title: Yield (album)

text: For its fifth album, Pearl Jam again worked with producer Brendan O'Brien, whom the band had worked with on its previous three records. "Yield" was recorded throughout 1997 in Seattle, Washington at Studio X and Studio Litho, the latter of which is owned by guitarist Stone Gossard. The album was then mixed by O'Brien at his mixing facility at Southern Tracks in Atlanta, Georgia. The album would be the last collaboration with O'Brien for several years, until he was brought on board in 2008 to remix the band's debut album "Ten" and produce 2009's "Backspacer."


title: Yield (album)

text: Compared with "Vitalogy" and "No Code", "Yield" represented more of a team effort among all members of the group. Lead vocalist Eddie Vedder had made the final decisions for "Vitalogy" and "No Code"; however, at the end of the "No Code" recording sessions, Vedder suggested to bassist Jeff Ament that it would be better for the other members to write and bring in more complete songs so Vedder would be under less pressure to finish the songs. Ament said that "everybody took that to heart," and O'Brien added that most of the songs came to the studio finished. Ament also said that Vedder's reaction to the rest of the band's new material kept "everybody energized about their place in the band." Vedder worked with the other band members on their own material before work was started on his. Guitarist Mike McCready noticed a change in Vedder's attitude during the recording of "Yield", stating, "I used to be afraid of him and not want to confront him on things ... We talk more now, and hang out ... He seems very, very centered now."


title: Yield (album)

text: Vedder said that the band was able to "team up" and have a "partnership" while the album was being recorded. The band spent a large amount of time rehearsing the songs to get the best takes possible. Gossard commented that there was more "contouring" and "honing" of demo material than on previous records. Regarding the recording sessions, drummer Jack Irons said, "We didn't put any time limit on it. It was like, 'When this record's done, we call it a record.' We took out time to come up with ideal sounds and feel for every song, so that each had its own identity. We would cut a track and go back and listen to it and openly discuss it." Ament stated that ""Yield" was a superfun record to make. And so much of it was Ed kind of sitting back." He added that "everybody really got a little bit of their say on the record...because of that, everybody feels like they're an integral part of the band." The band discussed the album's production on the documentary "Single Video Theory".


title: Yield (album)

text: In a June 1997 interview, Vedder said the band had "just about finished" recording the album. However, Gossard would spend the next period of time focusing on his side project Brad, who had just released their second Epic Records album "Interiors" late that same month. No work on "Yield" occurred during July 1997, with the band commencing recording in August. In October 1997, it was confirmed that the album was completed, with a rumored Christmas release date.


title: Yield (album)

text: Overall, "Yield" resembles the straightforward rock approach of the band's early work. Gossard said "The songs were a little bit more structured. I don't know if it was poppier, but it seemed more professional." O'Brien noted that during the "Yield" sessions, the band made a conscious effort to create more accessible songs. Tom Sinclair of "Entertainment Weekly" stated that the band has "turned in an intermittently affecting album that veers between fiery garage rock and rootsy, acoustic-based ruminations. Perhaps mindful of their position as the last alt-rock ambassadors with any degree of clout, they've come up with their most cohesive album since their 1991 debut, "Ten"." "Given to Fly", the album's first single, was noted for its similarity to Led Zeppelin's "Going to California" from the 1971 album, "Led Zeppelin IV".


title: Yield (album)

text: Lyrically, "Yield" continued with the more contemplative type of writing found on "No Code". Vedder said that while "in the past we got really angry and we cried out against many things in our songs," he considered that when "you become an adult you have to express your energy in a different way, more calm." This led to songs that, while not eschewing "the bad side of life", ended up "facing it from a more positive point of view, looking for a way to solve it. In the past we said: what a shit, this stinks, that sucks, everything sucks... Now it's time to say: stop, let's look for a solution, let's be positive." Several songs on the album were inspired by literary works, including Mikhail Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" ("Pilate"), Daniel Quinn's novel "Ishmael" ("Do the Evolution"), and the writings of Charles Bukowski ("In Hiding"). Gossard wrote the lyrics for the songs "No Way" and "All Those Yesterdays", and Ament, making his first lyrical contributions to a Pearl Jam album, wrote the lyrics for "Pilate" and "Low Light". Ament said, "[to] watch Eddie put his heart into singing lyrics that I wrote was an experience I can't put into words."


title: Yield (album)

text: Gossard said "No Way" expresses the idea that people just need to live "and quit trying to prove something". According to Vedder, "Given to Fly" is about "rising above anybody's comments about what you do and still giving your love away", "Do the Evolution" is about "someone who's drunk with technology, who thinks they're the controlling living being on this planet", "MFC" takes place in a car and is about "getting the fuck out of a problem", and "In Hiding" is about "taking a fast from life". Ament said that "Pilate" concerned a question he was asking himself, dealing with a recurring dream Ament had with being old sitting with his dog on the porch, while "Low Light" was the answer, and that it deals with "a kind of gratefulness at finding that place of calm and peace at my center and getting a glimpse of the person I could choose to be."


title: Yield (album)

text: 18 songs were recorded during the "Yield" sessions, with 14 (including a hidden track) appearing on the final album. The songs "Leatherman" and "U" were released as B-sides, "Happy When I'm Crying" appeared on the band's 1997 Christmas single, and "The Whale Song" was used for a 1999 compilation titled "Music for Our Mother Ocean 3".


title: Yield (album)

text: The album's cover art shows an empty road underneath a bright blue sky with a yield sign on the right-hand side of the road. The front cover art image was taken from a photograph of Montana Highway 200 between Lincoln and Great Falls, Montana, while the inside cover depicts the yield sign in the middle of the ocean. The cover of the cassette version mirrored the image. A yield sign is hidden in every picture of the liner notes booklet. At the 1999 Grammy Awards, "Yield" received a nomination for Best Recording Package. Ament said that the cover came from the idea on "how cool to have a yield sign where there's nothing to yield to", and the place was a road on the way to his Montana home which he considered perfect for the photo.


title: Yield (album)

text: The album title is rooted in the idea of "yielding to nature", a theme central to Daniel Quinn's novel "Ishmael". The band members read the book while working on the album. Regarding the title, McCready said, "I think the title "Yield" has to do with maybe being more comfortable within ourselves, with this band...we're all a little bit older and a little more relaxed and maybe just kind of yielding to those anxieties and not trying to fight it so much...That's what it kind of feels to me – yielding, letting something else happen and going with it." Vedder said, "Let's say that hypothetically speaking, the title does mean something...You can fight so much, and then you have to think, 'What are the real battles?' 'What's really important?' You get to a certain point, and it's really hard to remember what music is and to remember what drives you."


title: Yield (album)

text: The indie rock band BOAT parodied the album's cover art, among several others, on its 2011 release "Dress Like Your Idols".


title: Yield (album)

text: "Yield" was released on February 3, 1998, on CD, vinyl, cassette and MiniDisc. Epic promoted the album more than "No Code", with marketing vice-president Steve Barnett claiming it was the first time since debut album "Ten" that the label "had the lead time to do the job right". The album leaked on the internet in December 1997 as Syracuse, New York radio station WKRL-FM played an advance copy of the record, leading fans who taped the broadcast to release the tracks online. Two singles were released from "Yield". The lead single "Given to Fly" entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 21, reached number three on the Modern Rock charts, and spent a total of six weeks at number one on the Mainstream Rock charts. The album's other commercially released single, "Wishlist", charted on the Hot 100 at number 47. Album tracks "In Hiding" and "Do the Evolution" also charted on the rock charts. The band hired comic book artist Todd McFarlane to create an animated video for "Do the Evolution". It was the band's first music video since 1992. At the 1999 Grammy Awards, "Do the Evolution" received a nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance and its music video received a nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form.


title: Yield (album)

text: "Yield" sold 358,000<nowiki> </nowiki>copies during its first week of release, and debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 album chart. It was held off the top spot by the "Titanic" soundtrack. "Yield" became Pearl Jam's first album not to peak at number one on the "Billboard" charts since "Ten" in 1991. However, "Yield" has been certified platinum by the RIAA, and eventually outsold its predecessor "No Code" with 1.9 million<nowiki> </nowiki>copies in the United States as of 2008 according to Nielsen SoundScan.


title: Yield (album)

text: "Yield" received generally favourable reviews from music critics. "Rolling Stone" staff writer Rob Sheffield wrote that while "before, the band's best songs were the change-of-pace ballads", "Yield" "marks the first time Pearl Jam have managed to sustain that mood for a whole album." He added that "Vedder is singing more frankly than ever about his life as an adult," and that the album "shows that Pearl Jam have made the most out of growing up in public." "Spin"s RJ Smith said that Pearl Jam had "come back with an album full of gracefully ambivalent anthems. All commodities should be this unstable, and have this much blood pumping through them." In his review for "The Village Voice", critic Robert Christgau said, "Like nobody less than Nirvana... they voice the arena-rock agon more vulnerably and articulately than any Englishman standing. Rarely if ever has a Jesus complex seemed so modest." Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" stated that the band "applies its introspection to spiritual possibilities and its guitars to chomping, snarling, exuberant riffs." He said "the songs sound bolder and more confident, even when they invoke private crises." Tom Sinclair of "Entertainment Weekly" said that "the overall tone is less pretentious than in the past, reflecting a looser, even marginally whimsical, worldview." Holly Bailey of "Pitchfork" called it "the most lyrically powerful album Pearl Jam have ever produced", and stated that ""Yield" proves that Pearl Jam, and even rock music, is still alive and kicking." Edna Gundersen of "USA Today" found that the album reasserts Pearl Jam as "the only grunge force to outlive that genre, expand musical boundaries and still embody the original spirit of rock 'n' roll". "NME"s Simon Williams praised its musical diversity, remarking that the band "stomp across their bluesy roots, careering through various styles and pop-mongous strops."


title: Yield (album)

text: However, AllMusic staff writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine was more critical, finding that the division of "Yield" "into rock and ballad sides" only "emphasizes the relative lack of exceptional material". Writing for "Select" in March 1998, Eddy Lawrence concluded that "Yield" is an abandonment of the "anthemic qualities" present in Pearl Jam's previous work, claiming, in relation to the band's grunge roots, that the album "makes you realise how '60s fans felt watching the first generation of rock heroes die". He went on to state that ""Yield"'s retroisms represent no leap forward for the band as a whole, and the oft-times mildly diverting tunes are, ironically, less challenging than their strong-willed early output."


title: Yield (album)

text: Pearl Jam promoted the album with tours in Oceania and North America in 1998. Both were met with financial success, and the Australian shows in Melbourne sold out in just 17 minutes. After finishing the Australian concerts, Irons left the band due to dissatisfaction with touring. Pearl Jam's sound engineer Brett Eliason stated, "We went and did Hawaii and Australia with Jack. When we came back, Jack wasn't in a position to carry on. He made that decision more or less by himself. He can be a really great drummer but he had difficulty on tour putting out the energy for the length of shows they were doing. I don't know if he thought they'd put things on hold for him." He was replaced on an initially temporary basis with former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron. Cameron said, "I got a phone call out of the blue, from Mr. Ed Ved, Stoney and Kelly. I was ambushed. It was really short notice. He called and said 'hey what are you doing this summer?'" Cameron learned over 80 songs in two weeks. Regarding his entrance, Cameron stated that "The guys made me feel real welcome and it wasn't a struggle to get it musically, but my style was a little bit different, I think, than what they were used to. And they've been through so many different drummers, I don't even know if they knew what they wanted. So, I just kind of played the way I played and then eventually we kind of figured out what worked best for the band."


title: Yield (album)

text: Pearl Jam's summer tour of North America marked the band's return to full-scale touring and the use of Ticketmaster, to which the band had previously protested. Pearl Jam once again began using it in order to "better accommodate concertgoers". The band still kept Ticketmaster venues at a minimum, stadiums in particular as manager Kelly Curtis joked that unlike U2, "the band doesn't have a lemon". The first leg of the tour focused on the West Coast of the United States and the Midwest, and then the band moved to the East Coast for the tour's second leg. and after it was completed the band released its first live album, "Live on Two Legs", which featured select performances from the tour. McCready stated that the band released the live album due to the strength of Pearl Jam's shows on the tour.


title: Yield (album)

text: On October 20, 2014, at the BMO Harris Bradley Center in Milwaukee, during the Lightning Bolt Tour, Pearl Jam played the entire album in order as part of their set.


title: Yield (album)

text: I Contains a sample of "Happy When I'm Crying", a song written by Irons and released on Pearl Jam's 1997 fan club Christmas single.


title: Yield (album)

text: The album's singles featured two B-sides from the "Yield" recording sessions that were not included on the album: "Leatherman", about the eponymous 19th century vagabond was a B-side on the "Given to Fly" single, and "U" was featured on the "Wishlist" single, being later re-recorded for the 2003 "Lost Dogs" collection of rarities. "Whale Song", sung by Irons, was also recorded during the "Yield" sessions and was eventually included on the 1999 "Music for Our Mother Ocean, Vol. 3" compilation as well as "Lost Dogs". "Happy When I'm Crying" was recorded around this time and was released on the band's 1997 fan club Christmas single.


title: Excipient

text: An excipient is a substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of a medication, included for the purpose of long-term stabilization, bulking up solid formulations that contain potent active ingredients in small amounts (thus often referred to as "bulking agents", "fillers", or "diluents"), or to confer a therapeutic enhancement on the active ingredient in the final dosage form, such as facilitating drug absorption, reducing viscosity, or enhancing solubility. Excipients can also be useful in the manufacturing process, to aid in the handling of the active substance concerns such as by facilitating powder flowability or non-stick properties, in addition to aiding "in vitro" stability such as prevention of denaturation or aggregation over the expected shelf life. The selection of appropriate excipients also depends upon the route of administration and the dosage form, as well as the active ingredient and other factors. A comprehensive classification system based on structure-property-application relationships has been proposed for excipients used in parenteral medications.


title: Excipient

text: Pharmaceutical regulations and standards require that all ingredients in drugs, as well as their chemical decomposition products, be identified and shown to be safe. Often, more excipient is found in a final drug formulation than active ingredient, and practically all marketed drugs contain excipients. As with new drug substances and dosage forms thereof, novel excipients themselves can be patented; sometimes, however, a particular formulation involving them is kept as a trade secret instead (if not easily reverse-engineered).


title: Excipient

text: Though excipients were at one time assumed to be "inactive" ingredients, it is now understood that they can sometimes be "a key determinant of dosage form performance"; in other words, their effects on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, although usually negligible, cannot be "known" to be negligible without empirical confirmation and sometimes are important. For that reason, in basic research and clinical trials they are sometimes included in the control substances in order to minimize confounding, reflecting that otherwise, the absence of the active ingredient would not be the only variable involved, because absence of excipient cannot always be assumed not to be a variable. Such studies are called excipient-controlled or vehicle-controlled studies.


title: Excipient

text: Adjuvants are added to vaccines to enhance or modify the immune system response to an immunization. An adjuvant may stimulate the immune system to respond more vigorously to a vaccine, which leads to more robust immunity in the recipient.


title: Excipient

text: Antiadherents reduce the adhesion between the powder (granules) and the punch faces and thus prevent sticking to tablet punches by offering a non-stick surface. They are also used to help protect tablets from sticking. The most commonly used is magnesium stearate.


title: Excipient

text: Binders hold the ingredients in a tablet together. Binders ensure that tablets and granules can be formed with required mechanical strength, and give volume to low active dose tablets. Binders are usually:


title: Excipient

text: Tablet coatings protect tablet ingredients from deterioration by moisture in the air and make large or unpleasant-tasting tablets easier to swallow. For most coated tablets, a cellulose ether hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) film coating is used which is free of sugar and potential allergens. Occasionally, other coating materials are used, for example synthetic polymers, shellac, corn protein zein or other polysaccharides. Capsules are coated with gelatin.


title: Excipient

text: Enterics control the rate of drug release and determine where the drug will be released in the digestive tract. Materials used for enteric coatings include fatty acids, waxes, shellac, plastics, and plant fibers.


title: Excipient

text: Colours are added to improve the appearance of a formulation. Colour consistency is important as it allows easy identification of a medication. Furthermore, colours often improve the aesthetic look and feel of medications. Small amounts of colouring agents are easily processed by the body, although rare reactions are known, notably to tartrazine. Commonly, titanium oxide is used as a colouring agent to produce the popular opaque colours along with azo dyes for other colors. By increasing these organoleptic properties a patient is more likely to adhere to their schedule and therapeutic objectives will also have a better outcome for the patient especially children.


title: Excipient

text: Disintegrants expand and dissolve when wet causing the tablet to break apart in the digestive tract, or in specific segments of the digestion process, releasing the active ingredients for absorption. They ensure that when the tablet is in contact with water, it rapidly breaks down into smaller fragments, facilitating dissolution.


title: Excipient

text: Flavours can be used to mask unpleasant tasting active ingredients and improve the acceptance that the patient will complete a course of medication. Flavourings may be natural (e.g. fruit extract) or artificial.


title: Excipient

text: Glidants are used to promote powder flow by reducing interparticle friction and cohesion. These are used in combination with lubricants as they have no ability to reduce wall friction. Examples include silica gel, fumed silica, talc, and magnesium carbonate. However, some silica gel glidants such as Syloid(R) 244 FP and Syloid(R) XDP are multi-functional and offer several other performance benefits in addition to reducing interparticle friction including moisture resistance, taste, marketing, etc.


title: Excipient

text: Lubricants prevent ingredients from clumping together and from sticking to the tablet punches or capsule filling machine. Lubricants also ensure that tablet formation and ejection can occur with low friction between the solid and die wall.


title: Excipient

text: Common minerals like talc or silica, and fats, e.g. vegetable stearin, magnesium stearate or stearic acid are the most frequently used lubricants in tablets or hard gelatin capsules. Lubricants are agents added in small quantities to tablet and capsule formulations to improve certain processing characteristics. While lubricants are often added to improve manufacturability of the drug products, it may also negatively impact the product quality. For example, extended mixing of lubricants during blending may results in delayed dissolution and softer tablets, which is often referred to as "over-lubrication". Therefore, optimizing lubrication time is critical during pharmaceutical development.


title: Excipient

text: Sorbents are used for tablet/capsule moisture-proofing by limited fluid sorbing (taking up of a liquid or a gas either by adsorption or by absorption) in a dry state. For example, desiccants absorb water, drying out (desiccating) the surrounding materials.


title: Excipient

text: Sweeteners are added to make the ingredients more palatable, especially in chewable tablets such as antacid or liquids like cough syrup. Sugar can be used to mask unpleasant tastes or smells, but artificial sweeteners tend to be preferred, as natural ones tend to cause tooth decay.


title: Excipient

text: In liquid and gel formulations, the bulk excipient that serves as a medium for conveying the active ingredient is usually called the vehicle. Petrolatum, dimethyl sulfoxide and mineral oil are common vehicles.


title: Grape seed oil

text: Grape seed oil (also called grapeseed oil or grape oil) is a vegetable oil derived from the seeds of grapes. A by-product of the winemaking industry, it is typically used for edible applications.


title: Grape seed oil

text: Grape seed oil has a moderately high smoke point of approximately . Due to its clean, light taste, and high polyunsaturated fat content, it may be used as an ingredient in salad dressings and mayonnaise and as a base for oil infusions of garlic, rosemary, or other herbs or spices. It is widely used in baked goods, pancakes, and waffles. It is sprayed on raisins to help them retain their flavor.


title: Grape seed oil

text: A study of 21 grape cultivars showed variation of oil composition, especially for linoleic acid and tocopherols.


title: Grape seed oil

text: Although grape seeds contain polyphenols, such as proanthocyanidins, grape seed oil contains negligible amounts of these compounds. Grape seed oil components are under study for their potential applications in human health, but the scientific quality of clinical research as of 2016 has been inadequate to suggest any effect on lowering disease risk.


title: Grape seed oil

text: Grapeseed oil has occasionally been found to contain dangerous levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons because of direct contact with combustion gases during the drying process.


title: Grape seed oil

text: Winemaking accounts for 90% of grape cultivation, with the seeds of the plant serving as a by-product that can be pressed for oil. Grapeseed oil production primarily occurs in wine-growing regions, especially around the Mediterranean Sea.


title: Grape seed oil

text: Grape seed oil also contains 0.8 to 1.5% unsaponifiables rich in phenols (tocopherols) and steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol). Grapeseed oil contains small amounts of vitamin E, but safflower oil, cottonseed oil, or rice bran oil contain greater amounts. Grapeseed oil is high in polyunsaturates and low in saturated fat.


title: Pee Mak

text: Pee Mak (; ) is a 2013 Thai supernatural romantic comedy-horror film directed by Banjong Pisanthanakun. The story is an adaptation of the Mae Nak Phra Khanong legend of Thai folklore. It was released on 28 March 2013. The film stars Mario Maurer as Mak and Davika Hoorne as Nak, and Pongsathorn Jongwilas, Nattapong Chartpong, Auttarut Kongrasri and Kantapat Permpoonpatcharasook. The film was a major commercial success upon its release and became Thailand's highest grossing-film of all time.


title: Pee Mak

text: The story is set in mid-19th century Siam, during the era of King Mongkut and at the height of the Rattanakosin Dynasty, when Siam was plagued with wars with its neighboring kingdoms. Mak (Mario Maurer) was drafted to serve in a war, forcing him to leave behind his pregnant wife Nak (Davika Hoorne) at the town of Phra Khanong, not far from Central Bangkok. He was wounded during a battle and sent to a medical camp, where he met fellow soldiers Ter, Puak, Shin and Aey, who later became his best friends after he had saved them from certain death.


title: Pee Mak

text: Meanwhile, in Phra Khanong, Nak struggled alone painfully to give birth to the baby; she calls out for help, but she is too weak to be heard. Shortly after, rumors started circulating the village that Nak had died in labor and was now a ghost of a very powerful form haunting the house. The villagers in the neighborhood then heard her singing lullabies to her baby, terrifying them and forcing them to cower in fear.


title: Pee Mak

text: When Mak and his friends arrive back in Phra Khanong in the evening, they find the town completely silent. The five soon arrive at Mak and Nak's house during the night, and Mak introduces Nak to them. As it is now too dark to continue traveling, Mak's friends decide to stay.


title: Pee Mak

text: The following day, the men visit the village market but are shunned by the fearful community who refuses to sell their goods to Mak and runs away. A drunk villager attempts to shout out a warning to Mak but is forced down and hushed by her son. Mak's four friends then discuss what they had heard, but dismiss the rumors as ridiculous.


title: Pee Mak

text: Shin, however, while he was sent to fetch Mak, saw that the house was a dilapidated wreck that hadn't been maintained for months as one of the stairs broke, that the baby cot that Mak and Nak's son, Dang, was supposed to be sleeping in, was rocking by itself, and then he saw Nak extending her arm to an unnatural length to retrieve a dropped lime under the house.


title: Pee Mak

text: The following day, Ter accuses Shin of being delusional, however, while taking a dump in the forest, Ter discovers a decomposed corpse behind the house wearing exactly the same ring as Nak. The drunk villager who had also tried to warn them earlier also turned up mysteriously drowned.


title: Pee Mak

text: Mak invites his four friends up to eat supper, in which they are given leaves and worm made by Nak. They later play charades. One of them involve a wordplay "Phi Sua" lit: "Butterfly", that requires Nak to be described as a ghost "Phi." Mak then dismisses all of their warnings, proclaims that they are no longer his friends, and kicks them out of their accommodations.


title: Pee Mak

text: Later, Mak and Nak go out on a date in the town, visiting an amusement park. Mak's friends attempt to convince Mak that Nak is a ghost at the ferris wheel, but they and the waiting queue were chased away by Nak. They attempt the second time by capturing Mak while they were in the haunted house. This time, they were successful and capture Mak into the forest.


title: Pee Mak

text: Suddenly, in the forest, Mak's old wartime wound reopens. His friends express surprise at how slowly it has healed, but Shin and Ter become convinced that he, not Nak, is the ghost, and their fears are seemingly confirmed when Mak reacts in pain when they attack him with holy rice. The friends then flee from their wounded friend and rescue Nak since Phueak desires Nak's beauty.


title: Pee Mak

text: While escaping in a boat, Mak 'returns' to them, walking into the river to them, but ends up almost drowning when he suffers cramps. As ghosts are not supposed to feel cramps, Mak is revealed to not have been a ghost, and he is rescued. When asked why he screamed when hit by the holy rice, he reveals that the rice had riddled his wound, making him yell out in pain. In the following confusion in which they don't know if either Mak or Nak are ghosts or not, Aey drops a ring identical to the one Mak, Nak, and the body behind the house had been wearing. Aey is immediately pronounced a ghost and kicked off the boat. The others then try to escape, but, as they had lost the paddles to the boat earlier, they cannot move. Nak then somehow produces a soaking wet paddle and hands it to Ter, who suddenly recalls that all of them had been thrown overboard, and had already drifted too far away for a normal person to recover. Ter then stands up on the boat to look between his legs at the group; Nak is revealed to have been the ghost all along as she has extended her arm to place on Mak's shoulder. The four remaining men, including Mak, retreat to a temple. Mak at first doesn't want to leave Nak alone but his friends knock Mak unconscious, the carry him to the temple.


title: Pee Mak

text: There, the men come under the protection of the local monk, armed with holy rice, holy water, and the temple is fortified with an enchanted 'safety ring.' Nak quickly appears, in her terrifying ghostly form, and attacks. Initially, the holy 'weapons' successfully keep Nak at bay, but, in a panic, coupled with Mak's struggle to get back to his wife, all of the holy rice and water are wasted, and the monk was accidentally kicked out of the "safety ring." The monk then fled the temple, leaving the four, who had since destroyed the 'safety ring' while trying to run, to face the angry Nak. A pale Aey then reappears, and it was revealed that he is also human; he was in possession of the ring because he had stolen it off of the corpse behind the house to finance his gambling. With that topic settled, they finally remember that they were supposed to flee from Nak. Nak angrily shouted at the five that she just wanted to be with her loved one, which the four friends argued against since they didn't believe the living can be with the dead, and accuse her of killing the drunk; Nak furiously denies her involvement and says that the drunk had drowned herself. Nak, in a combination of sadness, anger, and desperation, then threatens to kill Mak and take him to live with her, but stops when she sees how much she had been scaring her husband. Mak then revealed he knew the truth about Nak all along, having had his suspicions raised during the game of charades. He had already looked at Nak between his legs, which revealed her ghostly form, and found her decomposed corpse. However, even then, he is far more afraid of living without her than of her being dead. The two tearfully reconcile. His friends, seeing them reuniting, also tearfully reaffirm their friendship, and vow to never leave each other again, even if one of them dies. A flashback to Mak and Nak's first meeting is shown.


title: Pee Mak

text: In the credit scenes, Mak, his wife and now his four friends live happily in the village. Nak uses her supernatural abilities to do chores, play charades (and helping Mak win for the first time), scare off villagers attempting to drive her away (who are led by the village drunk's son) and even run the town's 'haunted house' attraction. It is also revealed that her child, Dang, also possesses some of her abilities, even though he is still an infant.


title: Pee Mak

text: "Pee Mak" earned more than 1 billion baht ($33 million) in revenue worldwide (mostly in Asia), and becoming the highest-grossing Thai film of all time, more than tripling the record held by "The Legend of Suriyothai." The film sold a record 16 million tickets worldwide. The film also screened in Indonesia, Hong Kong, Cambodia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Singapore, Myanmar, Brunei and Japan. It is the first Thai film to be screened in every Southeast Asian country. It was also screened at East Wind Film Festival in England.


title: Pee Mak

text: The film received generally positive critical reviews, with a positive review in "The Nation" and "The Guardian" seeing it as a major success for Thai cinema.


title: Pee Mak

text: "Pee Mak" has been adapted to Tamil in "Bayama Irukku" (2017), and in Malayalam as "Kinavalli" (2020). Bollywood producer Bhushan Kumar brought rights for hindi version with star Sidharth Malhotra & Shraddha Kapoor.


title: Diego Alonso

text: Diego Martín Alonso López (; born 16 April 1975) is a Uruguayan professional football head coach and former player who played as a striker.


title: Diego Alonso

text: Other than in his own country, he played football in Argentina, Spain, Mexico and China in a 16-year career, notably winning the 2001–02 Segunda División with Atlético Madrid while being crowned top scorer. He represented Uruguay at the 1999 Copa América.


title: Diego Alonso

text: Alonso began working as a coach in 2011, being in charge of clubs in Uruguay, Paraguay, Mexico and the United States and leading Pachuca to the 2016 Clausura and the 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League titles. In December 2021, he was appointed at the Uruguayan national side.


title: Diego Alonso

text: Alonso was born in Montevideo, the country's capital. He made his professional debut with C.A. Bella Vista where he remained four seasons, helping the side to the second division title in 1997.


title: Diego Alonso

text: After a brief spell in Argentina for Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata (he would also represent the club towards the end of his career), Alonso moved to Spain, where he played with five teams in as many years: Valencia CF, Atlético Madrid (where he scored 22 goals in 2001–02's second division, helping the "Colchoneros" return to La Liga and forming an efficient attacking partnership with countryman Fernando Correa, who added 13), Racing de Santander, Málaga CF and Real Murcia, where he did not have a good scoring record overall. In between his fourth and fifth club, he played one year in Mexico with Club Universidad Nacional.


title: Diego Alonso

text: In 2006, the 31-year-old Alonso returned to his country and joined hometown's Club Nacional de Football. However, shortly after, he moved abroad again, signing with Shanghai Shenhua F.C. in the Chinese Super League; after two seasons with Gimnasia, the veteran switched to Peñarol.


title: Diego Alonso

text: Alonso made seven appearances for the Uruguay national team in five years. His debut came on 17 June 1999 in a 3–2 friendly win over Paraguay, in Ciudad del Este.


title: Diego Alonso

text: Alonso was chosen for the nation's squad for that year's Copa América, and scored on his quarter-final penalty shootout attempt (5–3 victory) for the eventual runners-up, also against Paraguay, the hosts. In spite of his season with Atlético he was not selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, and subsequently criticised manager Víctor Púa.


title: Diego Alonso

text: Alonso started working as a manager in 2011, being in charge in quick succession of Bella Vista, Club Guaraní, Peñarol and Club Olimpia (the second and fourth sides from the Paraguayan Primera División). In December 2014, he was appointed at C.F. Pachuca of the Mexican Liga MX, leading them to the 2016 Clausura and the subsequent edition of the CONCACAF Champions League. On 4 May 2018, he was released.


title: Diego Alonso

text: On 2 June 2018, Alonso was named coach of C.F. Monterrey. In May of the following year, after the 2–1 aggregate victory over Tigres UANL in the Champions League final, he became the first manager to win the competition with two different clubs. On 30 September 2019, following a 0–2 loss to the same opposition that left his team in 12th place on the general table, he was dismissed.


title: Diego Alonso

text: On 30 December 2019, Alonso was announced as the inaugural head coach of Major League Soccer side Inter Miami CF. On 7 January 2021, he left by mutual consent.


title: Diego Alonso

text: Alonso was appointed manager of Uruguay on 14 December 2021, replacing Óscar Tabárez who had occupied the position for the previous 15 years. On 24 March 2022, after four wins in his first four games in charge, he secured qualification for the World Cup in Qatar. In December, after failing to progress from the group stage in the finals, he resigned.


title: Diego Alonso

text: Alonso is a cousin of Iván Alonso, who also played several years in Spain, mainly with Deportivo Alavés.


title: Upskirt

text: Upskirting or upskirt photography is the practice of taking nonconsensual photographs under a person's skirt or kilt, capturing an image of the crotch area, underwear, and sometimes genitalia. An "upskirt" is a photograph, video, or illustration which incorporates such an image, although the term may also be used to refer to "the area of the body" inside a skirt, usually from below and while being worn.


title: Upskirt

text: The practice is regarded as a form of sexual fetishism or voyeurism, and is similar in nature to downblouse photography. The ethical and legal issue relating to upskirt photography is one of a reasonable expectation of privacy, even in a public place.


title: Upskirt

text: The term "upskirt" is relatively recent, but the concept and interest therein are not. Looking up a woman's skirt was depicted in the 1767 painting "The Swing" by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. In "polite society", looking up a lady's skirt was regarded as impolite or rude. In less polite society, looking up a lady's skirt or her lifting up the skirt or otherwise exposing her underwear was regarded as bawdy, as in the case of cabaret dances such as the can-can or in the case of entertainment involving the raising of a dancer's dress by her spinning rapidly. By the polite society, such behaviour was widely judged as indecent.


title: Upskirt

text: The sudden popularity in the 1960s of the miniskirt brought the concept out onto the streets, and was viewed by many as mass exhibitionism. One commentator in the 1960s said, "In European countries... they ban mini-skirts in the streets and say they're an invitation to rape..." By contrast, many women viewed the new style as rebellion against previous clothing styles and as women's liberation of their own bodies. For the first time, many women felt comfortable exposing their thighs, whether on the beach in a swimsuit or in street wear, and were even relaxed when in some situations their underwear would be visible.


title: Upskirt

text: Some upskirt and downblouse images originate as innocent fun images which are made with the knowledge and lack of objection of the females affected. However, some of these images can end up being more widely distributed or being posted onto the Internet without the knowledge and consent of the subject, for example as revenge porn following a relationship breakup.


title: Upskirt

text: Some upskirt and downblouse photos and videos are made specifically to upload onto the Internet, where many viewers seek such images taken surreptitiously (and presumably without the subject's consent). Such photographs are common on fetish and pornographic websites, as well as on video sharing sites such as YouTube.


title: Upskirt

text: Attitudes hardened with the very widespread availability and use of digital photographic and video technology, most recently camera phones. Such technology was also being used to record upskirt and downblouse images for uploading onto the internet. Specialist websites came into existence where people could share such images, and terms such as "upskirt", "downblouse" and "nipple dress" (i.e., when an erect nipple is evident through the material of a woman's dress) came into use. Of particular concern were images of minors and of people who could be identified. Celebrities were popular victims of such efforts. Issues of privacy and reputation began to be raised.


title: Upskirt

text: The creation and viewing of this type of image came increasingly to be described as forms of voyeurism and pornography. This was not that most of such images were sexual in nature, with most of them being quite innocent by themselves, but because of their association with the nature of the website on which they were posted and because of the size of the collections.


title: Upskirt

text: Many K-pop girl groups wear "safety shorts", typically black cycling shorts, under miniskirts or denim cut-off shorts to prevent upskirting while retaining freedom of movement on stage. In countries such as the UK, schoolgirls sometimes wear shorts under their skirts to protect themselves from upskirting.


title: Upskirt

text: Many countries do not have laws which protect a person's right to personal privacy, especially in a public place, but the legal position does vary considerably.


title: Upskirt

text: All jurisdictions within Australia have passed laws making it illegal to take upskirt photos in public places without the person's consent.


title: Upskirt

text: In 2010, an elderly man had his camera confiscated and was fined 12 day-fines for the act of "public obscenity" (which was thought to be the closest match in the criminal code), having taken dozens of upskirt photos in a shopping centre in Turku.


title: Upskirt

text: In November 2019, the German Bundestag approved a bill to criminalize both upskirting and "criminalize photographing victims of accidents or pictures that" show a dead person in a grossly offensive way; German media has referred to the latter as rubbernecking.


title: Upskirt

text: In India, under section 66E, of the Information Technology Act, "Whoever, intentionally or knowingly captures, publishes or transmits the image of a private area of any person without his or her consent, under circumstances violating the privacy of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to three years or with fine not exceeding two lakh (200,000) rupees, or with both". The words "private area" mean the naked or undergarment-clad genitals, pubic area, buttocks or female breast; "under circumstances violating privacy" means circumstances in which a person can have a reasonable expectation that any part of his or her private area would not be visible to the public, regardless of whether that person is in a public or private place.


title: Upskirt

text: In New Zealand it is illegal to make a visual recording of a person's intimate parts in any setting in which the person has a "reasonable expectation of privacy". This includes public and private settings. It is also illegal to possess or distribute such images.


title: Upskirt

text: Upskirting has become an issue in Singapore, with many reports of spy cameras and mobile phone cameras being used. Reported incidents are lower than in other areas of Asia, but some believe the reported cases represent only a small fraction of the total. Clinical psychologist Joel Yang has argued that in contrast to societal stereotypes of the individuals responsible, many are conventional in appearance and have respectable jobs. In 2018 it was reported that a hundred police reports a year had been made since 2013 on alleged upskirting crimes, along with about five hundred "insult to modesty" cases reported annually since 2015. It is illegal to upload, download and share voyeuristic photos and videos in Singapore and there are comparatively long sentences for upskirting offences. For example, a former employee of law firm Drew & Napier received a four-week jail sentence in 2020 for taking inappropriate photos of a female colleague. A man was jailed for two years and three months for taking nearly 1,400 illicit videos of women and children in the period between 2003 and 2016 using his mobile phone, spy watches and spy pens. Nevertheless, there have been controversies, such as the case of the then 23-year-old National University of Singapore student Monica Baey, who claimed that another student had taken a video of her while she was taking a shower in her hostel. The accused was considered to have received a lenient sentence when given a 12-month warning by the Singapore Police Force and suspended from the university for one year.


title: Upskirt

text: As of April 2019, upskirting is a specific offence of voyeurism under the Sexual Offences Act 2003. It is defined as creating images of or operating equipment to view genitals, buttocks or underwear beneath clothing where they would not normally be visible, for the purpose of sexual gratification or to cause humiliation, alarm or distress. The maximum sentence for the offence is two years' imprisonment and in the more serious sexual cases those convicted are added to the Violent and Sex Offender Register.


title: Upskirt

text: Before 2019, there were no specific laws against upskirting in England and Wales. When upskirting took place in public, it was outside of the scope of the offence of voyeurism under the Sexual Offences Act 2003. Nevertheless, prosecutions for upskirting were successful under the common law offence of outraging public decency, which requires the presence of at least two other people and for the act to be done in a public place.


title: Upskirt

text: Following a public campaign to change the law, a government bill was introduced to the House of Commons on 21 June 2018. Speaking on the government's behalf in the House of Lords, Baroness Vere of Norbiton said the legislation would also protect men wearing kilts. The Voyeurism (Offences) Act 2019 received royal assent on 12 February 2019, taking effect two months later.


title: Upskirt

text: Upskirting is a specific offence in Scotland under the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010. This Act, which was passed by the Scottish Parliament, extended the definition of voyeurism to cover upskirting.


title: Upskirt

text: As in England and Wales before 2019, there is no specific offence of upskirting in Northern Ireland, but can in certain circumstances be prosecuted as the common law offence of outraging public decency.


title: Upskirt

text: In the United States, laws vary by state. At the federal level the United States enacted the "Video Voyeurism Prevention Act" of 2004 to punish those who intentionally make an image of an individual's private areas without consent, when the person knew the subject had an expectation of privacy. This act applies only in areas under federal jurisdiction.


title: Upskirt

text: A 2005 Illinois law made it a crime to videotape or transmit upskirt videos of other people without their consent. A 2014 Chicago ordinance made the crime punishable by a $500 fine.


title: Upskirt

text: In March 2014, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overruled a lower court upskirt ruling because the women photographed were not nude or partially nude, saying that existing so-called Peeping Tom laws protect people from being photographed in dressing rooms and bathrooms when nude or partially nude, but it does not protect clothed people in public areas. A law was then passed in Massachusetts to ban the practice.


title: Upskirt

text: In September 2014, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals voided the state's statute against "improper photography or visual recording" including "upskirt" photos, saying its wording was overly broad. The court's opinion stated: "Protecting someone who appears in public from being the object of sexual thoughts seems to be the sort of 'paternalistic interest in regulating the defendant's mind' that the First Amendment was designed to guard against."


title: Upright (TV series)

text: Upright is an Australian drama series screening on Foxtel's Showcase channel in Australia. "Upright" follows the story of Lucky and Meg, who are trying to get an upright piano across the country. The series is written by Chris Taylor, Tim Minchin, Kate Mulvany, and Leon Ford, and stars Tim Minchin and Milly Alcock.


title: Upright (TV series)

text: "Upright" started to air on Sky Atlantic on 28 November 2019 in the United Kingdom, and in Australia from 1 December 2019 on Foxtel.


title: Upright (TV series)

text: The show was also shown on the Super Channel network in Canada in 2019 and is on Gem, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's (CBC) streaming service.


title: Upright (TV series)

text: "The whole thing is both quintessentially Australian and deliciously unexpected," wrote Melinda Houston for the Sydney Morning Herald when the show originally aired, adding "great to see another show making creative use of our landscapes: the dry interior is blasted one moment, enchanted the next." Decider wrote "Minchin and Alcock make a good road trip pair, and that’s pretty much what Upright is all about," and gave it a "stream it" verdict. In Luke Buckmaster's review for The Guardian, he characterizes the two leads: "Minchin’s performance combines stoner-like man-child and emotionally stunted adult with a splash of shaggy panache all his own, evolving his character from sad-sack weirdo to a reasonably complex person. Alcock is excellent as the other half of the odd couple: with a head-turning, hair-trigger performance that delivers the show an almost electrical energy."


The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG, ), was formed on June 8, 1969, by North Vietnam as a purportedly independent shadow government that opposed the government of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) under President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and then as a country after the Fall of Saigon with the name Republic of South Vietnam () from 30 April 1975 to 2 July 1976. Delegates of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (the Viet Cong), as well as several smaller groups, participated in its creation.


title: Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam

text: The PRG was recognized as the government of South Vietnam by most communist states. It signed the 1973 Paris Peace Treaty as an independent entity, that was separate from both South Vietnam and North Vietnam. It became the nominal government of South Vietnam as the "Republic of South Vietnam" following the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. On 2 July 1976, the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.


text: The Provisional Revolutionary Government was preceded by the "Vietnam Alliance of National, Democratic, and Peaceful Forces" (VANDPF) made up of anti-government forces and headed by Trinh Dinh Thao. The Alliance was a collection of individuals who wanted a new South Vietnamese government but disagreed with the ever-present Northern Communist presence.


text: There had been talk of setting up an Alliance as early as 1966, but this was halted when South Vietnamese intelligence operatives arrested an influential anti-government organizer, Ba Tra. Ba Tra gave the South Vietnamese government extensive information on anti-government forces working in the city. This setback was compounded by his identification of one of the key cadre in the financial division.


text: Under torture, Ba Tra identified more figures in the underground, who were then arrested. By 1967, the entire Saigon organization had been sent further underground. The Tet Offensive during 1968 triggered a wave of oppression, forcing many people into the forests and mountains. These peoplebusinessmen, middle class, doctors and other professionals started The Alliance.


text: The then-new American president, Richard Nixon, started a process of Vietnamization to allow the American Armed Forces to withdraw from Vietnam. One of the tenets of Vietnamization was responsible government in South Vietnam. To prevent the Americans from installing their own government, a conference was held on June 6–8, 1969, off Route 22 in Cambodia's Fishhook region.


text: The Alliance as well as other groups met and formed the Provisional Revolutionary Government on June 8, 1969. According to Justice Minister Trương Như Tảng, the new group's main purpose was to help the Vietcong "acquire a new international stature."


text: There were delegates from the Vietcong, the VANDPF, the People's Revolutionary Party (the South Vietnamese communist party) and "the usual assortment of mass organizations, ethnic groups, and geopolitical regions." Banners displayed prominently at the convention proclaimed that "South Vietnam is independent, democratic, peaceful, and neutral".


text: The PRG reflected a number of nationalist, anti-imperialist and communist political viewpoints, including those of the Vietnam Workers Party (the North Vietnamese communist party). Following the military and political results of the 1968 Tet Offensive and related military offensives in the South, in which the Vietcong suffered serious military losses, the PRG was envisioned as a political counter-force that could influence international public opinion in support of reunification and in opposition to the United States and South Vietnam.


text: The declared purpose of the PRG was to provide a formal governmental structure to the Vietcong and enhance its claim of representing "the Southern people". Included in this strategy was the pursuit of a negotiated settlement to the war leading to reunification, organized during the initial phase of Vietnamization.


text: During the period 1969–70, most of the PRG's cabinet ministries operated near the Cambodian border. Starting on March 29 to late April 1970, the US and South Vietnamese offensives forced the PRG to flee deeper into Cambodia. The stressful escape caused many of the PRG officials (such as Trương Như Tạng) to need extensive medical furloughs. After Trương Như Tạng returned, he noticed that new cadres from the north were causing problems for the non-communist members of the PRG. One member in particular, Ba Cap, harshly denounced most of the PRG as bourgeois. Tạng complained to the higher members of the North Vietnamese government, but was rebuffed. Tạng later saw this as the point when the PRG turned from being an independent South Vietnam-based alternative government to being a mouthpiece for Northern Vietnamese communists.


text: The central bodies of the PRG functioned as a provisional government. The PRG maintained diplomatic relations with many countries of the Non-Aligned Movement, such as Algeria and SFR Yugoslavia as well as with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.


text: After the surrender of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the PRG assumed power in the South and subsequently participated in the reunification of Vietnam.


text: According to professor (University of Maine), mid-July 1975, the delegates of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Nguyễn Văn Lưu) and the Republic of South Vietnam (Đinh Bá Thi) applied to join the United Nations as two independent member states. On 11 August 1975, the United Nations Security Council introduced a referendum on reunification, which passed. The two Vietnamese countries eventually reunited on 2 July 1976.


text: The national anthem of the Government was "Liberate the South" (Vietnamese: ). The song was written in 1961 by Lưu Hữu Phước (1921–1989) and adopted at that time as the anthem of the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam.


text: In 1966, Lưu Hữu Phước wrote a military song "" () as a propaganda to encourage the soldiers going to attack in Saigon in the Tet Offensive. The song was spread again during the fall of Saigon.


title: MyFitnessPal

text: MyFitnessPal is a smartphone app and website that tracks diet and exercise. The app uses gamification elements to encourage adherence to exercise and diet goals. To track nutrients, users can either scan the barcodes of various food items or manually find them in the app's large pre-existing database. MyFitnessPal has access to 14 million foods and includes metrics to track exercise and calories.


title: MyFitnessPal

text: Users can link their MyFitnessPal account with other fitness apps like FitBit, Samsung Health, and Apple Watch to consolidate fitness information onto a single platform. In February 2015, Under Armour acquired MyFitnessPal.


title: MyFitnessPal

text: Released in September 2005, MyFitnessPal was developed by Mike Lee, with his brother Albert Lee later joining him to launch the app and the company.


title: MyFitnessPal

text: On February 4, 2015, MyFitnessPal was acquired by athletic apparel maker, Under Armour, in a deal worth $475 million. MyFitnessPal had 80 million users at the time.


title: MyFitnessPal

text: In January 2017, founders Albert Lee and Mike Lee departed from the company to pursue other business ventures.


title: MyFitnessPal

text: On October 30, 2020, Under Armour announced that MyFitnessPal would be sold to the private equity firm Francisco Partners for $345 million and that it was shutting down Endomondo. In 2021, MyFitnessPal partnered with Sprouts Farmers Market. Through this partnership users were introduced to new healthy recipe ideas, food and health-related articles and other content.


title: MyFitnessPal

text: On March 29, 2018, Under Armour disclosed a data breach of 150 million accounts at its subsidiary, MyFitnessPal. The compromised data consisted of usernames, e-mail addresses, and hashed passwords, but not credit card numbers or government identifiers (social security numbers, national identification numbers). Under Armour was notified of the breach the week of 19–25 March and learned that the leak happened sometime in February.


title: Adam Housley

text: Arthur Adam Housley (born August 13, 1971) is an American Emmy, AP Award and RTNDA-winning journalist. He is also a former professional baseball player and current winery owner. He joined Fox News Channel (FNC) in 2001, as a Los Angeles–based senior correspondent.


title: Adam Housley

text: On August 23, 2018, "Politico" reported that Housley was leaving Fox News, due to his frustration with hard-news reporting being de-emphasized in favor of commentary regarding President Donald Trump.


title: Adam Housley

text: A graduate of Pepperdine University, Housley played on the 1992 National Champion College World Series baseball team, and spent two summers playing for Harwich in the Cape Cod League. He was also a Junior Olympic All-American baseball player as a pitcher and hitter. He received a double bachelor's degree in political science and telecommunications from Pepperdine University. He was a two-time media fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and received his MA in international relations from the University of Arizona. Prior to his career in television, Housley played professional baseball. He was drafted by the Montreal Expos, and played for both the Milwaukee Brewers and the Detroit Tigers minor league organizations, pitching in 97 games.


title: Adam Housley

text: Prior to joining FNC, Housley served as a reporter at KTXL-TV (Fox) in Sacramento, California from 1999 to 2001. He received an array of awards, including the 2001 Regional Associated Press Reporting Award and a Regional Emmy Award. In addition, he was the lead reporter for KFTY-TV from 1998 to 2000, an independent station in Santa Rosa, California. Prior to that, Housley was a live reporter for KCPM-TV (NBC) in Chico, California from 1997 to 1998, where he won a California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Award for capturing a wanted 50,000-acre arsonist. Housley began his career as a reporter for KVON-KVYN radio in his native Napa, where he developed and produced newscasts.


title: Adam Housley

text: Housley reported during the Iraq War from Kuwait, Iraq, Bahrain, Jordan and the Persian Gulf. He has spent time covering the War on terror from Pakistan and in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. He was on air in Kuwait when the first missiles and warning sirens began on March 20, 2003, and earlier that month boarded ships in the Persian Gulf along with U.S. Special Forces as they looked for illegal shipments of weapons into Iraq. His reports also came via video phone from the deck of USS "Milius," a destroyer that would eventually fire the first missiles into Iraq to begin the war.


title: Adam Housley

text: During his tenure, Housley was also FNC's lead reporter for Arnold Schwarzenegger's 2003 campaign and has covered six hurricanes, including Katrina and Rita, and filed more than 45 stories from Mexico and the southern border.


title: Adam Housley

text: In December 2005, Housley was one of a few reporters selected to witness the execution of murderer Stanley Williams at San Quentin.


title: Adam Housley

text: Housley also reported live on the shooting at the Los Angeles International Airport, the suspension of New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez, and the aftermath of the crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 214 live from the San Francisco Airport. Previously, he covered the 2012 wildfires in Waldo Canyon, Colorado In April 2013, he secured an exclusive interview with a special operations whistleblower regarding the 2012 Benghazi attack on September 11.


title: Adam Housley

text: Housley has covered stories in six Latin American countries: Nicaragua, Venezuela, El Salvador, Colombia, Mexico, Chile and Guyana (reporting on the "war on drugs" and interviewing the Sandinista National Liberation Front leader Daniel Ortega). He was also live on air when Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez shut down Latin American broadcaster RCTV, and spent two weeks covering the unrest.


title: Adam Housley

text: Housley was one of the first correspondents on assignment in Haiti, covering the devastation left in the wake of the earthquake that struck it on January 12, 2010. He wound up using a plug-in mic he found at the Consumer Electronics show the week earlier to record reports shot on his iPhone. Housley and his cameraman, Eric Barnes, were able to turn rescue footage shot by Congressman Kendrick Meek (D-FL) into broadcast news.


title: Adam Housley

text: Housley was one of the first Western journalists to provide extensive onsite coverage in the wake of the Southeast Asian tsunami. He reported on recovery efforts and the search for bodies along with his crew on location from Phuket, Patong Beach, Phi Phi Island and Khao Lak.


title: Adam Housley

text: Housley was one of the first American reporters on scene in Japan to cover the devastation following the 9.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami. He and his crew at one point got within 70 miles of the reactors, filming live streaming reports for Fox News before the nuclear threat forced them to return to Tokyo. Among others, his coverage was featured in the "Los Angeles Times", "Mecklermedia" and "The Napa Register".


title: Adam Housley

text: Fluent in Spanish, Housley covered the 2010 Copiapó mining accident for Fox. He was on site and reporting on October 12–13, 2010, as each of the 33 miners, trapped for 69 days, was brought to the surface one at a time in a rescue capsule.


title: Adam Housley

text: During the protests in August and November 2014 regarding the death of Mike Brown, Housley was one of the reporters for Fox on the scene in Ferguson, Missouri. He reported live as the fires were still burning on Florissant Avenue, and some of his tweets prompted viewers to donate money to local businesses whose property was damaged during the protests and subsequent fires.


title: Adam Housley

text: Housley was one of the first reporters in the world on site for the December 2015 San Bernardino attack in San Bernardino. He and his crew obtained exclusive video of the shootout that ended with the gunmen, Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik, being shot and killed by police. He also broke a number of major developments in the case, including the plan to charge an accomplice, Enrique Marquez Jr., with terror-related offenses, federal investigators looking for a missing hard drive, the FBI knew of terror connections early on, and Farook and Malik practiced at a local gun range.


title: Adam Housley

text: After a career in baseball and news, Housley pivoted to owning and running the family winery www.CenturyOakWinery.com and opening a new tasting room in Napa called Housley Napa Valley. The award-winning winery and tasting have been named the liveliest in the Napa Valley according to the "San Francisco Chronicle". Housley grew up in the wine industry and current wine releases include: a Pinot Grigio, a crisp, unoaked Chardonnay; three different rosés; a Petiti Sirah; Old Vine Zinfandel; Field Blend and three different Cabernet Sauvignons. Each wine is named after a family member.


title: Adam Housley

text: Housley married actress Tamera Mowry on May 15, 2011. Housley is president of his family's Century Oak Winery in Lodi, California. The couple welcomed their first child, son Aden, on November 12, 2012. The couple welcomed their second child, daughter Ariah, on July 1, 2015.


title: Adam Housley

text: In 2016, the couple competed and won the "Celebrity Cupcake Wars" on Food Network. Their jalapeño cornbread, chocolate cabernet and vanilla port cupcakes beat out three other teams for the title. The Housleys donated their winnings to the charity SnowballExpress.org, which helps children of fallen U.S. military members.


title: Adam Housley

text: In January 2021, the Housleys competed and won "Celebrity Game Face", a television game show hosted by actor Kevin Hart on the E!. The couple donated their winnings to alainasvoice.org, the charity named in honor of their niece.


title: Rome, New York

text: Rome is a city in Oneida County, New York, United States, located in the central part of the state. The population was 32,127 at the 2020 census. Rome is one of two principal cities in the Utica–Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area, which lies in the "Leatherstocking Country" made famous by James Fenimore Cooper's "Leatherstocking Tales," set in frontier days before the American Revolutionary War. Rome is in New York's 22nd congressional district.


title: Rome, New York

text: The city developed at an ancient portage site of Native Americans, including the historic Iroquois nations. This portage continued to be strategically important to Europeans, who also used the main 18th and 19th-century waterways, based on the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, that connected New York City and the Atlantic seaboard to the Great Lakes. The original European settlements developed around fortifications erected in the 1750s to defend the waterway, in particular the British Fort Stanwix (1763) built in New York.


title: Rome, New York

text: Following the American Revolution, the settlement began to grow with the construction of the Rome Canal in 1796, to connect Wood Creek (leading from Lake Ontario) and the headwaters of the Mohawk River. In the same year the state created the Town of Rome as a section of Oneida County. For a time, the small community next to the canal was informally known as Lynchville, after the original owner of the property, the prominent wine merchant Dominick Lynch.


title: Rome, New York

text: The New York State Legislature converted the Town of Rome into a city on February 23, 1870. The residents have called Rome the "City of American History".


title: Rome, New York

text: Rome was founded along an ancient Native American portage path known as the "Oneida Carrying Place", "Deo-Wain-Sta", or "The Great Carrying Place" to the Six Nations (Iroquois), or the "Haudenosaunee" in their language. These names refer to a portage road or path between the Mohawk River to the east, which flows east to the Hudson River; and Wood Creek to the west, which flows into the Mohawk River. Now located within the modern Rome city limits, this short portage path was the only overland section of a water trade route stretching more than 1,000 miles between Lake Ontario and the lower Hudson. Travelers and traders coming up the Mohawk River from the Hudson had to transfer their cargo and boats and transport them overland between 1.7 and six miles (depending on the season) to continue west on Wood Creek to Oneida Lake which was drained by the Oswego River that ultimately flowed into Lake Ontario. This ancient trade route joined the Great Lakes and Canada via the Mohawk River to the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Rome, New York

text: During the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War, this region was the scene of much fighting. The British colonists had erected several small forts to guard the Oneida Carrying Place and the lucrative fur trade against French incursions from Canada; however, a combined French regular army, Canadian, and allied Native American force overwhelmed and massacred a British force here in the Battle of Fort Bull. Later in 1758, after several abortive attempts to fortify the area, the British sent a very large force to secure the Oneida Carry and build a stronger rampart complex, which they named Fort Stanwix.


title: Rome, New York

text: Following defeat by the English during the war, the French ceded their territory in North America east of the Mississippi River to England. The English signed the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) with the Iroquois, under the terms of which they promised to preserve areas west of the Appalachian Mountains as an Indian reserve and to prohibit colonial settlement. It has been described as "one of the worst treaties in the History of Anglo-Indian relationships". The treaty has also been described as "the last desperate effort of the British to create order west of the Appalachians. The British were unable to enforce their promise, as Anglo colonists continued to move west of the Appalachians, causing conflicts with native tribes. The British abandoned Ft. Stanwix after that war; it deteriorated and was eventually torn down, its parts and materials used by settlers for other structures.


title: Rome, New York

text: At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, American Continental forces took control of the Fort Stanwix site, rebuilding and improving the fort. The installation survived a siege by the British in the Saratoga Campaign of 1777, and it became renowned as "the fort that never surrendered". Patriot militia, regulars, and their Oneida Nation allies under the command of Col. Peter Gansevoort, successfully repelled a prolonged siege in August 1777 by British, German, Loyalist, and Canadian troops and warriors from several Native American nations, all commanded by British Gen. Barry St. Leger. The failed siege, combined with the battle at nearby Oriskany as well as the battles of Bennington, and Saratoga, thwarted a coordinated British effort to take the northern colonies. Following this success, the Americans were able to gain alliances with France and the Netherlands, as both countries were becoming more confident that the rebels had a chance to win.


title: Rome, New York

text: After the repulsion of the British at Fort Stanwix, bloody fighting erupted along the American northern frontier and throughout the Mohawk Valley. There were heavy losses for both American settlers and the people of the Six Nations, as each side made retaliatory raids against the other in a round of violence. Because many of the Oneida were fighting with the rebels and against the four nations allied with the British, especially the Mohawk and Seneca, the Iroquois had members attacking each other, which they had avoided doing earlier in this century.


title: Rome, New York

text: The Americans used Fort Stanwix as the primary staging point for attacks against British loyalist units and their Haudenosaunee allies. The Sullivan Expedition of 1779 was launched from here as a scorched earth campaign against villages of Iroquois nations that were allied with the British. Commander George Washington ordered the campaign in retaliation for the fierce frontier attacks in New York, such as the Cherry Valley Massacre by Loyalist irregulars led by Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant and John Butler. The Sullivan campaign destroyed nearly 50 Iroquois villages and their food stores, leading to starvation of many people of these nations during the following winter. Many Iroquois went to Upper Canada for refuge but struggled with starvation there, too.


title: Rome, New York

text: The American forces abandoned the fort in 1781. After the war, as the area became settled, pioneers took materials to use in constructing their own homes and barns. They built the Rome Canal along Wood Creek, to connect it to the Mohawk River and enable continuous passage by water from Lake Ontario via the Mohawk and Hudson rivers to New York City.


title: Rome, New York

text: After completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, development of Rome increased. The city became an industrial and trade center in the western Mohawk Valley. The fort site was reduced to a mound of dirt, with bushes and grasses growing over it. During the Great Depression in the early 20th century, Congress passed the Fort Stanwix Act of 1935 to establish the fort as a National Monument because of the site's historic importance. The site was administered by the National Park Service (NPS).


title: Rome, New York

text: In 1973, the NPS began reconstruction of Fort Stanwix, based on historical evidence related to 18th-century construction and occupation. It was completed in 1976. The fort is operated by the National Park Service as a museum.


title: Rome, New York

text: On July 2, 2005, the Marinus Willet Center opened on the grounds of the monument. It provides audio-visual programs to orient visitors, as well as secure storage space for the museum's collection of artifacts and related historic materials.


title: Rome, New York

text: The critical east/west American trade route through the frontier was improved by construction of the Erie Canal. On July 4, 1817, construction on the canal began in Rome. The Erie Canal reaches a summit in Rome, attaining an elevation of 420 feet. The first phase was completed in 1825, connecting the Hudson River by waterway to the Great Lakes. It resulted in an increase in trade and traffic between communities around the Great Lakes and New York City, stimulating development all along the route.


title: Rome, New York

text: In 1851, Jesse Williams founded the first cheese factory in the United States at Rome. Williams also developed the process used today for large-scale cheese manufacturing. During the later 19th century, there were numerous dairy farms in the area and throughout the Mohawk Valley. Many shipped their milk and cheese to customers in New York City.


title: Rome, New York

text: Revere Copper Products, Inc., founded in Rome during 1928 and 1929, is one of the oldest manufacturing companies in the United States. It developed from a series of mergers between several companies, including Revere Copper Company located in Canton, Massachusetts. The first president of Revere Copper Products, Inc, George H. Allen, was formerly the president of Michigan Copper and Brass Company, which was one of the companies included in the merger. The early history of Revere Copper Products, Inc is detailed in the book "Copper Heritage: The Story of Revere Copper and Brass, Inc." by Isaac F. Marcosson. At one time, 10 percent of all copper products used in the United States were manufactured in Rome.


title: Rome, New York

text: From 1951 to 1991, the military Rome Air Development Center (RADC) was located at Griffiss AFB. In 1991, the RADC was redesignated as Rome Laboratory. It has remained active as the Griffiss AFB was closed as part of the Base Realignment and Closure process in 1993. In 1997, Rome Laboratory was made part of the Air Force Research Laboratory and renamed the Rome Research Site. The RADC has been responsible for some of the United States Air Force's major technological accomplishments, especially in the area of radio communications.


title: Rome, New York

text: Griffiss Air Force Base consists of 3,552 acres. The Eastern Air Defense Sector (EADS) is also located in Rome, on the site of the former Griffiss Air Force Base.


title: Rome, New York

text: Woodstock 1999 was held in Rome, at the former Griffiss Air Force Base site. The three-day rock festival was held over the weekend of July 23–25, and drew a crowd of about 200,000 people. Cable network MTV covered the concert extensively, and live coverage of the entire weekend was available on pay-per-view. The festival featured acts including Metallica, Kid Rock, DMX, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rage Against the Machine, Korn, Limp Bizkit, Alanis Morissette and Wyclef Jean; early reviews for many of the acts were positive. Critics particularly praised performances by George Clinton, Jamiroquai, James Brown, Sheryl Crow, and Rage Against the Machine. However, the festival ended in a violent riot, with bonfires being lit in the crowd, brawls with police, and looting.


title: Rome, New York

text: In July 2005, New York City developers, Park Drive Estates, purchased the Woodhaven Housing, formerly the base housing for Griffiss Air Force officers and enlisted military members, with the goal of re-developing the property as a resort-style active adult community. Redevelopment stalled. The property was ceded to the City of Rome in 2015. Demolition of the area finished in 2018.


title: Rome, New York

text: Rome is the second-largest city by area in New York State, and the 140th largest city in the United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (0.99%) is water.


title: Rome, New York

text: Rome averages over of snowfall each winter, mostly due to its proximity to Lake Ontario and the lake-effect snow that it produces.


title: Rome, New York

text: New York State Route 26, New York State Route 46, New York State Route 49 and New York State Route 69 converge in downtown Rome and are part of two separate triplexes. New York State Route 233 becomes part of a duplex with NY 69 south of the inner district before meeting its northern terminus at the Utica-Rome Expressway (NY 49). New York State Route 365 passes through the eastern portion of the outer district before becoming part of the Utica-Rome Expressway at an interchange.


title: Rome, New York

text: The city had its peak of population in 1960, with declines caused by restructuring of industry and loss of jobs. Later in the 20th century, the closure of the Air Force base also drew away jobs and residents. The city has worked to develop a new economy. Elements of the base have been redeveloped for new uses, while high-quality research continues.


title: Rome, New York

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 34,950 people, 13,653 households, and 8,328 families residing in the city. The population density was 466.4 people per square mile (180.1/km). There were 16,272 housing units at an average density of 217.2 per square mile (83.8/km). The quoted racial makeup of the city was 87.85% white, 7.58% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.88% Asian American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.35% from other races, and 2.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 4.72% of the population.


title: Rome, New York

text: Like other cities in the region, Rome has numerous Italian-Americans, who maintain a concentration in the Little Italy in the vicinity of East Dominick Street.


title: Rome, New York

text: There were 13,653 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.93.


title: Rome, New York

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males.


title: Rome, New York

text: The median income for a household in the city was $33,643, and the median income for a family was $42,928. Males had a median income of $31,635 versus $23,899 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,604. About 12.0% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.4% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.


title: Rome, New York

text: Rome Memorial Hospital is another major local employer. "Rome Hospital" opened in 1884. In 1940 it combined with the 1920-founded "Murphy Memorial Hospital". The resultant "Rome Memorial Hospital" is licensed for 129 beds.


title: Rome, New York

text: One of Rome's most popular venues is the John F. Kennedy Civic Arena. The facility hosts multiple ice hockey and figure skating events, as well as roller derby bouts. The arena was constructed in 1963–1964. It was fully renovated in 2008.


title: Rome, New York

text: Between 1964 and 1988, the Rome Knights and later the Copper City Chiefs played their home games on Saturday evenings at the Kennedy Arena. The Chiefs were a semi-professional ice hockey club that competed against Senior and Intermediate level teams from the province of Ontario, Canada; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Newark, New Jersey; New England, and cities from the State of New York. The Chiefs were known for a physical and aggressive style of ice hockey, the team roster being built around team toughness. In its 25 years, the Chiefs never had a losing season.


title: Rome, New York

text: The professional sports franchise, the Rome Frenzy of the Federal Hockey League, made Rome its base and began play in November 2010 at the Kennedy Civic Arena. In February 2011, citing poor attendance, the Frenzy suspended operations and cancelled the last three weeks of the season in Rome.


title: Rome, New York

text: Rome is also the headquarters of Hamilton College Men's and Women's Rowing. Their boathouse, completed in 2022, is located in Bellamy Harbor Park off the Erie Canal.


title: Rome, New York

text: The city government consists of a mayor and a common council. The mayor is elected at large. The common council consists of seven members elected from single member districts.


title: Rome, New York

text: Rome's primary road connection is the Utica-Rome Expressway, a freeway section of New York State Route 49. The expressway runs 14 miles from Rome to Utica where it meets I-90, I-790, NY 5, NY 12, and NY 8 in a massive cloverleaf interchange.


title: Rome, New York

text: Rome's Amtrak station is served by Amtrak's "Empire Service", with two daily trains in each direction between Niagara Falls and New York City. The daily "Maple Leaf" serves locations between Toronto and New York.


title: Rome, New York

text: Griffiss Air Force Base closed in 1995 and was converted into Griffiss International Airport. It has general aviation as well as military use. No scheduled commercial service uses the airport.


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: The Yas Marina Circuit (Arabic: حلبة مرسى ياس) is the venue for the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. The circuit was designed by Hermann Tilke, and is situated on Yas Island, near Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates. Yas Marina was the second of four Formula One tracks in the Middle East, with the first being in Bahrain and subsequent tracks in Qatar and Saudi Arabia. A two-day GP2 Asia Series test was held to officially open the circuit, which was held a week before the 2009 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. It also hosted the opening event for the Australian V8 Supercars series, the Yas V8 400, in February 2010. Outside motorsport the circuit was used for the final stage of the inaugural Abu Dhabi Tour cycle race in 2015. The circuit has an FIA Grade 1 license.


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: The circuit is located on Yas Island, a headland that was cut off from the mainland by a canal. It has sixteen corners and several straights, and passes by the marina and through the Yas Hotel Abu Dhabi designed by New York-based architects Hani Rashid and Lise Anne Couture of Asymptote Architecture with a facade lighting design by Rogier van der Heide.


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: The circuit has five grandstand areas (Main Grandstand, West Grandstand, North Grandstand, South Grandstand, and Marina Grandstand) and part of its pit lane exit runs underneath the track. It also houses a team building behind the pit building, Media Center, Dragster Track and VIP Tower. Additionally, one of the run-off areas runs underneath the West grandstand.


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: This changed when the previous turns 4, 5 and 6 were redesigned and the previous turns 11, 12 and 13 were also reconfigured in time for the 2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: The circuit was built by main contractor Cebarco-WCT WLL, under contract from developer Aldar Properties. Among the sub-contractors involved were KOH AH HING (KAHBINA) from Malaysia (structural contractor), as well as specialised subcontractors like Voltas (MEP), PKE-Siemens (MEP), Able-Middle East (earthworks), Hamilton International (interior) and Bau Bickhardt (track) to name a few.


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: The circuit was constructed with a permanent lighting system provided by Musco Lighting, similar to the one installed at Losail International Circuit in Qatar. Yas Marina Circuit is the largest permanent sports venue lighting project in the world; previously the title had been held by Losail International Circuit.


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: The surface of the track is made of graywacke aggregate, shipped to Abu Dhabi from a Bayston Hill quarry in Shropshire, England. The surface material is highly acclaimed by circuit bosses and Formula One drivers for the high level of grip it offers, though at the expense of a higher rate of tyre wear. The same aggregate material is used at the Bahrain International Circuit for the Bahrain Grand Prix.


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: On 7 October 2009, the circuit was granted final approval to hold Formula One races by the FIA. Bruno Senna was the first driver to complete a test run on the circuit.


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: After the first practice sessions at the 2009 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, the circuit was welcomed by the drivers, with Nico Rosberg commenting that every corner was 'unique', while double World Champion Fernando Alonso echoed his sentiments, stating that it was enjoyable because there was always something to do. Force India's Adrian Sutil rated the circuit as being better than Formula One's other night race in Singapore as he felt there was too much light at Marina Bay.


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: Not all of the drivers were complimentary, with Giancarlo Fisichella expressing a particular dislike of the pit exit, which dips under the main circuit by way of a tunnel. Although the pit exit remained free of incidents for the early practice sessions, Fisichella claimed that it was both very difficult and dangerous. Kimi Räikkönen notoriously gave his thoughts on the circuit, stating "the first few turns are quite good, but the rest of it is shit".


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: After the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix the designer Hermann Tilke said that they were considering making changes to the track to present more overtaking opportunities. BBC Sport's Andrew Benson called the racing in the 2020 event "dreary" with Matt Beer of "The Race" naming the track layout as one of 6 reasons why the races in Abu Dhabi "consistently disappoint". Drivers such as Daniel Ricciardo have also added their support for track changes.


title: Yas Marina Circuit

text: In June 2021, Saif Al Noaimi, acting CEO Abu Dhabi Motorsports Management, said modifications to the track's layout had been approved, with the modifications completed in time for the 2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. Turns 4, 5, and 6 were replaced by a single, less severe hairpin, turns 11 through 14 were replaced by a sweeping banked curve, and turns 18 through 20 were made less tight to allow more speed to be carried through them.


title: Chinese finger trap

text: A Chinese finger trap (also known as a Chinese finger puzzle, Chinese thumb cuff, Chinese handcuffs, and similar variants) is a gag toy used to play a practical joke on unsuspecting children and adults. The finger trap is a simple puzzle that traps the victim's fingers (often the index fingers) in both ends of a small cylinder woven from bamboo. The initial reaction of the victim is to pull their fingers outward, but this only tightens the trap. The way to escape the trap is to push the ends toward the middle, which enlarges the openings and frees the fingers. The single-ended version, sold as a "girlfriend trap", has been available since at least 1870, when it was recorded as a "Mädchenfänger" or "girl catcher".


title: Chinese finger trap

text: The tightening is simply a normal behavior of a cylindrical, helically wound braid, usually the common biaxial braid. Pulling the entire braid lengthens and narrows it. The length is gained by reducing the angle between the warp and weft threads at their crossing points, but this reduces the radial distance between opposing sides and hence the overall circumference. The more one pulls, the more the circumference shrinks and the trap tightens. The same effect is used in specialized textile manufacturing, the Vivien Kellems cable grip, Indonesian woven fruit presses, and by fly-fishers.


title: Chinese finger trap

text: Chinese finger traps are not intended for use as restraint devices. Victims of the prank may break the bamboo strips through physical strength when they pull outwards, attempting to free their fingers and stretching the trap beyond its limits.


title: Chinese finger trap

text: One variation on the Chinese finger trap has uses in orthopedic medicine—namely, providing even pressure to the patient's digit(s) and at the same time immobilizing the joints—and serves a similar purpose as a traction device. Its development goes back to Austria in 1870 when Dr. Steinberger, a dentist at the Rudolfsspital in Vienna, reported the discovery of his doctoral student Schmall, who got the idea to use the toy ″Mädchenfänger" (girl catcher) for the extension of fingers and arms. The principle was adapted for the use in surgery, and already in 1873 termed "Schmall'sches Extensionsgeflecht".


title: Chinese finger trap

text: Another variant is the towing sock. It uses the same principle to seize the end of a cable to be pulled through a tube or tunnel.


title: Chinese finger trap

text: The Chinese finger trap is a common metaphor for a problem that can be overcome by relaxing, i.e. not trying too hard to solve it; for example, in acceptance and commitment therapy.


title: Chinese finger trap

text: The gag has been used in a number of films and television productions, such as the Stan Laurel short "Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde" (1925), the Our Gang short "Moan and Groan, Inc." (1929), in "Romance on the Range" (1942), in "The Beast with Twenty Fingers" episode of "Dobie Gillis", the "This Little Wiggy" episode of the American show "The Simpsons" in 1998, the "Fore, Father" episode of the show "Family Guy" in 2000, the "Dexter's Laboratory" episode "Unfortunate Cookie", the "Milo Murphy's Law" episode "Murphy's Lard" (in which the title character Milo is revealed to have a phobia of them), "The Addams Family" in 1991, the 1987 "" episode "", in which Lt. Commander Data is stumped by the device, and the "Bob's Burgers" episode "Midday Run". The trap was featured in the book series "The Heroes of Olympus", most notably "The Mark of Athena", the joke a source of humor and a solution in the climax. The trap is featured in the Eric Andre film "Bad Trip," and more recently, in the Apple TV+ series "Severance" where it is one of the rewards given to employees for productivity.


title: Valery Khodemchuk

text: Valery Ilyich Khodemchuk (; ; 24 March 195126 April 1986) was a Soviet engineer who was the night shift circulating pump operator at the Chernobyl power plant and was the first victim of the Chernobyl disaster.


title: Valery Khodemchuk

text: He began his career at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in September 1973. During his first years at Chernobyl, he held positions of the engineer of boilers, the senior engineer of boilers of the workshop of thermal and underground communications, the operator of the 6th group, the senior operator of the group 7 of the main circulation pump of the 4th unit of the reactor workshop.


title: Valery Khodemchuk

text: On the night of 26 April 1986, Khodemchuk was in one of the main circulation pump engine rooms in the reactor 4 building. At approximately 1:23 a.m. (Moscow Time), there were two powerful explosions in reactor four. The explosions ripped through the reactor and the surrounding building, including the main circulation pump halls. Valery Khodemchuk was the first person to die in the Chernobyl disaster as it is thought he was killed instantly when the number 4 reactor exploded.


title: Valery Khodemchuk

text: His body was never found and it is presumed that he is entombed under the remains of the circulation pumps. A monument to Khodemchuk was built into the side of the Sarcophagus' interior dividing wall, to the east of the pump hall where he died.


title: Valery Khodemchuk

text: In 2008, Khodemchuk was posthumously awarded with the 3rd degree Order For Courage by Viktor Yushchenko, the President of Ukraine.


title: 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)

text: The 2nd Cavalry Regiment, also known as the 2nd Dragoons, is an active Stryker infantry and cavalry regiment of the United States Army. The Second Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army Europe and Africa, with its garrison at the Rose Barracks in Vilseck, Germany. It can trace its lineage back to the early part of the 19th century.


title: 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)

text: In addition to its two current names, former names are 2nd Riflemen, 2nd Dragoons, 2nd Constabulary Regiment, 2nd Armored Cavalry, 2nd Cavalry (Light), and 2nd Stryker Cavalry.


title: 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)

text: Tenné, a dragoon in the uniform of the Mexican War mounted on a white horse brandishing a saber and charging a Mexican field gun defended by a gunner armed with a rammer all proper, in chief two eight-pointed mullets Or.


title: 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)

text: The color of the facings of the old dragoon regiment was orange, which is used for the field of the shield; the insignia was an eight-pointed star of gold, two of them (conforming with the numerical designation) are placed on the shield. The traditional episode in the regiment is the charge of Captain May's squadron on the Mexican artillery at Resaca de la Palma which is commemorated by the principal charge on the shield.


title: 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)

text: The coat of arms was originally approved for the 2d Cavalry Regiment on 6 August 1920. It was amended to change the 6 pointed stars to 8 pointed stars to conform to the old dragoon star on 28 April 1924. The coat of arms was redesignated for the 2d Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron on 31 July 1944. On 26 November 1946, it was redesignated for the 2d Constabulary Squadron. It was redesignated for the 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment (US Constabulary) on 17 March 1949. The coat of arms was redesignated for the 2d Armored Cavalry on 1 September 1955. The insignia was redesignated effective 16 April 2005, for the 2d Cavalry Regiment.


title: 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)

text: A metal and enamel device one inch (2.54 cm) in height consisting of a gold eight pointed star of rays surmounted by a green palmetto leaf charged with a silver color fleur-de-lis, on a green ribbon scroll forming the base of the device, the regimental motto "Toujours Prêt" in gold metal letters.


title: 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)

text: The eight-pointed star insignia worn by dragoons, the 2d Cavalry having been originally formed as the Second Regiment of Dragoons in 1836. The palmetto leaf represents the Regiment's first action against the Seminole Indians in Florida, where the palmetto leaf grows in abundance. The fleur-de-lis is for combat service in France in both World War I and World War II. The motto "Toujours Prêt" (Always Ready) expresses the spirit and élan of the Regiment.


title: 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)

text: The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 2d Cavalry Regiment on 16 January 1923. The insignia was amended to change the 6 pointed star to an 8 pointed star to conform to the old dragoon star on 28 April 1924. On 23 March 1931, it was amended to prescribe the method of wear. It was redesignated for the 2d Constabulary Squadron on 21 January 1948. The insignia was redesignated for the 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment (US Constabulary) on 17 March 1949. It was redesignated for the 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment on 1 September 1955. The distinctive unit insignia was amended to change the description on 20 August 1965. It was redesignated effective 16 April 2005, for the 2d Cavalry Regiment.