uncle. While spending the night out with Mike, Sam suddenly begins to experience an over-stimulation of her senses while at an underground concert and gets herself and Mike arrested when she sets off the fire sprinklers. The next day, she is informed by Catherine that she is to take summer school to make up for missing her history test.


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: Sam attends summer school alongside eagerly friendly January, quiet and socially awkward Matteo, conceited and popular Tuma and social networking and pompous Roxana. Their teacher is Professor James Morrow who reveals that they are not there to take summer school, but instead are to be trained to join the Secret Society of Second-Born Royals, a group of superpowered individuals dedicated to protecting the world and serving the various monarchies. Morrow reveals that he has the ability to multiply himself and that Catherine is a member as well, shocking Sam. Catherine tells her that her sister Eleanor is to never know about the Society and Morrow immediately puts them to training.


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: Sam discovers that her heightened senses are the result of her powers awakening. Roxana learns that she can turn invisible, Tuma has mental persuasion, January can take other abilities temporarily and Matteo can control bugs. As they hone their powers, they become closer and begin opening up with Tuma admitting that his powers have resulted in him becoming conceited, Matteo feeling that he has a place where he belongs after feeling ignored, Roxana realizing that there is more beyond having numerous followers and January revealing that she has a twin brother who she feels pressured by due to him being seconds older than her. Meanwhile, a prisoner named Inmate 34 escapes and unleashes his telekinetic abilities.


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: After a failed simulation results in Sam missing a gig with Mike, she hangs out with her new friends to cheer her up and prepare for the upcoming coronation. Mike catches Sam hanging out with January and believes that she has abandoned him. Afterwards, Inmate 34 attacks the group and Sam gives chase when she hears him call her "Snowflake", a name only her father called her. A chase in the woods results in Morrow getting severely beaten, but January rescues Sam by taking Inmate 34's powers away. Morrow is hospitalized and Sam demands to see Inmate 34 from Catherine; discovering that he is in fact Edmond, her uncle. He reveals that he killed his brother because he wanted to take down the monarchy and have the people of Illyria be citizens rather than subjects. Sam begins to reevaluate her relationship with Eleanor when it becomes clear that she wants Sam to feel free.


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: The rest of the Society agree to be there for Sam at Eleanor's coronation. However, on the day, January is revealed to be in league with Edmond, who takes Tuma's powers and releases him. She wants Edmond to kill her brother so that she can take the throne to her kingdom. Matteo manages to send a bee to warn Sam and she recruits Mike, while also apologizing and revealing her secret. Sam and Mike manage to take out January and regroup with the rest of the Society to stop Edmond, who plans on using a device that will take out everyone with royal blood. The Society confront him and battle him before trapping him in an experimental miniaturized chamber. The coronation happens with no one aware of the events.


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: Sam, Matteo, Roxana and Tuma are inducted into the Society as Morrow recovers from his injuries. Catherine reveals the Society to Eleanor, who promises that her first order as queen will be to add parliament to their government. January has escaped and is now daring the Society to come and find her, and they leave by jet on their next mission.


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: In May 2019, it was reported that "Secret Society of Second-Born Royals" was in development for Disney+ with executive producers Austin Winsberg and Mike Karz, directed by Anna Mastro, and written by Alex Litvak and Andrew Green. By May, Zanne Devine and Juliana Janes signed on as executive producer and co-producer, respectively. The script is based on an original story by Litvak, Green, and Winsberg. Élodie Yung revealed on later that month that she had been cast in the film. The cast was later announced with Peyton Elizabeth Lee in the lead role. Greg Bryk will co-star as the film's primary antagonist.


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: Principal photography took place in Toronto, Ontario at University of Toronto from May 6 to June 29, 2019.


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: "Secret Society of Second-Born Royals" was released on September 25, 2020, exclusively on Disney+. It was previously scheduled to be released on Disney+ on July 17, 2020.


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on critic reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics consensus reads: ""Secret Society of Second-Born Royals" holds up just well enough to suffice as a streaming diversion -- which may be all its target demographic is looking for." Metacritic reports a score of 34 out of 100 based on seven critic reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: Brian Lowry of "CNN" complimented the humor of the film and the story, writing, "Disney actually has a promising teen-driven movie indebted to the X-Men franchise. [...] "Second-Born Royals" also has the potential to become an ongoing franchise, meaning it wouldn't be a surprise to see this society suit up again, the same way that "Descendants" or "High School Musical" did." Petrana Radulovic of "Polygon" found the movie fun and entertaining, praised the movie for depicting characters with distinct personalities and different superpowers, but said the film lacks an emotional core across the relationships of the characters, stating, ""Secret Society of Second-Born Royals"’ many relationships feel rushed, simply because they are so separated and spread out. The movie is a fun time, an exciting showcase of superpowers and high-stakes action, but it also could be so much more."


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: Molly Freeman of "Screen Rant" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, complimented the humor of the movie and the performances of the cast members, writing, ""Secret Society of Second-Born Royals" is pure family-friendly fun, combining princesses and superheroes for a delightful, if unoriginal, adventure. In the end, "Secret Society of Second-Born Royals" is fun for the whole family, with enough Disney magic to tide over fans of the Mouse House at a time when there's a dearth of new movies from the studio." Jennifer Green of "Common Sense Media" rated the movie 3 out of 5 stars, praised the presence of positive messages and models, saying, "The teens learn about teamwork, friendship, and the value of traditions -- and also about betrayal and people who are willing to kill for their own purposes. There are some positive messages here that could hit home with younger viewers, including teen characters needing to master their own insecurities and learning to care about other people and spend less time online." Sunayana Suresh of "The Times of India" gave the film a 2.5 out of 5 stars rating, complimented the premise and the performances of the actors, but found the movie lacks a thrilling narrative depiste having the potential to build a franchise.


title: Secret Society of Second-Born Royals

text: Brooke Bajgrowicz of "Mashable" called the movie an X-Men knockoff, saying that the characters are undeveloped and unlikable across the film, and stating the film does not have a budget high enough to provide compelling special effects, while criticizing the plot. Josh Bell of "CBR.com" called "Secret Society of Second-Born Royals" a knock-off version of the X-Men, saying the film recalls Disney Channel original movies due to its budget compared to high-budget superhero productions released in movie theaters, and claimed it would have worked better as a tv series in order to develop the characters sufficiently.


title: Malibu's Most Wanted

text: Malibu's Most Wanted is a 2003 American comedy film written by and starring Jamie Kennedy and co-starring Taye Diggs, Anthony Anderson, Blair Underwood, Regina Hall, Damien Dante Wayans, Ryan O'Neal, and Snoop Dogg. The film is written by the creators of "MADtv", Fax Bahr and Adam Small, who also serve as producers. The character of "B-Rad" (a spoof of Eminem's character "B-Rabbit" in the film "8 Mile") originally appeared in Jamie Kennedy's hidden-camera show "The Jamie Kennedy Experiment", but started in his stand-up routine when he was starting out; here, "B-Rad" is Brad, the son of Senator Bill Gluckman who is running for governor of California and fears his son is a distraction on the campaign trail, with Brad's aspirations of becoming a rapper and his glamorization of gang life. To that end, Gluckman hires two actors to stage an abduction to bring Brad to an inner city neighborhood where he will learn to behave himself.


title: Malibu's Most Wanted

text: The film centers on the family life of Bill Gluckman, a wealthy Jewish senator from Malibu, California who is running for the office of governor of California. His son Brad is a wannabe "Eminem", preferring to go by the nickname "B-Rad" despite leading a rich, sheltered life. As a result, members of Mr. Gluckman's political campaign become concerned that Brad's idiotic, outlandish behavior will ruin his father's chances at being elected.


title: Malibu's Most Wanted

text: The campaign team members hire two actors, Sean and PJ, who don't know any more about inner-city life than B-Rad, to act as gang members. They kidnap him, and take him to South Los Angeles, where PJ's cousin Shondra lives, and they hope B-Rad will be "scared white" after witnessing what inner city life is really like. The trio engages in mildly dangerous activities such as petty theft in order to convince B-Rad that he should return home.


title: Malibu's Most Wanted

text: The three involuntarily become mixed up between rival gangs, unfortunately crossing paths with the leader of one of the gangs, Tec, after bumping into him at a club, and who also happens to be Shondra’s ex. In the meantime, B-Rad develops feelings for Shondra, who at first is unimpressed and annoyed, but slowly begins to enjoy B-Rad's company, and eventually admire him for who he truly is.


title: Malibu's Most Wanted

text: B-Rad comes to find out that the entire excursion to head to South Central was a ruse in order for him to be scared out of his mannerisms, and soon takes matters into his own hands, turning the tables on his would-be captors. His recklessness leads to the trio becoming actually kidnapped by Tec and his crew, unbeknownst to B-Rad, who just assumes this is part of the act. Tec soon becomes impressed at intimidation tactics portrayed by B-Rad as a result of playing "Grand Theft Auto". Unfortunately, during a house party, B-Rad almost gets shot by Tec for a misunderstanding with Shondra (he accidentally shot himself in the foot, yet it barely grazed him due to his poor aim). When Bill Gluckman realizes that his son is in actual danger, he rushes over, and uses his trademark negotiating skills in order to ease the situation. In doing so, he realizes that he should just accept B-Rad for who he is, and decides that he will support his son unconditionally. The two reconcile, and when the family returns to Malibu, the film closes with Bill and B-Rad celebrating a Gluckman win in the governors' race.


title: Malibu's Most Wanted

text: The overarching themes that are discussed in Malibu's Most Wanted are both the exploitation of one culture by another, as well as the pressure to act within the norms of a given culture. Not only are these themes explored explicitly by the actions of B-Rad, but also by Sean and PJ. There is an expectation of how black people are portrayed in Hollywood that is explored in depth in the manner in which Sean and PJ practice acting "gangsta" in order to prove their blackness. In an interview conducted by Brian Balchack from Movieweb.com, Taye Diggs notes that "the interesting thing, being an African-American actor, is that we're constantly challenged with the duality of acting stereotypically “black,” and just acting. Matt Damon and Ben Affleck don't have to read for a role and ask themselves, ‘Okay, do they want me to say this word like this, or can I just be myself?' I know tons of black actors that didn't grow up in the ‘hood, and don't have their “gangster lingo” down, who take it to another level when they go in for a gangster role. I think that that's very interesting."


title: Python (mythology)

text: In Greek mythology, Python (; "gen". Πύθωνος) was the serpent, sometimes represented as a medieval-style dragon, living at the center of the earth, believed by the ancient Greeks to be at Delphi.


title: Python (mythology)

text: Python, sometimes written Pytho, presided at the Delphic oracle, which existed in the cult center for its mother, Gaia, "Earth", Pytho being the place name that was substituted for the earlier "Krisa". Greeks considered the site to be the center of the earth, represented by a stone, the "omphalos" or navel, which Python guarded.


title: Python (mythology)

text: Python became the chthonic enemy of the later Olympian deity Apollo, who slew it and took over Python's former home and oracle. These were the most famous and revered in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. Like many monsters, Python was known as Gaia's son and prophesied as Gaia's son.


title: Python (mythology)

text: There are various versions of Python's birth and death at the hands of Apollo. In the "Homeric Hymn to Apollo", now thought to have been composed in 522 BCE when the archaic period in Greek history was giving way to the Classical period, a small detail is provided regarding Apollo's combat with the serpent, in some sections identified as the deadly drakaina, or her parent.


title: Python (mythology)

text: The version related by Hyginus holds that when Zeus lay with the goddess Leto, and she became pregnant with Artemis and Apollo, Hera was jealous and sent Python to pursue Leto throughout the lands, to prevent her from giving birth to the twin gods. Thus, when Apollo was grown he wanted to avenge his mother's plight and pursued Python, making his way straight for Mount Parnassus where the serpent dwelled and chased it to the oracle of Gaia at Delphi; there he dared to penetrate the sacred precinct and kill it with his arrows beside the rock cleft where the priestess sat on her tripod. Robert Graves, who habitually read into primitive myths a retelling of archaic political and social turmoil, saw in this the capture by Hellenes of a pre-Hellenic shrine. "To placate local opinion at Delphi," he wrote in "The Greek Myths", "regular funeral games were instituted in honor of the dead hero Python, and her priestess was retained in office."


title: Python (mythology)

text: According to an epigram from 159 BC, it seems that Python in particular meant to rape Leto. Clearchus of Soli wrote that while Python was pursuing them, Leto stepped on a stone and, holding Apollo in her hands, cried ("híe paî", meaning "shoot, child") to him, who was holding a bow and arrows.


title: Python (mythology)

text: The politics are conjectural, but the myth reports that Zeus ordered Apollo to purify himself for the sacrilege and instituted the Pythian Games, over which Apollo was to preside, as penance for his act.


title: Python (mythology)

text: Erwin Rohde wrote that the Python was an earth spirit, who was conquered by Apollo, and buried under the "omphalos" and that it is a case of one god setting up his temple on the grave of another.


title: Python (mythology)

text: The priestess of the oracle at Delphi became known as the Pythia, after the place-name Pytho, which Greeks explained as named after the rotting (πύθειν) of the slain serpent's corpse in the strength of Hyperion (day) or Helios (the sun).


title: Python (mythology)

text: Karl Kerenyi notes that the older tales mentioned two dragons who were perhaps intentionally conflated. A female dragon named Delphyne (; cf. , "womb"), and a male serpent Typhon (; from , "to smoke"), the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy, who the narrators confused with Python. Python was the good daemon (ἀγαθὸς δαίμων) of the temple as it appears in Minoan religion, but she was represented as a dragon, as often happens in Northern European folklore as well as in the East.


title: Python (mythology)

text: This myth has been described as an allegory for the dispersal of the fogs and clouds of vapor that arise from ponds and marshes (Python) by the rays of the sun (the arrows of Apollo).


title: Mine (2016 film)

text: Mine is a 2016 psychological thriller war film written and directed by Fabio Guaglione and Fabio Resinaro, in their feature film directorial debuts. It stars Armie Hammer as a United States Marine who steps on a land mine during a botched mission and must remain still until help arrives. The film was released in the United States on April 7, 2017.


title: Mine (2016 film)

text: In North Africa, US Marine sniper Mike Stevens and his spotter Tommy Madison are on a secret mission to assassinate a dangerous terrorist leader attending a Bedouin wedding. Mike botches the assassination attempt, hesitating when the target's son steps in the way. Due to a glare off the sniper scope, Mike and Tommy are discovered by the enemy and attacked. However, a sandstorm forces the enemy to retreat, leaving Mike and Tommy behind. Seeking an immediate evacuation, the two are instructed to find their way to a village where they can be picked up once the sandstorm stops.


title: Mine (2016 film)

text: However, en route to the village, Tommy steps on a land mine which blows off his legs. Moments later, Mike steps on another land mine, but realizes he has done so and avoids stepping off it. Tommy, hoping to prevent Mike from giving him medical attention (and thereby injuring himself), commits suicide with his pistol.


title: Mine (2016 film)

text: Now alone, Mike contacts his superior via transmitter, who tells him that he will have to hold out for a few days before he can be rescued. Exposed to the harsh environment of the desert, he battles both the psychological and physical tolls of the treacherous situation he is trapped in, recalling memories or imagining appearances of Tommy, his girlfriend, his parents, and moments from when he was a young boy.


title: Mine (2016 film)

text: Mike is visited several times by a Berber, who long ago lost one of his legs as well as his only daughter to a land mine he had intended to take and sell to enemy soldiers. The Berber, who speaks some English, urges Mike to step off the mine and move forward with life. He insists that Mike is a lucky man, after surviving a night attack by desert dogs while simultaneously managing to keep his foot still on the same place.


title: Mine (2016 film)

text: Mike is later attacked by enemy insurgents, who had traced him to his current location, but is able to fight them off. Mike then reluctantly decides to accept the Berber's advice, having grown weary of his predicament. He steps off the mine, only for it not to explode. He digs and discovers that what he had assumed to be an explosive was actually just a tin can with a little toy soldier inside of it. He sets off a flare and is finally rescued. Back in the United States, he reunites with his girlfriend, to whom he finally proposes.


title: Mine (2016 film)

text: Armie Hammer joined the cast of the film on April 30, 2014. Guaglione was at first against Hammer's casting, because of his previous "charming" roles and once said to producer Peter Safran that "if [Armie Hammer] stars, the movie's dead". However, Safran convinced him by telling him of Hammer's collaborations with famous directors such as David Fincher, Clint Eastwood, and Guy Ritchie, and organizing a meeting with the actor. For the role of US Marine Tommy Madison, Guaglione and Resinaro considered over 50 American actors, including Rami Malek, Adam Brody and Chris Zylka, before choosing British actor Tom Cullen.


title: Mine (2016 film)

text: The movie was shot in Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands. The directors dedicated the film in memory of their location manager, Nikolai Semjevski (1975 - 2015).


title: Mine (2016 film)

text: "Mine" was released in Italy on 6 October 2016 by Eagle Pictures. It was released on April 7, 2017 in the United States by Well Go USA Entertainment, and in United Kingdom by Universal Pictures.


title: Mine (2016 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 17% based on 30 reviews, and an average rating of 3.99/10. Its critics consensus reads, "Exhausting when it should be thrilling, "Mine" squanders a committed performance by Armie Hammer with slack suspense and unfocused storytelling." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Mine (2016 film)

text: In Europe, the film received more positive reviews. According to aggregator Mymovies.it, Mine was rated 3.20 stars out of 5.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Knut Hamsun (4 August 1859 – 19 February 1952) was a Norwegian writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920. Hamsun's work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to consciousness, subject, perspective and environment. He published more than 20 novels, a collection of poetry, some short stories and plays, a travelogue, works of non-fiction and some essays.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Hamsun is considered to be "one of the most influential and innovative literary stylists of the past hundred years" ("ca." 1890–1990). He pioneered psychological literature with techniques of stream of consciousness and interior monologue, and influenced authors such as Thomas Mann, Franz Kafka, Maxim Gorky, Stefan Zweig, Henry Miller, Hermann Hesse, John Fante and Ernest Hemingway. Isaac Bashevis Singer called Hamsun "the father of the modern school of literature in his every aspect—his subjectiveness, his fragmentariness, his use of flashbacks, his lyricism. The whole modern school of fiction in the twentieth century stems from Hamsun". Since 1916, several of Hamsun's works have been adapted into motion pictures. On 4 August 2009, the Knut Hamsun Centre was opened in Hamarøy.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism. He argued that the main object of modernist literature should be the intricacies of the human mind, that writers should describe the "whisper of blood, and the pleading of bone marrow". Hamsun is considered the "leader of the Neo-Romantic revolt at the turn of the 20th century", with works such as "Hunger" (1890), "Mysteries" (1892), "Pan" (1894), and "Victoria" (1898). His later works—in particular his "Nordland novels"—were influenced by the Norwegian new realism, portraying everyday life in rural Norway and often employing local dialect, irony, and humour. Hamsun only published one poetry collection, "The Wild Choir", which has been set to music by several composers.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Hamsun had strong anti-English views, and openly supported Adolf Hitler and Nazi ideology. Due to his professed support for the German occupation of Norway, he was charged with treason after the war. He was not convicted, due to what was deemed psychological problems and issues with old age.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Knut Hamsun was born as Knud Pedersen in Lom in the Gudbrandsdal valley of Norway. He was the fourth son (of seven children) of Tora Olsdatter and Peder Pedersen. When he was three, the family moved to Hamsund, Hamarøy in Nordland. They were poor and an uncle had invited them to farm his land for him.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: At nine Knut was separated from his family and lived with his uncle Hans Olsen, who needed help with the post office he ran. Olsen used to beat and starve his nephew, and Hamsun later stated that his chronic nervous difficulties were due to the way his uncle treated him.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: In 1874 he finally escaped back to Lom; for the next five years he did any job for money; he was a store clerk, peddler, shoemaker's apprentice, sheriff's assistant, and an elementary-school teacher.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: At 17 he became a ropemaker's apprentice; at about the same time he started to write. He asked businessman Erasmus Zahl to give him significant monetary support, and Zahl agreed. Hamsun later used Zahl as a model for the character "Mack" appearing in his novels "Pan" (1894), "Dreamers" (1904), "Benoni" (1908) and "Rosa" (1908).


title: Knut Hamsun

text: He spent several years in America, traveling and working at various jobs, and published his impressions under the title "Fra det moderne Amerikas Aandsliv" (1889).


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Working all those odd jobs paid off, and he published his first book: "Den Gaadefulde: En Kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland" ("The Enigmatic Man: A Love Story from Northern Norway", 1877). It was inspired from the experiences and struggles he endured from his jobs.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: In his second novel "Bjørger" (1878), he attempted to imitate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's writing style of the Icelandic saga narrative. The melodramatic story follows a poet, Bjørger, and his love for Laura. This book was published under the pseudonym Knud Pedersen Hamsund. This book later served as the basis for "Victoria: En Kærligheds Historie" (1898; translated as "Victoria: A Love Story", 1923).


title: Knut Hamsun

text: As of 1898 Hamsun was among the contributors of "Ringeren", a political and cultural magazine established by Sigurd Ibsen.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Hamsun first received wide acclaim with his 1890 novel "Hunger" ("Sult"). The semiautobiographical work described a young writer's descent into near madness as a result of hunger and poverty in the Norwegian capital of Kristiania (modern name Oslo). To many, the novel presages the writings of Franz Kafka and other twentieth-century novelists with its internal monologue and bizarre logic.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: A theme to which Hamsun often returned is that of the perpetual wanderer, an itinerant stranger (often the narrator) who shows up and insinuates himself into the life of small rural communities. This wanderer theme is central to the novels "Mysteries", "Pan", "Under the Autumn Star", "The Last Joy", "Vagabonds", "Rosa", and others.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Hamsun's prose often contains rapturous depictions of the natural world, with intimate reflections on the Norwegian woodlands and coastline. For this reason, he has been linked with the spiritual movement known as pantheism ("No one knows God," he once wrote, "man knows


title: Knut Hamsun

text: only gods."). Hamsun saw mankind and nature united in a strong, sometimes mystical bond. This connection between the characters and their natural environment is exemplified in the novels "Pan", "A Wanderer Plays on Muted Strings", and the epic "Growth of the Soil", "his monumental work" credited with securing him the Nobel Prize in literature in 1920.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: During World War II, Hamsun put his support behind the German war effort. He courted and met with high-ranking Nazi officers, including Adolf Hitler. Nazi Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels wrote a long and enthusiastic diary entry concerning a private meeting with Hamsun; according to Goebbels Hamsun's "faith in German victory is unshakable". In 1940 Hamsun wrote that "the Germans are fighting for us". After Hitler's death, he published a short obituary in which he described him as "a warrior for mankind" and "a preacher of the gospel of justice for all nations."


title: Knut Hamsun

text: After the war, he was detained by police on 14 June 1945, for treason, then committed to a hospital in Grimstad ("Grimstad sykehus") "due to his advanced age", according to Einar Kringlen (a professor and medical doctor). In 1947 he was tried in Grimstad, and fined. Norway's supreme court reduced the fine from 575,000 to 325,000 Norwegian kroner.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: After the war, Hamsun's views on the Germans during the war were a serious grief for the Norwegians, and they tried to separate their world-famous writer from his Nazi beliefs. At the trial Hamsun had pleaded ignorance. Deeper explanations involve his contradictory personality, his distaste for "hoi polloi", his inferiority complex, a profound distress at the spread of indiscipline, antipathy toward the interwar democracy, and especially his anglophobia.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Knut Hamsun died on 19 February 1952, aged 92, in Grimstad. His ashes are buried in the garden of his home at Nørholm.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Thomas Mann described him as a "descendant of Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Friedrich Nietzsche." Arthur Koestler was a fan of his love stories. H. G. Wells praised "Markens Grøde" (1917) for which Hamsun was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Isaac Bashevis Singer was a fan of his modern subjectivism, use of flashbacks, his use of fragmentation, and his lyricism. A character in Charles Bukowski's book "Women" referred to him as the greatest writer who has ever lived.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: A fifteen-volume edition of Hamsun's complete works was published in 1954. In 2009, to mark the 150-year anniversary of his birth, a new 27-volume edition of his complete works was published, including short stories, poetry, plays, and articles not included in the 1954 edition. For this new edition, all of Hamsun's works underwent slight linguistic modifications in order to make them more accessible to contemporary Norwegian readers. Fresh English translations of two of his major works, "Growth of the Soil" and "Pan", were published in 1998.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Hamsun's works remain popular. In 2009, a Norwegian biographer stated, "We can’t help loving him, though we have hated him all these years ... That’s our Hamsun trauma. He’s a ghost that won’t stay in the grave."


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Three of Hamsun's homes (Hamsund gård in Hamarøy, Hamsunstugu in Garmo, and Nørholm in Grimstad) are open to the public as museums, in addition to the Knut Hamsun Centre in Hamarøy.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Along with August Strindberg, Henrik Ibsen, and Sigrid Undset, Hamsun formed a quartet of Scandinavian authors who became internationally known for their works. Hamsun pioneered psychological literature with techniques of stream of consciousness and interior monologue, as found in material by, for example, Joyce, Proust, Mansfield and Woolf.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: In 1898, Hamsun married Bergljot Göpfert (née Bech), who bore daughter Victoria, but the marriage ended in 1906. Hamsun then married Marie Andersen (1881-1969) in 1909 and she was his companion until the end of his life. They had four children: sons Tore and Arild and daughters Ellinor and Cecilia.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Marie wrote about her life with Hamsun in two memoirs. She was a promising actress when she met Hamsun but ended her career and traveled with him to Hamarøy. They bought a farm, the idea being "to earn their living as farmers, with his writing providing some additional income".


title: Knut Hamsun

text: After a few years they decided to move south, to Larvik. In 1918 they bought Nørholm, an old, somewhat dilapidated manor house between Lillesand and Grimstad. The main residence was restored and redecorated. Here Hamsun could occupy himself with writing undisturbed, although he often travelled to write in other cities and places (preferably in spartan housing).


title: Knut Hamsun

text: From his youth onward, Hamsun espoused anti-egalitarian and racist beliefs. In "The Cultural Life of Modern America" (1889), he expressed his firm opposition to miscegenation: "The Negros are and will remain Negros, a nascent human form from the tropics, rudimentary organs on the body of white society. Instead of founding an intellectual elite, America has established a mulatto studfarm."


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Hamsun wrote several newspaper articles in the course of the Second World War, including his notorious 1940 assertion that "the Germans are fighting for us, and now are crushing England's tyranny over us and all neutrals". In 1943, he sent Germany's minister of propaganda Joseph Goebbels his Nobel Prize medal as a gift. His biographer Thorkild Hansen interpreted this as part of the strategy to get an audience with Hitler. Hamsun was eventually invited to meet with Hitler; during the meeting, he complained about the German civilian administrator in Norway, Josef Terboven, and asked that imprisoned Norwegian citizens be released, enraging Hitler. Otto Dietrich describes the meeting in his memoirs as the only time that another person was able to get a word in edgeways with Hitler. He attributes the cause to Hamsun's deafness. Regardless, Dietrich notes that it took Hitler three days to get over his anger. Hamsun also on other occasions helped Norwegians who had been imprisoned for resistance activities and tried to influence German policies in Norway.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Nevertheless, a week after Hitler's death, Hamsun wrote a eulogy for him, saying “He was a warrior, a warrior for mankind, and a prophet of the gospel of justice for all nations.” Following the end of the war, angry crowds burned his books in public in major Norwegian cities and Hamsun was confined for several months in a psychiatric hospital.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Hamsun was forced to undergo a psychiatric examination, which concluded that he had "permanently impaired mental faculties," and on that basis the charges of treason were dropped. Instead, a civil liability case was raised against him, and in 1948 he had to pay a ruinous sum to the Norwegian government of 325,000 kroner ($65,000 or £16,250 at that time) for his alleged membership in Nasjonal Samling and for the moral support he gave to the Germans, but was cleared of any direct Nazi affiliation. Whether he was a member of Nasjonal Samling or not and whether his mental abilities were impaired is a much debated issue even today. Hamsun stated he was never a member of any political party. He wrote his last book "Paa giengrodde Stier" ("On Overgrown Paths") in 1949, a book many take as evidence of his functioning mental capabilities. In it, he harshly criticizes the psychiatrists and the judges and, in his own words, proves that he is not mentally ill.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: The Danish author Thorkild Hansen investigated the trial and wrote the book "The Hamsun Trial" (1978), which created a storm in Norway. Among other things Hansen stated: "If you want to meet idiots, go to Norway," as he felt that such treatment of the old Nobel Prize-winning author was outrageous. In 1996, Swedish filmmaker Jan Troell based the movie "Hamsun" on Hansen's book. In "Hamsun", Swedish actor Max von Sydow plays Knut Hamsun; his wife Marie is played by Danish actress Ghita Nørby.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Hamsun's writings have been the subject of numerous books and journal articles. Some of these writings explore the dialectic between Hamsun's literary works and his political and cultural leanings expressed in his non-fiction.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Prime among all of Hamsun's works adapted to film is Hunger, a 1966 film starring Per Oscarsson. It is still considered one of the top film adaptations of any Hamsun works. Hamsun's works have been the basis of 25 films and television mini-series adaptations, starting in 1916.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: The book "Mysteries" was the basis of a 1978 film of the same name (by the Dutch film company Sigma Pictures), directed by Paul de Lussanet, starring Sylvia Kristel, Rutger Hauer, Andrea Ferreol and Rita Tushingham.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: "The Telegraphist" is a Norwegian movie from 1993 directed by Erik Gustavson. It is based on the novel "Dreamers" ("Sværmere", also published in English as "Mothwise").


title: Knut Hamsun

text: "Pan" has been the basis of four films between 1922 and 1995. The latest adaptation, the Danish film of the same name, was directed by Henning Carlsen, who also directed the Danish, Norwegian and Swedish coproduction of the 1966 film "Sult" from Hamsun's novel of the same name.


title: Knut Hamsun

text: Remodernist filmmaker Jesse Richards has announced he is in preparations to direct an adaptation of Hamsun's short story "The Call of Life".


title: Knut Hamsun

text: A biopic entitled "Hamsun" was released in 1996, directed by Jan Troell, starring Max von Sydow as Hamsun.


title: Korey Wise

text: Korey Wise (born Kharey Wise, July 26, 1972) is an American activist who travels the United States advocating for criminal justice reform. Wise shares his stories of being wrongfully convicted in the Central Park jogger case (along with Raymond Santana Jr., Kevin Richardson, Antron McCray, and Yusef Salaam) for the attack on Trisha Meili, a 28-year-old woman who was jogging in Central Park, as well as attacks on eight other people on the night of April 19, 1989. Wise spent approximately 14 years incarcerated, maintaining his innocence from 1989 until he was exonerated in 2002.


title: Korey Wise

text: At 16 years old, Wise was the oldest of the so-called "Central Park Five", and was the only one of the five to serve all his time in the adult prison system. He was not a suspect in any of the crimes initially, and freely accompanied his friend to the police station. Once there, however, detectives decided to interrogate him about the rape of Meili, despite his name not originally being on the list of suspects.


title: Korey Wise

text: In 2015, Wise donated $190,000 to the University of Colorado Law School Innocence Project, which was renamed the Korey Wise Innocence Project.


title: Korey Wise

text: In 2019, the story was dramatized and released as a four-episode miniseries on Netflix entitled "When They See Us". Actor Jharrel Jerome won the 2019 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his portrayal of Wise.


title: Korey Wise

text: In July 2019, Wise purchased a condominium overlooking Central Park. He is the only one of the five who chose to continue to reside in New York City after his release. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Wise helped provide sustenance to senior residents in Harlem.


title: Bruce Robinson

text: Bruce Robinson (born 2 May 1946) is an English actor, director, screenwriter and novelist. He wrote and directed the cult classic "Withnail and I" (1987), a film with comic and tragic elements set in London in the late 1960s, which drew on his experiences as a struggling actor, living in poverty in Camden Town.


title: Bruce Robinson

text: Bruce Robinson was born in London. He grew up in Broadstairs, Kent, where he attended the Charles Dickens Secondary Modern School. His parents were Mabel Robinson and American lawyer Carl Casriel, who had a short-term relationship during World War II. His father was a Lithuanian Jew. As a child, Robinson was constantly brutally abused by his stepfather Rob (an ex RAF navigator and a wholesale newsagent), who knew the boy was not his son. He had an elder sister Elly, whom he asked to teach him some French.


title: Bruce Robinson

text: In his youth, Robinson aspired to be an actor and was admitted to the Central School of Speech and Drama in London. His first film role was as Benvolio in Franco Zeffirelli's film adaptation of "Romeo and Juliet" (1968). He then appeared in Ken Russell's "The Music Lovers" (1970), Barney Platts-Mills's "Private Road" (1971) and François Truffaut's "The Story of Adèle H." (1975). After spending several years out of work and living on social security payments, he became disenchanted and began writing screenplays. He was soon commissioned by David Puttnam to write the screenplay for Roland Joffé's "The Killing Fields" (1984). Robinson was nominated for an Academy Award and won a BAFTA for his work. In 1989, Robinson wrote again for Joffé on "Fat Man and Little Boy". He returned to acting briefly in 1998, taking a role in the film "Still Crazy".


title: Bruce Robinson

text: He is perhaps best known as the creative force behind the loosely autobiographical film "Withnail and I" (1987) which he based on his time as a struggling out-of-work actor. The character 'Withnail' is reportedly based on his friend, Vivian MacKerrell, the character 'I' (Marwood), on himself. Though unsuccessful at the box office, because of its success on video it has since been described as "one of Britain's biggest cult films". The film also launched the acting career of Richard E. Grant.


title: Bruce Robinson

text: Robinson's next two outings as a director ("How to Get Ahead in Advertising", teaming him again with Richard E. Grant and "Jennifer 8", a Hollywood thriller) were not as well received. Robinson became disillusioned with the restrictive film-making practices of Hollywood and stopped directing to concentrate solely on writing. He wrote the screenplays for the films "Return to Paradise" (1998) and "In Dreams" (1999), but both were altered drastically by their producers, leaving Robinson once again disappointed.


title: Bruce Robinson

text: Robinson eventually returned to directing with an adaptation of Hunter S. Thompson's novel "The Rum Diary", with the main role performed by Johnny Depp. With Aaron Eckhart and Richard Jenkins also on board, filming started on 25 March 2009 in Puerto Rico. It was released in 2011. In 2012, Robinson's comic novella "Paranoia in the Launderette" was substantially filled out and adapted for the screen as "A Fantastic Fear of Everything" starring Simon Pegg. Robinson has completed a screenplay for his novel "The Peculiar Memories of Thomas Penman" and a book on Jack the Ripper, titled "They All Love Jack", in which he names the real culprit as Michael Maybrick, otherwise best known as a composer of songs such as "The Holy City" and brother of another Ripper suspect, James Maybrick.


title: Bruce Robinson

text: Robinson is also a successful author. His first published work was the semi-autobiographical novel "The Peculiar Memories of Thomas Penman" in 1998, based on his own childhood growing up in Broadstairs, Kent. In 2000, "Smoking in Bed: Conversations with Bruce Robinson", edited by Alistair Owen, was published, made up of a selection of interviews given by Robinson. Meanwhile, since becoming a father, Robinson has also written two children's books, "The Obvious Elephant" (2000) and "Harold and the Duck" (2005), both illustrated by his wife. The former is also available as an audiobook edition (2003), read by Lorelei King and Michael Maloney.


title: Bruce Robinson

text: He spent about 15 years collecting and researching the materials on the mystery of Jack the Ripper, which later became his book "They All Love Jack: Busting the Ripper" (2015).


title: Bruce Robinson

text: Robinson married the artist Sophie Windham in 1984, and they reside in England. They have a daughter Lily and a son Willoughby.


title: Bruce Robinson

text: Robinson claimed to have been the target of unwanted sexual advances by Franco Zeffirelli during the filming of "Romeo and Juliet", in which Robinson played Benvolio. Robinson says that he later based the lecherous character of Uncle Monty in the film "Withnail and I" on Zeffirelli.


title: Kadaknath

text: Kadaknath, also called Kali Masi ("fowl having black flesh"), is an Indian breed of chicken. They originated from Dhar and Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh. These birds are mostly bred by the rural and tribals. There are three varieties: jet black, golden and pencilled. The meat from this breed has a geographical indication (GI Tag) tag that was approved by the Indian government on 30 July 2018.


title: Kadaknath

text: The Kadaknath is popular for its adaptability and its grey-black meat, which is believed to infuse vigour. Its colour is caused by melanin. The breed is considered to have originated from the Kathiwar Alirajapur jungles in Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh.


title: Kadaknath

text: The roosters weigh and the hens . Kadaknath hens' eggs are brown with a slightly pink tint; they are poor setters and rarely hatch their own brood. Eggs weigh an average of .


title: Kadaknath

text: Kadaknath birds are grey-black all over and have gold plumage with greenish iridescence. The greyish black colour is present in the legs and toenails, beak, tongue, comb and wattles; even the meat, bones and organs have grey colouration.


title: Kadaknath

text: Due to the relatively high consumption of the breed, its numbers have sharply declined throughout the years. To save the breed from extinction, the state government started a Kadaknath poultry breeding program involving 500 families who are below the poverty line, who were to receive financial support and assistance.


title: Kadaknath

text: Because of the limited availability and increased popularity of the breed since the mid-2000s, there have been multiple types of scams in which both poultry farmers and consumers have been swindled.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, the fifth prime minister of Israel, took place on 4 November 1995 (12 Marcheshvan 5756 on the Hebrew calendar) at 21:30, at the end of a rally in support of the Oslo Accords at the Kings of Israel Square in Tel Aviv. The assassin, an Israeli ultranationalist named Yigal Amir, radically opposed Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin's peace initiative, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: The assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was the culmination of an anti-violence rally in support of the Oslo peace process. Rabin was disparaged personally by right-wing conservatives and Likud leaders who perceived the peace process as an attempt to forfeit the occupied territories and a capitulation to Israel's enemies.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: National religious conservatives and Likud party leaders believed that withdrawing from any "Jewish" land was heresy. The Likud leader and future prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, accused Rabin's government of being "removed from Jewish tradition [...] and Jewish values". Right-wing rabbis associated with the settlers' movement prohibited territorial concessions to the Palestinians and forbade soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces from evacuating Jewish settlers under the accords. Some rabbis proclaimed "din rodef", based on a traditional Jewish law of self-defense, against Rabin personally, arguing that the Oslo Accords would endanger Jewish lives.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: Rallies organized by Likud and other right-wing groups featured depictions of Rabin in a Nazi SS uniform, or in the crosshairs of a gun. Protesters compared the Labor party to the Nazis and Rabin to Adolf Hitler and chanted, "Rabin is a murderer" and "Rabin is a traitor". In July 1995, Netanyahu led a mock funeral procession featuring a coffin and hangman's noose at an anti-Rabin rally where protesters chanted, "Death to Rabin". The chief of internal security, Carmi Gillon, then alerted Netanyahu of a plot on Rabin's life and asked him to moderate the protests' rhetoric, which Netanyahu declined to do. Netanyahu denied any intention to incite violence.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: Rabin dismissed such protests or labeled them "chutzpah". According to Gillon, Rabin refused his requests to wear a bulletproof vest and preferred not to use the armored car purchased for him. Left-wing supporters organized pro-peace rallies in support of the Oslo Accords. It was after one such gathering in Tel Aviv that the assassination took place.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: The assassin was Yigal Amir, a 25-year-old former Hesder student and far-right law student at Bar-Ilan University. Amir had strenuously opposed Rabin's peace initiative, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords, because he felt that an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank would deny Jews their "biblical heritage which they had reclaimed by establishing settlements". Amir had come to believe that Rabin was a "rodef", meaning a "pursuer" who endangered Jewish lives. The concept of "din rodef" ("law of the pursuer") is a part of traditional Jewish law. Amir believed he would be justified under "din rodef" in removing Rabin as a threat to Jews in the territories.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: In the Israeli settlements, pamphlets debating the validity of applying "din rodef" and "din moser" ("law of the informer") to Rabin and the Oslo Accords were distributed at synagogues. Both carried a death sentence according to traditional Halakhic law. There was disagreement among religious Zionists as to whether Amir ever secured authorization from a rabbi to carry out the assassination of Rabin. His father later said that in the months before the assassination, Amir repeatedly "said that the prime minister should be killed because a "din rodef" was issued against him". During his later trial, Amir stated: "I acted according to "din rodef". ... It was not a personal act, I just wanted [Rabin] to be removed from his position".


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: For his radical activities, Yigal Amir had been brought under attention by the Israeli internal security service (Shin Bet), but the organization only had information on Amir's attempt on creating an anti-Arab militia, not on comments regarding assassinating Rabin, which he openly stated to a number of people. Another incident describing Amir's comments to a fellow student about stating the vidui prior to an earlier, aborted attempt on his life was ignored by the organization as "non-credible". The source refused to name Amir by name but instead described him as a "short Yemeni guy with curly hair".


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: In response to the intense street protests by right-wing opponents of the Oslo peace process, a coalition of left-wing parties and peace groups organized a rally in support of the peace process in Tel Aviv's Kings Square on 4 November 1995. Rabin attended the rally, along with others such as Minister of Foreign Affairs Shimon Peres. The rally attracted a crowd in excess of 100,000 people. In his remarks at the rally, Rabin declared, "I always believed that most of the people want peace and are ready to take a risk for it".


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: After the rally, Rabin walked down the city hall steps towards his car. As he entered the car, Amir approached the car from the rear and fired two shots at Rabin with a Beretta 84F semi-automatic pistol. Rabin was hit in the abdomen and chest. Amir was immediately subdued by Rabin's bodyguards and police on the scene, and fired a third shot at bodyguard Yoram Rubin during the struggle, lightly wounding him. Amir was arrested on the scene with the murder weapon. He was taken to a police station a few blocks away.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: Yoram Rubin attempted to get Rabin in the car but Rabin's body was "limp and heavy". Another of Rabin's bodyguards, Shai Glaser, helped put Rabin in the backseat of the car. The driver, Menachem Damati, was ordered to proceed to Ichilov Hospital at the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, a short drive away. Damati became disoriented by the hysteria of the shooting and the crowds that lined the streets, and as a result lost his bearing. Rabin, who was bleeding heavily, was initially conscious and said that he thought he'd been hurt but not too badly before passing out. Damati drove frantically trying to find the hospital, running red lights and swerving to avoid pedestrians. When he spotted a police officer, Pinchas Terem, he ordered him to get in the vehicle and direct him to the hospital. Two minutes later at 9:52 PM, some ten minutes after the shooting, the car arrived at Ichilov Hospital.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: At this time, Rabin was not breathing and had no pulse. Doctors performed an initial examination, attached Rabin to an IV, and drained the air that had seeped into his right chest cavity with a tube inserted into his ribcage. After the air was drained from Rabin's chest, his pulse reappeared. He then underwent surgery. Meanwhile, cabinet ministers, military officers, security officials, and family members of Rabin arrived at the hospital, as did Rabin's Chief of Staff Eitan Haber. After Israeli media reported the shooting, a crowd of spectators and journalists began to gather in front of the hospital. At one point, the doctors managed to briefly stabilize his vital signs, and after being informed, Haber told a high-ranking Defense Ministry official to begin preparations for setting up a makeshift office at the hospital with telephones and fax lines to enable Rabin to continue his work as Prime Minister while recuperating. However, Rabin's condition rapidly deteriorated again. After his heart stopped, a surgeon carried out a cardiac massage in a last-ditch attempt to save him. At 11:02 PM, one hour and thirty-two minutes after the shooting, doctors gave up their efforts to revive Rabin and pronounced him dead.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: At 11:15 PM, Eitan Haber walked out of the hospital to face the television cameras outside and announced Rabin's death to the media:


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: The government of Israel announces in consternation, in great sadness, and in deep sorrow, the death of prime minister and minister of defense Yitzhak Rabin, who was murdered by an assassin, tonight in Tel Aviv. The government shall convene in one hour for a mourning session in Tel Aviv. Blessed be his memory.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: In Rabin's pocket was a blood-stained sheet of paper with the lyrics to the well-known Israeli song "Shir LaShalom" ("Song for Peace"), which was sung at the rally and dwells on the impossibility of bringing a dead person back to life and, therefore, the need for peace.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: Shortly after Rabin's death, an emergency meeting of the Israeli cabinet was held during which Shimon Peres, then serving as Foreign Minister, was appointed acting Prime Minister.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: About three hours after Rabin's death, Dr. Yehuda Hiss, the Israeli government's chief pathologist, arrived at Ichilov Hospital to conduct an autopsy together with two assistants, including a photographer. The autopsy found that one bullet had entered Rabin's lower back, ruptured his spleen, and punctured his left lung, while the other pierced his back below the collarbone, smashed through his ribcage, and pierced his right lung. Hiss concluded that Rabin had died of massive blood loss and the collapse of both of his lungs, and that his chances of surviving the shooting had been extremely low. A subsequent brain scan found an embolism in one of Rabin's cerebral arteries, a large pocket of air which had entered his bloodstream in the lungs and traveled to the brain, restricting the flow of blood and oxygen. This blockage had hindered the resuscitation effort.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: Amir was interrogated by Chief Superintendent Motti Naftali. He made a full confession and after being told that Rabin had died, Amir expressed joy and asked to be brought Schnapps to make a celebratory toast. Police officers and Shin Bet agents subsequently raided the Amir family home in Herzliya, where they arrested Amir's brother Hagai, whom he had implicated as an accomplice during his interrogation.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: The funeral of Rabin took place on November 6, two days after the assassination, at the Mount Herzl cemetery in Jerusalem, where Rabin was later buried. Hundreds of world leaders, including about 80 heads of state, attended the funeral. President of the United States Bill Clinton, King Hussein of Jordan, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, Spanish Prime Minister and European Council President-in-Office Felipe González, Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien, acting Israeli Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres, United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, President of the Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou Nguesso, and President of Israel Ezer Weizman were among those present.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: Yigal Amir was tried for Rabin's murder, while his brother Hagai Amir and Dror Adani, who were his accomplices in the murder, were tried for conspiracy to murder Rabin. Yigal Amir was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for Rabin's murder and an additional six years for injuring Yoram Rubin. While in Israel it is customary for the President to reduce a life sentence to a set period, usually 20–30 years, with a possibility for further reduction for good behavior, Amir's sentence was not reduced. In 2001, the Knesset later passed the Yigal Amir Law, which prohibits a parole board from recommending a pardon or reduction in a sentence for the assassin of a Prime Minister. Adani was sentenced to seven years imprisonment, while Hagai Amir was sentenced to 12 years in prison, increased to 16 years upon appeal, and later received an additional year in prison for threatening to kill Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. Adani was released in 2002 and Hagai Amir in 2012. Yigal Amir remains incarcerated.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: After the murder, it was revealed that Avishai Raviv, a well known right-wing extremist at the time, was in fact a Shin Bet agent-informer code-named Champagne. Raviv was later acquitted in court of charges that he failed to prevent the assassination. The court ruled there was no evidence that Raviv knew assassin Yigal Amir was plotting to kill Rabin.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: Rabin's assassination was a shock to the Israeli public. Rallies and memorials took place near Kings of Israel Square—later renamed Rabin Square in his honor—as well as near Rabin's home, the Knesset building, and the home of the assassin. Many other streets and public buildings within Israel and internationally were named for Rabin as well.


title: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: The assassination has been described as emblematic of a "kulturkampf" ("cultural struggle") between religious right-wing and secular left-wing forces within Israel. Ilan Peleg of the Middle East Institute has described Rabin's assassination as "reflecting a deep cultural divide within Israel's body politic [...] intimately connected with the peace process" which illustrates both increased polarization and political conflict in the country.