title: Cymbal

text: In India, cymbals have been in use since ancient times and are still used across almost all major temples and Buddhist sites. Gigantic aartis along the Ganges, which are revered by Hindus all over the world, are incomplete without large cymbals.


title: Cymbal

text: The Shahnameh (circa 977 and 1010 CE) mentions the use of cymbals at least 14 times in its text, most in the context of creating a loud din in war, to frighten the enemy or to celebrate. The Persian word is "sanj" or "senj" (Persian ), but the Shahnameh doesn't claim these to be Persian in origin. Several times it calls then "Indian cymbals." Other adjectives to describe them include "golden" and "brass," and to play them is to "clash" them.


title: Cymbal

text: Originally in the ceremony, two pieces of stone were beaten on the sides of the mourner with special movements accompanied by a lamentation song. This has been replaced by beating "Karbzani" or "Karebzani" and playing "sanj "and ratchets. Cities where this has been performed include Lahijan and Aran of Kashan, as well as Semnan and Sabzevar.


title: Cymbal

text: All theories about the etymology of the word Sanj, identify it as a Pahlavi word. By some accounts means "weight"; and it is possible that the original term was "sanjkūb" meaning ”striking weights” [against each other]. By some accounts the word is reform version of "Zang" (bell), referring to its bell-shaped plate.


title: Cymbal

text: Cymbals were employed by Turkish janissaries in the 14th century or earlier. By the 17th century, such cymbals were used in European music, and more commonly played in military bands and orchestras by the mid 18th century. Since the 19th century, some composers have called for larger roles for cymbals in musical works, and a variety of cymbal shapes, techniques, and hardware have been developed in response.


title: Cymbal

text: The anatomy of the cymbal plays a large part in the sound it creates. A hole is drilled in the center of the cymbal, which is used to either mount the cymbal on a stand or for tying straps through (for hand playing). The bell, dome, or cup is the raised section immediately surrounding the hole. The bell produces a higher "pinging" pitch than the rest of the cymbal. The bow is the rest of the surface surrounding the bell. The bow is sometimes described in two areas: the ride and crash area. The ride area is the thicker section closer to the bell while the crash area is the thinner tapering section near the edge. The edge or rim is the immediate circumference of the cymbal.


title: Cymbal

text: Cymbals are measured by their diameter either in inches or centimeters. The size of the cymbal affects its sound, larger cymbals usually being louder and having longer sustain. The weight describes how thick the cymbal is. Cymbal weights are important to the sound they produce and how they play. Heavier cymbals have a louder volume, more cut, and better stick articulation (when using drum sticks). Thin cymbals have a fuller sound, lower pitch, and faster response.


title: Cymbal

text: The profile of the cymbal is the vertical distance of the bow from the bottom of the bell to the cymbal edge (higher profile cymbals are more bowl-shaped). The profile affects the pitch of the cymbal: higher profile cymbals have higher pitch.


title: Cymbal

text: Cymbals offer a composer nearly endless amounts of color and effect. Their unique timbre allows them to project even against a full orchestra and through the heaviest of orchestrations and enhance articulation and nearly any dynamic. Cymbals have been utilized historically to suggest frenzy, fury or bacchanalian revels, as seen in the Venus music in Wagner's "Tannhäuser", Grieg's "Peer Gynt suite", and Osmin's aria "O wie will ich triumphieren" from Mozart's "Die Entführung aus dem Serail".


title: Cymbal

text: Orchestral clash cymbals are traditionally used in pairs, each one having a strap set in the bell of the cymbal by which they are held. Such a pair is known as clash cymbals, crash cymbals, hand cymbals, or plates. Certain sounds can be obtained by rubbing their edges together in a sliding movement for a "sizzle", striking them against each other in what is called a "crash", tapping the edge of one against the body of the other in what is called a "tap-crash", scraping the edge of one from the inside of the bell to the edge for a "scrape" or "zischen", or shutting the cymbals together and choking the sound in what is called a "hi-hat" or "crush". A skilled percussionist can obtain an enormous dynamic range from such cymbals. For example, in Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, the percussionist is employed to first play cymbals pianissimo, adding a touch of colour rather than loud crash.


title: Cymbal

text: Crash cymbals are usually damped by pressing them against the percussionist's body. A composer may write "laissez vibrer", or, "let vibrate" (usually abbreviated l.v.), "secco" (dry), or equivalent indications on the score; more usually, the percussionist must judge when to damp based on the written duration of a crash and the context in which it occurs. Crash cymbals have traditionally been accompanied by the bass drum playing an identical part. This combination, played loudly, is an effective way to accentuate a note since it contributes to both very low and very high-frequency ranges and provides a satisfying "crash-bang-wallop". In older music the composer sometimes provided one part for this pair of instruments, writing "senza piatti" or "piatti soli" () if only one is needed. This came from the common practice of having one percussionist play using one cymbal mounted to the shell of the bass drum. The percussionist would crash the cymbals with the left hand and use a mallet to strike the bass drum with the right. This method is nowadays often employed in pit orchestras and called for specifically by composers who desire a certain effect. Stravinsky calls for this in his ballet Petrushka, and Mahler calls for this in his Titan Symphony. The modern convention is for the instruments to have independent parts. However, in kit drumming, a cymbal crash is still most often accompanied by a simultaneous kick to the bass drum, which provides a musical effect and support to the crash.


title: Cymbal

text: Crash cymbals evolved into the low-sock and from this to the modern hi-hat. Even in a modern drum kit, they remain paired with the bass drum as the two instruments which are played with the player's feet. However, hi-hat cymbals tend to be heavy with little taper, more similar to a ride cymbal than to a clash cymbal as found in a drum kit, and perform a ride rather than a crash function.


title: Cymbal

text: Another use of cymbals is the suspended cymbal. This instrument takes its name from the traditional method of suspending the cymbal by means of a leather strap or rope, thus allowing the cymbal to vibrate as freely as possible for maximum musical effect. Early jazz drumming pioneers borrowed this style of cymbal mounting during the early 1900s and later drummers further developed this instrument into the mounted horizontal or nearly horizontally mounted "crash" cymbals of a modern drum kit instead of a leather strap suspension system. Many modern drum kits use a mount with felt or otherwise dampening fabric to act as a barrier to hold the cymbals between metal clamps: thus forming the modern-day ride cymbal. Suspended cymbals can be played with yarn-, sponge-, or cord wrapped mallets. The first known instance of using a sponge-headed mallet on a cymbal is the final chord of Hector Berlioz' Symphonie Fantastique. Composers sometimes specifically request other types of mallets like felt mallets or timpani mallets for different attack and sustain qualities. Suspended cymbals can produce bright and slicing tones when forcefully struck, and give an eerie transparent "windy" sound when played quietly. A tremolo, or roll (played with two mallets alternately striking on opposing sides of the cymbal) can build in volume from almost inaudible to an overwhelming climax in a satisfyingly smooth manner (as in Humperdinck's Mother Goose Suite). The edge of a suspended cymbal may be hit with the shoulder of a drum stick to obtain a sound somewhat akin to that of clash cymbals. Other methods of playing include scraping a coin or triangle beater rapidly across the ridges on the top of the cymbal, giving a "zing" sound (as some percussionists do in the fourth movement of Dvořák's Symphony No. 9). Other effects that can be used include drawing a bass bow across the edge of the cymbal for a sound like squealing car brakes.


title: Cymbal

text: Ancient, antique or tuned cymbals are much more rarely called for. Their timbre is entirely different, more like that of small hand-bells or of the notes of the keyed harmonica. They are not struck full against each other, but by one of their edges, and the note given in by them is higher in proportion as they are thicker and smaller. Berlioz's "Romeo and Juliet" calls for two pairs of cymbals, modeled on some old Pompeian instruments no larger than the hand (some are no larger than a large coin), and tuned to F and B flat. The modern instruments descended from this line are the crotales.


title: Solitude

text: Solitude is a state of seclusion or isolation, meaning lack of socialisation. Effects can be either positive or negative, depending on the situation. Short-term solitude is often valued as a time when one may work, think, or rest without disturbance. It may be desired for the sake of privacy. Undesirable long-term solitude may stem from soured relationships, loss of loved ones, deliberate choice, infectious disease, mental disorders, neurological disorders such as circadian rhythm sleep disorder, or circumstances of employment or situation.


title: Solitude

text: A distinction has been made between solitude and loneliness. In this sense, these two words refer, respectively, to the joy and the pain of being alone.


title: Solitude

text: Symptoms from complete isolation, called sensory deprivation, may include anxiety, sensory illusions, or distortions of time and perception. However, this is the case when there is no stimulation of the sensory systems at all and not just lack of contact with people. Thus, this can be avoided by having other things to keep one's mind busy.


title: Solitude

text: Long-term solitude is often seen as undesirable, causing loneliness or reclusion resulting from inability to establish relationships. Furthermore, it might lead to clinical depression, although some people do not react to it negatively. Monks regard long-term solitude as a means of spiritual enlightenment. Marooned people have been left in solitude for years without any report of psychological symptoms afterwards. Some psychological conditions (such as schizophrenia and schizoid personality disorder) are strongly linked to a tendency to seek solitude.


title: Solitude

text: Enforced loneliness (solitary confinement) has been a punishment method throughout history. It is often considered a form of torture.


title: Solitude

text: Emotional isolation is a state of isolation where one feels emotionally separated from others despite having a well-functioning social network.


title: Solitude

text: Researchers, including Robert J. Coplan and Julie C. Bowker, have rejected the notion that solitary practices and solitude are inherently dysfunctional and undesirable. In their 2013 book "A Handbook of Solitude", the authors note how solitude can allow for enhancements in self-esteem, generates clarity, and can be highly therapeutic. In the edited work, Coplan and Bowker invite not only fellow psychology colleagues to chime in on this issue but also a variety of other faculty from different disciplines to address the issue. Fong's chapter offers an alternative view on how solitude is more than just a personal trajectory for one to take inventory on life; it also yields a variety of important sociological cues that allow the protagonist to navigate through society, even highly politicized societies. In the process, political prisoners in solitary confinement were examined to see how they concluded their views on society. Thus Fong, Coplan, and Bowker conclude that a person's experienced solitude generates immanent and personal content as well as collective and sociological content, depending on context.


title: Solitude

text: There are both positive and negative psychological effects of solitude. Much of the time, these effects and the longevity is determined by the amount of time a person spends in isolation. The positive effects can range anywhere from more freedom to increased spirituality, while the negative effects are socially depriving and may trigger the onset of mental illness. While positive solitude is often desired, negative solitude is often involuntary or undesired at the time it occurs.


title: Solitude

text: Freedom is considered to be one of the benefits of solitude; the constraints of others will not have any effect on a person who is spending time in solitude, therefore giving the person more latitude in their actions. With increased freedom, a person’s choices are less likely to be affected by exchanges with others.


title: Solitude

text: A person's creativity can be sparked when given freedom. Solitude can increase freedom and moreover, freedom from distractions has the potential to spark creativity. In 1994, psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi found that adolescents who cannot bear to be alone often stop enhancing creative talents.


title: Solitude

text: Another proven benefit to time given in solitude is the development of the self. When a person spends time in solitude from others, they may experience changes to their self-concept. This can also help a person to form or discover their identity without any outside distractions. Solitude also provides time for contemplation, growth in personal spirituality, and self-examination. In these situations, loneliness can be avoided as long as the person in solitude knows that they have meaningful relations with others.


title: Solitude

text: Negative effects have been observed in prisoners. The behavior of prisoners who spend extensive time in solitude may worsen. Solitude can trigger physiological responses that increase health risks.


title: Solitude

text: Negative effects of solitude may also depend on age. Elementary age school children who experience frequent solitude may react negatively. This is largely because often, solitude at this age is not the child's choice. Solitude in elementary-age children may occur when they are unsure of how to interact socially, so they prefer to be alone, causing shyness or social rejection.


title: Solitude

text: While teenagers are more likely to feel lonely or unhappy when not around others, they are also more likely to have a more enjoyable experience with others if they have had time alone first. However, teenagers who frequently spend time alone do not have as good a global adjustment as those who balance their time of solitude with their time of socialisation.


title: Solitude

text: Solitude does not necessarily entail feelings of loneliness, and it may in fact be one's sole source of genuine pleasure for those who choose it with deliberate intent. Some individuals seek solitude for discovering a more meaningful and vital existence. For example, in religious contexts, some saints preferred silence, finding immense pleasure in their perceived uniformity with God. Solitude is a state that can be positively modified utilizing it for prayer allowing to "be alone with ourselves and with God, to put ourselves in listening to his will, but also of what moves in our hearts, let purify our relationships; solitude and silence thus become spaces inhabited by God, and ability to recover ourselves and grow in humanity."


title: Solitude

text: In psychology, introverted persons may require spending time alone to recharge, whereas those who are simply socially apathetic might find it a pleasurable setting in which to occupy oneself with solitary tasks.


title: Solitude

text: The Buddha attained enlightenment through uses of meditation, deprived of sensory input, bodily necessities, and external desires, including social interaction. The context of solitude is attainment of pleasure from within, but this does not necessitate complete detachment from the external world.


title: Solitude

text: This is well demonstrated in the writings of Edward Abbey with particular regard to "Desert Solitaire" where solitude focused only on isolation from other people allows for a more complete connection to the external world, as in the absence of human interaction the natural world itself takes on the role of the companion. In this context, the individual seeking solitude does so not strictly for personal gain or introspection, though this is often an unavoidable outcome, but instead in an attempt to gain an understanding of the natural world as entirely removed from the human perspective as possible, a state of mind much more readily attained in the complete absence of outside human presence.


title: Solitude

text: Isolation in the form of solitary confinement is a punishment or precaution used in many countries throughout the world for prisoners accused of serious crimes, those who may be at risk in the prison population, those who may commit suicide, or those unable to participate in the prison population due to sickness or injury. Research has found that solitary confinement does not deter inmates from committing further violence in prison.


title: Solitude

text: Psychiatric institutions may institute full or partial isolation for certain patients, particularly the violent or subversive, in order to address their particular needs and to protect the rest of the recovering population from their influence.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: Bahrain International Airport (, "maṭār al-Baḥrayn al-dwalī") is the international airport of Bahrain. Located on Muharraq Island, adjacent to the capital Manama, it serves as the hub for the national carrier Gulf Air. The airport is managed by the Bahrain Airport Company. Established in 1927, it is the Persian Gulf's oldest international airport.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: The airport has recently undergone a $1.1 billion expansion which launched on the 28th of January 2021, boosting the airport's capacity to 14 million passengers annually.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: The origins of Bahrain's international airport dates to 1927 when a chartered flight to Bahrain landed. The first scheduled commercial airliner to arrive in Bahrain, in 1932, was a flight from London to Delhi operated on a Handley Page H.P.42 aircraft named "Hannibal". The H.P.42 carried only 24 passengers, and the flight from London had taken several days of flying at speeds of 100 miles per hour. Through this regularly scheduled service, Bahrain became established as one of the Persian Gulf's first international airports.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: During World War II, the airport was used by the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command Central African Wing, being designated as Station # 13. It functioned as a stopover en route to Abadan Airport, Iran or Sharjah Airport, in present-day UAE on the Karachi-Cairo route. From 1943 until Bahrain's independence in December 1971, the Royal Air Force maintained a military installation at the airfield known initially as "RAF Bahrain" and from 1963 as "RAF Muharraq". The majority of these facilities were later acquired by the Bahraini flag carrier airline, Gulf Air, while a small portion continues to be utilized by the U.S. Navy as Aviation Support Unit (ASU) Bahrain.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: In 1936, the operation of H.P.42 aircraft from London to India via Bahrain had been stepped up to a twice-weekly frequency. In 1937, Bahrain saw the regular service of the Empire sea planes. The landing strip of these giants on the water was from where the marina club is located in Mina Salman today. From the 1950s, BOAC operated several services a week through Bahrain. These included weekly services to Karachi, Singapore, Hong Kong and three times a week to Sydney. 1950 was a significant year not only for Muharraq as an international airport, but also for Bahrain's own commercial aviation history. In this year, a new local airline, Gulf Aviation Company, was formed – the forerunner of Gulf Air. The company started with only one aircraft, a second-hand Anson Mark II, which was used initially on services to Dhahran. However, within two years, the fleet had expanded to four de Havilland aircraft and DC-3s for use on a steadily growing network in the Persian Gulf. This established Bahrain as an international stage. It was easily the most modern and advanced airport in the Persian Gulf with a good runway, control tower, lighting, communication facilities and even restaurants. It began to attract other carriers such as Middle East Airlines, Air India, Air Ceylon and Iran Air – mostly operating Dakotas. In December 1961, a new passenger terminal opened at the airport. During 1970–1971, RAF Muharraq was scaled back and eventually closed. In December 1971, the airport opened new passenger facilities, which included a wide area that could accommodate four 747 aircraft. In 1976, the airport marked another significant first with the inauguration of supersonic flights, which saw the start up of regular BA Concorde service between London and Bahrain.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, major facelifts took place and several major airline companies made the airport a destination. In 1994, a US$100 million terminal was inaugurated which boosted the airport's maximum capacity to 10 million passengers a year. Moreover, the Bahrain airport possessed a nonstop link to North America for a brief period in the 1990s. Gulf Air operated Airbus A340s on a route to New York's JFK Airport. Due to the constraints of the aircraft, pilots occasionally had to make a refuelling stop on the flight to America.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: In 2008, the airport was placed under management of the newly created Bahrain Airport Company, which falls under the umbrella of the Gulf Air Holding Company, which in turn is owned by Mumtalakat, Bahrain's sovereign wealth fund.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: On October 8, 2009, it was announced that BHD 1.8 billion expansion of Bahrain International Airport will start in 2010. The expansion, planned over the next 30 years, will triple the passenger capacity to 27 million a year.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: The airport's new $1.1 billion terminal opened on 28 January 2021. At 210,000 square meters, the Passenger Terminal increases Bahrain International Airport's (BIA) capacity to 14 million passengers and 130,000 air traffic movements per year with a handling capacity of 4,700 bags per peak hour.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: The terminal features check-in halls, check-in desks, passport control booths, E-gates, security lanes, a 9,000 sqm duty-free retail space, lounges, food and beverage zones, 24 departure gates, and 7,000 new parking spaces goth at-grade and in multi-story facilities.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: Bahrain Airport Services (BAS) provides airport services at Bahrain International Airport (BIA). Supported by a 3,000-strong staff, BAS is an ISAGO accredited Ground Service Provider.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: Overseeing the Kingdom's oil, gas, and petroleum assets, Bahrain Jet Fuel Company (BJFCO) is a joint-venture between Bahrain Airport Company and the nogaholding. BJFCO is currently constructing a fuel farm complex in the northeastern area of the airport as part of a major restructuring of the Kingdom's aviation fueling industry.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: The airport is situated in central Muharraq and has transportation connections with the capital city Manama through the Airport Avenue roadway and Shaikh Isa Causeway.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: Bahrain International Airport is served 24/7 by several taxi operators. The taxi queuing area is located within Car Park B.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: Bahrain Public Transport Company (BPTC) provides buses which depart from a bus stop just outside the main entrance/exit of the arrivals hall.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: Through BIA's 25,000 sqm Cargo Terminal, a wide range of services are offered, including export cargo sales, transshipment, inter-airport trucking, and customs clearance.


title: Bahrain International Airport

text: BIA is also the regional hub for DHL. With 115 weekly flights, and 250 vehicles, DHL operates an integrated air and land network. Other cargo and logistics companies operating out of the airport include FedEx, TNT Express, Aramex, and Global Logistical Services (GLS).


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: Frank H. McCourt Jr. (born August 14, 1953) is an American civic entrepreneur, chairman of McCourt LP, chairman and CEO of McCourt Global, current owner of the football club Olympique de Marseille, and founder and CEO of Unfinished. He was the owner and chairman of the Los Angeles Dodgers and Dodger Stadium from 2004 to 2012.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 2004, he purchased a controlling interest in the Dodgers from Fox Entertainment Group, owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. Prior to purchasing the Dodgers and moving to Los Angeles, McCourt was a Boston real estate developer, whose family resided in Brookline, Massachusetts.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 2013, he donated $100 million to establish the McCourt School of Public Policy, the ninth school of Georgetown University. He made a second $100 million gift to Georgetown University in March 2021, for the express purpose of ensuring that "the McCourt School can open its doors more widely and build a pipeline of future public policy leaders that reflects the true diversity of our communities."


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 2016, he purchased French Ligue 1 football club Olympique de Marseille from Russian-born billionaire Margarita Louis-Dreyfus. The takeover was completed in August after months of negotiations.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: McCourt was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was raised as a Catholic and attended Georgetown University, where he earned an economics degree in 1975. He met his future wife, Jamie Luskin, when they were both freshmen at Georgetown. They married in 1979. The McCourt family has a long association with real estate and construction in the Boston area.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 1977, McCourt founded The McCourt Company, which specializes in the development of major commercial real estate projects, particularly parking lots.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In the late 1970s McCourt acquired in South Boston from the bankrupt Penn Central railroad and developed the L-shaped property into parking lots.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: The McCourt company headquarters moved to Los Angeles in 2004 in connection with the family relocating to Los Angeles. The McCourts owned a $16 million, home in Brookline, Massachusetts, that was acquired by John W. Henry, owner of the Boston Red Sox.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: Before buying the Los Angeles Dodgers, McCourt made a bid to buy the Boston Red Sox planning to build a new stadium on the land he owned and used for parking lots on the South Boston waterfront. Instead, the Red Sox were sold in 2002 to John W. Henry, Tom Werner and Red Sox President Larry Lucchino.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 2004, McCourt bought the Los Angeles Dodgers for US$430 million from NewsCorp, Rupert Murdoch's flagship enterprise. McCourt's purchase of the Dodgers was financed mostly by debt.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 2004 McCourt's South Boston parking lot property was used as collateral for some of the financing to acquire the Dodgers from NewsCorp. Later the South Boston property was turned over to NewsCorp in exchange for canceling acquisition debt. NewsCorp received approximately $200 million when they re-sold the property to Morgan Stanley and Boston real estate investor John B. Hynes III in 2006.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: The Dodgers assets acquired by McCourt included significant real estate assets related to the stadium in Chavez Ravine, including stadium parking lot land. Plans were announced for new real estate developments at Dodger Stadium however those plans never came to fruition. One discussed plan was for an NFL stadium and adjacent retail complex. However after the "Boston Herald" reported the details of the plan, political pressure forced both the NFL and McCourt to deny that either party was aggressively pursuing the idea.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: To offset the purchase, McCourt raised ticket and concession prices every year. By April 2009 the team and its related assets, in which McCourt had invested heavily in improvements, had increased in value to $722 million according to "Forbes".


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: McCourt is not the first member of this family to own part or whole of a sports franchise. His grandfather was part-owner of the Boston Braves.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 2003 (under NewsCorp ownership) the Dodgers' record was 85 wins, 77 losses. Shortly after purchasing the team, McCourt fired then General Manager Dan Evans, replacing him with Paul DePodesta. DePodesta is featured (along with Billy Beane) in the book "Moneyball" as it discussed their sabermetric-based approach to using statistics to build the Oakland A's. In Los Angeles, DePodesta made a trade in the middle of the 2004 season that sent the Dodgers' starting catcher, Paul Lo Duca, its set-up man, pitcher Guillermo Mota, and outfielder Juan Encarnación to the Florida Marlins for the high on-base percentage first baseman Hee-Seop Choi and power pitcher Brad Penny and pitching prospect Bill Murphy, who was in turn flipped with Koyie Hill and Reggie Abercrombie to the Arizona Diamondbacks for Gold Glove center fielder Steve Finley and catcher Brent Mayne. At the time, DePodesta said of Choi, "I think we've acquired one of the better offensive players in the league."


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: Finley hit 13 home runs for the Dodgers in his two months with the team. Choi batted .161 with no home runs for the Dodgers after the trade, though he walked 11 times in 87 plate appearances. In the playoff loss to St. Louis that season, Penny did not play, Choi had one at bat (hitless) and Dodger catchers were 3-for-10.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 2004, the Dodgers won the NL West with a record of 93-69, but lost in four games to the St. Louis Cardinals in the Divisional Series. In the offseason the Dodgers decided not to re-sign Adrián Beltré due to his high contract demands (Beltre finished second in the NL MVP voting and would later sign with Seattle for 5 years/$64 million). DePodesta signed outfielder J. D. Drew for five years at $55 million, sinkerball pitcher Derek Lowe for four years at $36 million, and All-Star second baseman Jeff Kent.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: However, the 2005 season, with a record of 71—91, was the Dodgers' second-worst record since moving to Los Angeles, due in part to players' injuries. That off-season, manager Jim Tracy was fired. Soon after Tracy was fired, McCourt fired DePodesta and about a month later, hired Ned Colletti to replace him.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: Ned Colletti's first action as GM was the signing of the former Red Sox manager, Grady Little. Colletti then signed several veteran players such as Rafael Furcal, Nomar Garciaparra, Kenny Lofton, and Bill Mueller. These players were among those who led the 2006 Dodgers to the NL Wild Card spot, with an 88–74 record. The Dodgers were swept by the New York Mets in the National League Division Series. In the winter of 2006–07 the team signed Juan Pierre, Jason Schmidt, and Luis Gonzalez.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In October 2007, Grady Little resigned and Joe Torre was hired as their new manager. In 2008 with Torre, Ned Colletti signed Andruw Jones, Hiroki Kuroda, and Chan Ho Park. During the trade deadline the Dodgers acquired Manny Ramirez in a trade with the Boston Red Sox.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 2007 Dr. Charles Steinberg was hired as executive vice president, marketing and public relations, of the Dodgers after working with the Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles. In 2009, he was reported to be on his way out and was said to be allied with Jamie McCourt and had lost influence as she did, according to a report in the "Los Angeles Times".


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 2010, it was revealed that then California Attorney General Jerry Brown was opening an investigation into the Dodgers' charitable foundation, the Dodgers' Dream Foundation. According to tax returns, the charity's chief executive, Howard Sunkin, earned a salary of nearly $400,000 per year, almost a quarter of the foundation's entire budget. Sunkin is a close associate of McCourt and has worked with him during his divorce proceedings. The courts eventually awarded the funds to be repaid, and McCourt personally repaid $100,000.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: On October 14, 2009, it was announced the McCourts would be separating after nearly 30 years of marriage. While speculation was raised on the impact upon the McCourt family and Dodger ownership, a spokesperson for Jamie McCourt said the following day that "the focus of the Dodgers is on the playoffs and the World Series." Jamie was fired from her position as Dodgers CEO on Thursday, October 22, 2009, the day after the Dodgers were eliminated from the playoffs. She officially filed for divorce shortly thereafter. He has claimed that the divorce has "no bearing on the team whatsoever."


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: On December 7, 2010, the judge in the divorce case of the McCourts invalidated the post-nuptial marital property agreement ("MPA") that Frank McCourt had claimed provided him with sole ownership of the Dodgers. In the wake of this decision, Frank McCourt's lawyers said that Frank would use other legal avenues to establish his sole ownership of the Dodgers, while Jamie McCourt's lawyers said that Jamie would be confirmed as the co-owner of the team as community property of their marriage.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: On June 17, 2011, the McCourts reached agreement on a settlement of their divorce. The settlement was contingent upon Major League Baseball approving a 17-year television contract between the Dodgers and Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket. The discussion set aside the Dodgers' ownership issue until a scheduled one-day trial on August 4, whereupon if the judge sided with Frank he would keep the team and pay a settlement fee to Jamie and if the judge sided with her the team would be sold. However, on June 20, baseball rejected the television deal and the settlement agreement fell apart.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: On October 17, 2011, the McCourts reached a settlement in their divorce case whereby Jamie would receive about $130 million and relinquish her claim on the Dodgers. This ended what is widely believed to be the costliest divorce in California history.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In April 2011, MLB Commissioner Bud Selig announced that MLB would be appointing a representative to oversee the day-to-day operations of the Dodgers. His statement said that he took that action because of his "deep concerns for the finances and operations" of the Dodgers. This event occurred shortly after an "LA Times" report that McCourt had obtained a personal loan from Fox to cover the team's payroll for April and May. McCourt vigorously disputed MLB's actions. Nevertheless, Selig appointed former diplomat and former Texas Rangers executive Tom Schieffer to oversee the Dodgers' finances. On June 27, the Dodgers filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: After much legal wrangling between McCourt's lawyers and MLB lawyers in bankruptcy court, he reached a deal with the league to put the team up for sale. On March 27, 2012, he agreed to sell the team to a group consisting of former L.A. Laker Magic Johnson, former baseball executive Stan Kasten and the Guggenheim Partners for a record price of $2 billion, the highest ever for a professional sports team. McCourt separately sold the land surrounding the stadium for $150 million to the same group, while maintaining some economic interest in the property. According to the Guggenheim Group, McCourt has no control or influence over the land, but will profit from potential future development of it. Also, the new ownership pays $14 million to rent the parking lots surrounding Dodger Stadium from an entity half-owned by McCourt. The sale officially closed on May 1, 2012, ending McCourt's turbulent period as Dodgers owner.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 2008, McCourt bought the operating rights to the Los Angeles Marathon. McCourt's group changed the route of the Marathon so that it would start at Dodger Stadium. His "Stadium to the Sea" course revitalized the Marathon and in 2010 it drew the largest field in the history of the race. During his divorce he briefly considered selling the Marathon, but he chose to retain the rights and refocus on the race.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: McCourt announced in 2019 that he would donate the Los Angeles Marathon and parent company Conqur Endurance to The McCourt Foundation, a Boston-based philanthropic organization overseen by his cousin, Brian McCourt. The vision for combining the entities was to catalyze the social impact potential of both organizations by creating a bicoastal portfolio of events that promote healthier communities. The McCourt Foundation is “dedicated to enhancing the lives of patients and families affected by health-challenges within the neurology community and beyond,” and hosts several endurance sport events to raise funds and awareness for neurological health.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: On August 29, 2016, McCourt entered exclusive negotiations to purchase the French Ligue 1 club Olympique de Marseille from Margarita Louis-Dreyfus. The purchase deal was completed for a reported price tag of €45 million on October 17, 2016. Within the next few days, he appointed Jacques-Henri Eyraud (a French businessman) as the club's president and Rudi Garcia as coach of the club's first team. He pledged to invest €200 million in the club over the next four years.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: For the first transfer window in the McCourt era in January 2017, Marseille reinforced the team with the purchase of Dimitri Payet, Patrice Evra, Morgan Sanson, and Grégory Sertic, for a total of around €45M.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: In 2021, McCourt came out publicly against the proposed UEFA “Super League.” In an op-ed in newspaper Le Monde, he drew a direct parallel between the opaque centralization of power in both the domains of football and technology, stating that, “We need to think of our institutions not as purely profit-seeking enterprises designed to funnel money and influence to a monopolistic private few, but as part of a larger ecosystem that impacts the public good.”


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: McCourt founded Unfinished, and Unfinished Labs, its research and development arm, in 2020. The first project of Unfinished Labs — the introduction of the open source Decentralized Social Networking Protocol (DSNP) — became the foundation of Project Liberty, an initiative launched in June 2021 to "rebuild the foundations of social media." In June 2021, Frank McCourt announced the creation of the McCourt Institute as the newest branch of Unfinished.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: Unfinished Labs’ first project — the introduction of the open source Decentralized Social Networking Protocol (DSNP) — became the foundation of Project Liberty, an initiative that seeks to accelerate the world’s transition to an open, inclusive data economy. Frank McCourt formally announced Project Liberty in Paris in June 2021. The launch of Project Liberty included the announcement of the McCourt Institute, an independent establishment dedicated to researching technology that serves the common good. The two foundational partners of the institute are Georgetown University in Washington, DC, and Sciences Po in Paris. McCourt tapped Jacques-Henri Eyraud, the French entrepreneur, academic, and former head of Olympique de Marseille, to lead the institute.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: Unfinished convenes and collaborates with a coalition of partners called the Unfinished Network. Unfinished Network partners include Amplifier, Ashoka, the Aspen Institute, Citizen University, Common Goal, For Freedoms, the Ford Foundation, Georgetown University, Heartland Forward, Imperative 21, Independent Sector, Max Stenbeck Charitable Fund, Mil M2, New_Public, PolicyLink, Serpentine, and The Shed.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: The president of Unfinished Network and Media and Paula Recart and its chairperson is Angela Glover Blackwell, Founder in Residence of PolicyLink.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: The first initiative of the Unfinished Network was Unfinished Live, a four-part series that debuted in 2020. The show explored questions submitted by the public centered on the theme, “What’s Possible Now?” through a variety of formats. The final episode featured Frank McCourt describing his intentions for launching Unfinished and his vision for how it can inspire positive change.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: Unfinished Live held its second annual event in New York City from September 23-25, 2021. The event theme, “The Future is Decentralized,” drew from the mission Unfinished pursues across its verticals to strengthen civic life in the digital age. The event was hosted at The Shed, the innovative cultural center in Manhattan, for which Frank McCourt has been a stalwart champion and major benefactor since its inception. Described by The Shed as "a convening of technologists, journalists, thought leaders, and artists to tackle consequential questions of our time," the event brought together speakers from across disciplines for the stated purpose of "accelerating the social impact of ideas by fostering conversation, challenging the status quo, and constructing new paths to action." As part of the programming, McCourt and Braxton Woodham, President of Unfinished Labs, were interviewed by Sara Fischer of Axios about reimagining social networking as public infrastructure.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: The event included a free public exhibit by artist Refik Anadol, titled "Project Liberty Experience" after the founding initiative of Unfinished. The audiovisual work featured a large, cylindric tower covered in screens that displayed massive amounts of data as small, shimmering pictures that reacted to viewers. The exhibit intended audiences to "experience a world where you own and control your data." Speaking to "The Guardian" about the exhibit, McCourt said, “We need a new civic architecture that responds to that and accommodates that [digital] world – a tech architecture that creates value for society, not one that extracts value from society." The display was housed in The McCourt, the iconic, movable outer shell of The Shed.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: McCourt's grandfather was part-owner of the Boston Braves along with Lou Perini and others. Inspired by his grandfather and the others' formation of the Jimmy Fund, McCourt started ThinkCure to fight cancer.


title: Frank McCourt (executive)

text: McCourt and his ex-wife Jamie have four sons, Drew, Travis, Casey, and Gavin. In 2015, McCourt remarried to Monica Algarra. The couple has a daughter, Luciana Hayes McCourt, and a son, Brodie Enrique McCourt.


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: The Stand in the Schoolhouse Door took place at Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama on June 11, 1963. George Wallace, the Governor of Alabama, in a symbolic attempt to keep his inaugural promise of "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" and stop the desegregation of schools, stood at the door of the auditorium as if to block the entry of two African American students: Vivian Malone and James Hood.


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: In response, President John F. Kennedy issued , which federalized the Alabama National Guard, and Guard General Henry V. Graham then commanded Wallace to step aside. Wallace spoke further, but eventually moved, and Malone and Hood completed their registration. The incident brought Wallace into the national spotlight.


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States handed down its decision regarding the case called "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas", in which the plaintiffs charged that the education of black children in separate public schools from their white counterparts was unconstitutional. "Brown v. Board of Education" meant that the University of Alabama had to be desegregated. In the years following, hundreds of African-Americans applied for admission, but with one brief exception, all were denied. The University worked with police to find any disqualifying qualities, or when this failed, intimidated the applicants. But in 1963, three African-Americans —Vivian Malone Jones, Dave McGlathery and James Hood—applied. In early June federal district judge Seybourn H. Lynne ordered that they be admitted, and forbade Governor Wallace from interfering, but did not grant the request that Wallace be barred from the campus.


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: Wallace privately signaled to the Kennedy administration his intention to avoid fomenting violence, such as had occurred in the September 1962 Battle of Oxford with the desegregation of the University of Mississippi. The head of the Alabama state police, Albert Lingo, who reported directly to Wallace, warned leaders of the Ku Klux Klan that their members would be arrested if they appeared in Tuscaloosa. Bull Connor, the race-baiting chief of Birmingham police, also told Klan members to spread word that Wallace wanted no crowds to gather in the town. And Wallace's speechwriter and top aide, Asa Carter, himself a top Klan official, personally visited Edward R. Fields, a leader of the National States' Rights Party, a white supremacist group, also to tell him to stay away from the event. But Wallace refused to talk directly to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy when he called to learn of Wallace's plans.


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: On the eve of the incident, the U.S. Justice Department tried to discredit Wallace by leaking to a "Newsday" reporter the private health information that the governor was receiving government payments related to a psychiatric disability suffered while flying in bombing missions over Japan during World War II. Wallace confirmed the disability, but "Newsday" editors refused to run the story.


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: On June 11, Malone and Hood pre-registered in the morning at the Birmingham courthouse. They selected their courses and filled out all their forms there. They arrived at Foster Auditorium to have their course loads reviewed by advisors and pay their fees. Kennedy administration officials, struggling with a potentially violent situation, considered simply bypassing Foster Auditorium and having Malone and Hood escorted directly to their dorm rooms. But given reports of an agitated Wallace, Robert Kennedy told Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, "You'd better give him his show because I'm concerned if he doesn't have it ... that God knows what could happen by way of violence."


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: Administration officials also concluded the best optics would be to present the matter as a conflict between state and federal authority, not a racial confrontation between the white governor and the black students. Further, by keeping the students away from the doorway, the administration was not forced to charge Wallace with contempt of a federal court order. So it was that Malone and Hood remained in their vehicle as Wallace, attempting to uphold his promise as well as for political show, blocked the entrance to Foster Auditorium with the media watching. Then, flanked by federal marshals, Katzenbach told Wallace to step aside. However, Wallace interrupted Katzenbach and gave a speech on states' rights.


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: Katzenbach called President John F. Kennedy, who had previously issued a presidential proclamation demanding that Wallace step aside, and told him of Wallace's actions in ignoring the proclamation as it had no legal force. In response, Kennedy issued , which had already been prepared, authorizing the federalization of the Alabama National Guard under the Insurrection Act of 1807. Four hours later, Guard General Henry Graham commanded Wallace to step aside, saying, "Sir, it is my sad duty to ask you to step aside under the orders of the President of the United States." Wallace then spoke further, but eventually moved, and Malone and Hood completed their registration.


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: In the days following the enactment, the National Guard were ordered to remain on the campus owing to a large Ku Klux Klan contingent in the surrounding area. Wallace and Kennedy exchanged volatile telegrams over it. Wallace objected to Kennedy ordering the Guard to remain on the campus and said that Kennedy bore responsibility if something happened. Kennedy responded stating that Executive Order 11111 made it clear that responsibility for keeping the peace remained with the State Troopers under Wallace's control and said he would revoke the order if assurances were made. Wallace refused, stating he would not be intimidated and cited that Executive Order 11111 was passed without his knowledge.


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: Executive Order 11111 was also used to ensure that the Alabama National Guard made sure that black students across the state were able to enroll at previously all-white schools. It was complemented by Executive Order 11118, which provided "assistance for removal of unlawful obstructions of justice in the State of Alabama." As of July 2022, Executive Order 11111 has not been revoked.


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: The stage managing of the incident did avoid provoking violence. But it also served Wallace's purposes by amplifying his contention that desegregation was not primarily an issue of racial justice, but one of "states' rights".


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: The incident was detailed in Robert Drew's 1963 documentary film "". The event was depicted in the 1994 film "Forrest Gump", in which Vivian Jones drops her books, which is retrieved by the titular character, and in the 1997 television film "George Wallace".


title: Stand in the Schoolhouse Door

text: In June 2012, George Wallace Jr. commented on his father's legacy, and mentioned the reference to the event in Bob Dylan's 1964 song "The Times They Are a-Changin'": "Come Senators, Congressmen, please heed the call. Don't stand in the doorway, don't block up the hall." The younger Wallace said that when he was 14, he sang the song for his father and thought he saw the look of regret in his father's eyes.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: Ha Sung-woon (; born March 22, 1994), also known mononymously as Sungwoon, is a South Korean singer and songwriter. He is best known as a member of South Korean boy group Wanna One, as a member of boy group Hotshot, and currently as a solo artist. In 2019, he began his solo music career with his first extended play "My Moment".


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: Ha joined Star Crew Entertainment (formerly known as Ardor&Able) and debuted with Hotshot as main vocalist on October 29, 2014, with a digital single "Take a Shot".


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: Ha and Roh Tae-hyun represented Ardor&Able Entertainment in the boy group reality survival show, "Produce 101 Season 2" which aired on Mnet from April 7 until June 16, 2017. In the final concert that took place on July 1 and 2, 2017, at Olympic Hall in Seoul, Ha managed to gain 790,302 votes and was announced as the final member of the project boy group Wanna One under YMC Entertainment.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: Ha debuted with Wanna One during Wanna One Premier Show-Con on August 7, 2017 at the Gocheok Sky Dome with a mini-album "1×1=1 (To Be One)". He was also in the sub-group Lean on Me with Hwang Min-hyun and Yoon Ji-sung, performing the song "Forever and a Day" produced by Nell. The subunit was announced on the first day of Wanna One Go: X-Con, and the song was included on Wanna One's album "1÷x=1 (Undivided)".


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: During his time with Wanna One, Ha was invited to join several TV programs, such as the eighth episode of SBS variety show "Master Key", "Law of the Jungle Sabah", which aired from July 27 to September 21, 2018, and MBC singing competition program "King of Masked Singer", in which he got to the third round with his rendition of "Smile Again" by Rumble fish, "Drifting Apart" by Nell, and "Appearance" by Kim Bum-soo.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: His contract with Wanna One ended on December 31, 2018, but he still appeared with the group until their final concerts (titled "Therefore") held across four days, ending on January 27, 2019 at the Gocheok Sky Dome in Seoul, where the group held their debut showcase.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: On January 28, Ha unveiled his self-composed song "Don't Forget" featuring former Wanna One member Park Ji-hoon. "Don't Forget" was released as a pre-release track from his EP "My Moment", with lyrics about wishing to cherish memories with loved ones.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: The singer began his solo activity by announcing his first two-day fan-meeting, "My Moment", which was held from March 8–9 at the SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium in Olympic Park, Seoul. The tickets went on sale on February 20 and sold out within two minutes of the pre-order becoming available. He was also scheduled to meet fans in six Asian cities including Tokyo on March 17, Osaka on the March 19, Taipei on March 23, Bangkok on March 30, Hong Kong on April 5, Macao on June 8, and Jakarta on June 22. While preparing for his solo debut, Ha showed his bright side in the interview and pictorial with "The Star" Magazine. He also did a photoshoot with "Allure" magazine, where he mentioned the EP. In between his schedule, the singer attended his graduation ceremony at the Dong-ah Institute of Media and Arts on February 22, 2019.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: "My Moment" was released on February 28, 2019, featuring the upbeat lead single "Bird". The singer held a showcase at Live Hall in Gwangjin-gu, Seoul on February 27. The album consists of five tracks, which were all written and composed by Ha himself. He also served as the executive producer and participated in the production process, such as mixing and mastering. Hanteo reported that 45,600 copies of the album were sold on the first day of release, making "My Moment" the third-highest first-day sales for an album. It also became the first number one on the Gaon retail album chart, which began on March 4. "My Moment" topped the ninth week (February 24 – March 2) of the main Gaon Album Chart, and ranked first on the daily charts of February 28, March 2, and March 3. On March 1, Ha performed the songs "Bird" and "Tell Me I Love You" at One K Concert—a three-day music and art festival—at the Yeouido Parliament House grass field, which was held to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the March 1 Movement and aims to spread the hopes of the reunification of the Korean Peninsula and peace in Northeast Asia and the world.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: He was also appointed as a guest MC for SBS "Inkigayo" on March 2 and on March 13, Ha took the trophy on his first solo with the song "Bird" on Show Champion Ha sang the Korean national anthem at the 17th KTMF 2019 (the annual K Pop Festival which was held by the Korea Daily) and also perform three songs ("Bird", "Tell Me I Love You", and "Magic Castle") in front of more than twenty thousands spectators at the Hollywood Bowl - Los Angeles.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: Beside his vocal and dance skills, Ha demonstrated his ability as a DJ in the MBC Radio program 'Idol Radio' on April 18, with JBJ95 as a guest. He also participated in several donation programs and projects. He became MC together with Kim Hee-ae, and former Wanna One member Lee Dae-hwi for MBC '2019 New Life for Children' on May 5 at Sangam MBC public hall, which has been held 29 times since the beginning of 1990. It is the best domestic donation program which aims to delivers hope to children suffering from diseases such as rare and incurable diseases Ha's fans hoped to convey their loves for children by donating KRW 27 million or US$27733 and became the highest donator during the event


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: In addition to his music related promotion and activities, Ha also donated his voice in EBS literature program 'Linking Hearts through the Voices of Idol Stars', the first project to combine idol readings and donations which aims to raise interest in Korean literature and create a new reading culture through the public readings. Hawas the second idol invited to join this special project after Chungha. He recited a novel written by Jun Sun-ok, "Ramen is cool" (라면은멋있다) and expressed his gratitude to be able to participate in such a meaningful project.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: On May 12, Ha became a cast in SBS pilot program "Bistro the noble" (격조식당), a food variety program that sets the ultimate food with the finest ingredients which are produced by famous people from all over the country. He also became a line up in several concerts and festivals, such as: KCON 2019 Japan, Dream Concert 2019 which was held at the Seoul World Cup Stadium on May 18 (to promote 'dreams and hopes' to Korean youth), and the 13th Seoul Jazz Festival which was held at the SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium May 26.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: Ha has sung several OSTs, including "Think of You" for tvN drama "Her Private Life", "Immunity" for JTBC drama "The wind blows", and "Because of You" for JTBC drama "Flower Crew".


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: On June 5, Ha unveiled his self-composed song "Riding" featuring Dynamic Duo Gaeko, a pre-release track his second EP, "BXXX", which was later released on July 8. The EP featured the medium tempo lead single "Blue" which shows a dramatic change in the song with an explosive vocal. The album consists of five tracks, of which four were written and composed by Ha. "Blue" was composed by Joombas (Hyuk Shin, KYUM LYK, and JJ Evans), while Ha gave his contribution as the lyricist. Hanteo reported that 66,056 copies of the album were sold on the first week of release.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: Ha held his very first solo concert 'Dive in Color' in Seoul's Jamsil Indoor Stadium, one of the five biggest concert halls in Korea, from July 26 to 27. The pre-sale tickets were sold out shortly after it opened. He also held his concert at Busan BEXCO 1st Exhibition Hall on August 3, and in Tokyo, Japan, from September 12 to 13. On October 5, Sungwoon partnered up with renowned producer and composer Yoon Sang and released a collaboration single "Dream of a Dream" as part of the Fever Festival. Since early November, he consistently ranks 1st in the top 10 most popular entertainer in non-drama TV field, for his variety show skill in SkyDrama - 'We Play'.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: UNICEF Korea Committee launched the campaign 'Safe Water, Save Lives!' from March 19 to 31 to support drinking water for children in developing countries. The campaign period coincides with World Water Day which also falls on the same day as Ha's birthday, March 22.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: Ha actively sympathizes with the preciousness of water, and participated in the campaign video as a talent donation, appealing for warm interest and support for children suffering from contaminated drinking water. Lee Ki-chul, secretary-general of UNICEF's Korean Committee said, "I heard that Ha's name was made up of water and cloud. Ha Sung-woon, who has a special relationship with water in his birthday and his name, joined together to create a more special campaign. We ask that more people join us in this campaign to protect children's lives with clean water." The funds raised through the 'Safe Water, Save Lives!' campaign will be used to support drinking water purifiers, oral hydration supplements and hand pumps for children suffering from contaminated water.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: On April 30, it was announced that Ha would be releasing an OST for the drama "" titled "I Fall In Love" on May 2.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: For the second year now, Benefit Cosmetics Korea has announced that Ha will be the product endorser for its Love & Summer campaign dedicated for its range of Lip Tint products following the success of the first "HaSungWoon x Benefit" campaign in 2019. Continuing his summer activities, Ha participated in an online donation concert by MBC TV and World Vision to comfort people suffering from Coronavirus disease 2019. More recently, Ha performed in the 26th Dream Concert, one of the most anticipated concerts in Korea via livestream broadcast.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: Ha released his fifth EP, "Sneakers" on June 7, featuring the lead single of the same name. The repackaged version of his fifth EP, "Select Shop" was released on August 9, featuring the lead single "Strawberry Gum", featuring Don Mills.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: On November 2, it was reported that Ha had ended his contract with Star Crew Entertainment starting from October 31 and he decided not to renew it.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: Ha released his sixth EP, "Electrified: Urban Nostalgia" on November 19, as his last release under Star Crew Entertainment, featuring the lead single "Electrified".


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: On February 9, Ha released his special album, "You", featuring the lead single "Can't Live Without You".


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: On April 14, Ha released the promotional single "La La Pop!" through Universe Music for the mobile application, Universe.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: On August 24, Ha released his seventh mini-album "Strange World". Ha also performed at the 'Welcome to Strange World' concert on August 27 and 28.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: Ha enlisted in mandatory military service on September 5, 2022 without revealing his location and time to prevent the spread of COVID-19.On September 2, 2022, Ha was confirmed to have contracted COVID-19, causing him to postpone his military service. His agency will announce the new military service schedule at a later date.


title: Ha Sung-woon

text: On October 7, 2022, it was announced that Ha would be serving in the military, mandatory military service on October 24th, without revealing his location and time to prevent the spread of COVID-19.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The Brandenburg Concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 1046–1051), are a collection of six instrumental works presented by Bach to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, in 1721 (though probably composed earlier). The original French title is Six Concerts à plusieurs instruments, meaning "Six Concertos for several instruments". Some of them feature several solo instruments in combination. They are widely regarded as some of the best orchestral compositions of the Baroque era.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: In 1721, Johann Sebastian Bach compiled a collection of six concertos and presented it to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, titled "Six Concerts à plusieurs instruments" (Six Concertos for several instruments). Bach wrote out the music himself rather than leaving it to a copyist. He appears to have selected the six pieces from concertos he had composed over a number of years while Kapellmeister at Köthen, and possibly extending back to his employment at Weimar (1708–17).


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: Bach's dedication to the Margrave was dated 24 March 1721. Translated from the original French, the first sentence of Bach's dedication reads:


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: As I had the good fortune a few years ago to be heard by Your Royal Highness, at Your Highness's commands, and as I noticed then that Your Highness took some pleasure in the little talents which Heaven has given me for Music, and as in taking Leave of Your Royal Highness, Your Highness deigned to honour me with the command to send Your Highness some pieces of my Composition: I have in accordance with Your Highness's most gracious orders taken the liberty of rendering my most humble duty to Your Royal Highness with the present Concertos, which I have adapted to several instruments; begging Your Highness most humbly not to judge their imperfection with the rigour of that discriminating and sensitive taste, which everyone knows Him to have for musical works, but rather to take into benign Consideration the profound respect and the most humble obedience which I thus attempt to show Him.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: Bach's reference to his scoring the concertos for "several instruments" ("Concerts avec plusieurs instruments") is an understatement. Bach used the "widest spectrum of orchestral instruments … in daring combinations", as Christoph Wolff has commented. "Every one of the six concertos set a precedent in scoring, and every one was to remain without parallel." Heinrich Besseler has noted that the overall forces required (leaving aside the first concerto, which was rewritten for a special occasion) tallies exactly with the 17 players Bach had at his disposal in Köthen.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: In the overview table, the first column shows the title, the second the key, the third the number in the Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV), the fourth the prominent instruments (solo).


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: Title on autograph score: Concerto 1 à 2 Corni di Caccia, 3 Hautb: è Bassono, Violino Piccolo concertato, 2 Violini, una Viola col Basso Continuo.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: "Instrumentation": two corni da caccia (natural horns), three oboes, bassoon, violino piccolo, two violins, viola and basso continuo (harpsichord, cello, viola da gamba and/or violone)


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The "Brandenburg Concerto" No. 1, BWV 1046.2 (BWV 1046), is the only one in the collection with four movements. The concerto also exists in an alternative version, Sinfonia BWV 1046.1 (formerly BWV 1046a), which appears to have been composed during Bach's years at Weimar. The Sinfonia, which lacks the third movement entirely, and the Polacca (or Poloinesse, polonaise) from the final movement, appears to have been intended as the opening of the cantata "Was mir behagt, ist nur die muntre Jagd", BWV 208. This implies a date of composition possibly as early as the 1713 premiere of the cantata, although it could have been used for a subsequent revival.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The first movement can also be found as the sinfonia of a later cantata "Falsche Welt, dir trau ich nicht", BWV 52, but in a version without the piccolo violin that is closer to Sinfonia BWV 1046a. The third movement was used as the opening chorus of the cantata "Vereinigte Zwietracht der wechselnden Saiten", BWV 207, where the horns are replaced by trumpets.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: Title on autograph score: Concerto 2 à 1 Tromba, 1 Flauto, 1 Hautbois, 1 Violino, concertati, è 2 Violini, 1 Viola è Violone in Ripieno col Violoncello è Basso per il Cembalo.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The trumpet part is still considered one of the most difficult in the entire repertoire, and was originally written for a clarino specialist, almost certainly the court trumpeter in Köthen, Johann Ludwig Schreiber. After clarino skills were lost in the eighteenth century and before the rise of the historically informed performance movement of the late twentieth century, the part was often played on the piccolo trumpet in B, and occasionally on a French horn.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The clarino does not play in the second movement, as is common practice in baroque era concerti. This is due to its construction, which allows it to play only in major keys. Because concerti often move to a minor key in the second movement, concerti that include the instrument in their first movement and are from the period before the valved trumpet was commonly used usually exclude the trumpet from the second movement.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The first movement of this concerto was chosen as the first musical piece to be played on the Voyager Golden Record, a phonograph record containing a broad sample of Earth's common sounds, languages, and music sent into outer space with the two Voyager probes. The first movement served as a theme for "Great Performances" in the early-to-mid 1980s, while the third movement served as the theme for William F. Buckley Jr.'s "Firing Line"; a revival featuring Margaret Hoover also used the first movement.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: Recent research has revealed that this concerto is based on a lost chamber music version for quintet called "Concerto da camera in Fa Maggiore" (Chamber Concerto in F major), whose catalogue number is BWV 1047R. It is similar to the orchestral version, in that the trumpet, flute, oboe and solo violin parts are the same, but the orchestra part has been arranged for basso continuo (or piano) by Klaus Hofmann. This reconstructed quintet arrangement is also the very first piano reduction of the 2nd Brandenburg Concerto ever published by Bärenreiter Verlag (Product Number BA 5196).


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: Title on autograph score: Concerto 3 à tre Violini, tre Viole, è tre Violoncelli col Basso per il Cembalo.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The second movement consists of a single measure with the two chords that make up a 'Phrygian half cadence' and—although there is no direct evidence to support it—it was likely that these chords are meant to surround or follow a cadenza improvised by a harpsichord or violin player. Modern performance approaches range from simply playing the cadence with minimal ornamentation (treating it as a sort of "musical semicolon"), to inserting movements from other works, to cadenzas varying in length from under a minute to over two minutes. Wendy Carlos's three electronic performances (from "Switched-On Bach", "Switched-On Brandenburgs", and "Switched-On Bach 2000") have second movements that are completely different from each other. Occasionally, the third movement from Bach's Sonata for Violin and Continuo in G, BWV 1021 (marked Largo) is substituted for the second movement as it contains an identical 'Phrygian cadence' as the closing chords. The Largo from the Sonata for Violin and Obbligato Harpsichord in G major, BWV 1019, has also been used.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The outer movements use the ritornello form found in many instrumental and vocal works of the time. The first movement can also be found in reworked form as the sinfonia of the cantata "Ich liebe den Höchsten von ganzem Gemüte", BWV 174, with the addition of three oboes and two horns.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: Title on autograph score: Concerto 4 à Violino Principale, due Fiauti d'Echo, due Violini, una Viola è Violone in Ripieno, Violoncello è Continuo.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: "Ripieno": two violins, violas, violone, cellos and basso continuo (harpsichord and/or viola da gamba)


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The violin part in this concerto is extremely virtuosic in the first and third movements. In the second movement, the violin provides a bass when the concertino group plays unaccompanied.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: It has been debated what instrument Bach had in mind for the ""fiauti d'echo"" parts. Nowadays these are usually played on alto recorders, although transverse flutes are sometimes used instead: it is also theorised Bach's original intent may have been the flageolet. In some performances, such as those conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt, the two recorders are positioned offstage, thus giving an "echo" effect.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: Title on autograph score: Concerto 5 à une Traversiere, une Violino principale, une Violino è una Viola in ripieno, Violoncello, Violone è Cembalo concertato.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The harpsichord is both a concertino and a ripieno instrument. In the concertino passages the part is obbligato; in the ripieno passages it has a figured bass part and plays continuo.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: This concerto makes use of a popular chamber music ensemble of the time (flute, violin, and harpsichord), which Bach used on its own for the middle movement. It is believed that it was written in 1719, to show off a new harpsichord by Michael Mietke which Bach had brought back from Berlin for the Köthen court. It is also thought that Bach wrote it for a competition at Dresden with the French composer and organist Louis Marchand; in the central movement, Bach uses one of Marchand's themes. Marchand fled before the competition could take place, apparently scared off in the face of Bach's great reputation for virtuosity and improvisation.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The concerto is well suited throughout to showing off the qualities of a fine harpsichord and the virtuosity of its player, but especially in the lengthy solo cadenza to the first movement. It seems almost certain that Bach, considered a great organ and harpsichord virtuoso, was the harpsichord soloist at the premiere. Scholars have seen in this work the origins of the solo keyboard concerto as it is the first example of a concerto with a solo keyboard part.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: An earlier version, BWV 1050a, exists, and has many small differences from its later cousin, but no major difference in structure or instrumentation. It is dated ca. 1720–21.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: Title on autograph score: Concerto 6 a due Viole da Braccio, due Viole da Gamba, Violoncello, Violone e Cembalo.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The absence of violins is unusual. Viola da braccio means the normal viola, and is used here to distinguish it from the viola da gamba. When the work was written in 1721, the viola da gamba was already an old-fashioned instrument: the strong supposition that one viola da gamba part was taken by his employer, Prince Leopold, also points to a likely reason for the concerto's composition—Leopold wished to join his "Kapellmeister" playing music. This is supported by the knowledge that Bach wished to end his tenure under Prince Leopold. By upsetting the balance of the musical roles, he would be released from his servitude as Kapellmeister and allowed to seek employment elsewhere.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The two violas start the first movement with a vigorous subject in close canon, and as the movement progresses, the other instruments are gradually drawn into the seemingly uninterrupted steady flow of melodic invention which shows the composer's mastery of polyphony. The two violas da gamba are silent in the second movement, leaving the texture of a trio sonata for two violas and continuo, although the cello has a decorated version of the continuo bass line. In the last movement, the spirit of the gigue underlies everything, as it did in the finale of the fifth concerto.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: Because King Frederick William I of Prussia was not a significant patron of the arts, Christian Ludwig seems to have lacked the musicians in his Berlin ensemble to perform the concertos. The full score was left unused in the Margrave's library until his death in 1734, when it was sold for 24 groschen (as of 2014, about US$24) of silver. The autograph manuscript of the concertos was only rediscovered in the archives of Brandenburg by Siegfried Wilhelm Dehn in 1849; the concertos were first published in the following year.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: The manuscript was nearly lost in World War II, when being transported for safekeeping to Prussia by train in the care of a librarian. The train came under aerial bombardment, and the librarian escaped from the train to the nearby forest, with the scores hidden under his coat.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: In the modern era these works have been performed by orchestras with the string parts each played by a number of players, under the batons of, for example, Karl Richter and Herbert von Karajan. They have also been performed as chamber music, with one instrument per part, especially by groups using "baroque instruments" and historically informed techniques and practice. There is also an arrangement for four-hand piano duet by composer Max Reger.


title: Brandenburg Concertos

text: In 2001, the piece came in at number 22 in the Classic 100 Original (ABC) listing. In 2007, all six of the concertos appeared on the Classic 100 Concerto (ABC) listing.


title: MUFG Bank

text: The bank serves as the core retail, corporate, and investment banking arm of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group. Its traditional client base is made up of Japanese corporates, but overseas corporate lending increased 35% in the nine months to December 31, 2011.


title: MUFG Bank

text: As of June 23, 2019, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group / MUFG Bank was ranked as the largest bank in Japan and the fourth largest in the world.


title: MUFG Bank

text: The bank's head office is in Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, and it has 772 other offices in Japan and 76 offices overseas.


title: MUFG Bank

text: Mitsubishi Bank was founded in 1880 by a former samurai, Iwasaki Yatarō, and was a core member of the Mitsubishi Group of companies. It merged with The Bank of Tokyo in 1996 to form , which at that point was the world's largest bank in terms of total assets. In 1998, upon merger of the then second and third largest Swiss banks, Union Bank of Switzerland and Swiss Bank Corporation, the newly created UBS AG became the second largest in the world at the time, behind only the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi. The Bank of Tokyo had historically focused on foreign exchange business since its foundation as the Yokohama Specie Bank in 1880, while Mitsubishi had had a stronger focus on domestic corporate and retail banking. Both banks were relatively healthy in the wake of the Japanese asset price bubble.


title: MUFG Bank

text: Until the Tokyo-Mitsubishi merger took place in 1996, Sanwa Bank, which was based in Osaka and was the anchor of the Sanwa Group keiretsu, had been considered the strongest bank in Japan, and it had aimed to be the world's largest bank during the "bubble era". By 2000, however, Sanwa was the fourth largest bank in Japan. It entered into merger talks with two other large banks, Asahi Bank and Tokai Bank, to create the world's third-largest bank by assets. Asahi (now part of Resona Holdings) pulled out of these talks later that year. By 2001, The Toyo Trust & Banking Co. had been added to the merger group and the combined company was to be called United Financial Holdings of Japan. The merger was completed in 2002 and the new bank was officially named . UFJ was headquartered in Nagoya, the historical headquarters of Tokai Bank. During its short life, it was plagued by bad debt problems and by infighting between the employees of its predecessor companies.


title: MUFG Bank

text: The holding companies of BTM and UFJ agreed to merge in 2005, forming Japan's largest bank by assets and market capitalization. This led to litigation between BTM and Sumitomo Trust & Banking Co., which had previously agreed to an alliance with UFJ under which it would take over UFJ's trust banking operations. BTM and UFJ settled their dispute for 2.5 billion yen in late 2006. The merger of the two bank holding companies was completed on October 1, 2005, creating the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group. The core banking units of MTFG and UFJ Holdings, the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd. and UFJ Bank Ltd., respectively, continued to operate separately until January 1, 2006, when the two units combined to form The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. (BTMU)


title: MUFG Bank

text: Mitsubishi Bank and the Bank of Tokyo each had significant banking subsidiaries in California (Bank of California and Union Bank respectively) before their merger. At the time of the merger, these U.S. banks also merged to form UnionBanCal Corporation. BTM listed UnionBanCal on the New York Stock Exchange in 1999. In 2008, BTMU purchased all of the outstanding shares of UnionBanCal. BTMU moved its New York-based banking operations to Union Bank and renamed the company MUFG Union Bank in 2014.


title: MUFG Bank

text: BTMU was investigated by New York banking regulators over its role in routing payments for Iranian customers through its New York branch in violation of U.S. sanctions. BTMU settled with the state for $250 million in 2013. A second settlement was reached for $315 million in 2014 after it was found that PricewaterhouseCoopers had altered an investigation report on the issue; PwC itself was fined $25 million in relation to the matter.


title: MUFG Bank

text: On April 1, 2018, the bank was renamed to . This name change aligned the bank name with the holding company name, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG), removing "Tokyo" from the name.


title: Munna Michael

text: Munna Michael is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language action drama film directed by Sabbir Khan and produced by Viki Rajani and Eros International. The film features Tiger Shroff in a lead role alongside Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Niddhi Agerwal, The film was released on 21 July 2017.


title: Munna Michael

text: It marks the third collaboration between Shroff and director Sabbir Khan after "Heropanti" and "Baaghi". The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics.


title: Munna Michael

text: Manasva "Michael" Roy is a dancer inspired by Michael Jackson. One day Michael is fired from his job and disappointedly leaves the studio. On his way home, he finds a newborn baby crying on the roadside. Michael adopts the child and names him Manav "Munna" Roy. Munna, just like Michael, grows up to be an extraordinary dancer and a diehard fan of Michael Jackson. Michael doesn't want Munna to become a dancer and instead insists him to find a proper job. Munna instead visits dance clubs with his friends and challenges their dancers, thereby earning money in the process. Michael falls ill and is admitted to a hospital. When Munna goes to see him, he once again asks him to drop his idea of dancing. Meanwhile, the dance clubs in Mumbai have blacklisted Munna and his friends, so Munna decides to try his luck in Delhi.


title: Munna Michael

text: At a club in Delhi, Munna clashes with a guy called Balli and beats his mates. Balli is the brother of Mahender Fauji, a gangster. When Mahender learns about his brother's fight, he asks a police inspector to get him Munna. Mahender watches CCTV footage of Munna dancing in the waiting room, just before the fight with Balli begins. Mahender is impressed with Munna's dancing skills and asks Munna to teach him how to dance. During the dance sessions, Munna and Mahender become close friends. One day, some gangsters attack Mahender and Munna saves his life. After that Mahender brings Munna to Delhi and declares him to be like his brother. Mahender tells Munna that he wants to become a good dancer, because the girl he loves, Deepika "Dolly" Sharma is a dancer in a club. Munna advises Mahender to give Dolly a gift.


title: Munna Michael

text: Mahender, instead of personally offering the gift, asks Munna to hand it to Dolly. Munna gives Dolly the gift and lies to her that he is a courier boy. Dolly and Munna become good friends after they meet each other a few more times. During their meetings, Dolly tells Munna that it is her dream to become a renowned dancer and that she would like to win the Dancing Star contest, to be held soon in Mumbai. Munna gives Dolly an appointment letter for the lead dancer role at the Blue Star Hotel in Meerut, which is owned by Mahender. Dolly accepts the offer. Mahender meets Dolly and ask her to be friends and gives her a car and a flat. When Dolly enters the flat, she finds Balli hiding in there, who tells her that Mahender would keep her as a sex slave and nothing else. Hearing this, Dolly runs away from the house. When Mahender learns of the incident, he attempts to kill Balli. Munna and Mahender's other friend step in and stop Mahender from killing Balli in his rage. During this incident Munna discovers that Mahender is married and that he was married against his will. After losing Dolly, Mahender becomes depressed and Munna promises Mahender that he will get Dolly back.


title: Munna Michael

text: Munna returns to Mumbai and coincidentally finds Dolly who is there to participate in Dancing Star, the contest she had mentioned to Munna earlier. Dolly tells Munna that she wants to win the show so that she will be able to face her father, as she ran away from home to pursue her dancing career. Munna changes his mind to take Dolly back to Mahender and decides to help her in winning the show. Munna asks his friends to help Dolly by becoming part of his dance group. Munna had previously told Dolly that he cannot dance. One day, Dolly finds Munna dancing and training her dance group and finds that Munna had been lying to her.


title: Munna Michael

text: Munna tells Dolly the truth. Dolly asks Munna to be her partner at the dance competition. Meanwhile, Mahender comes to Mumbai in search of Dolly, acknowledges Munna's betrayal, and brings Michael to Delhi, giving Munna 24 hours to bring Dolly to him or otherwise his father would be killed. Dolly and Munna go to Delhi and Dolly tells Mahender that she loves Munna and leaves his house. Munna, Michael and Dolly leave for Mumbai. Balli finds them and tries to beat them up, but instead, Munna beats Balli and his goons. During the fight Balli shoots Munna in the leg. Munna still goes onstage and performs with Dolly, and they win. Mahender, later, accepts Munna and Dolly's love and they remain friends.


title: Munna Michael

text: The music for the film was composed by Meet Bros, Tanishk Bagchi, Pranaay Rijia, Vishal Mishra, Javed-Mohsin, Gourov-Roshin and Vayu, while the background score was composed by Sandeep Shirodkar. The lyrics were written by Kumaar, Danish Sabri, Pranaay, Tanishk-Vayu and Sabbir Khan. The album was released on 21 June 2017 by Eros Music on World Music Day and includes 10 songs.


title: Munna Michael

text: The film was released on 21 July 2017 worldwide. The film received a U/A certificate from CBFC India, which asked the makers of the film to mute the sound of smashing bones during fight sequences and Hindi expletives. The film released on 3400 screens on the first day, 3000 in India and 400 overseas.


title: Munna Michael

text: The film received mixed to negative reviews from the critics. Meena Lyer of "The Times of India" rated the film 2.5/5 calling its story, usual and predictable, saying, "You can almost record screen proceedings with your stopwatch because after every 15 minutes, there is a—song, fight, song, fight and some more blah." Rohit Vats of "Hindustan Times" rated it 1.5/5 saying, "Now it's finally a film where everybody would look disinterested and jump at a chance to break into the song. Shalini Langer of "The Indian Express" gave the film just half a star out of five saying, "Tiger Shroff as Munna Michael dance, Munna fights, Munna dance and fight together, this is what he is doing in the film. Subhani Singh of "India Today" rated the film 1.5/5, saying, "The film's script has emerged from a basic one-liner: Tiger idolises Michael Jackson so let's give him every opportunity to dance like him." Udita Jhunjhunwala of "Firstpost" gave the film 2/5, saying, Put in enough of these two elements (Dancing and action) and who cares about logic, story, acting or originality. Saibal Chaterjee of NDTV rated the film 1.5/5 and said, "As is obvious, Tiger Shroff's film has nothing original or novel on offer." Kriti Tulsiani of News18 rated it 1/5 saying, "Munna Michael feels like an over-stretched version of an 80s film that rides high only on dance moves and action sequences." Kennith Rosario of "The Hindu" said, "A clichéd endorsement for Tiger Shroff’s abs, fighting and dancing skills." The film was rated 1.5/5 at Rediff.com and was called "A wasted opportunity at best". Zee News criticized the film by stating, "This film starts off with a promise and holds your interest till the interval. After that the narrative turns into a cliched Bollywood masala film that fails to impress." Priyadarshini Patwa of MensXP.com gave the film 1.5/5 and said, "When Tiger Shroff is in a film, the directors forget the basics of filmmaking i.e. the script. Instead of working on the crux of the story, the directors decided to make a full-length feature film with lots of dance sequences and unreasonable fight scenes as the prime focus. And of course, one line of dialogue that Tiger uses throughout the film." Mohar Basu of "Mid-Day" gave the film 2/5 saying, "There should be a genre of films called fan-pleasers, if there isn't one already. Munna Michael is precisely that by design – a dance-actioner that must keep its focus firmly on showcasing the dancing prowess of its leading man, Tiger Shroff." Bollywood Hungama gave the film 2.5/5 and said, "The writing of the film is a major letdown. It seems that the scriptwriter (Vimmi Datta) didn’t have much to offer after a point and took the predictable, clichéd route." Anupama Chopra of the Film Companion gave the film 1.5/5 and said it was "the stuff of pure comedy." Davesh Sharma of Filmfare gave the film 2.5/5 and said, "What this movie lacks is self-belief and great music. If the whole point of the film was to make it a tribute to Michael Jackson then MJ’s original tunes should have been used."


title: Munna Michael

text: The film saw 15–20% occupancy on the first day and collected (net) from 3000 screens. It grossed total Worldwide on first day. "Munna Michael" became the 10th highest opening day grosser Bollywood film of 2017. On the second day the film collected . Its two-day net collection rose to 12.97 crores and gross figures to 17.78 crores. On the first Sunday, the film collected 8.32 crores, raising its first weekend domestic collection to a total of 21.67 crores, becoming 10th highest domestic first weekend grossing Bollywood film of 2017. The film grossed 34.61 crores in India in 4 days.


title: Munna Michael

text: On the first day in the overseas market, the film collected from 24 screens in Australia, from 7 screens in New Zealand, from 50 screens in the UK, from 58 screens in the United States, from 13 screens in Canada. On second day, the film collected from 16 screens in Australia and from 6 screens in New Zealand. On third day, the film collected from 15 screens in Australia and from 7 screens in New Zealand. With that the film collected from 196 screens in its first weekend overseas. On the first Monday, the film collected from 19 screens in Australia, from 6 screens in New Zealand, from 42 screens in the UK, from 51 screens in the US and from 13 screens in Canada. On fifth day of release, the film collected from 17 screens in Australia and from 6 screens in New Zealand. The film earned 13.5 crores overseas.


title: Sturgeon's law

text: Sturgeon's law (or Sturgeon's revelation) is an adage stating "ninety percent of everything is crap". It was coined by Theodore Sturgeon, an American science fiction author and critic, and was inspired by his observation that, while science fiction was often derided for its low quality by critics, most work in other fields was low-quality too, and so science fiction was thus no different.


title: Sturgeon's law

text: Sturgeon deemed Sturgeon's law to mean "nothing is always absolutely so" in the story "The Claustrophile" in a 1956 issue of "Galaxy". The second adage, variously rendered as "ninety percent of everything is crud" or "ninety percent of everything is crap", was known as "Sturgeon's Revelation", formulated as such in his book review column for "Venture" in 1957. However, almost all modern uses of the term Sturgeon's law refer to the second, including the definition listed in the "Oxford English Dictionary".


title: Sturgeon's law

text: According to Philip Klass (William Tenn), Sturgeon made this remark circa 1951, at a talk at New York University attended by Tenn. The statement was subsequently included in a talk Sturgeon gave at a 1953 Labor Day weekend session of the World Science Fiction Convention in Philadelphia.


title: Sturgeon's law

text: In 2013, philosopher Daniel Dennett championed Sturgeon's law as one of his seven tools for critical thinking.


title: Kennesaw State University

text: Kennesaw State University (KSU) is a public research university located in the state of Georgia with two different campuses in the Atlanta metropolitan area, one in Kennesaw and the other in Marietta on a combined of land. The school was founded in 1963 by the Georgia Board of Regents using local bonds and a federal space-grant during a time of major Georgia economic expansion after World War II. KSU also holds classes at the Cobb Galleria Centre, Dalton State College, and in Paulding County (Dallas). The total enrollment exceeds 43,000 students making KSU the second-largest university by enrollment in Georgia while also having the largest freshman class in the state as well.


title: Kennesaw State University

text: KSU is part of the University System of Georgia and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The university has multiple academic programs in business, education, engineering, nursing, physical sciences, information technology, criminal justice, and sports management. Kennesaw State's athletic teams are an NCAA Division I member of the ASUN Conference. They will join Conference USA in 2024.


title: Kennesaw State University

text: KSU was chartered by the Board of Regents on October 9, 1963, during one of the most dramatic periods of college expansion in Georgia’s history. The university was officially founded by the Georgia Board of Regents approved the establishment of a junior college tentatively to be named Cobb County Junior College. In December 1964, Horace Sturgis was designated to serve as the future college's first president. When the school opened in fall of 1966, it was named Kennesaw Junior College and had an initial enrollment of 1,014 students.


title: Kennesaw State University

text: Thirteen years later, in 1976, the former Kennesaw Junior College became a four-year college and was redesignated Kennesaw College. Betty Siegel became the second president of Kennesaw College in 1981, and the first female university president in the University System of Georgia.


title: Kennesaw State University

text: By 1985, KSU had initiated its first graduate degree programs, in business and education, and began a period of rapid growth, including building some residential housing. Finally, in 1988, the former Kennesaw College was renamed Kennesaw State College and associate degrees were discontinued, except in nursing.


title: Kennesaw State University

text: Kennesaw State finally achieved University status in 1996. The Kennesaw State's baseball and softball teams won the NCAA Division II national championships in 1996. The winning Owls continued excelling in athletics, including the Lady Owls 2003 win of the NCAA Women's Division II Soccer Championship and the men's basketball team win of the 2004 NCAA Men's Division II Basketball Championship. In part due to their winning Division II in 2005, the Owls joined Division I and the Atlantic Sun Conference.


title: Kennesaw State University

text: In 2004, KSU was recognized by the Department of Homeland Security and the National Security Agency as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education. At the time, this placed KSU among 67 other institutions recognized as CAE/IAEs with this recognition. KSU was recognized again in 2007.


title: Kennesaw State University

text: KSU also began its first doctoral programs in Education in Leadership for Learning, Education, and a doctorate of Business Administration.


title: Kennesaw State University

text: On November 1, 2013, the University System of Georgia announced that Kennesaw State University would merge with nearby Southern Polytechnic State University in 2015. Kennesaw State would be the surviving institution, with President Papp serving as president of the merged university. Southern Polytechnic was started by the president of the Georgia Institute of Technology, Blake R. Van Leer who was known for making Atlanta the "MIT of the South." On January 6, 2015, the Georgia Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia approved the consolidation of Southern Polytechnic State and Kennesaw State. In honor of SPSU's legacy, Kennesaw State established Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology as one of its 11 colleges.


title: Kennesaw State University

text: In addition, on January 1, 2015, Kennesaw State University was classified by the Carnegie Foundation for Teaching and Learning as a Community Engaged Institution.