title: 2010 ICC World Twenty20

text: Although the tournament was held every two years beginning in 2007, the scheduled ICC Champions Trophy, One Day International tournament to be held in the West Indies in 2010 was revised to a Twenty20 format because the 2008 Champions Trophy tournament in Pakistan was postponed due to security concerns and there was a need to correct the international cricketing tournament calendar.


title: 2010 ICC World Twenty20

text: This ICC World Twenty20 took place only 10 months after the last one. As before, the tournament featured 12 teams – the Test-playing nations and two qualifiers. Matches were played at three grounds – Kensington Oval in Bridgetown, Barbados; Providence Stadium in Providence, Guyana; and Beausejour Stadium in Gros Islet, Saint Lucia. The tournament was organised in parallel with the women's tournament, with the men's semi-finals and final each being preceded by the semi-finals and final from the women's event.


title: 2010 ICC World Twenty20

text: This competition also saw Afghanistan make their first ever appearance in a major ICC international cricket tournament, and was made even more remarkable as at the time they only held Affiliate Membership and subsequently became the only Affiliate member ever to compete in a major ICC international cricket tournament.


title: 2010 ICC World Twenty20

text: The ICC World Twenty20 qualifier was won by Afghanistan who defeated Ireland by 8 wickets in the final with both sides qualifying for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20. This was the first major tournament Afghanistan qualified for, while leading associates the Netherlands and Scotland failed to qualify this time.


title: 2010 ICC World Twenty20

text: In case of a tie (i.e. both teams score exactly the same number of runs at the end of their respective innings), a Super Over decides the winner. This is applicable in all stages of the tournament.


title: 2010 ICC World Twenty20

text: Within each group (of both group and Super Eight stages), teams are ranked against each other based on the following criteria:


title: 2010 ICC World Twenty20

text: The groups were announced on 4 July 2009. The initial four group format is the same as that used at the 2009 tournament. Team seed in brackets.


title: 2010 ICC World Twenty20

text: The Super 8s stage consists of the top two teams from each group of the group stage. The teams are split into two groups, Groups E and F. Group E will consist of the top seed from Groups A and C, and the second seed of groups B and D. Group F will consist of the top seed from Groups B and D, and the second seed of groups A and C. The seedings used are those allocated at the start of the tournament and are not affected by group stage results, with the exception of if a non-seeded team knocks out a seeded team, the non-seeded team inherits the seed of the knocked-out team.


title: 2010 ICC World Twenty20

text: The final, played in Barbados on 16 May 2010, featured the game's oldest rivalry less than six months before the Ashes in Australia. England won by seven wickets with three overs to spare to seal its first International Cricket Council world championship after losses in three World Cup finals – 1979 against the West Indies at Lord's, 1987 against Australia and 1992 against Pakistan – and a loss in the 2004 Champions Trophy final to the West Indies on home soil. Australia batted first and scored 147 runs for the loss of six wickets, with David Hussey's top score of 59 proving crucial after England had reduced the Aussies to 8/3 after 2.1 overs and then removed captain Michael Clarke. England bettered Australia's total with 18 balls to spare, reaching 148 runs for the loss of three wickets, with Craig Kieswetter (63 runs) and Kevin Pietersen (47 runs) combining for a 111-run partnership for the second wicket before captain Paul Collingwood hit the winning run. Pietersen was subsequently named Man of the Tournament having scored 248 runs, while Kieswetter was named Man of the Match having scored his first T20 international half-century in the final.


title: Robert I of France

text: Robert I (c. 866 – 15 June 923) was the elected King of West Francia from 922 to 923. Before his election to the throne he was Count of Poitiers, Count of Paris and Marquis of Neustria and Orléans. He succeeded the overthrown Carolingian king Charles the Simple, who in 898 had succeeded Robert's brother, king Odo.


title: Robert I of France

text: Robert was born in 866 as the posthumous son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou and Adelaide of Tours. He was the brother of Odo, who was elected king of West Francia in 888. In time West Francia evolved into the Kingdom of France; and under Odo, the royal capital was fixed in Paris. Robert and Odo came from the Robertian dynasty out of which the Capetian dynasty grew.


title: Robert I of France

text: In 885 Robert participated in the defence of Paris during the Viking siege of Paris. He was appointed by Odo as the ruler of several counties, including the county of Paris, and abbot "in commendam" of many abbeys. Robert also secured the office of "Dux Francorum", a military dignity of high importance.


title: Robert I of France

text: He did not claim the crown of West Francia when his brother died in 898; instead recognizing the supremacy of the Carolingian king, Charles the Simple. Charles then confirmed Robert in his offices and possessions, after which he continued to defend northern Francia from the attacks of Vikings. Robert defeated a large band of Vikings in the Loire Valley in 921, after which the defeated invaders converted to Christianity and settled near Nantes.


title: Robert I of France

text: The peace between King Charles the Simple and his powerful vassal was not seriously disturbed until about 921 when Charles' favoritism towards Hagano aroused rebellion. Supported by many of the clergy and by some of the most powerful of the Frankish nobles, Robert took up arms, drove Charles into Lotharingia, and was himself crowned king of the Franks ("rex Francorum") at Rheims on 29 June 922.


title: Robert I of France

text: Robert's rule was contested by the Viking leader Rollo, who had settled in the Duchy of Normandy in 911 with the permission of Charles the Simple. During Robert's reign, Rollo remained loyal to Charles, who continued to contest his deposition. Gathering an army, Charles marched against Robert, and on 15 June 923 at the Battle of Soissons Robert was killed. However, his army won the battle and Charles was captured. Charles remained a captive until his death in 929. Robert was succeeded as king by his son-in-law Rudolph, Count of Burgundy, also known as Raoul.


title: Robert I of France

text: Robert married for the second time to Beatrice of Vermandois, daughter of Herbert I, Count of Vermandois. Together they had:


title: BMW X4

text: The BMW X4 is a compact luxury crossover SUV manufactured by BMW since 2014. It is marketed as a sports activity coupé (SAC), the second model from BMW marketed as such after the X6, and features styling elements and the roofline of a traditional two-door coupé. The X4 is widely considered as a "coupé" version of the X3, trading its practicality with a sloping rear roof which offers a sportier styling.


title: BMW X4

text: The first-generation X4 was unveiled at the 2014 New York International Auto Show, followed by the 13th Beijing International Automotive Exhibition 2014, and at the 22nd Auto Mobil International Leipzig 2014. Early models included xDrive20i, xDrive28i, xDrive35i, xDrive20d, xDrive30d, and xDrive35d.


title: BMW X4

text: The M Performance M40i model was announced in 2015. It was officially revealed at the 2016 Detroit Auto Show, and produces and from its turbocharged 6-cylinder engine. It has a 0– time of 4.7 seconds. It went on sale from February 2016.


title: BMW X4

text: The F26 X4 is previewed by the BMW Concept X4 that was unveiled at Auto Shanghai 2013. The production model was later unveiled in 2014 at the New York International Auto Show. The X4 shares its powertrains with the X3, including a variety of four and six-cylinder petrol and diesel engines. The X4 is slotted above the X3 but below the X5 in the model range, and is longer and taller than the F25 X3 it is based on.


title: BMW X4

text: A total of $900 million was invested in the BMW Spartanburg plant in preparation for the production of X models, including the F26 X4.


title: BMW X4

text: Models are offered in a standard, xLine, or M Sport trim. All feature BMW EfficientDynamics program that includes an engine start stop system and brake energy regeneration. Available equipment includes 40:20:40 split folding rear seats, iDrive, a head-up display, and real-time traffic information. M40i models feature 19-inch alloy wheels, a sports exhaust system, a stiffer suspension setup, and M Sport styling.


title: BMW X4

text: M Performance Parts were released in the facelift and can be installed to all models. These include carbon fibre mirrors, a sport steering wheel, M rims, black kidney grilles, a carbon fibre spoiler and Aluminium pedals. 30d models also get a power boost kit making 27hp more (286hp) and 20d models can be fitted with a dual exhaust.


title: BMW X4

text: The second-generation was revealed online in February 2018 as the successor to the F26 X4, with sales commenced in July 2018. It shares its platform and basic styling elements with the third-generation BMW X3. Available variants include xDrive30i, xDrive20d, xDrive30d, xDriveM40i, and xDriveM40d.


title: BMW X4

text: In North America, the 2019 BMW X4 went on sale in the second quarter of 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle. It is available in either xDrive30i or M40i variants.


title: BMW X4

text: The G02 X4 was developed alongside the G01 X3, on which it is based on. The X4 features dual ball joint front axle and five-link rear axle suspension, and uses BMW's Cluster Architecture (CLAR) platform that incorporates aluminium and high strength steel. Compared to its predecessor, the X4 is lighter and is taller, longer, and wider.


title: BMW X4

text: Standard equipment consists of bi-LED headlights, an automatic tailgate, 40:20:40 split folding rear seats, and iDrive 6.0. Models are offered in xLine, M Sport, and M Sport X trim. xLine trim models feature underbody protection, 19-inch alloy wheels and sports seats, while M Sport models include M Sport styling, and M Sport suspension and brakes. M Sport X models include the same features, as well as anthracite headliner and Frozen Grey exterior trim elements. The M40i and M40d also gain a rear M Sport Differential—a single-clutch electromechanical rear differential which emulates the behavior of a conventional LSD. Optional ConnectedDrive features also enable Apple CarPlay and Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant integration.


title: BMW X4

text: Full M models can be fitted with full M specific M Performance Parts. These include a splitter, spoiler, sport steering wheel, carbon fibre vents and kidney grilles.


title: BMW X4

text: The Alpina XD4 debuted at the 2018 Geneva Motor Show. It is fitted with a modified version of the B57 diesel engine with four turbochargers, and outputs and . The XD4 is the fastest accelerating diesel-powered production SUV, and can accelerate from 0– in 4.6 s and has a top speed of . It is available in left-hand drive markets only.


title: Shareware

text: Shareware is a type of proprietary software that is initially shared by the owner for trial use at little or no cost. Often the software has limited functionality or incomplete documentation until the user sends payment to the software developer. Shareware is often offered as a download from a website or on a compact disc included with a magazine. Shareware differs from freeware, which is fully-featured software distributed at no cost to the user but without source code being made available; and free and open-source software, in which the source code is freely available for anyone to inspect and alter.


title: Shareware

text: There are many types of shareware and, while they may not require an initial up-front payment, many are intended to generate revenue in one way or another. Some limit use to personal non-commercial purposes only, with purchase of a license required for use in a business enterprise. The software itself may be time-limited, or it may remind the user that payment would be appreciated.


title: Shareware

text: Trialware or is a program that limits the time that it can be effectively used, commonly via a built-in time limit, number of uses, or only allowing progression up to a certain point (e.g. in video games, see Game demo). The user can try out the fully featured program until the trial period is up, and then most trialware reverts to either a reduced-functionality (freemium, nagware, or crippleware) or non-functional mode, unless the user purchases a full version. Trialware has become normalized for online Software as a Service (SaaS). WinRAR is a notable example of an unlimited trialware, i.e. a program that retains its full functionality even after the trial period has ended.


title: Shareware

text: The rationale behind trialware is to give potential users the opportunity to try out the program to judge its usefulness before purchasing a license. According to industry research firm Softletter, 66% of online companies surveyed had free-trial-to-paying-customer conversion rates of 25% or less. SaaS providers employ a wide range of strategies to nurture leads, and convert them into paying customers.


title: Shareware

text: Freemium works by offering a product or service free of charge (typically digital offerings such as software, content, games, web services or other) while charging a premium for advanced features, functionality, or related products and services. For example, a fully functional feature-limited version may be given away for free, with advanced features disabled until a license fee is paid. The word "freemium" combines the two aspects of the business model: "free" and "premium". It has become a popular model especially in the antivirus industry. Red Hat Linux OS works in a similar fashion, with a version for free use (Fedora Linux) and charging for their premium Enterprise version.


title: Shareware

text: Adware, short for "advertising-supported software", is any software package which automatically renders advertisements in order to generate revenue for its author. Shareware is often packaged with adware to lower the shareware fees or eliminate the need to charge users a fee. The advertisements may take the form of a banner on an application window. The functions may be designed to analyze which websites the user visits and to present advertising pertinent to the types of goods or services featured there. The term is sometimes used to refer to software that displays unwanted advertisements, which typically are more intrusive and may appear as pop-ups, as is the case in most ad-oriented spyware. During the installation of the intended software, the user is presented with a requirement to agree to the terms of click through an end-user license agreement or similar licensing which governs the installation of the software.


title: Shareware

text: Crippleware has vital features of the program, such as printing or the ability to save files, disabled or unwanted features like watermarks on screencasting and video editing software until the user buys the software. This allows users to take a close look at the features of a program without being able to use it to generate output. The distinction between freemium and crippleware is that an unlicensed freemium program has useful functionality, while crippleware demonstrates its potential but is not useful on its own.


title: Shareware

text: Donationware is a licensing model that supplies fully operational unrestricted software to the user and requests an optional donation be paid to the programmer or a third-party beneficiary (usually a non-profit). The amount of the donation may also be stipulated by the author, or it may be left to the discretion of the user, based on individual perceptions of the software's value. Since donationware comes fully operational (i.e. not crippleware) with payment optional, it is a type of freeware. In some cases, there is a delay to start the program or "nag screen" reminding the user that they haven't donated to the project. This nag feature and/or delayed start is often removed in an update once the user has donated to (paid for) the software.


title: Shareware

text: Nagware (also known as begware, annoyware or a nagscreen) is a pejorative term for shareware that persistently reminds the user to purchase a license. It usually does this by popping up a message when the user starts the program, or intermittently while the user is using the application. These messages can appear as windows obscuring part of the screen, or as message boxes that can quickly be closed. Some nagware keeps the message up for a certain time period, forcing the user to wait to continue to use the program. Unlicensed programs that support printing may superimpose a watermark on the printed output, typically stating that the output was produced by an unlicensed copy.


title: Shareware

text: Some titles display a dialog box with payment information and a message that paying will remove the notice, which is usually displayed either upon startup or after an interval while the application is running. These notices are designed to annoy the user into paying.


title: Shareware

text: Postcardware, also called just cardware, is a style of software distribution similar to shareware, distributed by the author on the condition that users send the author a postcard. A variation of cardware, Emailware, uses the same approach but requires the user to send the author an email. Postcardware, like other novelty software distribution terms, is often not strictly enforced. Cardware is similar to beerware.


title: Shareware

text: The concept was first used by Aaron Giles, author of JPEGView. Another well-known piece of postcardware is the roguelike game "Ancient Domains of Mystery", whose author collects postcards from around the world. Orbitron is distributed as postcardware. Exifer is a popular application among digital photographers that has been "postcardware". Caledos Automatic Wallpaper Changer is a "still alive" project cardware. "Empathy" is a postcardware for password-protected executables. Dual Module Player and Linux were also postcardware for a long time. An example for emailware is the video game "Jump 'n Bump". Another popular postcardware company is the Laravel package developers from Spatie, which have released over 200 open-source packages to the Laravel framework, which are postcardware licensed, and all shown at their website.


title: Shareware

text: In 1982, Andrew Fluegelman created a program for the IBM PC called PC-Talk, a telecommunications program, and used the term "freeware"; he described it "as an experiment in economics more than altruism". About the same time, Jim "Button" Knopf released PC-File, a database program, calling it "user-supported software". Not much later, Bob Wallace produced PC-Write, a word processor, and called it "shareware". Appearing in an episode of "Horizon" titled "Psychedelic Science" originally broadcast 5 April 1998, Bob Wallace said the idea for shareware came to him "to some extent as a result of my psychedelic experience".


title: Shareware

text: In 1983 Jerry Pournelle wrote of "an increasingly popular variant" of free software "that has no name, but works thus: 'If you like this, send me (the author) some money. I prefer cash.'" In 1984, "Softalk-PC" magazine had a column, "The Public Library", about such software. "Public domain" is a misnomer for shareware, and "Freeware" was trademarked by Fluegelman and could not be used legally by others, and "User-Supported Software" was too cumbersome. So columnist Nelson Ford had a contest to come up with a better name.


title: Shareware

text: The most popular name submitted was "Shareware", which was being used by Wallace. However, Wallace acknowledged that he got the term from an InfoWorld magazine column by that name in the 1970s, and that he considered the name to be generic, so its use became established over "freeware" and "user-supported software".


title: Shareware

text: Fluegelman, Knopf, and Wallace clearly established shareware as a viable software distribution model by becoming wealthy.


title: Shareware

text: Prior to the popularity of the World Wide Web and widespread Internet access, shareware was often the only economical way for independent software authors to get their product onto users' desktops. Those with Internet or BBS access could download software and distribute it amongst their friends or user groups, who would then be encouraged to send the registration fee to the author, usually via postal mail. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, shareware software was widely distributed over online services, bulletin board systems and on diskettes. Contrary to commercial developers who spent millions of dollars urging users "Don't Copy That Floppy", shareware developers encouraged users to upload the software and share it on disks.


title: Shareware

text: Commercial shareware distributors such as Educorp and Public Domain Inc printed catalogs describing thousands of public domain and shareware programs that were available for a small charge on floppy disk. These companies later made their entire catalog available on CD-ROM. One such distributor, "Public Software Library" (PSL), began an order-taking service for programmers who otherwise had no means of accepting credit card orders. Meanwhile major online service provider CompuServe enabled people to pay (register) for software using their CompuServe accounts. When AOL bought out CompuServe, that part of CompuServe called SWREG (Shareware Registration) was sold to UK businessman Stephen Lee of Atlantic Coast PLC who placed the service on to the internet and enabled over 3,000 independent software developers to use SWREG as a back office to accept various payment methods including credit, debit and charge cards, Paypal and other services in multiple currencies. This worked in realtime so that a client could pay for software and instantly download it which was novel at the time. SWREG was eventually bought by Digital River, Inc. Also, services like Kagi started offering applications that authors could distribute along with their products that would present the user with an onscreen form to fill out, print, and mail along with their payment. Once telecommunications became more widespread, this service also expanded online. Toward the beginning of the Internet era, books compiling reviews of available shareware were published, sometimes targeting specific niches such as small business. These books would typically come with one or more floppy disks or CD-ROMs containing software from the book.


title: Shareware

text: As Internet use grew, users turned to downloading shareware programs from FTP or web sites. This spelled the end of bulletin board systems and shareware disk distributors. At first, disk space on a server was hard to come by, so networks like Info-Mac were developed, consisting of non-profit mirror sites hosting large shareware libraries accessible via the web or ftp. With the advent of the commercial web hosting industry, the authors of shareware programs started their own sites where the public could learn about their programs and download the latest versions, and even pay for the software online. This erased one of the chief distinctions of shareware, as it was now most often downloaded from a central "official" location instead of being shared samizdat-style by its users. To ensure users would get the latest bug-fixes as well as an install untainted by viruses or other malware, some authors discouraged users from giving the software to their friends, encouraging them to send a link instead.


title: Shareware

text: Major download sites such as VersionTracker and CNet's Download.com began to rank titles based on quality, feedback, and downloads. Popular software was sorted to the top of the list, along with products whose authors paid for preferred placement.


title: Shareware

text: If features are disabled in the freely accessible version, paying may provide the user with a licence key or code they can enter into the software to disable the notices and enable full functionality. Some pirate web sites publish license codes for popular shareware, leading to a kind of arms race between the developer and the pirates where the developer disables pirated codes and the pirates attempt to find or generate new ones. Some software publishers have started accepting known pirated codes, using the opportunity to educate users on the economics of the shareware model.


title: Shareware

text: Some shareware relies entirely on the user's honesty and requires no password. Simply checking an "I have paid" checkbox in the application is all that is required to disable the registration notices.


title: Shareware

text: In the early 1990s, shareware distribution was a popular method of publishing games for smaller developers, including then-fledgling companies Apogee Software (also known as 3D Realms), Epic MegaGames (now Epic Games), Ambrosia Software and id Software. It gave consumers the chance to play the game before investing money in it, and it gave them exposure that some products would be unable to get in the retail space.


title: Shareware

text: With the Kroz series, Apogee introduced the "episodic" shareware model that became the most popular incentive for buying a game. While the shareware game would be a truly complete game, there would be additional "episodes" of the game that were not shareware and could only be legally obtained by paying for the shareware episode. In some cases these episodes were neatly integrated and would feel like a longer version of the game, and in other cases the later episodes would be stand-alone games. Sometimes the additional content was completely integrated with the unregistered game, such as in Ambrosia's Escape Velocity series, in which a character representing the developer's pet parrot, equipped with an undefeatable ship, would periodically harass and destroy the player after they reached a certain level representing the end of the trial period.


title: Shareware

text: Racks of games on single 5 1/4-inch and later 3.5-inch floppy disks were common in retail stores. However, computer shows and bulletin board systems (BBS) such as Software Creations BBS were the primary distributors of low-cost software. Free software from a BBS was the motivating force for consumers to purchase a computer equipped with a modem, so as to acquire software at no cost. The success of shareware games, including id Software hits "Commander Keen" and "Doom", depended in part on the BBS community's willingness to redistribute them from one BBS to another across North America. The reasons for redistribution included allowing modem users who could not afford long-distance calls the opportunity to view the games.


title: Shareware

text: The important distinguishing feature between a shareware game and a game demo is that the shareware game is (at least in theory) a complete working software program albeit with reduced content compared to the full game, while a game demo omits significant functionality as well as content. Shareware games commonly offered both single player and multiplayer modes plus a significant fraction of the full game content such as the first of three episodes, while some even offered the entire product as shareware while unlocking additional content for registered users. By contrast a game demo may offer as little as one single-player level or consist solely of a multiplayer map, this makes them easier to prepare than a shareware game.


title: Shareware

text: There are several widely accepted standards and technologies that are used in the development and promotion of shareware.


title: Brandon Call

text: Brandon Spencer Lee Call (born November 17, 1976) is an American former television and film actor as a child and adolescent. He played Hobie Buchannon in the first year of "Baywatch", and J.T. Lambert over a period of seven seasons on the TV series "Step by Step".


title: Brandon Call

text: Call was born on November 17, 1976, in Torrance, California. He is the youngest of four children born to Richard and Elyse Call; Brandon's three elder siblings are Dee Anne, Tandi and Dustin.


title: Brandon Call

text: He is married and raising his stepdaughter. Call already has one daughter from a previous relationship. She was born in 1998.


title: Brandon Call

text: While still in childhood, Call began acting in 1984. His first roles were guest spots on "Simon & Simon" and "Hotel". His film debut was voicing "Fairy #1" in Disney's "The Black Cauldron" in 1985. Also in 1985, he landed a recurring role on the NBC daytime drama, "Santa Barbara". During his stint on "Santa Barbara", he earned two Young Artist Awards for the role. After leaving the series in 1987, he guest-starred on two episodes of "St. Elsewhere"; he also co-starred with fellow soap opera veteran Christopher Rich on the short-lived series "The Charmings". In 1989, Call was cast as Hobie Buchannon for the maiden season of NBC's "Baywatch", which passed into syndication the following year. Call left the show to concentrate on his studies.


title: Brandon Call

text: In 1990, Call returned to films with "Blind Fury", in which he co-starred opposite Rutger Hauer. A year later, Call starred with Andrew Dice Clay in "The Adventures of Ford Fairlane"; he also appeared in "For the Boys" starring Bette Midler.


title: Brandon Call

text: Before the close of 1991, Call was cast as John Thomas "J.T." Lambert on the ABC sitcom "Step by Step", which moved to CBS in 1997 for its final season, after which Call retired from acting.


title: Brandon Call

text: After taping an episode of "Step by Step" on September 3, 1996, Call got into a traffic dispute while driving home. He was shot in both arms by Tommy Eugene Lewis. Call was treated at the UCLA Medical Center and made a full recovery.


title: Cailleach

text: In Gaelic (Irish, Scottish and Manx) myth, the Cailleach (, ) is a divine hag and ancestor, associated with the creation of the landscape and with the weather, especially storms and winter. The word literally means 'old woman, hag', and is found with this meaning in modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic, and has been applied to numerous mythological and folkloric figures in Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man. In modern Irish folklore studies she is sometimes known as The Hag of Beara, while in Scotland she is known as Beira, Queen of Winter.


title: Cailleach

text: ('old woman' or 'hag' in modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic) comes from the Old Irish ('veiled one'), an adjectival form of ('veil'), an early loan from Latin , 'woollen cloak'.


title: Cailleach

text: The Cailleach is often referred to as the in Irish and in Scottish Gaelic. Gearóid Ó Crualaoich believes this comes from a word meaning 'sharp, shrill, inimical' – or – and refers to the Cailleach's association with winter and wilderness, as well as her association with horned beasts or cattle.


title: Cailleach

text: The 8th- to 9th-century Irish poem "The Lament of the Old Woman" says that the Cailleach's name is Digdi or Digde. In "The Hunt of Slieve Cuilinn" she is called Milucra, sister of Áine. In the tale of the Glas Gaibhnenn, she is called Biróg. Elsewhere, she is called Bui or Bua[ch]. In Manx Gaelic she is known as the .


title: Cailleach

text: The plural of "cailleach" is () in Irish, () in Scottish Gaelic, and in Manx. The word is found as a component in terms like the Gaelic ('nun') and ('owl'), as well as the Irish ('wise woman, fortune-teller') and ('sorceress, charm-worker'). Related words include the Gaelic and the Irish ('young woman, girl, colleen'), the diminutive of 'woman', and the Lowland Scots ('old woman, witch'). A more obscure word that is sometimes interpreted as 'hag' is the Irish , which has led some to speculate on a connection between the Cailleach and the stonecarvings of Sheela na Gigs.


title: Cailleach

text: In Scotland, where she is also known as Beira, Queen of Winter (a name given by 20th-century folklorist Donald Alexander Mackenzie), she is credited with making numerous mountains and large hills, which are said to have been formed when she was striding across the land and accidentally dropped rocks from her creel or wicker basket. In other cases she is said to have built the mountains intentionally, to serve as her stepping stones. She carries a hammer for shaping the hills and valleys, and is said to be the mother of all the goddesses and gods. According to Mackenzie, Beira was a one-eyed giantess with white hair, dark blue skin, and rust-colored teeth.


title: Cailleach

text: The Cailleach displays several traits befitting the personification of winter: she herds deer, she fights spring, and her staff freezes the ground.


title: Cailleach

text: In partnership with the goddess Brìghde, the Cailleach is seen as a seasonal deity or spirit, ruling the winter months between Samhainn (1 November or first day of winter) and Bealltainn (1 May or first day of summer), while Brìghde rules the summer months between Bealltainn and Samhainn. Some interpretations have the Cailleach and Brìghde as two faces of the same goddess, while others describe the Cailleach as turning to stone on Bealltainn and reverting to humanoid form on Samhainn in time to rule over the winter months. Depending on local climate, the transfer of power between the winter goddess and the summer goddess is celebrated any time between (Imbolc, 1 February) at the earliest, Latha na Cailliche (25 March), or Bealltainn (1 May) at the latest, and the local festivals marking the arrival of the first signs of spring may be named after either the Cailleach or Brìghde.


title: Cailleach

text: Là Fhèill Brìghde is also the day the Cailleach gathers her firewood for the rest of the winter. Legend has it that if she intends to make the winter last a good while longer, she will make sure the weather on 1 February is bright and sunny, so she can gather plenty of firewood to keep herself warm in the coming months. As a result, people are generally relieved if Là Fhèill Brìghde is a day of foul weather, as it means the Cailleach is asleep, will soon run out of firewood, and therefore winter is almost over. On the Isle of Man, where She is known as "Caillagh ny Groamagh", the Cailleach is said to have been seen on St. Bride's day in the form of a gigantic bird, carrying sticks in her beak.


title: Cailleach

text: According to Mackenzie, the longest night of the year marked the end of her reign as Queen of Winter, at which time she visited the Well of Youth and, after drinking its magic water, grew younger day by day.


title: Cailleach

text: In Scotland, the Cailleachan (lit. 'old women') are also known as the Storm Hags, and seen as personifications of the elemental powers of nature, especially in a destructive aspect. They are said to be particularly active in raising the windstorms of spring, during the period known as "A' Chailleach".


title: Cailleach

text: On the west coast of Scotland, the Cailleach ushers in winter by washing her great plaid (Gaelic: "féileadh mòr") in the Gulf of Corryvreckan (Gaelic: "Coire Bhreacain" - 'whirlpool/cauldron of the plaid'). This process is said to take three days, during which the roar of the coming tempest is heard as far away as inland. When she is finished, her plaid is pure white and snow covers the land.


title: Cailleach

text: In Scotland and Ireland, the first farmer to finish the grain harvest made a corn dolly, representing the Cailleach (also called "the Carlin or Carline"), from the last sheaf of the crop. The figure would then be tossed into the field of a neighbor who had not yet finished bringing in their grain. The last farmer to finish had the responsibility to take in and care for the corn dolly for the next year, with the implication they'd have to feed and house the hag all winter. Competition was fierce to avoid having to take in the Old Woman.


title: Cailleach

text: Some scholars believe the Old Irish poem "The Lament of the Old Woman of Beara" is about the Cailleach; Kuno Meyer states, "she had fifty foster-children in Beare. She had seven periods of youth one after another, so that every man who had lived with her came to die of old age, and her grandsons and great-grandsons were tribes and races."


title: Cailleach

text: In Ireland, the Cailleach is associated with craggy, prominent mountains and outcroppings, such as Hag's Head () the southernmost tip of the Cliffs of Moher in County Clare.


title: Cailleach

text: The megalithic tombs at Loughcrew in County Meath are situated atop Slieve na Calliagh () and include a kerbstone known as "the hag's chair". Cairn T on Slieve na Calliagh is a classic passage tomb, in which the rays of the equinox sunrise shine down the passageway and illuminate an inner chamber filled with megalithic stonecarvings.


title: Cailleach

text: The summit of Slieve Gullion in County Armagh features a passage tomb known locally as the 'Calliagh Beara's House'. There is also a lake, where the Calliagh is said to have played a trick on the mythical warrior, Fionn mac Cumhaill, when he took on the physical appearance of an old man after diving into the lake to retrieve a ring that the Calliagh fooled him into thinking was lost.


title: Cailleach

text: The Carrowmore passage tombs on the Cúil Iorra Peninsula in County Sligo, are associated with the Cailleach. One is called the Cailleach a Bhéara's House. William Butler Yeats refers to the Sligo Cailleach as the 'Clooth na Bare'. In County Sligo she is also called the Garavogue Cailleach.


title: Cailleach

text: The Cailleach is prominent in the landscape of Argyll and Bute, Scotland. In later tales she is known as the "Cailleach nan Cruachan" ("the witch of Ben Cruachan"). Ben Cruachan is the tallest mountain in the region. Tea-towels and postcards of her are sold in the visitor shop for the Hollow Mountain, which also features a mural depicting her accidental creation of Loch Awe. Legend has it that the Cailleach was tired from a long day herding deer. Atop Ben Cruachan she fell asleep on her watch and a well she was tending overflowed, running down from the highlands and flooding the valleys below, forming first a river and then the loch. The overflowing well is a common motif in local Gaelic creation tales - as seen in the goddess Boann's similar creation of the River Boyne in Ireland. Other connections to the region include her above-mentioned strong ties with the fierce whirlpool in the Gulf of Corryvreckan.


title: Cailleach

text: She is also associated with other Scottish mountains. Ben Nevis was said to be her "mountain throne". The two mountains on the Isle of Skye named Beinn na Caillich (western and eastern) after her, from which fierce storms of sleet and rain descend, wreaking havoc and destruction upon the lands below.


title: Cailleach

text: There is a Gleann Cailliche in Glen Lyon in Perthshire with a stream named Allt Cailliche which runs into Loch Lyon. This area is famous for a pagan ritual which according to legend is associated to the Cailleach. There is a small shieling in the Glen, known as either Tigh nan Cailleach (Scottish Gaelic for "house of the old women") or Tigh nam Bodach, (Scottish Gaelic for "house of the old men"), which houses a number of heavy water-worn stones, resembling miniature human beings. Roughly rectangular, the building originally measured 2m by 1.3m by 0.4m high with a stone roof. A replacement roof of a wooden pallet having collapsed and the whole building having become somewhat ruinous it was rebuilt by a local dyker in 2011.


title: Cailleach

text: According to local legend the stones represent the Cailleach, her husband the Bodach, and their children and the site may represent the only surviving shrine of its kind in Great Britain. The local legend suggests that the Cailleach and her family were given shelter in the glen by the locals and while they stayed there the glen was always fertile and prosperous. When they left they gave the stones to the locals with the promise that as long as the stones were put out to look over the glen at Bealltainn and put back into the shelter and made secure for the winter at Samhain then the glen would continue to be fertile. This ritual is still carried out to this day.


title: Don't Say a Word

text: Don't Say a Word is a 2001 American psychological thriller film starring Michael Douglas, Brittany Murphy and Sean Bean based on the novel "Don't Say a Word" by Andrew Klavan. It was directed by Gary Fleder and written by Anthony Peckham and Patrick Smith Kelly.


title: Don't Say a Word

text: In 1991, a gang of thieves steal a rare $10-million gem, but, in the process, two of the gang double-cross their leader, Patrick Koster, and take off with the precious stone.


title: Don't Say a Word

text: Ten years later, on the day before Thanksgiving, prominent Manhattan private practice child psychiatrist, Dr. Nathan R. Conrad, is invited by his friend and former colleague, Dr. Louis Sachs, to examine a "disturbed" young lady named Elisabeth Burrows at the state sanatorium.


title: Don't Say a Word

text: Having been released from prison two weeks earlier, Patrick and the remaining gang members break into an apartment which overlooks Nathan's apartment, where he lives with his wife Aggie and daughter Jessie. He is informed by Patrick that Elisabeth is only pretending to be insane to hide out in the institution from this gang that is searching for the gem. That evening, Patrick kidnaps Jessie as a means of forcing Nathan to acquire a six-digit number from Elisabeth's memory. As Nathan visits Elisabeth, she is reluctant at first, but he gains her trust laterespecially when he reveals the situation with Jessie. Sachs admits to Nathan that the gang who kidnapped Jessie also kidnapped his girlfriend to force him to acquire the number from Elisabeth. Sachs is then visited by Detective Sandra Cassidy, who reveals to him that his girlfriend has been found dead. Meanwhile, Aggie hears Jessie's voice and realizes the kidnappers reside in the nearby apartment. The kidnappers send one of them to kill Aggie while the others escape with Jessie, but Aggie sets an ambush and kills him.


title: Don't Say a Word

text: After Nathan takes Elisabeth out of the sanatorium, she remembers certain events regarding the gang. It is revealed that Elisabeth's father was the gang member who double crossed the others and kept the gem. However, other members of the gang later found him and ordered him to reveal where he had hidden the gem, subsequently pushing him in front of a subway train. The gang members were arrested immediately, and Elisabeth escaped with her doll in which the gem was hidden. She also remembers that the required number, 815508, is the number of her father's grave at Hart Island and that her doll is placed beside him in the coffin. She explains that she had stowed away on a boat that was taking her father's coffin for burial in Potter's field on Hart Island, where the gravediggers put the doll, named Mischka, inside.


title: Don't Say a Word

text: Nathan and Elisabeth steal a boat to reach Hart Island. The gang members track them down and demand that Nathan give them the number they want. Elisabeth reveals the number and Patrick orders his companion to exhume her father's coffin after releasing Jessie. He finds the doll and the gem hidden inside it. He then decides to kill Nathan and Elisabeth, but Cassidy arrives before he can shoot them. Patrick's companion is shot by Cassidy, but Patrick manages to wound her. Taking advantage of the confusion, Nathan takes the gem from Patrick and throws it to a nearby excavation machine. Nathan kicks Patrick into the grave, and then triggers the mechanism which covers Patrick with earth, burying him alive. Nathan reunites with Aggie and Jessie, and invites Elisabeth to live with them.


title: Don't Say a Word

text: An earlier version of the script did not feature the investigation side-plot set around Detective Sandra Cassidy. Although the film is entirely set in New York, shooting took place in winter 2000 in both New York and Toronto. Due to the film's release nearly three weeks after the September 11 attacks, the filmmakers contemplated delaying the movie, but ultimately decided against it. However, they cut out and replaced shots of the World Trade Center from the edit, such as the opening shot, which now instead shows Brooklyn.


title: Don't Say a Word

text: The film's musical score was composed by Mark Isham. The soundtrack was released on cd from Varèse Sarabande that contains eight score selections from various scenes, including Heist, Kidnapped and the horrific events at Subway.


title: Don't Say a Word

text: "Don't Say a Word" received poor reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 24% based on 114 reviews. The site's consensus states: ""Don't Say a Word" is slick and competently made, but the movie is routine and stretches believability with many eye rolling moments." Metacritic gives the film a generally unfavorable review with a score of 38% based on 32 reviews.


title: Don't Say a Word

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, deeming that "the movie as a whole looks and occasionally plays better than it is" and praising Gary Fleder's "poetic visual touch" as well as Brittany Murphy's and Sky McCole Bartusiak's performances. Conversely, in his review for "Empire", Kim Newman found the film bland and thought it "rarely manages to make you forget its blatant silliness". He did however praise the female cast, in particular Famke Janssen.


title: Good Morning Britain (2014 TV programme)

text: Good Morning Britain (often abbreviated to GMB) is a British breakfast television programme that is broadcast on ITV. It debuted on 28 April 2014 and is broadcast live every weekday from 6:00am to 9:00am across Britain and Northern Ireland. The programme features a variety of news, interviews, politics, sport, entertainment, competitions and weather as well as local news bulletins delivered by the ITV regions.


text: The magazine-style show includes headline updates at the beginning of the programme and at the top of each hour thereafter, then three short three-minute regional bulletins at quarter past the hour featuring news, travel/transit advisories, and weather. From 6 January 2020, the first half-hour features Hawkins, Garraway or Singh reading the day's headlines, joined at 6:30 a.m. by two of the main anchors, and although this format was suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic, it later returned on 31 August 2020. The show features interviews with celebrities and politicians as well as discussion of topical issues, with a reputation for often heated debates. Viewers are encouraged to engage with the show through digital platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, and there are regular competitions which the audience can enter, usually presented by Andi Peters.


text: Weather bulletins are presented by Laura Tobin, with entertainment and health being presented by Richard Arnold and Dr Hilary Jones respectively.


text: A programme of the same name aired as part of TV-am between 1983 and 1992 each weekday morning between 7:00 am and 9:00 am, along with a Saturday morning edition.


text: The programme was directed by Erron Gordon from its inception in 2014 to 2021. Stuart Earl took over as director following Erron's departure in 2021.


text: "Good Morning Britain" launched on 28 April 2014 following the cancellation of Daybreak with four main presenters – Susanna Reid, Ben Shephard, Charlotte Hawkins and Sean Fletcher, with weather bulletins presented by Laura Tobin, entertainment news delivered by Richard Arnold and sports news presented by Fletcher.


text: Reid, Shephard and Hawkins all presented four days a week, with Fletcher presenting every day. When Reid was absent, Hawkins took her place and was in turn, substituted by Kate Garraway or Ranvir Singh.


text: Between 13 June and 11 July, the show reported on the 2014 FIFA World Cup, with Fletcher presenting highlights and reactions live from Brazil. They also utilised graphics and music adapted specifically for the event.


text: On 19 September 2014, the show was extended to 10:00 am to provide coverage on the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, with Reid and Shephard presenting live from Edinburgh.


text: On 13 October 2015, ITV announced that Piers Morgan would join the programme three days a week as a permanent presenter following a week as a guest presenter in April.


text: On 22 March 2016, the show was extended to 10:30 am to cover the breaking news of the Brussels bombings, meaning that sister show "Lorraine" and "The Jeremy Kyle Show" were cancelled. The following day, Reid presented coverage of the aftermath live from Brussels, whilst Morgan and Hawkins presented from the studio.


text: On 25 March 2016, a fire occurred in an ITV production office, causing the presenters and crew to evacuate shortly before the programme went on air. A standby tape was played as a substitute for the first 30 minutes of the programme and "Dinner Date" was then shown for the remainder of "Good Morning Britain's" airtime.


text: On 24 June 2016, the show was extended to 9:25 am to cover the result of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum.


text: On 22 July 2016, a second royal special was broadcast live from Buckingham Palace with Garraway and Singh. Laura Tobin presented the weather live from the Palace Gardens.


text: On 9 November, the show was extended to 9:25 am again to cover the results of the 2016 United States presidential election, with Reid and Morgan live in New York City, Singh in Washington D.C. and Hawkins in the studio.


text: On 26 January 2017, newsreader and relief presenter Ranvir Singh was announced as the programme's new Political Editor.


text: On 26 January 2018, a special edition of the programme was broadcast, focused on a worldwide exclusive interview with US President Donald Trump. Shephard and Garraway presented the majority of the programme from the studio in London, while Morgan presented parts of the show live from Davos, Switzerland.


text: On 13 April 2018, the final edition of "Good Morning Britain" from The London Studios was broadcast. Morgan and Reid returned on 16 April, broadcasting live from Television Centre for the first time, with a new studio and updated opening titles.


text: On 18 May 2018, Garraway and Shephard presented a special edition of the programme in celebration of the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle, with Hawkins and Tobin presenting live from Windsor.


text: On 28 June 2018, ITV aired a special edition of the programme entitled "Good Evening Britain" following the England vs. Belgium World Cup football match, with live reactions, debates and analysis, presented by Morgan and Reid. Guests included Pamela Anderson, David Ginola, Danny Dyer and Jeremy Corbyn.


text: On 24 September 2018, the show began airing in the United States, on the BritBox streaming service. The version seen on BritBox, is a specially edited version featuring the highlights of that day's edition. It is available at 7:00 am ET.


text: On 13 December 2018, Reid presented parts of the show live from Westminster following Theresa May's survival in a vote of no confidence, with Shephard and Garraway presenting in the studio.


text: On 6 January 2020, ITV Daytime announced that "Good Morning Britain" would be broadcast for an additional half an hour, with a new finishing time of 9:00 am, due to the cancellation of "The Jeremy Kyle Show". The first half-hour features Hawkins, Garraway or Singh reading the day's main headlines, joined at 6:30 am by the main anchors. The show received updated titles which were reverted during the COVID-19 pandemic, featuring the presenter's names.


text: On 21 January 2020, the show was accused of racism and received over 1,500 Ofcom complaints after Morgan made comments relating to a Chinese dairy advert, in which he said, "He's using ching chang chong milk". Morgan also spoke over the advert saying, "ching chang cho jo". He was accused by some viewers as using racist language which is used to antagonise Chinese people, and for mocking the Chinese language. Both Morgan and "Good Morning Britain" denied the accusations. This led to several public figures including footballer John Barnes and politician Sarah Owen, separately criticising both Morgan and the show for ignoring racism. The episode was later taken down from the ITV Hub on the day it aired, although ITV claimed it was removed for "a totally unrelated reason".


text: On 17 March 2020, Reid was forced to self-isolate at home after one of her children displayed symptoms of COVID-19, which, under government guidelines at the time, required the whole household to self-isolate. Reid continued to make appearances on the programme via video link, and returned to the studio on 31 March.


text: On 22 March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, ITV announced that production of both "Lorraine" and "Loose Women" would be suspended due to the lower number of production staff able to work. As a result, "Good Morning Britain" was extended by an hour to finish at the later time of 10:00 am, with the final hour co-hosted by Morgan and Lorraine Kelly. From April 2020, however, Kelly hosted the final hour on her own, with regular input from health editor Hilary Jones.


text: From 4 May 2020, Morgan was absent from the programme all week, displaying Coronavirus symptoms. Shephard instead co-hosted alongside Reid. He returned on 11 May 2020.


text: On 8 July 2020, Morgan and Reid announced they would be taking an extended break of six weeks over the summer, with Shephard, Ray, Hawkins, Singh and Garraway (who had been absent from the show due to her husband Derek Draper being admitted to intensive care with COVID-19) presenting in their place. Morgan and Reid returned on Tuesday 1 September.


text: On 12 July 2020, it was announced that "Lorraine" would start production again, meaning that Kelly would no longer present the final hour of "Good Morning Britain", and the show would subsequently return to its previous finish time of 9:00 am.


text: On 13 and 14 August 2020, Sean Fletcher returned to present two editions of the programme (for the first time since March) with Charlotte Hawkins, and on 20 and 21 August Alex Beresford co-hosted two episodes alongside Kate Garraway.


text: On 31 August 2020, the format from January–March 2020 was returned, with Morgan and Reid (from 6:30 AM) and Hawkins (from 6:00 AM) all in the studio together for the first time in 6 months.


text: During the week beginning on 2 November 2020, Morgan and Reid presented the show for the whole week because of the 2020 United States presidential election, including a results programme on Wednesday 4 November, as well as the second lockdown in England due to COVID-19.


text: On 20 January 2021, Hawkins was forced to isolate for 10 days, starting the following day. Sean Fletcher covered her absence. She returned on 1st February 2021.


text: On 3 February 2021, Morgan and Reid hosted a special edition of the programme in memory of Captain Sir Tom Moore who died the day before from a battle with pneumonia and COVID-19.


text: On 8 March 2021, the programme came under fire for remarks made by Morgan following the US broadcast of the "Oprah with Meghan and Harry" interview. In the interview, Meghan, Duchess of Sussex stated that there were periods of time that she "didn't want to be alive anymore". Morgan did not believe this, stating "I don't believe a word she says, Meghan Markle. I wouldn't believe her if she read me a weather report."


text: On 9 March, the morning after the UK airing of the interview, Morgan walked off the show, following weather presenter Alex Beresford's alternative narrative for Morgan's behaviour.


text: An Ofcom investigation was also announced the same day, for a potential breach of their harm and offence rules. It had received 57,121 complaints as of 17 March 2021, making it the most complained about programme since the formation of Ofcom in 2003.


text: Later the same day, it was announced by ITV plc that Morgan had "decided it was the time to leave" "Good Morning Britain" and would be doing so immediately. Morgan stated the following day that he had "had time to reflect" on his comments on the programme and still didn't believe what Meghan had said, citing his right to "freedom of speech".


text: In June 2021, Shephard suffered a major injury which forced him to have emergency leg surgery the following month. After 3 weeks of recovery, he was declared fit to return to his presenting duties.


text: On 13 and 27 September 2021, new graphics and titles were launched incorporating the "blocks" on the screens in the studio.


text: On 25 November 2021, series director Erron Gordon left the programme to join TalkTV. He was replaced by stand in director Stuart Earl.


text: On 19 December 2021, ITV confirmed that, in an effort to keep presenters and staff safe amidst growing concern about the Omicron variant, "Good Morning Britain" was extended by an hour to finish at the later time of 10:00 am, with the final hour hosted by Andi Peters (stand in for Lorraine Kelly) and titled "Good Morning Britain with Lorraine."


text: On 20 December 2021, ITV confirmed that the programme will go on hiatus after the Christmas period as a result of rapid increase in the COVID-19 cases.


text: From January 2022, the format to the show changed between 6 and 7am. The two main presenters start at 6am (previously 6:30) and present the main story and then the day's newsreader (who used to present solely from 6 to 6.30am) presents the rest of the day's news. Following the weather forecast and an overview of the local news, the morning's papers are then reviewed by guests.


text: Good Morning Britain aired two special episodes on Saturday 10 and Sunday 11 September 2022, in reflection of the death of Queen Elizabeth II.


text: "Good Morning Britain" was broadcast from Studio 5 at The London Studios, the same studio where GMTV was broadcast from during its seventeen-year run. In February 2017, it was announced that The London Studios, where "Good Morning Britain" is broadcast, would be closed for some years beginning in 2018 as ITV decided to go through with demolishing the building and having it rebuilt. It was also announced that ITV's daytime shows ("Good Morning Britain", "Lorraine", "This Morning" and "Loose Women") would be moving to studio space at BBC Studioworks' Television Centre, previously used by the BBC before moving in March 2013. The last programme from The London Studios was broadcast on 13 April 2018.


text: ITV's daytime shows moved to Television Centre on 16 April 2018, with "Good Morning Britain" using Studio TC3. This studio is split in two, with half of it being used for "Good Morning Britain" and half for "This Morning". They share the same cameras and gallery. In October 2018, it was announced that ITV would not be returning to the South Bank.


text: "GMB Today" was a temporary replacement for "Lorraine" whilst on its summer break. Broadcast 21 August to 1 September 2017.


text: "Good Morning Britain" was nominated for three TRIC Awards in 2015. Susanna Reid was awarded "Newscaster of the Year".


text: "Good Morning Britain" was nominated in the 2016 TV Choice Awards for the Best Daytime TV Programme but failed to win.


text: "Good Morning Britain" jointly won the PinkNews Broadcaster of the Year Award with "Victoria Derbyshire" in 2016.


text: The programme was nominated for a National Television Award in 2018, but failed to make the shortlist. It did, however, make the shortlist in 2019, 2020 and 2021.


text: Presenters Piers Morgan and Ben Shephard were both nominated for the Best Presenter award at the 2019, 2020 and 2021 National Television Awards, however both failed to make the shortlist in '19 & '20. However, six months after leaving the show, Morgan was shortlisted for the award, but lost to Ant & Dec.


text: In 2019, they received two BAFTA nominations for Best News Coverage for their knife crime interview and Thomas Markle exclusive interview, but failed to win.


text: On 18 June 2019, the programme won "The Golden Nymph for Best Live Breaking News" at the 59th Monte-Carlo Television Festival.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Christmas dinner is a meal traditionally eaten at Christmas. This meal can take place any time from the evening of Christmas Eve to the evening of Christmas Day itself. The meals are often particularly rich and substantial, in the tradition of the Christian feast day celebration, and form a significant part of gatherings held to celebrate the arrival of Christmastide. In many cases, there is a ritual element to the meal related to the religious celebration, such as the saying of grace.


title: Christmas dinner

text: The actual meal consumed varies in different parts of the world with regional cuisines and local traditions. In many parts of the world, particularly former British colonies, the meal shares some connection with the English Christmas dinner involving roasted meats and pudding of some description. The Christmas pudding and Christmas cake evolved from this tradition.


title: Christmas dinner

text: In countries without a lengthy Christian tradition, the Christmas meal may be more heavily influenced by popular culture. An example of this is Japan, where a KFC takeaway meal is traditionally consumed.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Indian people cook a variety of foods, including biryani with chicken or mutton, chicken and mutton curry, followed by cake or sweets like kheer. Long established Christian communities such as Goan Catholics have pork dishes and beef dishes as part of their main course of their Christmas dinner. These include pork vindaloo and sorpatel. For dessert, a dish called bebinca is popular.


title: Christmas dinner

text: The Kerala Christian community is the largest Christianity community in India. Keralites celebrate Christmas with midnight mass, Christmas carols and food. The Christmas celebration begins on Christmas Eve. Churches are decorated, Christmas trees and bigger Christmas stars from youth groups are the biggest attractions in Kerala. Pork Vindaloo, Beef Stew, and Mappas are the common dishes served during Christmas dinner. Keralites people go from home to home to celebrate and dance during carol time. All Keralites—including Hindus and Muslims—celebrate Christmas and share sweets and gifts and participate in carols and town celebrations. Plum cake is a famous dessert in Kerala and family come together and cut the cake after the midnight mass, the cutting of plum cakes after Christmas mass is treated as a tradition in Kerala. Occasionally, wines commonly made from grapes as well as pineapples, gooseberries or other fruit, are consumed.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Japanese Christmas cake, a white sponge cake covered with cream and decorated with strawberries, is often consumed, and Stollen cake, made locally, is widely available. A successful advertising campaign in the 1970s made eating at KFC around Christmas a national custom. Its chicken meals are so popular during the season that stores take reservations months in advance.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Lebanese Christians celebrate Christmas dinners. The feast, usually on the night of the 24th and lunch on the 25th, is a big one. The family gets together at both meals, and some have the leftovers from the dinner prior to the lunch the next day. The traditional offering for Christmas is sugar-coated almonds. Roast turkey is the most common choice of meal. Roasted duck, Lebanese salad (Tabbouleh) and pastries such as honey cake are common. Beirut celebrates Christmas by conducting glamorous and big Christmas parties. Western-style poinsettias, community Christmas trees, and Christmas lights are very popular.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Christmas dinner in the Philippines is called "Noche Buena" following Hispanic custom, and is held towards midnight of 24 December. This usually comes after the entire family has attended the late evening Mass called the "Misa de Gallo" ("Mass of the Rooster"). The centerpiece of the "Noche Buena" is often the "hamón", which is usually a cured leg of pork. This is usually served with "queso de bola", literally a ball of edam cheese covered in red wax. Other ubiquitous dishes are pasta and, for dessert, fruit salad. The dinner would usually be accompanied by "tsokolate" or hot cocoa, made with pure, locally grown cacao beans. Some families prefer "tsokolate" prepared from "tablea" or pressed cocoa powder tablets that are either pure or slightly sweetened. Most of the foods served on Noche Buena are fresh and usually prepared the day of Christmas Eve.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Middle-class and affluent families tend to prepare sumptuous feasts which may include any of the following: "lechón" or spit-roasted pig; "lumpia"; "escabeche"; "adobo"; "rellenong manok" or stuffed chicken; roast turkey; "mechado" (beef stew); "kaldereta" (spicy beef stew); paella; and other traditional fiesta dishes. Less well-off families would opt for a more economical "Noche Buena"; the organising of even a simple gathering despite financial difficulties reflects the paramount importance in Filipino culture of familial (and, by extension, communal) unity.


title: Christmas dinner

text: This focus on the family is common to all Filipino socio-economic classes and ethnic groups that observe Christmas. Most – if not all – members from the branches or extended families in a clan are expected to partake of the "Noche Buena". Relatives living abroad, especially OFWs, are highly encouraged to return home for the occasion, as it is the most important Filipino Christian holiday of the year. Most families prefer to exchange Christmas presents right after dinner, contrary to the Western custom of opening presents on Christmas morning.


title: Christmas dinner

text: In Austria, Christmas Eve is the celebration of the end of the pre-Christmas fast. Christmas is usually celebrated only by Christians. Christmas Eve is historically the day that the tree is decorated and lit with real candles, so that the Christkindl may visit. Christmas Day is a national holiday in Austria and most Austrians spend the day feasting with their family. Fried carp, Sachertorte, and Christmas biscuits (Lebkuchen and Weihnachtssterne) are eaten, as are many other chocolate delicacies including edible Christmas ornaments. Christmas dinner is usually goose, ham served with Gluhwein, Rumpunsch, and chocolate mousse.


title: Christmas dinner

text: A traditional Christmas meal in the Czech Republic is fried carp and potato salad which are eaten during Christmas dinner on the evening of 24 December. It is often accompanied by a fish soup prepared from carp leftovers (head or bones) or a traditional Czech mushroom dish Kuba. Many households also prepare a great variety of unique Christmas biscuits to offer to visitors. These are prepared many days before the feast and take a long time to decorate. It is also common to hang for children wrapped chocolate sweets on the Christmas tree as decoration.


title: Christmas dinner

text: In Denmark, the traditional Christmas meal served on 24 December consists, according to one representative study, of duck (66% of households surveyed), roast pork with crackling (43%), turkey (8%), or goose (7%). The figures total more than 100% because it was found that some families prepare more than one kind of meat for Christmas dinner. The meat is served with boiled potatoes (some of which are caramelized, some roasted), red cabbage, and gravy. The main course is followed by a dessert of Risalamande, rice pudding served with cherry sauce or strawberry sauce, often with a whole almond hidden inside. The lucky finder of the almond is entitled to an extra present, the almond gift. Christmas drinks are Gløgg (mulled wine) and traditional Christmas beers, specially brewed for the season and which usually have a high alcohol content.


title: Christmas dinner

text: (translated "Christmas table") is the name of the traditional food board served at Christmas in Finland, similar to the Swedish . It contains many different dishes, most of them typical for the season. The main dish is usually a large Christmas ham, which is eaten with mustard or bread along with the other dishes. Fish is also served (often and or smoked salmon), and with the ham there are also different casseroles usually with potatoes, rutabaga (swedes), or carrots. The traditional Christmas beverage is mulled wine ( in Finnish), which may be either alcoholic or non-alcoholic.


title: Christmas dinner

text: In Germany, the primary Christmas dishes are roast goose and roast carp, although suckling pig, duck, or venison may also be served. Typical side dishes include roast potatoes and various forms of cabbage such as kale, Brussels sprouts, and red cabbage. In some regions, the Christmas dinner is traditionally served on Christmas Day rather than Christmas Eve. In this case, dinner on Christmas Eve is a simpler affair, consisting of sausages (such as Bockwurst or Wiener) and potato salad. Sweets and Christmas pastries are all but obligatory and include marzipan, gingerbread ("Lebkuchen"), several types of bread, and various fruitcakes and fruited loaves of bread such as "Christstollen" and Dresdener Stollen.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Traditionally in Portugal the family gets together around the table on Christmas Eve to eat boiled dried-salted cod accompanied with boiled cabbage or greens varying with what they have in the garden leftover, boiled potatoes, boiled onions, boiled eggs, and chickpeas. Sometimes a simple dressing is made with onions, garlic, or parsley. This meal is accompanied by generous amounts of olive oil.


title: Christmas dinner

text: There are variations across the country and, traditionally, turkey (sometimes also pork in some regions) is served for lunch on the 25th.


title: Christmas dinner

text: In Spanish, Christmas Eve is called "Nochebuena," literally translated as "Good Night." In Spain, it is celebrated with a large family feast, which is eaten late in the evening and can last a couple of hours; some families attend midnight mass before or after the meal. In Spain, Christmas Eve is a time for celebrating in neighbourhood bars and cafes and around the table with family and friends. It is a time for gift exchanges or Santa Claus. However, it is mainly performed on Epiphany, which occurs on 6 January.


title: Christmas dinner

text: In medieval Catalan cuisine poultry was served for Christmas dinner, and other dishes with "salsa de pago" were followed by a course of lamb and bacon stew. The last course was "formatge torrador" (similar to "provoleta" in modern Argentinian cuisine), neula and "clarea" (also called "white sangria", similar to hippocras).


title: Christmas dinner

text: The Swedish Christmas dinner or "Julbord" often consists of five or more courses. The first three courses are a variety of fish, usually different types of pickled herring and salmon, smoked salmon, eaten with boiled potatoes or crisp bread and lutfisk. The fourth is cold cuts of meat, with the Christmas ham being the most important. Smoked sausages, brawn, apple sauce, and leverpastej are also common. The fifth course consists of warm dishes such as meatballs, small fried sausages and Janssons frestelse. Finally, a cheese plate and dessert plate are served. The most popular dessert is rice pudding ("risgrynsgröt") with a whole almond hidden inside. The finder of the almond is expected to get married before next Christmas. In some homes, the courses above are served like a buffet where all family members can pick and take the food in no dish order.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Christmas dinner in the United Kingdom usually consists of roasted turkey, stuffing, gravy, pigs in blankets, cranberry sauce or redcurrant jelly; bread sauce; roast potatoes; vegetables, particularly Brussels sprouts and parsnips with dessert of Christmas pudding, mince pies or trifle, with brandy butter, custard or cream.It is estimated that nine million turkeys are consumed at Christmas in the United Kingdom. This represents a halving of consumed turkeys in the past twenty five years as younger adults opt for alternatives.


title: Christmas dinner

text: In England throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, goose or capon was commonly served, and the rich sometimes dined upon peacock and swan.


title: Christmas dinner

text: The turkey appeared on Christmas tables in England in the 16th century. The 16th-century farmer Thomas Tusser noted that by 1573 turkeys were commonly served at English Christmas dinners. The tradition of turkey at Christmas rapidly spread throughout England in the 17th century, and it also became common to serve goose which remained the predominant roast until the Victorian era. (it was quite common for Goose "Clubs" to be set up, allowing working-class families to save up over the year towards a goose before this). A famous English Christmas dinner scene appears in Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" (1843), where Scrooge sends Bob Cratchitt a large turkey. The pudding course of a British Christmas dinner may often be Christmas pudding, which dates from medieval England. Trifle, mince pies, Christmas cake or a yule log are also popular.


title: Christmas dinner

text: In English-speaking Canada, Christmas dinner is similar to that of Britain. Traditional Christmas dinner features turkey with stuffing, mashed potatoes, gravy, cranberry sauce, and vegetables. Other types of poultry, roast beef, or ham, are also used. Pumpkin or apple pie, raisin pudding, Christmas pudding, or fruitcake are staples for dessert. Eggnog, a milk-based punch often infused with alcohol, is also popular around the holiday season. Other Christmas items include Christmas cookies, butter tarts, and shortbread, which are traditionally baked before the holidays and served to visiting friends at Christmas and New Year parties, as well as on Christmas Day.


title: Christmas dinner

text: In French-speaking Canada, traditions may be more like those of France. (See Réveillon.) Other ethnic communities may continue to use old-world traditions as well.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Christmas traditions in the United States have eclectic origins, with predominant ones from the United Kingdom in most states. However, many others traditions are also celebrated, due to many years of influence from Europe (Spain, Scandinavia, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Germany, etc.) as well as more recent influence from Latin American regions like Florida and the Caribbean. Therefore, the substrate of the meal usually is British in origin: roasted root vegetables as a side dish, mashed potatoes, gravy, and the centerpiece being a stuffed roasted fowl (pheasant, goose, duck, or turkey) or an expensive cut of roasted beef or beef Wellington. In the South, an area that has a very high concentration of people of UK extraction from centuries past, Christmas is the time of year in which many variations on a country ham or Christmas ham get served. This is an older British tradition that would predate the Victorian tradition of Dickens and his turkey and go back into medieval England, brought by poorer classes who could not afford the turkey that was fashionable among wealthier men in the Stuart era. Cookies of many kinds have been present in America for hundreds of years and often are either gingerbread, snickerdoodles, or sugar cookies baked throughout December and fashioned into many shapes and figures.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Fruitcake is similar to the traditional British Christmas pudding; however, it serves more as a national joke, often lampooned as an unwanted Christmas gift. The comic Johnny Carson once quipped, "The worst Christmas gift is fruitcake… There is only one fruitcake in the entire world, and people keep sending it to each other, year after year.". Many foreigners are skeptical of this fact, but indeed there is some truth to it: Manitou Springs, Colorado, holds an annual event in which unwanted fruitcakes are tossed in a contest to see who can throw the "gift" the farthest, with the locals building trebuchets and contraptions that are forbidden to have an electric motor. An elderly gentleman from Tecumseh, Michigan once made national news when he presented his countryman with the fact that he still had a fruitcake his great-grandmother baked in 1878, and thus was over 130 years old. As of 2018, the same fruitcake is believed to be still at large in the care of one of his grandchildren, proving Mr. Carson had a point.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Alcohol and cocktails (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) of all kinds are staples for both Christmas parties and family gatherings, where harder drinking is done amongst adults and youngsters usually get served soft drinks or a non-alcoholic version of what their parents drink, drinks like the Shirley Temple. A typical menu would include any combination of planter's punch, Kentucky bourbon and the cocktails that can be made from it, wines from California, Washington, Virginia, or New York of many varying vintages meant to complement the meal prepared by the host, Prosecco from Italy, hard cider from New England and California, wassail, Puerto Rican or Jamaican rum, champagne and other domestic sparkling white wines, and for individual cocktails the alcoholic version of eggnog, the poinsettia, and the Puerto Rican coquito, a cocktail composed of large amounts of coconut milk and rum.


title: Christmas dinner

text: In Florida and other Latin American regions in the Caribbean, including pockets of other east-coast U.S. cities, Spanish ancestry has a marked influence on the way Christmas is celebrated. Lechon, a spit-roasted piglet, is the mainstay of the meal, not turkey or ham. About one month earlier, Turkey would have already been a centerpiece of the meal for Thanksgiving in some families. The crackling from the pig is a delicacy.


title: Christmas dinner

text: West of the Mississippi, Mexicans have had a great influence over the way the meal is prepared, including roasting corn in its husk and serving biscochitos.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Further regional meals offer diversity. Virginia has oysters, ham pie, and fluffy biscuits, a nod to its English 17th-century founders. The Upper Midwest includes dishes from predominantly Scandinavian backgrounds such as lutefisk and mashed rutabaga or turnip. In the southern US, rice is often served instead of potatoes, and on the Gulf Coast, shrimp and other seafood are usual appetizers, and Charlotte Russe chilled in a bed of Lady Fingers (called just Charlotte) is a traditional dessert, along with pumpkin and pecan pies. In some rural areas, game meats like elk or quail may grace the table, often prepared with old recipes: similar foodstuffs likely graced the tables of early American settlers on their first Christmases.


title: Christmas dinner

text: An Italian American meal for Christmas Eve can be the Feast of the Seven Fishes, Pannetone and struffoli are favored desserts in such cases.


title: Christmas dinner

text: It is a common tradition among many Jewish Americans to eat American Chinese food on Christmas because these are often the only establishments open on the holiday in many cities.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Christmas dinner, although eaten at lunch time, in Australia is based on the traditional English versions. However, due to Christmas falling in the heat of the Southern Hemisphere's summer, meats such as ham, turkey and chicken are sometimes served cold with cranberry sauce, accompanied by side salads or roast vegetables. Barbecues are also a popular way of avoiding the heat of the oven. Seafood such as prawns, lobster, oysters and crayfish are common, as are barbecued cuts of steak or chicken breasts, drumsticks and wings. In summer, Australians are also fond of pavlova, a dessert composed of fruit such as strawberries, kiwifruit and passionfruit atop a baked meringue, with whipped cream. Trifle is also a favourite in Australia at Christmas time. Fresh fruits of the season include cherries and mangoes, plums, nectarine and peaches.


title: Christmas dinner

text: Introduced by Italian Australians, panettone is widely available in shops, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne.


title: Christmas dinner

text: In Brazil, the Christmas meal is quite a feast, (served in the evening on 24 December) offering large quantities of food, such as a wide variety of dishes which include roast turkey, fresh vegetables, luscious fruits and Brazil nuts. Accompanying these are bowls of colorful rice and platters filled with ham and fresh salad (sometimes cold potato salad is also served). Also, some parts of Brazil feature roast pork or chicken. Red wine, white wine, and apple cider are common alcoholic beverages. Other Christmas items include a variety of desserts such as lemon tart, nuts pie, chocolate cake and also Panettone.


title: Christmas dinner

text: On Christmas Eve (Noche Buena), the extended family join for a dinner of roast turkey, and white rice seasoned with garlic. Roast potatoes and uncooked sweetened apple puree are often served as well. The main dessert is panettone. It is usually accompanied by a cup of thick hot chocolate. Less common desserts include a special marzipan made out of Brazil nuts (due to the scarcity and expense of almonds in Peru) and assorted bowls with raisins and peanuts. At midnight, a toast is made, and good wishes and hugs are exchanged. A designated person runs to put Child Jesus in the Nativity scene. Then, the family members take their seats in the dining room while singing Christmas Carols.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Hybrid vehicle drivetrains transmit power to the driving wheels for hybrid vehicles. A hybrid vehicle has multiple forms of motive power.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Hybrids come in many configurations. For example, a hybrid may receive its energy by burning gasoline, but switch between an electric motor and a combustion engine.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Electrical vehicles have a long history combining internal combustion and electrical transmission as in a diesel–electric power-train although they have mostly been used for rail locomotives. A diesel–electric powertrain fails the definition of hybrid because the electric drive transmission directly replaces the mechanical transmission rather than being a supplementary source of motive power. One of the earliest forms of hybrid land vehicle was the 'trackless' trolleybus experiment in The United States (New Jersey) that ran from 1935 to 1948, which normally used traction current delivered by wire. The trolleybus was fitted with an internal combustion engine (ICE) to power the mechanical drivetrain directly, not to generate electricity for the traction motor. This enabled the vehicle to be used for revenue service where there was no contact wire. Since the 1990s trolleybus hybrids have been introduced with small power plants to provide a low speed capability for emergency and maintenance but not to support general revenue service.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: The powertrain includes all of the components used to transform stored potential energy. Powertrains may either use chemical, solar, nuclear or kinetic and make them useful for propulsion. The oldest example is the steam locomotive. A common modern example is the electric bicycle. Hybrid electric vehicles combine a battery or supercapacitor supplemented by an ICE that can recharge the batteries or power the vehicle. Other hybrid powertrains use flywheels to store energy.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Among the different types of hybrid vehicles, only the electric/ICE type was commercially available as of 2017. One variety operated in parallel to provide power from both motors simultaneously. Another operated in series with one source exclusively providing the power and the second providing electricity. Either source may provide the primary motive force, with the other augmenting the primary.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Other combinations offer efficiency gains from superior energy management and regeneration that are offset by expense, complexity and the battery limitations. Combustion-electric (CE) hybrids have battery packs with far larger capacity than a combustion-only vehicle. A combustion-electric hybrid has batteries that are light that offer higher energy density that are far more costly. ICEs require only a battery large enough to operate the electrical system and ignite the engine.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor that can both individually drive the car or both coupled up jointly giving drive. This is the most common hybrid system as of 2016.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: If they are joined at an axis (in parallel)"," the speeds at this axis must be identical and the supplied torques will add together (most electric bicycles are of this type). When only one of the two sources is in use, the other must be connected via a one-way clutch or freewheel so it can rotate freely.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: With cars the two sources may be applied to the same shaft (for example with the electric motor connected between the engine and transmission), turning at equal speeds and the torques adding up with the electric motor adding or subtracting torque to the system as necessary. (The first two generations of Honda Insight use this system.)


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Parallel hybrids can be further categorized by the balance between the different motors are at providing motive power: the ICE may be dominant (engaging the electric motor only in specific circumstances) or vice versa; while in others can run on the electric system alone but because current parallel hybrids are unable to provide electric-only or internal combustion-only modes they are often categorized as mild hybrids (see below).


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Parallel hybrids rely more on regenerative braking and the ICE can also act as a generator for supplemental recharging. This makes them more efficient in urban 'stop-and-go' conditions. They use a smaller battery pack than other hybrids. Honda's early Insight, Civic, and Accord hybrids using IMA are examples of production parallel hybrids. General Motors Parallel Hybrid Truck (PHT) and BAS Hybrids such as the Saturn Vue and Aura Greenline and Chevrolet Malibu hybrids also employ a parallel hybrid architecture.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: An alternative parallel hybrid is the "through the road" type. In this system a conventional drivetrain powers one axle, with an electric motor or motors driving another. This arrangement was used by the earliest 'off track' trolleybuses. It in effect provides a complete backup power train. In modern motors batteries can be recharged through regenerative braking or by loading the electrically driven wheels during cruise. This allows a simpler approach to power-management. This layout also has the advantage of providing four-wheel-drive in some conditions. (An example of this principle is a bicycle fitted with a front hub motor, which assists the cyclist's pedal power at the rear wheel.) Vehicles of this type include the Audi 100 Duo II and Subaru VIZIV concept cars, Peugeot 3008, Peugeot 508, 508 RXH, Citroën DS5 (all using PSA's HYbrid4 system), the Volvo V60 plug-in hybrid, the BMW 2 Series Active Tourer, BMW i8 and the second generation Honda NSX.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Series hybrids are also referred to as extended-range electric vehicles (EREV) or range-extended electric vehicles (REEV), or electric vehicle with extended range (EVER). (Series hybrids with particular characteristics are classified as range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx) by the California Air Resources Board.)


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Electric transmission has been available as an alternative to conventional mechanical transmissions since 1903. Typically mechanical transmissions impose many penalties, including weight, bulk, noise, cost, complexity and a drain on engine power with every gear-change, whether accomplished manually or automatically. Unlike ICEs, electric motors do not require a transmission.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: In effect the entire mechanical transmission between the ICE and the wheels is removed and replaced by an electric generator, some cable and controls, and electric traction motors, with the benefit that the ICE is no longer directly connected to the demand.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: This is a series-hybrid arrangement and is common in diesel–electric locomotives and ships (the Russian river ship Vandal, launched in 1903, was the world's first diesel-powered and diesel–electric powered vessel) and Ferdinand Porsche successfully used this arrangement in the early 20th century in racing cars, including the Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid. Porsche named the system System Mixte, which had a wheel hub motor arrangement, with a motor in each of the two front wheels, setting speed records.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: The arguments of greater flexibility, higher efficiency and less emissions at the point of use are achieved in a series-hybrid system for road vehicles when an intermediate electric battery, acting as an energy buffer, sits between the electric generator and the electric traction motors.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: The ICE turns a generator and is not mechanically connected to the driving wheels. This isolates the engine from demand, allowing it to consistently operate at its most efficient speed. Since the primary motive power is generated by the battery, a smaller generator/engine can be fitted as compared to a conventional direct drive engine. Electric traction motors can receive electricity from the battery, or directly from the engine/generator or both. Traction motors frequently are powered only by the electric battery, which can be charged from external sources such as the electricity grid.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: This allows a vehicle with an engine/generator that only operates when needed, such as when the battery is depleted, or to charge the batteries. Vehicles of this type include Nissan's e-Power line (Note, Serena, Kicks, and Qashqai) using a petrol engine to drive a generator and the EM57 traction motor; Mazda's MX-30, when equipped with a rotary engine/generator range extender; ThunderVolt hybrid transit buses integrated by ISE Corporation; and transit buses fitted with BAE Systems (formerly Lockheed Martin) HybriDrive powertrains.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Electric motors are more efficient than ICEs, with high power-to-weight ratios providing torque over a wide speed range. ICEs are most efficient when turning at a constant speed.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: ICEs can run optimally when turning a generator. Series-hybrid systems offer smoother acceleration by avoiding gear changes. Series-hybrids incorporate:


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: The electric motor may be entirely fed by electricity from the battery or via the generator turned by the ICE, or both. Such a vehicle conceptually resembles a diesel–electric locomotive with the addition of a battery that may power the vehicle without running the ICE and acting as an energy buffer that is used to accelerate and achieve greater speed; the generator may simultaneously charge the battery and power the electric motor that moves the vehicle.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: When the vehicle is stopped the ICE is switched off without idling, while the battery provides whatever power is needed at rest. Vehicles at traffic lights, or in slow moving stop-start traffic need not burn fuel when stationary or moving slowly, reducing emissions.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Series-hybrids can be fitted with a supercapacitor or a flywheel to store regenerative braking energy, which can improve efficiency by recovering energy otherwise lost as heat through the braking system. Because a series-hybrid has no mechanical link between the ICE and the wheels, the engine can run at a constant and efficient rate regardless of vehicle speed, achieving higher efficiency (37%, rather than the ICE average of 20%) and at low or mixed speeds this could result in ~50% increase in overall efficiency (19% vs 29%).


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Lotus offered an engine/generator set design that runs at two speeds, giving 15 kW of electrical power at 1,500 rpm and 35 kW at 3,500 rpm via the integrated electrical generator, used in the Nissan concept Infiniti Emerg-e.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: This operating profile allows greater scope for alternative engine designs, such as a microturbine, rotary Atkinson cycle engine or linear combustion engine.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: The ICE is matched to the electric engine by comparing the output rates at cruising speed. Generally, output rates for combustion engines are provided for instantaneous (peak) output rates, but in practice these can't be used.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: The use of an electric motor driving a wheel directly eliminates the conventional mechanical transmission elements: gearbox, transmission shafts and differential, and can sometimes eliminate flexible couplings.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: In 1997, Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan. Designline International of Ashburton, New Zealand produces city buses with a microturbine powered series-hybrid system. Wrightbus produces series hybrid buses including the Gemini 2 and New Routemaster. Supercapacitors combined with a lithium ion battery bank have been used by AFS Trinity in a converted Saturn Vue SUV vehicle. Using supercapacitors they claim up to 150 mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Well known automotive series hybrid models include the variant of the BMW i3 that is equipped with a range extender. Another example of a series hybrid automobile is the Fisker Karma. The Chevrolet Volt is almost a series hybrid, but also includes a mechanical link from the engine to the wheels above 70 mph.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Series-hybrids have been taken up by the aircraft industry. The DA36 E-Star, an aircraft designed by Siemens, Diamond Aircraft and EADS, employs a series hybrid powertrain with the propeller turned by a Siemens 70 kW (94 hp) electric motor. A power sapping propeller speed reduction unit is eliminated. The aim is to reduce fuel consumption and emissions by up to 25 percent. An onboard 40 hp (30 kW) Austro Engine Wankel rotary engine and generator provides the electricity.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: The Wankel was chosen because of its small size, low weight and great power to weight ratio. (Wankel engines also run efficiently at a constant speed of approximately 2,000 RPM which is suited to generator operation. Keeping to a constant/narrow band offsets many of the perceived disadvantages of the Wankel engine in automotive applications.)


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: The electric propeller motor uses electricity stored in batteries, with the engines not operating, to take off and climb reducing sound emissions. The powertrain reduces the weight of the plane by 100 kilos relative to its predecessor. The DA36 E-Star first flew in June 2013, making this the first ever flight of a series hybrid powertrain. Diamond Aircraft state that the technology is scalable to a 100-seat aircraft.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: If the motors are attached to the vehicle body, flexible couplings are required but not if the traction motors are integrated into the wheels. One disadvantage is that the unsprung mass increases and suspension responsiveness decreases, which impacts ride and potentially safety. However the impact should be minimal as electric motors in wheel hubs such as Hi-Pa Drive, may be very small and light having exceptionally high power-to-weight ratios and braking mechanisms can be lighter as the wheel motors brake the vehicle.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Advantages of individual wheel motors include simplified traction control, all wheel drive if required and a lower floor (useful for buses and other specialised vehicles (some 8x8 all-wheel drive military vehicles use individual wheel motors). Diesel–electric locomotives have used this concept (individual motors driving axles of each pair of wheels) for 70 years.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Other measures include lightweight aluminium wheels to reduce the unsprung mass of the wheel assembly; vehicle designs may be optimized to lower the centre of gravity by locating heavier elements (including battery) at floor level; In a typical road vehicle the power-transmission setup may be smaller and lighter than the equivalent conventional mechanical power-transmission setup, liberating space; the combustion generator set only requires cables to the driving electric motors, increasing flexibility in major component layout spread across a vehicle giving superior weight distribution and maximizing vehicle cabin space and opening up the possibility of superior vehicle designs exploiting this flexibility.


title: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain

text: Power-split hybrid or series-parallel hybrid are parallel hybrids that incorporate power-split devices, allowing for power paths from the ICE to the wheels that can be either mechanical or electrical. The main principle is to decouple the power supplied by the primary source from the power demanded by the driver.