title: Chalcogen

text: Around 40% of all selenium produced goes to glassmaking. 30% of all selenium produced goes to metallurgy, including manganese production. 15% of all selenium produced goes to agriculture. Electronics such as photovoltaic materials claim 10% of all selenium produced. Pigments account for 5% of all selenium produced. Historically, machines such as photocopiers and light meters used one-third of all selenium produced, but this application is in steady decline.


title: Chalcogen

text: Tellurium suboxide, a mixture of tellurium and tellurium dioxide, is used in the rewritable data layer of some CD-RW disks and DVD-RW disks. Bismuth telluride is also used in many microelectronic devices, such as photoreceptors. Tellurium is sometimes used as an alternative to sulfur in vulcanized rubber. Cadmium telluride is used as a high-efficiency material in solar panels.


title: Chalcogen

text: Some of polonium's applications relate to the element's radioactivity. For instance, polonium is used as an alpha-particle generator for research. Polonium alloyed with beryllium provides an efficient neutron source. Polonium is also used in nuclear batteries. Most polonium is used in antistatic devices. Livermorium does not have any uses whatsoever due to its extreme rarity and short half-life.


title: Chalcogen

text: Organochalcogen compounds are involved in the semiconductor process. These compounds also feature into ligand chemistry and biochemistry. One application of chalcogens themselves is to manipulate redox couples in supramolar chemistry (chemistry involving non-covalent bond interactions). This application leads on to such applications as crystal packing, assembly of large molecules, and biological recognition of patterns. The secondary bonding interactions of the larger chalcogens, selenium and tellurium, can create organic solvent-holding acetylene nanotubes. Chalcogen interactions are useful for conformational analysis and stereoelectronic effects, among other things. Chalcogenides with through bonds also have applications. For instance, divalent sulfur can stabilize carbanions, cationic centers, and radical. Chalcogens can confer upon ligands (such as DCTO) properties such as being able to transform Cu(II) to Cu(I). Studying chalcogen interactions gives access to radical cations, which are used in mainstream synthetic chemistry. Metallic redox centers of biological importance are tunable by interactions of ligands containing chalcogens, such as methionine and selenocysteine. Also, chalcogen through-bonds can provide insight about the process of electron transfer.


title: Chalcogen

text: Oxygen is needed by almost all organisms for the purpose of generating ATP. It is also a key component of most other biological compounds, such as water, amino acids and DNA. Human blood contains a large amount of oxygen. Human bones contain 28% oxygen. Human tissue contains 16% oxygen. A typical 70-kilogram human contains 43 kilograms of oxygen, mostly in the form of water.


title: Chalcogen

text: All animals need significant amounts of sulfur. Some amino acids, such as cysteine and methionine contain sulfur. Plant roots take up sulfate ions from the soil and reduce it to sulfide ions. Metalloproteins also use sulfur to attach to useful metal atoms in the body and sulfur similarly attaches itself to poisonous metal atoms like cadmium to haul them to the safety of the liver. On average, humans consume 900 milligrams of sulfur each day. Sulfur compounds, such as those found in skunk spray often have strong odors.


title: Chalcogen

text: All animals and some plants need trace amounts of selenium, but only for some specialized enzymes. Humans consume on average between 6 and 200 micrograms of selenium per day. Mushrooms and brazil nuts are especially noted for their high selenium content. Selenium in foods is most commonly found in the form of amino acids such as selenocysteine and selenomethionine. Selenium can protect against heavy metal poisoning.


title: Chalcogen

text: Tellurium is not known to be needed for animal life, although a few fungi can incorporate it in compounds in place of selenium. Microorganisms also absorb tellurium and emit dimethyl telluride. Most tellurium in the blood stream is excreted slowly in urine, but some is converted to dimethyl telluride and released through the lungs. On average, humans ingest about 600 micrograms of tellurium daily. Plants can take up some tellurium from the soil. Onions and garlic have been found to contain as much as 300 parts per million of tellurium in dry weight.


title: Chalcogen

text: Oxygen is generally nontoxic, but oxygen toxicity has been reported when it is used in high concentrations. In both elemental gaseous form and as a component of water, it is vital to almost all life on earth. Despite this, liquid oxygen is highly dangerous. Even gaseous oxygen is dangerous in excess. For instance, sports divers have occasionally drowned from convulsions caused by breathing pure oxygen at a depth of more than underwater. Oxygen is also toxic to some bacteria. Ozone, an allotrope of oxygen, is toxic to most life. It can cause lesions in the respiratory tract.


title: Chalcogen

text: Sulfur is generally nontoxic and is even a vital nutrient for humans. However, in its elemental form it can cause redness in the eyes and skin, a burning sensation and a cough if inhaled, a burning sensation and diarrhoea and/or catharsis if ingested, and can irritate the mucous membranes. An excess of sulfur can be toxic for cows because microbes in the rumens of cows produce toxic hydrogen sulfide upon reaction with sulfur. Many sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide (HS) and sulfur dioxide (SO) are highly toxic.


title: Chalcogen

text: Selenium is a trace nutrient required by humans on the order of tens or hundreds of micrograms per day. A dose of over 450 micrograms can be toxic, resulting in bad breath and body odor. Extended, low-level exposure, which can occur at some industries, results in weight loss, anemia, and dermatitis. In many cases of selenium poisoning, selenous acid is formed in the body. Hydrogen selenide (HSe) is highly toxic.


title: Chalcogen

text: Exposure to tellurium can produce unpleasant side effects. As little as 10 micrograms of tellurium per cubic meter of air can cause notoriously unpleasant breath, described as smelling like rotten garlic. Acute tellurium poisoning can cause vomiting, gut inflammation, internal bleeding, and respiratory failure. Extended, low-level exposure to tellurium causes tiredness and indigestion. Sodium tellurite (NaTeO) is lethal in amounts of around 2 grams.


title: Chalcogen

text: Polonium is dangerous as an alpha particle emitter. If ingested, polonium-210 is a million times as toxic as hydrogen cyanide by weight; it has been used as a murder weapon in the past, most famously to kill Alexander Litvinenko. Polonium poisoning can cause nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and lymphopenia. It can also damage hair follicles and white blood cells. Polonium-210 is only dangerous if ingested or inhaled because its alpha particle emissions cannot penetrate human skin. Polonium-209 is also toxic, and can cause leukemia.


title: Chalcogen

text: "Amphid salts" was a name given by Jons Jacob Berzelius in the 19th century for chemical salts derived from the 16th group of the periodic table which included oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. The term received some use in the early 1800s but is now obsolete. The current term in use for the 16th group is chalcogens.


title: The Establishment

text: The Establishment is a term used to describe a dominant group or elite that controls a polity or an organization. It may comprise a closed social group that selects its own members, or entrenched elite structures in specific institutions. One can refer to any relatively small class or group of people who can exercise control as "The Establishment". Conversely, in the jargon of sociology, anyone who does not belong to "The Establishment" may be labelled an outsider (as opposed to an "insider"). Anti-authoritarian anti-establishment ideologies question the legitimacy of establishments, seeing their influence on society as undemocratic.


title: The Establishment

text: The term in its modern sense was popularized by the British journalist Henry Fairlie, who in September 1955 in the London magazine "The Spectator" defined the network of prominent, well-connected people as "the Establishment". He wrote:


title: The Establishment

text: Following that, the term "the Establishment" was quickly picked up in newspapers and magazines all over London, making Fairlie famous. The "Oxford English Dictionary" cites Fairlie's column as its origin. The use of the term "Establishment" also reflects the British term, "established church", for the official Church of England. The term quickly became useful in discussing the power elites in many other countries, for example, the Soviet Union Nomenklatura. It is used as a loanword in many other languages.


title: The Establishment

text: The term, "establishment" is often used in Australia to refer both to the main political parties and also to the powers behind those parties. In the book, "Anti-political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis" by Amir Abedi (2004), Amir Abedi refers to the Labor Party and the Coalition Parties (the Liberal Party and the National/Country Party) as the establishment parties.


title: The Establishment

text: The original Canadian Establishment began as a mix between the British and American models, combining political appointments and business acumen. In Francophone Canada, the local leaders of the Catholic Church played a major role. The Family Compact is the first identifiable Canadian Establishment in Anglophone Canada.


title: The Establishment

text: The journalist Peter C. Newman defined the modern Canadian Establishment in his 1975 book "The Canadian Establishment". It catalogued the richest individuals and families living in Canada at the time. All of the specific people he identified were prominent business leaders, especially in the media and in public transit. Newman reports that several of these old families have maintained their importance into the twenty-first century.


title: The Establishment

text: According to Anglo-American journalist Peter Brimelow, Newman's establishment was overshadowed by a new class. His book "The Patriot Game" "makes a swinging attack on the political, bureaucratic, and academic establishment whose entire well-being rests on the promotion of Canadian nationalism. [He] identifies the federal Liberal Party as the selfish and thoughtless inventor of this modern activity of creating a Canadian identity, he argues that it is now a pervasive disease throughout Canada's national political and cultural elite."


title: The Establishment

text: The term is also used in politics of Hong Kong, where political parties, community groups, chambers of commerce, trade unions and individuals who are cooperative with and loyal to the Chinese Communist Party and the post-handover Hong Kong Government are labelled (most often self-labelled) "pro-Beijing" or "pro-establishment". The term first appeared in 2004.


title: The Establishment

text: The term "Official Ireland" is commonly used in the Republic of Ireland to denote the media, cultural and religious establishment.


title: The Establishment

text: In Pakistan, the term "The Establishment" refers to the military and their relations with the intelligence community and high-level political officials that allow them to exert dominance over the government.


title: The Establishment

text: The United Kingdom has numerous entrenched groups that are regarded as forming the establishment: these include the royal family, the aristocracy, the landed gentry, the privy council, senior civil servants, lawyers, academics, Church of England clergy, financiers, industrialists, the armed services and other professionals.


title: The Establishment

text: In the United States, the term typically references the two party system, which are oftentimes seen as similar to each other in regards to their anti labor practices, unflinchingly pro-federal policy, and vehement defense of corporate interests. It also harkens back to the original coinage of the term in 1955, referencing the intricate power and reach held within the matrix of corrupt connections between corporations, said politicians, government agencies, and some internet based social groups.


title: The Establishment

text: It can also refer to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs), who constitute a majority of the social elites who have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of the history of the United States, enjoying advantages in various matters such as education, voting rights and land acquisition. In the 1950s, WASP hegemony faced criticism by the emerging New Left. Some prominent American families have held disproportionate wealth and wielded disproportionate political power over the decades. Experts talk about what C. Wright Mills called the "power elite", and about leadership communities in policy areas such as foreign policy. Many of these families often have ties to older East Coast cities such as Boston, New York City, Philadelphia and Newport, Rhode Island. One such group of interconnected elite families is the Boston Brahmins. Many in the East Coast establishment have ties to Ivy League colleges and to prep schools in New England and the Northeast. In the Southern United States, the First Families of Virginia are an example of the Establishment.


title: The Establishment

text: Traditionally, WASP and Protestant establishment families have been associated with Episcopal (or Anglican), Presbyterian, United Methodist, Congregationalist, and other mainline Protestant denominations. According to the Pew Research Center, the Episcopal Church "has often been seen as the religious institution most closely associated with the American establishment, producing many of the nation's most important leaders in politics and business."


title: The Establishment

text: Inside the American Sociological Association, the term is often used by those protesting a small clique that controls the organisation. In 1968, a group of academics formed the "Sociology Liberation Movement" (SLM) in order to repudiate the leadership of the American Sociological Association itself, which the SLM referred to as the "Establishment in American sociology".


title: Polymyositis

text: Polymyositis (PM) is a type of chronic inflammation of the muscles (inflammatory myopathy) related to dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis. Its name means "inflammation of many muscles" ("poly-" + "myos-" + "-itis"). The inflammation of polymyositis is mainly found in the endomysial layer of skeletal muscle, whereas dermatomyositis is characterized primarily by inflammation of the perimysial layer of skeletal muscles.


title: Polymyositis

text: The hallmark of polymyositis is weakness and/or loss of muscle mass in the proximal musculature, as well as flexion of the neck and torso. These symptoms can be associated with marked pain in these areas as well. The hip extensors are often severely affected, leading to particular difficulty in climbing stairs and rising from a seated position. The skin involvement of dermatomyositis is absent in polymyositis. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) or other problems with esophageal motility occur in as many as 1/3 of patients. Low grade fever and enlarged lymph nodes may be present. Foot drop in one or both feet can be a symptom of advanced polymyositis and inclusion body myositis. The systemic involvement of polymyositis includes interstitial lung disease (ILD) and heart disease, such as heart failure and conduction abnormalities.


title: Polymyositis

text: Polymyositis tends to become evident in adulthood, presenting with bilateral proximal muscle weakness often noted in the upper legs due to early fatigue while walking. Sometimes the weakness presents itself as an inability to rise from a seated position without help or an inability to raise one's arms above one's head. The weakness is generally progressive, accompanied by lymphocytic inflammation (mainly cytotoxic T cells).


title: Polymyositis

text: Polymyositis and the associated inflammatory myopathies have an associated increased risk of cancer. The features they found associated with an increased risk of cancer were older age, age greater than 45, male sex, difficulty swallowing, death of skin cells, cutaneous vasculitis, rapid onset of myositis (<4 weeks), elevated creatine kinase, higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate and higher C-reactive protein levels. Several factors were associated with lower-than-average risk, including the presence of interstitial lung disease, joint inflammation/joint pain, Raynaud's syndrome, or anti-Jo-1 antibody. The malignancies that are associated are nasopharyngeal cancer, lung cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and bladder cancer, amongst others.


title: Polymyositis

text: Cardiac involvement manifests itself typically as heart failure and is present in up to 77% of patients.


title: Polymyositis

text: Interstitial lung disease is found in up to 65% of patients with polymyositis, as defined by HRCT or restrictive ventilatory defects compatible with interstitial lung disease.


title: Polymyositis

text: Polymyositis is an inflammatory myopathy mediated by cytotoxic T cells with an as yet unknown autoantigen, while dermatomyositis is a humorally mediated angiopathy resulting in myositis and a typical dermatitis.


title: Polymyositis

text: The cause of polymyositis is unknown and may involve viruses and autoimmune factors. Cancer may trigger polymyositis and dermatomyositis, possibly through an immune reaction against cancer that also attacks a component of muscles. There is tentative evidence of an association with celiac disease.


title: Polymyositis

text: Diagnosis is fourfold: History and physical examination, elevation of creatine kinase, electromyograph (EMG) alteration, and a positive muscle biopsy.


title: Polymyositis

text: The hallmark clinical feature of polymyositis is proximal muscle weakness, with less important findings being muscle pain and dysphagia. Cardiac and pulmonary findings will be present in approximately 25% of cases of patients with polymyositis.


title: Polymyositis

text: Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is often misdiagnosed as polymyositis or dermatomyositis but it can be differentiated as myositis that does not respond to treatment is likely IBM. sIBM comes on over months to years; polymyositis comes on over weeks to months. Polymyositis tends to respond well to treatment, at least initially; IBM does not.


title: Polymyositis

text: The first line treatment for polymyositis is corticosteroids. Specialized exercise therapy may supplement treatment to enhance quality of life.


title: Polymyositis

text: The discovery of several myositis-specific autoantibodies during the past decades has enabled the description of other discrete subsets of diagnosis, specifically the discovery of Antisynthetase syndrome in reducing the number of diagnoses of polymyositis.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: Snow Day is a 2000 American comedy film directed by Chris Koch, written by Will McRobb and Chris Viscardi, and produced by Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies. It stars Chris Elliott, Mark Webber, Jean Smart, and Chevy Chase with supporting roles by Schuyler Fisk, Pam Grier, Zena Grey, Josh Peck, Emmanuelle Chriqui, and David Paetkau. The film premiered on January 29, 2000, and was theatrically released on February 11, 2000. It takes place during the events of a record snow day in upstate New York, depicting various subplots including a group of kids planning to thwart a snowplow driver in an attempt to get a second snow day. This is the first of two films to star both Josh Peck and Zena Grey, the other being "Max Keeble's Big Move", released the following year.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: "Snow Day" was met with generally negative reviews but was a box office success. The soundtrack single "Another Dumb Blonde" by Hoku became the biggest chart single of Hoku's career. The film was released on home video on October 3, 2000, and re-released on DVD on September 26, 2017.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: A voice-over by Hal Brandston describes how snow forms from crystallized water and how a snow day isn't just an event when schools close, but a day of magic. Despite an unusually warm season, a snow storm descends upon Syracuse, New York, leaving the Brandston family's neighborhood covered in a blanket of snow. This causes Principal Ken Weaver to become a target for children that pelt him with snowballs.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: Father Tom, the local weatherman, is involved in a rivalry with Chad Symmonz, a weatherman from another station. Even though Tom predicted the previous night's snowstorm first, Chad is taking credit for the news.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: His wife Laura is a workaholic, but cannot make it into work as she and youngest son Randy are severely snowed in. Stuck at home with Randy, she eventually takes her mind off work and lets loose with her son in the snow.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: Meanwhile, Hal plans to spend the day trying to win over his crush Claire Bonner, the school's most popular girl who has just broken up with her loud jock boyfriend Chuck and also when Hal found Claire's sperm whale anklet in the swimming pool. His friend Lane expresses disbelief at his plan, reasoning to him that love is about finding someone you can stand to be around for more than ten minutes at a time, but she agrees to accompany him on his mission. Hal tries everything from reaching out to Claire live on his dad's news station and facing off with Chuck in a snowmobile chase.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: Tom's daughter Natalie plans to use the magic of the snow day to take on her archenemy Snowplowman, a local villain who is said to run over kids and plow the streets so efficiently that there has never been a second snow day in years. With her friends Chet and Wayne, Natalie tricks Snowplowman into thinking Wayne is dead in the street. The diversion works as Snowplowman leaves the plow to investigate, and she sneaks inside the plow. Natalie's attacked by his bird Trudy, so kidnaps the violent creature. Snowplowman retaliates by grabbing Wayne. Snowplowman agrees to swap with Natalie. She will get Wayne back and a second snow day in exchange for the bird. However, Snowplowman goes back on his word following the exchange and continues on his route to plow the snow. Natalie is about to give up when she devises a plan.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: Tom is able to prove Chad is a fraud when he's unable to answer basic meteorology questions on air, proving he discovered the storm first. With Chad exposed and fleeing, Tom wins back his status.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: When Hal shows no signs of giving up, he ropes Lane into attracting Claire to a snow art of a sperm whale where he finds out that she actually likes zebras. After Hal dodges Chuck's group, Lane gets angry with him and admits she hasn't done what she wants to do for the snow day. When Hal asks what is it, she kisses him and leaves. He later meets up with Claire at the school's pool where she kisses him, but Hal realizes that he was wrong and he has stronger feelings for Lane. Claire encourages Hal to go after her.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: Later that night, Natalie faces off with Snowplowman alone. He taunts her, but she reveals an army of kids have united to stop him. The kids tie him to a street sign and commandeer his plow, restoring the snow onto the roads.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: In search of Lane, Hal is attacked by Chuck. A fight ensues, but Hal is saved when Natalie and friends plow Chuck away into a snow bank with the plow. Hal is impressed with Natalie's accomplishment of her mission and says he wants to spend the soon-to-be second snow day with her.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: Hal finds Lane at the local skating rink and apologizes to her. He repeats her line about true love being about finding someone you can stand to be around for ten minutes, and then asks her "You got ten minutes?" They kiss. The Brandstons,Lane and Claire have found new paths in their lives.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: In the final scene, Principal Weaver arrives home only to be greeted by a volley of snowballs from the kids.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: In February 1999, it was announced Nick and Paramount would team on "Snow Day". The film was filmed in Cedarburg, Wisconsin, as well as Edmonton and Calgary, Alberta. Much of the outdoor snow scenes were filmed at the Bonnie Doon Park in Edmonton, which had recently had a do-over and offered a natural setting in an urban location.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: The story was originally set to be based on the television series "The Adventures of Pete & Pete", but the idea was scrapped and it was rewritten as a stand-alone story.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: The film opened at number three at the North American box office, making 14.3 million in its first weekend, behind "The Beach" and "Scream 3", the latter of which was on its second week at the top spot. "Snow Day" was a box office success, earning $60,020,107 in its domestic run, and $62,464,731 worldwide.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports the film holds an approval rating of 29% based on 66 reviews, with an average score of 4.26/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Weak assembly of characters and story lines made this movie forgettable and silly." Metacritic gives it a weighted average score of 34 out of 100, based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: In a comparison to 1983's "A Christmas Story", Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" called "Snow Day" "an uninspired assembly of characters and story lines that interrupt one another until the battle against Snowplow Man takes over just when we're hoping he will disappear from the movie and set free the teenage romance trapped inside it." Aside from the film itself, Ebert also wrote, "What a thoughtless place is Hollywood, and what talent it must feel free to waste", in reference to Pam Grier being given another "lousy role" after her "wonderful performance" in "Jackie Brown". "Entertainment Weekly"s Owen Gleiberman wrote "Even "Snow Day"s winter wonderland looks fake," and gave it an F grade.


title: Snow Day (film)

text: On March 1, 2022, it was announced that a remake of the film had gone into production in Montreal. Reimagined as a musical, it will star Ky Baldwin, Jerry Trainor, Laura Bell Bundy, Rob Huebel, Michaela Russell, Shelby Simmons, and Fabi Aguirre. It was released on Nickelodeon and Paramount+ on December 16 of that same year.


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Nigerian Pidgin, also called Naijá or Naija, is an English-based creole language spoken as a "lingua franca" across Nigeria. The language is sometimes referred to as ""Pijin"" or "Broken" (pronounced ""Brokun""). It can be spoken as a pidgin, a creole, slang or a decreolised acrolect by different speakers, who may switch between these forms depending on the social setting. In the 2010's, a common orthography was developed for Pidgin which has been gaining significant popularity in giving the language a harmonized writing system.


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Variations of what this article refers to as "Nigerian Pidgin" are also spoken across West and Central Africa, in countries such as Benin, Ghana, and Cameroon.


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Nigerian Pidgin is commonly used throughout the country, but it has not been granted official status. Pidgin breaks the communication barrier between different ethnic groups and it is widely spoken throughout Nigeria.


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: In 2011, Google launched a search interface in Pidgin English: "Effect of Nigerian Pidgin English". In 2017, BBC started BBC News Pidgin to provide services in Pidgin.


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Many of the 250 or more ethnic groups in Nigeria can converse in the language, though many speakers will utilize words from their native tongues. For example, the Yorùbás use the word "ṣebi" when speaking Pidgin. It is often used at the start or end of an intonated sentence or question: "You are coming, right?" becomes "Ṣebi you dey come?"


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Another example is the Igbo and the use of the word "abi"( another variant of the words "ṣebi" and "ba"), adding the word "nna", also used at the beginning of some sentences, to show camaraderie: For example, "Man, that test was very hard." becomes "Nna mehn, that test hard no be small." Another Igbo word that has gotten precedence in pidgin is "una", derived from the Igbo word "unu" which is equivalent to the English term "you people". For example, "Una dey mad" in Nigerian Pidgin translates to, "You people are crazy." in English. "Unu" has also found its way to Jamaican patois, with the same meaning as in Nigerian Pidgin. Another Igbo word that is often used in Nigerian Pidgin is "biko", which comes from the Igbo word for "please." For example, the sentence, "Biko free me." translates to "Please leave me alone." in English. The Hausa often add "ba" at the end of an intonated sentence or question. For example, "you no wan come ba?" which translates to "You don't want to come, right?"


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Nigerian Pidgin also varies from place to place. Dialects of Nigerian Pidgin may include the Warri; Sapele; Umuahia; Benin City; Port Harcourt; Lagos (particularly in Ajegunle); and Onitsha varieties.


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Nigerian Pidgin is most widely spoken in the oil state Niger Delta where most of its population speak it as their first language. There are accounts of pidgin being spoken first in colonial Nigeria before being adopted by other countries along the West African coast.


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: While pidgin is spoken by many, there are wide swathes of Nigeria where pidgin is not spoken or understood, especially among those without secular education in core northern parts — Gombe State, Yobe State — of Nigeria.


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Nigerian Pidgin, along with the various pidgin and creole languages of West Africa share similarities to the various English-based Creoles found in the Caribbean. Linguists posit that this is because most of the enslaved that were taken to the New World were of West African descent. The pronunciation and accents often differ a great deal, mainly due to the extremely heterogeneous mix of African languages present in the West Indies, but if written on paper or spoken slowly, the creole languages of the Caribbean are for the most part mutually intelligible with the creole languages of West Africa. The presence of repetitive phrases in Caribbean Creole such as "su-su" (gossip) and "pyaa-pyaa" (sickly) mirror the presence of such phrases in West African languages such as "bam-bam", which means "complete" in the Yoruba language. Repetitious phrases are also present in Nigerian Pidgin, such as, "koro-koro", meaning "clear vision", "yama-yama", meaning "disgusting", and "doti-doti", meaning "garbage".


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Furthermore, the use of the words of West African origin in Jamaican Patois "Unu" and Bajan dialect "wunna" or "una" – West African Pidgin (meaning "you people", a word that comes from the Igbo word "unu" or "unuwa" also meaning "you people") display some of the interesting similarities between the English pidgins and creoles of West Africa and the English pidgins and creoles of the West Indies, as does the presence of words and phrases that are identical in the languages on both sides of the Atlantic, such as "Me a go tell dem" (I'm going to tell them) and "make we" (let us).


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Use of the word "deh" or "dey" is found in both Caribbean Creole and Nigerian Pidgin English, and is used in place of the English word "is" or "are". The phrase "We dey foh London" would be understood by both a speaker of Creole and a speaker of Nigerian Pidgin to mean "We are in London" (although the Jamaican is more likely to say "Wi de a London") the words originates from the Igbo word "di" meaning the same thing and pronounced similarly: anu di na ofe (literally "meat is in pot") and anyi di na london (lit. "we are in London"). Other similarities, such as "pikin" (Nigerian Pidgin for "child") and "pikney" (used in islands like St.Vincent, Antigua and St. Kitts, akin to the standard-English pejorative/epithet "pickaninny") and "chook" (Nigerian Pidgin for "poke" or "stab") which corresponds with the Bajan Creole word "juk", and also corresponds to "chook" used in other West Indian islands.


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Being derived partly from the present day Edo/Delta area of Nigeria, there are still some words left over from the Portuguese language in pidgin English (Portuguese ships traded enslaved peoples from the Bight of Benin). For example, "you sabi do am?" means "do you know how to do it?". "Sabi" means "to know" or "to know how to", just as "to know" is "saber" in Portuguese. (According to the monogenetic theory of pidgins, "sabir" was a basic word in Mediterranean Lingua Franca, brought to West Africa through Portuguese pidgin. An English cognate is "savvy".) Also, "pikin" or "pickaninny" comes from the Portuguese words "pequeno" and "pequenino", which mean "small" and "small child" respectively.


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: Similar to the Caribbean Creole situation, Nigerian Pidgin is mostly used in informal conversations. Nigerian Pidgin has no status as an official language. Nigerian English is used in politics, education, science, and media. In Nigeria, English is acquired through formal education. As English has been in contact with multiple different languages in Nigeria, Nigerian English has become much more prominent, and it is often referred to as a group of different sub-varieties. Although there is not a formal description of Nigerian English, scholars agree that Nigerian English is a recognizable and unique variety of English.


title: Nigerian Pidgin

text: A major difference in Nigerian Pidgin compared to other types of English is the limited repertoire of consonants, vowels (7), and diphthongs (3) used. This produces many homophones. For example, ‘thin’, ‘thing’, and ‘tin’ are all pronounced like [tin]. This gives high importance to context, tone, body language, and other ways of communication for the distinction of the homophones. The correlation between sound and spelling is very stable in Nigerian Pidgin, which results in this discrepancy.


title: De-Loused in the Comatorium

text: De-Loused in the Comatorium (commonly referred to as De-Loused) is the debut studio album by American progressive rock band the Mars Volta, released on June 24, 2003, on Gold Standard Laboratories and Universal Records. Based on a short story written by lead singer Cedric Bixler-Zavala and sound manipulation artist Jeremy Ward, the concept album is an hour-long tale of Cerpin Taxt, a man who enters a week-long coma after overdosing on a mixture of morphine and rat poison. The story of Cerpin Taxt alludes to the death of El Paso, Texas artist—and Bixler-Zavala's friend—Julio Venegas (1972–1996).


title: De-Loused in the Comatorium

text: Co-produced by Rick Rubin and guitarist Omar Rodríguez-López, it is the only studio album to feature founding member Jeremy Ward, who was found dead in an apparent heroin overdose one month before the album was released. Following the departure of Eva Gardner who had appeared on the band's early demos and EP, Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea performed on "De-Loused".


title: De-Loused in the Comatorium

text: The music contained in "De-Loused" is distinguished by its enigmatic lyrics, Latin and jazz rhythms, and Rodríguez-López's frenetic guitar riffs, which are often strongly dissonant. The title of the album is taken from the lyrics of the song "Eunuch Provocateur" on the band's previous release, "Tremulant" (meanwhile, "Take the Veil Cerpin Taxt" contains the title of "Tremulant"). The cover artwork is by Storm Thorgerson.


title: De-Loused in the Comatorium

text: Two songs from the album, "Roulette Dares (The Haunt Of)" and "Cicatriz ESP", first appeared in 2001 as the band's very first demo recordings with bassist Eva Gardner and drummer Blake Fleming; notably, the early version of "Cicatriz ESP" (then known as "Cicatrix") was slower and much shorter (4 minutes) than the album one (at 12 minutes being the longest track on the album).


title: De-Loused in the Comatorium

text: The album is a progressive rock and art rock album that also incorporates influences from psychedelia, Latin jazz, heavy metal, punk rock and blues rock.


title: De-Loused in the Comatorium

text: "De-Loused" became, both critically and commercially, the band's biggest hit, eventually selling in excess of 500,000 copies despite limited promotion, and was featured on several critics' "Best of the Year" lists. The album was ranked number 55 on the October 2006 issue of "Guitar World" magazine's list of the 100 greatest guitar albums of all time. "Drunkship of Lanterns" was named the 91st best guitar song of all-time by "Rolling Stone".


title: De-Loused in the Comatorium

text: As of June 2016, the album had a score of 82 out of 100 from Metacritic based on "universal acclaim". "Alternative Press" gave the album a perfect score of all five stars and said it "takes multiple listens to absorb, and, even then, you're probably not going to have a clue to what Bixler's raving about." Yahoo! Music UK gave it a score of eight stars out of ten and said it was "not an album to listen to casually. It insists on taking over your life for an hour, demands a level of concentration rare in rock, amply repays multiple plays." "Under the Radar" gave the album eight stars out of ten and said that the band "has created the antithesis of ATDI, leaving behind any formula or typicality. What they kept was the fire, the fury, and the passion." "Drowned in Sound" gave it a score of eight out of ten and called it "truly exquisite and well worth the wait." Playlouder gave it a score of four stars out of five and said, "There are moments of prog rock, jazz fusion and freakydelia in this rush of ideas and if that sounds awful then don't be put off. Instead of the shambolic mess that this kinda influence normally entails Mars Volta have come strictly disciplined." "Uncut" gave it four stars out of five and said: "Imagine a jam session between King Crimson, Fugazi and '70s Miles. Now imagine it working. That's the Mars Volta." "Blender" also gave it four stars and said it "Roars like Led Zeppelin, churns like King Crimson and throbs like early Santana." "Tiny Mix Tapes" likewise gave it a score of four out of five and called it "a very strong debut album for the Mars Volta." "Ink 19" Magazine also gave it a favorable review and said it was "definitely worth checking out, but make sure to keep an open mind and check any preconceived notions at the door."


title: De-Loused in the Comatorium

text: In 2014, readers of "Rhythm" voted it the ninth-greatest drumming album in the history of progressive rock. The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die". The album was included as number 25 on "Rolling Stone"s list of "50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time".


title: Planet Zoo

text: Planet Zoo is a construction and management simulation video game developed and published by Frontier Developments for Microsoft Windows. The game is a spiritual successor to "Zoo Tycoon" and "Zoo Tycoon 2", with gameplay similar to the studio's theme park game, "Planet Coaster". It was released on November 5, 2019.


title: Planet Zoo

text: As with "Planet Coaster", "Planet Zoo" received highly positive reviews from critics, praised the games' creation tools along with its realistic animal portrayals and emphasis on wildlife conservation. However, the game was also criticized for the complexity of its management and building mechanics, which were deemed to be overly challenging for some players. "Planet Zoo" continues to receive regular post-launch updates and downloadable content. It was a commercial success, selling more than a million copies in six months.


title: Planet Zoo

text: "Planet Zoo" tasks players with building a zoo, with over all animal species in the base game and over all becoming available through downloadable content packs. Animals, controlled by artificial intelligence, behave similarly to their real-life counterparts. For instance, wolves adopt a pack mentality and animals of the African plains (such as the giraffe, zebras, wildebeest, and buffalo) have a bonus for living together in a single mixed-species habitat. Each species has its own requirements and needs that players must satisfy through creation of a suitable exhibit environment and adequate behavioral enrichment. Predators can attack and kill other animals, but unlike in "Zoo Tycoon", cannot attack guests. Each animal has their own genome within the game's breeding system, which reflect its life expectancy, size, health, and fertility and can be passed down through offspring. As such, elements such as inbreeding may have negative consequences on progeny.


title: Planet Zoo

text: In addition to ensuring animal welfare, the player must deal with managing the park as an institution. This includes hiring staff, constructing guest amenities and staff facilities, performing research, and working towards the conservation of threatened and endangered species. Like "Planet Coaster", "Planet Zoo" provides over a thousand building pieces such as benches, lighting, flowers, trees, and items such as individual planks of wood, glass, rocks, and roof tiles. By allowing these items to phase-into and/or lock with each other, the creative player can create elaborate buildings, landscaping, and natural structures such as waterfalls and cave systems from scratch. Custom structures can be uploaded as "blueprints" for other players to download for free and place in their own zoos via the Steam Workshop. Safari, boat, train, monorail, and gondola lift rides can also be constructed throughout the zoo for transportation and to offer guests additional ways of viewing animals. The game features a dynamic day/night cycle, weather patterns, and animal poop physics.


title: Planet Zoo

text: The game features four modes: sandbox, career, challenge, and the online franchise mode. The franchise mode allows the player to build multiple franchise zoos with a shared economy and animals. Animals can be purchased and traded with other players' zoos through an online marketplace. Regular cooperative online community challenges focused on conservation, such as breeding and releasing as many giant pandas to the wild within a certain timeframe, allow players to receive "conservation credits", which can be redeemed for new animals instead of regular in-game currency. Increasing the zoo's conservation rating through the display and release of endangered animals, informational signs, and educational talks is an important gameplay goal.


title: Planet Zoo

text: The game was announced on April 24, 2019, and released on November 5, 2019. Its release was highly anticipated by many fans of the original "Zoo Tycoon" series who were disappointed by the significant changes to the 2013 reboot. Besides pre-ordering the game, players had the opportunity to pre-order the Deluxe Edition, which includes three exclusive animals (pygmy hippopotamus, Komodo dragon, and Thomson's gazelle) and other bonus content (such as wallpapers) and provided an online beta that was available from September 24, 2019, to October 8, 2019.


title: Planet Zoo

text: Eleven additional paid downloadable content packs have been released since the game's launch. These include the Arctic Pack, the South America Pack, the Australia Pack, the Aquatic Pack, the Southeast Asia Animal Pack, the Africa Pack, the North America Animal Pack, the Europe Pack, the Wetlands Animal Pack, Conservation Pack, Twilight Pack, and Grasslands Animal Pack, each adding new animals for players to take care of as well as new scenery pieces, terrain, foliage, and building designs based on the desired region. In conjunction with the paid DLC, Frontier has continued to support the game through free updates to the base game. In addition to patching and bug fixes, these free updates have included new content such as scenery items including foliage and building pieces, new campaign and timed scenario levels, new menus for food quality, and new in-game mechanics like hereditable color variation, vending machines, educator animal talks, first person camera mode, animal underwater diving, and two free animals (the black-and-white ruffed lemur and red deer), to celebrate the game's 2nd and 3rd anniversary.


title: Planet Zoo

text: "Planet Zoo" received "generally highly positive reviews" according to review aggregator Metacritic. It was praised for its attention to detail, graphics, heavily-researched animal behavior, robust build tools, in-depth management and economy system, and educational value regarding wildlife conservation. Drawing from "Planet Coaster", the game was construed as offering players unparalleled flexibility and scope to design a zoological park unbound by creativity relative to previous zoo-based simulation games. "IGN" described the game as "widely satisfying" and "wowed with a huge amount of customization." "Destructoid" praised it as successfully capturing the spirit of "Zoo Tycoon" and many reviews have characterized it as the finest zoo management game of its time, with Kotaku calling it "one of gaming's great sandboxes".


title: Planet Zoo

text: However, these features also drew criticism for a steep learning curve and requiring a heavy attention to management; many reviewers considered this potentially off-putting to casual players who may be primarily interested in the animals over broader elements of park management. Although highly complex and detailed structures may be designed from scratch, the building mechanics and pathing system in particular have been described as being very difficult for new players to execute properly, especially for those who had not previously played "Planet Coaster". Various guest, staff, and animal welfare mechanics have also been described as requiring an at times overwhelming degree of micromanagement. "GameSpot" described the game as a "spreadsheet safari" which "sometimes stumbles under the weight of its own systems", while "GameInformer" concluded that "an unreasonable level of patience [...] creates a barrier around its best qualities."


title: Planet Zoo

text: Reception to post-launch support and updates has been positive, with several attempts to address ongoing criticisms of the management and building systems. The introduction of new animals and set pieces has been highly positive, although some players have advocated for increasing the number of additional animals per DLC pack. "Planet Zoo" has adopted an approach of releasing smaller, more frequent content packs in contrast to the larger expansion packs of the original "Zoo Tycoon" series. In response to this feedback, the fourth expansion pack, the Southeast Asia Animal Pack and the following packs entitled as Animal Packs, were released with 8 animals; the developers also made rapid modifications to the incoming binturong model after fans identified inaccurate anatomy in pre-release screenshots.


title: Planet Zoo

text: The game had sold more than a million copies by May 2020. It won the awards for "Best Simulation Game" at Gamescom 2019, "Best Strategy/Simulation Game" at the 2020 Webby Awards and "Best Simulation Game" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards for 2019. Additionally, it was nominated for "Best British Game" at the 16th British Academy Games Awards.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: Isaiah Hartenstein (born May 5, 1998) is a German-American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: Born in Eugene, Oregon, Hartenstein is the son of Florian, a German basketball coach and former professional basketball player of Afro-German descent. His mother is American. His parents met in the United States when his father attended the University of Oregon.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: Hartenstein joined the MTV Gießen youth ranks and continued his career at the youth teams of QTSV Quakenbrück/Artland Dragons, after his father had signed to play with the Artland Dragons in 2009.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: In the 2013–14 season, Hartenstein led the Artland Dragons' junior team to a German championship in the Under-16 Bundesliga JBBL, while being named Most Valuable Player. He averaged 20.9 points, 12.1 rebounds, 3.4 assists, 2.9 steals and 1.9 blocks on the season. His father Florian who served as head coach of the team was named JBBL Coach of the Year.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: Hartenstein was selected to play in the 2014 Jordan Brand Classic International Game: He finished the game with four points and five rebounds in 18 minutes.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: Hartenstein helped the Žalgiris Kaunas Under-18 squad to win the qualifying tournament to the Euroleague Basketball Next Generation Tournament and was selected MVP.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: On February 1, 2015, Hartenstein made his debut in Germany's top-tier level Basketball Bundesliga, seeing 1:12 minutes of action against Eisbären Bremerhaven.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: In August 2015, Hartenstein signed a deal with Lithuanian powerhouse Žalgiris Kaunas, but he remained with the Artland Dragons on loan. The Dragons had withdrawn from the Bundesliga, and were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga ProB, Germany's third division. Hartenstein played in 14 games for the Quakenbrück based side during the 2015–16 campaign, compiling averages of 11.6 points, 8.9 rebounds, 2.1 blocks, 1.6 steals and 1.4 assists.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: Hartenstein made his debut for Žalgiris in Lithuania's top-flight league, the LKL, on September 28, 2016 against Šiauliai and in the EuroLeague against Fenerbahce on October 26. Later in that season, he helped Žalgiris win their first ever King Mindaugas Cup.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: In February 2016, Hartenstein attended the "Basketball Without Borders Global Camp" during the NBA All-Star Weekend in Toronto, Canada. On April 7, 2017, he scored 10 points and grabbed three rebounds in 19 minutes of play at the Nike Hoop Summit.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: Hartenstein declared for the 2017 NBA draft on April 22, 2017. He was also named an invite for the 2017 NBA Draft Combine, but he ultimately declined participation for the event. On June 22, 2017, he was selected with the 43rd overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets and subsequently competed for the team in the 2017 NBA Summer League.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: In the 2017–18 campaign, Hartenstein appeared in 38 games of the NBA G League, averaging 9.5 points and 6.6 rebounds a contest for the Rio Grande Valley Vipers.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: On July 25, 2018, the Houston Rockets signed Hartenstein. After being sent down to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers, he was suspended one game without pay after leaving the bench during an altercation in a 132–109 loss to the Memphis Hustle on December 17, 2019.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: On February 7, 2019, Hartenstein recorded his first career triple-double after posting 12 points, 16 rebounds and 11 assists in a 103–102 road win against Salt Lake City Stars. In the 2018–19 season, Hartenstein scored 33 points and made a career-high 8 3-pointers in the series-clinching game as they won the NBA G League championship with the Rio Grande Valley Vipers. He won the NBA G League Finals MVP award.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: On November 30, 2020, the Denver Nuggets announced that they had signed Hartenstein to a multi–year contract. Playing behind the All-Star center Nikola Jokic, Hartenstein averaged 9 minutes, 3.5 points and 2.8 rebounds per game.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: On March 25, 2021, Hartenstein and two future second-round picks were traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for center JaVale McGee. In his first twelve games with the Cavs, Hartenstein averaged 19 minutes of playing time and 9 points, 7 rebounds, 2.6 assists and 1.4 blocks per game.


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: Hartenstein represented Germany at the 2014 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship and the 2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship. He also helped carry Germany to a fourth-place finish at the 2016 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship, averaging team-highs of 14.7 points, 9.5 rebounds, 1.7 blocks, and 1.7 steals a contest, which earned him a spot in the tournament's "All-Star Five".


title: Isaiah Hartenstein

text: In August 2017, he made his debut with the German men's national team and took part in EuroBasket 2017, averaging 4.3 points and 2.5 rebounds per game.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The East Coast Main Line (ECML) is a electrified railway between London and Edinburgh via Peterborough, Doncaster, York, Darlington, Durham and Newcastle. The line is a key transport artery on the eastern side of Great Britain running broadly parallel to the A1 road.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The line was built during the 1840s by three railway companies, the North British Railway, the North Eastern Railway, and the Great Northern Railway. In 1923, the Railway Act of 1921 led to their amalgamation to form the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) and the line became its primary route. The LNER competed with the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) for long-distance passenger traffic between London and Scotland. The LNER's chief engineer Sir Nigel Gresley designed iconic Pacific steam locomotives, including "Flying Scotsman" and "Mallard" which achieved a world record speed for a steam locomotive, on the Grantham-to-Peterborough section.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: In 1948, the railways were nationalised and operated by British Railways. In the early 1960s, steam was replaced by Diesel-electric traction, including the Deltics and sections of the line were upgraded so that trains could run at speeds of up to . With the demand for higher speed, British Rail introduced InterCity 125 high-speed trains between 1976 and 1981. In 1973, a Class 41 (an HST prototype), achieved a top speed of in a test run. In the 1980s, the line was electrified and InterCity 225 trains were introduced, which have now been largely replaced by Class 800 and Class 801 units. The November 2021 Integrated Rail Plan stated that the linespeed will be upgraded to .


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The line links London, South East England and East Anglia, with Yorkshire, the North East and Scotland and is important to their local economies. It carries key commuter traffic in north London and cross-country, commuter, local passenger services, and freight. There is currently no electrification north of Edinburgh to Aberdeen or Inverness. In 1997, operations were privatised. The primary long distance operator is London North Eastern Railway, but open-access competition on services to Northern England and Scotland is provided by Hull Trains, Grand Central and Lumo.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The core route is the main line between King's Cross and Edinburgh, the Hertford Loop is used for local and freight services and the Northern City Line provides an inner suburban service to the city. The line has ELRs ECM1 - ECM9.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The ECML was constructed by three independent railway companies. During the 1830s and 1840s, each company built part of the route to serve its own area, but also intending to link with other railways to form the through route that would become the East Coast Main Line. From north to south, the companies were:


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The GNR established an end-on connection with the NER at Askern, famously described by the GNR's chairman as in "a ploughed field four miles north of Doncaster". Askern was connected to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, a short section of which was used to reach the NER at Knottingley. In 1871, the line was shortened when the NER opened a direct line from an end-on junction, with the GNR, at Shaftholme, just south of Askern to Selby and over Selby Bridge on the Leeds-Hull line direct to York.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: Through journeys were important and lucrative for the companies and in 1860 they built special rolling stock for the line. Services were operated using "East Coast Joint Stock" until 1922.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: In 1923, in an effort to stem the losses of smaller companies, the Railway Act of 1921 required the companies to amalgamate to form the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). The LNER was the second largest railway company in Britain, its routes were located to the north and east of London. On 1 January 1948, the Transport Act of 1947 implemented by Clement Attlee's Labour Government, nationalised the LNER and other privately owned railway companies to form British Railways. British Railways managed the ECML as its Eastern Region up to its discorporation in the early 1980s.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: Alterations to sections of the ECML's original route have taken place, the most notable being the opening of the King Edward VII Bridge in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1906 and the Selby Diversion bypassing anticipated mining subsidence from the Selby coalfield and a bottleneck at Selby station. The Selby Diversion which diverged from the ECML at Temple Hirst Junction, north of Doncaster and joined the Leeds to York Line at Colton Junction south west of York opened in 1983. The old line between Selby and York was dismantled and is now a public cycleway.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The line was temporarily realigned while the ground was stabilised when mining subsidence affected 200 metres of track 17 km to the east of Edinburgh, near Wallyford. The tracks were re-routed as was the overhead electrification equipment and the work was completed in 2000 when the track was returned to its original alignment. In 2001, severe subsidence was discovered at nearby, Dolphinstone and about 2 km of track was permanently moved laterally in a gentle curve to avoid a permanent speed restriction in 2002.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The line was worked for many years by Pacific steam locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, including the "Flying Scotsman" and "Mallard". Mallard achieved a world record speed for a steam locomotive, having attained a recorded top speed of , while traversing the Grantham-to-Peterborough section on the descent of Stoke Bank. To date, the speed record set by Mallard has not been broken.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: In the early 1960s, steam locomotives were replaced by diesel-electrics, amongst them the Deltic, a powerful high-speed locomotive developed and built by English Electric. The prototype was successful and a fleet of 22 locomotives were built and put into BR service for express traffic. Designated the , they were powered by a pair of Napier Deltic engines that had been developed for fast torpedo boats. The Class 55 'Deltics' were for a time the fastest and most powerful diesel locomotives in service in Britain, capable of reaching and providing up to . When introduced into service in 1961, the Class 55's ability to rapidly accelerate and maintain high speed over long distances, immediately cut over one hour from the standard London to Edinburgh journey time, from seven hours to under six. Further improvements to the infrastructure, meant that by the mid-1970s, another half-hour had been cut from the journey time.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: In the years following the introduction of the Deltics, sections of the ECML were upgraded for trains running at speeds of up to . On 15 June 1965, the first length of high-speed line, a stretch between Peterborough and Grantham, was completed. The next section was of line between Grantham and Newark and more sections were upgraded to enable high speeds along much of the line.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: As the demand for higher speed intensified, British Rail produced a successor to the Deltics, the high speed train (HST), introduced in the late-1970s, which was capable of reaching on existing infrastructure. The HSTs brought the fastest London-Edinburgh timing down by another hour to 4 ½ hours. It was a popular and iconic train and remained in passenger service in 2018 after a re-engining programme during the 2000s, in which MTU engines replaced the HST's original Paxman Valenta power units.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: In 1973, the prototype HST British Rail Class 41 recorded a top speed of in a test run the line. British legislation required the use of in-cab signalling for running at speeds in excess of and so regular trains services were unable to run at such speeds. The lack of in-cab signalling was the primary reason that prevented the InterCity 225 train-sets from operating at their design speed of during normal service. A secondary factor was that the signalling technology of the time was insufficient to allow detection of two broken rails on the running line.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: Before current in-cab regulations were introduced, British Rail experimented with 140 mph running by introducing a fifth, "flashing green" signalling aspect on the Down Fast line (signals P487 to P615) and Up Fast line (signals P610 to P494) between New England North and Stoke Tunnel. The fifth aspect is still shown in normal service and appears when the next signal is showing a green (or another flashing green) aspect and the signal section is clear, which ensures that there is sufficient braking distance to bring a train to a stand from 140 mph. Locomotives have operated on the ECML at speeds of up to in test runs. The capability to run special test trains in excess of 125 mph is listed as being maintained in the LNE Sectional Appendix.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: In the 1930s, studies were conducted into electrifying sections or all of the ECML. While British Rail considered electrification to be of equal importance to the West Coast Main Line (WCML) and ECML during the 1950s, political factors delayed ECML electrification. Instead, investment was in high-speed diesel traction, the Deltic and high-speed train, for implementing service improvements, whilst the WCML electrification was largely complete by 1974. During the period when Richard Beeching was chairman of British Rail, WCML electrification with a spur from Carstairs to Edinburgh was seen as possible justification for the truncation of the ECML at Newcastle.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: Between 1976 and 1991, the ECML was electrified with 25 kV AC overhead lines, installed in two phases: The first phase was carried out for the benefit of suburban traffic between 1976 and 1978 as part of the Great Northern Suburban Electrification Project, which covered the southern end of the route between London (King's Cross) and (including the Hertford Loop Line), using Mk.3A equipment.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: A working group of British Rail and Department for Transport officials convened in the late 1970s determined that, of all options for further electrification, the ECML represented the best value by far. Its in-house forecasts determined that increases in revenue and considerable reductions in energy and maintenance costs would occur by electrifying the line. In 1984, the second phase commenced to electrify the Northern section to Edinburgh and Leeds. The Secretary of State for Transport Nicholas Ridley and Minister for Railways David Mitchell played a large role in the decision to proceed.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The programme covered roughly 1,400 single-track miles and required major infrastructure changes, including resignalling the northern part of the line from Temple Hirst junction near Selby to the Scottish border and new signalling centres at Niddrie, York and Newcastle, ten power supply points at key points on the line, and clearance and immunisation activity to protect equipment. The ECML was crossed by 127 overbridges which were adjusted to accommodate the change. It was decided to rebuild individual bridges as opposed to lowering the track or other compromises. Some overbridges, such as the aqueduct near Abbots Ripton, were subject to innovative alterations to accommodate the installation of the overhead lines and on listed structures, such as the Royal Border Bridge, a specially-developed mast and foundation were used; elsewhere the standard Mk.3B equipment was deployed. The programme also electrified the Edinburgh-Carstairs branch of the WCML, to allow InterCity 225 sets to access Glasgow Central, with the added benefit of creating an electrified path to/from Edinburgh on the WCML from the south.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: In 1985, construction began on the second phase; in the late 1980s, the programme was claimed to be the "longest construction site in the world", spanning more than . In 1986, the section to Huntingdon was completed, Leeds was reached in 1988 and the line to York was energised in 1989; by 1991, electrification had reached Edinburgh and electric services began on 8 July, eight weeks later than scheduled. Significant traffic increases occurred in the two years after completion; one station recorded a 58 per cent increase in passengers.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: Electrification was completed at a cost of £344.4 million (at 1983 prices which is ), a minor overrun against its authorised expenditure of £331.9 million. 40 per cent of the total cost was on new traction and rolling stock and 60 per cent for the electrification of the line. Shirres compared the ECML and later Great Western Railway electrification programmes, noting a 740 per cent increase in cost between the former and the latter; in this respect, the ECML scheme was more cost effective. The infrastructure supported speeds of up to 140 mph on a 3hr 29mins non-stop run between London and Edinburgh on 26 September 1991. British regulations have since required in-cab signalling on any train running at speeds above preventing such speeds from being legally attained in regular service.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: In 1989, InterCity 225 rolling stock was introduced on the line. They were developed to a competitive tender, to which GEC was awarded the contract. The Intercity 225 sets were used alongside other rolling stock, including locomotives and electric multiple units. The displaced diesel trains were reallocated predominantly to the Midland Main Line.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: In November 2021 the DfT announced a major upgrade of the line. The upgrade is set to include major track improvements and digital signalling, leading to higher speeds, reduced journey times and increases in seat capacity. The power supply will also be upgraded to allow longer and more frequent trains. Maximum speeds will be increased to 140mph on some sections.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The line is mainly quadruple track from London to Stoke Tunnel, south of Grantham, with two double track sections: one between Digswell Jn & Woolmer Green Jn, where the line passes over the Digswell Viaduct, Welwyn North station and the two Welwyn tunnels; and one between Fletton Junction (south of Peterborough) and Holme Junction, south of Holme Fen. The route between Holme Junction and Huntingdon is mostly triple track, with the exception of a southbound loop between Conington and Woodwalton. North of Grantham the line is double track except for quadruple-track sections at Retford, around Doncaster, between Colton Junction (south of York), Thirsk and Northallerton, and Newcastle.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: With most of the line rated for operation, the ECML was the fastest main line in the UK until the opening of High Speed 1. The high speeds are possible because much of the line is on fairly straight track on the flatter, eastern side of England, through Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire, though there are significant speed restrictions because of the line's curvature particularly north of Darlington and between Doncaster and Leeds. By contrast, the West Coast Main Line crosses the Trent Valley and the mountains of Cumbria, with more curvature and a lower speed limit of . Speeds on the West Coast Main Line (WCML) were increased with the introduction of tilting Pendolino trains and now match the 125 mph speeds on the ECML.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The line's current principal operator is London North Eastern Railway (LNER), whose services include regular long-distance expresses between King's Cross, the East Midlands, Yorkshire, the North East of England and Scotland. LNER is operated on behalf of the Department for Transport by a consortium of Arup Group, Ernst & Young and SNC-Lavalin Rail & Transit, which took over from Virgin Trains East Coast on 24 June 2018.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: Eurostar previously held the rights to run five trains a day on the line for services from mainland Europe to cities north of London, as part of the Regional Eurostar plan, which never came to fruition.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The overnight Caledonian Sleeper operated by Serco occasionally uses the ECML when engineering works prevent it from using its normal train path on the WCML.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: In 2019 FirstGroup and Hitachi Rail secured rights from the Office of Road and Rail to run a new 'open access' service between the two capitals.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The ECML is one of the busiest lines on the British rail network and there is insufficient capacity on parts of the line to satisfy all the requirements of both passenger and freight operators.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: Railway operations are vulnerable during high winds and there have been several de-wirements over the years due to the unusually wide spacing (up to 75 m) between the supporting masts of the overhead lines. The other cost-reduction measure was the use of headspan catenary support systems over the quadruple track sections – as employed in the Weaver Junction to Glasgow Electrification on the WCML during the 1970s. Headspans do not have mechanically independent registration (MIR) of each electrified road and thus are more complex to set up, compared to TTC (twin-track cantilever) and portal style support structures, during installation. In the event of a de-wirement of a given road, headspans result in the need to correctly set up the OLE of adjacent roads before the line can reopen to electric traction. This was a result of extreme pressure from the Department for Transport to reduce avoidable costs when the line was originally electrified between 1985 and 1990.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The European Union Directive 96/48/EC, Annex 1 defines high-speed rail's minimum Speed Limit as on existing lines which have been specially upgraded.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: Over the years successive infrastructure managers have developed schemes for route improvements. The most recent of which is the £247 million "ECML Connectivity Fund" included in the 2012 HLOS with the objective of increasing capacity and reducing journey times. Current plans include the following specific schemes:


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The cuttings and tunnel entrances just north of King's Cross appear in the 1955 Ealing comedy film "The Ladykillers". Also during the 1950s, the line featured in the 1954 documentary short "Elizabethan Express". Later, the 1971 British gangster film "Get Carter" features a journey from London King's Cross to Newcastle in the opening credits. During 2009, the motoring show Top Gear featured a long-distance race, in which LNER A1 60163 "Tornado", a Jaguar XK120 and a Vincent Black Shadow competed to be the fastest vehicle to travel the full length of the line from London to Edinburgh.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: The route has been featured in several train simulator games. "Trainz Simulator 2010" features the route between London and York, "Trainz Simulator 12" extends the route to Newcastle, and "Trainz: A New Era" brings it all the way to Edinburgh, allowing the entire 393-mile route to be driven.


title: East Coast Main Line

text: King's Cross Station is also depicted as the starting point of the Hogwarts Express in the books and films of the Harry Potter franchise. This connection is marked by a tourist attraction within the station concourse, featuring the Platform 9¾ sign and a luggage trolley partially embedded in the station wall with an owl cage and suitcases on it.


title: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy

text: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy is a 2017 platform game developed by Vicarious Visions and published by Activision. It is a compilation of remasters of the first three games in the "Crash Bandicoot" series: "Crash Bandicoot" (1996), "" (1997), and "" (1998); which were originally developed by Naughty Dog for the PlayStation. The game was released as a timed exclusive for PlayStation 4 in June 2017, with versions for Nintendo Switch, Windows, and Xbox One being released in June 2018. It received positive reviews from critics, and sold over 10 million copies by February 2019.


title: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy

text: "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy" is a collection of remasters of the first three games in the "Crash Bandicoot" series; "Crash Bandicoot", "Cortex Strikes Back" and "Warped". Each game features Crash Bandicoot traversing various levels in order to stop Doctor Neo Cortex from taking over the world. Like in the original games, Crash uses spinning and jumping techniques to defeat enemies, smash crates, and collect items such as Wumpa Fruits, extra lives and protective Aku Aku masks. The trilogy adds new features across all three games, including unified checkpoints, pause menus and save systems, including both manual and automatic saving, time trials, which were first introduced in "Warped", and the ability to play most levels in each game as Crash's sister, Coco. It also features remastered audio and cutscenes, including new recordings of the games' dialogue given by the franchise's more recent voice actors.


title: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy

text: Prior to the announcement of the "N. Sane Trilogy", the "Crash Bandicoot" franchise had been on hiatus for approximately six years, the last entry being released in 2010. In a Kotaku interview with then-Activision CEO Eric Hirshberg regarding the future of the "Crash" series, he said, "I don't have anything official to announce, but I can speak as an individual, I love "Crash Bandicoot". Those were some of my favorite video games growing up. And I would love to find a way to bring him back, if we could." Andy Gavin, cofounder of Naughty Dog and co-creator of "Crash Bandicoot", has said that he would love to see an HD version of the marsupial's first four games, or even a full blown reboot. Fellow co-creator Jason Rubin, said he was hopeful that Activision would "Bring Crash back to their glory days and that the character is still very dear to fans between 18–49 years". In June 2013, Andy Gavin suggested ways to revitalize the series. "Crash needs a total reboot. There's an opportunity to reset the history, and go back to his creation story and the original conflict with Cortex. In that context, you could reprise classic "Crash" 1 and 2's settings and villains. It would make sense to use a more modern, free-roaming style. I would concentrate on "Looney Tunes"-esque animation and really addictive action. That's what we did with the original "Crash", and there's no reason it couldn't be done today. Given the current "Crash" games, people forget that he was once cool. Our Crash had a certain whimsical edge to him. Sure, it was goofy – but it wasn't dumb."


title: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy

text: In July 2014, Sony Computer Entertainment CEO Andrew House revealed that they had thought about reviving the "Crash Bandicoot" series, saying "It's never off the table." At E3 2016 during Sony's press conference, Crash Bandicoot made his return when it was announced, in a timed partnership with Activision, that the first three games from the original PlayStation would be remade from the ground up. Crash would also be a playable character in Activision's then-upcoming toys-to-life game "", released on October 16, 2016. It was announced at Gamescom 2016 that Dr. Neo Cortex would also be playable in "Imaginators", and that a "Crash"-themed level was created for the game, "Thumpin' Wumpa Islands". The remakes of the original trilogy were developed by Vicarious Visions under the title "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy" and were released for PlayStation 4 on June 30, 2017. Vicarious Visions has also expressed interest in making a new "Crash Bandicoot" game following the "N. Sane Trilogy"'s release.


title: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy

text: Vicarious Visions coined the term "Remaster Plus" to describe the collection, as they did not fully remake the original games, but rather used Naughty Dog's original level geometry to rebuild the gameplay from scratch. As the levels were coming together, they added their own art, animation, and audio. Almost none of the source codes for the original games were available to the developers, as the game engines were specially written for the original PlayStation and Vicarious Visions could not find a way to use it on more powerful systems. Sony and Naughty Dog were able to provide various polygon meshes from the original, although many important elements from these were missing and the team found that "they were compressed in some wacky format that we had to decode". Vicarious Visions looked at various internet communities to make sure they had essences of the games captured. The team had some fans test the game and give notes about it compared to the originals. In April 2017, there was a contest for fans to submit ideas for idle animations for the character, with the winners announced the following month.


title: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy

text: Two additional levels were added as post-launch downloadable content: Stormy Ascent, a level originally designed for the first game but was cut due to its difficulty, and Future Tense, a brand new level created by Vicarious Visions for the third game. After one year of timed exclusivity, the "N. Sane Trilogy" was ported to Nintendo Switch, Windows, and Xbox One on June 29, 2018; which were developed by Iron Galaxy, Toys for Bob, and Vicarious Visions, respectively. The Switch port in particular was not originally intended until a lone engineer at Vicarious Visions successfully ported the game's first level to the platform, proving it was feasible to port the entire trilogy. Sega published the Japanese Switch version on October 18, 2018, while Sony Interactive Entertainment published the Japanese PlayStation 4 version.


title: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy

text: "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy" received "generally favorable" reviews from critics across all platforms on which it was released, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Critics praised multiple aspects, such as the upgraded graphics, unifying gameplay aspects, and overall faithfulness to the originals. Jonathon Dornbush of "IGN" lauded the graphics as having "the glow of a Saturday morning cartoon", and noted the addition of time trials to the first two games as a welcome change that "offer[s] plenty of new challenges." Andrew Reiner of "Game Informer" also praised the addition of time trials, along with the ability to play as Coco and the unified autosave system; additionally, the review noted the technical feat of remastering the games "from the ground up" without the use of Naughty Dog's original source code. "Jeuxvideo" called the ground-up production "[a] real performance" while also praising "the nostalgia factor" and the rerecorded music.


title: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy

text: Criticism of the game centered around aspects such as character controls and the original trilogy's pitfalls. Justin Clark of "Slant" criticized the trilogy as "stultifying in [its] need for absolute precision" and stated that achievements provoked "little reward". Dornbush was less critical of the level design, but noted that the first game was "easily the weakest" for its limited move set, while Ashley Oh of "Polygon" found some design choices "unforgiving and frustrating" and agreed that there was "no margin of error" in much of the platforming.


title: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy

text: "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy" was a commercial success, selling over 2.5 million copies in the first three months of its release, increasing to ten million by February 2019. In the United Kingdom, the "N. Sane Trilogy" was the best-selling game for eight consecutive weeks since its initial release. Its release also saw the biggest launch of a game in the first half of 2017, behind "Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wildlands". It was also the second-best-selling game in its first month in the US.


title: Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy

text: The game won the award for "Best Remake/Remaster" at IGN's 2017 awards, while the readers and staff of "Game Informer" voted it as the "Best Remastered Action" and "Best Remastered/Remade" game in theirs. It was also nominated for the Tappan Zee Bridge Award for "Best Remake" at the New York Game Awards 2018, and won the award for "Game, Classic Revival" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, whereas its other nomination was for the "Original Light Mix Score, Franchise" category. It was also nominated for "People's Choice" at the Italian Video Game Awards.


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: Manadel al-Jamadi () was an Iraqi national who was killed in United States custody during a CIA interrogation at Abu Ghraib prison on 4 November 2003. His name became known in 2004 when the Abu Ghraib scandal made headlines; his corpse packed in ice was the background for widely reprinted photographs of grinning U.S. Army specialists Sabrina Harman and Charles Graner each offering a "thumbs-up" gesture. Al-Jamadi had been a suspect in a bomb attack that killed 12 people in a Baghdad Red Cross facility.


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: Al-Jamadi died while he was suspended by his wrists, his hands cuffed behind his back, a position condemned by human rights groups as torture. A military autopsy declared al-Jamadi's death a homicide. No one has been charged with his death. In 2011, Attorney General Eric Holder said that he had opened a full criminal investigation into al-Jamadi's death. In August 2012, Holder announced that no criminal charges would be brought.


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: US Navy SEALs had apprehended al-Jamadi following the 27 October 2003 bombing of Red Cross offices in Baghdad that killed 34 people, including one US soldier, and left more than 200 wounded. At approximately 4 a.m. on 4 November 2003, al-Jamadi was led by American forces into the prison, naked from the waist down wearing only a purple shirt and jacket with a green sandbag over his head, while answering questions in both Arabic and English with his handlers.


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: A ghost prisoner (a detainee not logged in the records) said he was passive and nervous "like a scared child", and there was reportedly "no need to get physical with him", although an interrogator soon started shouting at him, demanding to know where weapons were hidden.


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: On 28 April 2004, photos taken by Jeremy Sivits and some other soldiers present in the prison were made public via CBS News.


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: The cause of his death was not generally known until 17 February 2005, when it was revealed that he had died after a fruitless half-hour interrogation, during which, contrary to official guidelines, he was suspended from a barred window by his wrists, which were bound behind his back. News reports called al-Jamadi's treatment Palestinian hanging torture. Associated Press correspondent Seth Hettena reported that 30 minutes after beginning his questioning of the prisoner, the CIA interrogator called for guards to reposition al-Jamadi, who he believed was "playing possum" as he slouched with his arms stretched behind him. But the guards found otherwise:


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: "After we found out he was dead, they were nervous", Specialist Dennis Stevanus said of the CIA interrogator and translator. "They didn't know what the hell to do."


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: According to Spc. Jason Kenner, an MP with the 372nd Military Police Company, al-Jamadi was brought to the prison by Navy SEALs in good health; Kenner says he saw that al-Jamadi looked extensively bruised when he was brought out of the showers, dead. According to Kenner a "battle" took place among CIA and US military interrogators over who should dispose of the body.


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: Captain Donald Reese, company commander of the 372nd Military Police Company, gave testimony about al-Jamadi's death, saying of the dead prisoner, "I was told that, when he was brought in, he was combative, that they took him up to the room and during the interrogation he passed[...]. [The body] was bleeding from the head, nose, mouth." Reese stated that the corpse was locked in a shower room overnight and the next day was fitted with an intravenous drip; he said that this was an attempt to hide what occurred from other inmates. Reese said the body was then autopsied, establishing the cause of death as a blood clot from trauma.


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: Staff Sergeant Ivan Frederick wrote an account to his family in November 2003 that interrogators had "stressed him out so bad that the man died. [Prison personnel] put his body in a body bag and packed him in ice for approximately twenty-four hours in the shower. [...] The next day the medics came and put his body on a stretcher, placed a fake IV in his arm and took him away."


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: Al-Jamadi came to be known by some Abu Ghraib personnel as "The Iceman" and "Mr. Frosty." Others called him "Bernie," a reference to the movie "Weekend at Bernie's" in which a dead body is treated as if still alive.


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: In August 2007, Thomas Pappas, the most senior officer present during the interrogation and time of death, was granted immunity in return for his testimony at the court martial of his subordinate Lieutenant Colonel Steven L. Jordan, who was acquitted. In 2011, John Durham, Republican-appointed U.S. Attorney from Connecticut tasked with probing the CIA – had begun calling witnesses before a secret federal grand jury in Alexandria, Virginia, looking into, among other things, the death of al-Jamadi.


title: Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi

text: Anthony Diaz, Jeffery Frost, Sabrina Harman, and Javal Davis are interviewed in the 2008 film "Standard Operating Procedure" about al-Jamadi's presence and corpse at Abu Ghraib.


title: Summer of 84

text: Summer of 84 is a 2018 teen horror film directed by François Simard, Anouk Whissell and Yoann-Karl Whissell and written by Matt Leslie and Stephen J. Smith. The film stars Graham Verchere, Judah Lewis, Caleb Emery, Cory Gruter-Andrew, Jason Gray-Stanford, Tiera Skovbye, and Rich Sommer.


title: Summer of 84

text: The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2018. It was given a limited theatrical release in the United States on August 10, 2018, by Gunpowder & Sky. It received positive reviews from critics, with many praising the performances, direction, acting, dark humor, and screenplay, with many calling it one of the best horror films of 2018.


title: Summer of 84

text: Over the course of the decade leading up to the summer of 1984, a total of thirteen teenage boys have disappeared in Cape May, Oregon but their disappearances have never been connected.


title: Summer of 84

text: As the summer begins, fifteen-year-old Davey Armstrong, who works a paper route, initially enjoys carefree diversion with his friends, Dale "Woody" Woodworth, Curtis Farraday, and Tommy "Eats" Eaton. They spend their idle time in a treehouse on Eats' property, which he warns is in danger of being torn down by his belligerent father. They often fantasize about an attractive older girl neighbor, Nikki, who had previously been Davey's babysitter when he was younger.


title: Summer of 84

text: When a local newspaper receives an anonymous letter from someone claiming responsibility for the boys' murders, Davey suspects that his neighbor Wayne Mackey, a popular police officer in their hometown of Ipswich, is the Cape May Slayer. Davey's friends reject this theory, on account of Davey's reputation for conspiracy theories and urban legends. However, when a boy Davey had seen inside Mackey's house appears on the back of a milk carton days later, they agree to help him investigate. Concurrently, Nikki begins visiting with Davey, confiding in him that her parents are divorcing and she will be leaving the neighborhood, and her mixed feelings about this major change.


title: Summer of 84

text: The boys document Mackey's daily routine and discover many suspicious activities: Mackey regularly purchases gardening tools and bags of soil, brings a duffel bag to work everyday, and goes on late-night jogs. One night, Mackey witnesses Davey plant a walkie-talkie outside his window, leaving Davey worried that he is becoming suspicious. Woody and Farraday later discover a second vehicle and canisters of sodium hydroxide in Mackey's self-storage room, and Davey and Eats discover the bloodstained shirt of the missing boy in Mackey's garden shed. They present their evidence to Davey's parents, who are outraged at the boys, calling their investigation vandalism. Mr. Armstrong brings the boys to Mackey's house and has them apologize. Mackey expresses no hard feelings but Davey is grounded.


title: Summer of 84

text: The next day, Mackey visits Davey's home and, having said that the boy who visited his home was his nephew, attempts to call his nephew as proof of his innocence, but the call is not answered. Davey discovers that Mackey dialed his own phone number. The following day, a suspect is arrested in the Cape May Slayer case, with Mackey the arresting officer. Disgusted, Davey makes plans to break into Mackey's home during the Cape May Festival. Farraday, who attends the festival as a lookout, discovers that the bags of soil were purchased for a city beautification project, and he and Eats abandon their posts.


title: Summer of 84

text: Davey, Woody, and Nikki enter Mackey's home with Mr. Armstrong's video camera and explore a locked room in the basement, decorated to resemble Mackey's childhood room. They enter the bathroom and are horrified to find the missing boy's desiccated corpse in the bathtub, along with a still-living recent abductee. As they're escaping the house they see a wall of framed photographs, and they realize they're of the missing children, including a photo of Davey with his family. They present their footage to the Ipswich Police Department, who issue an APB on Mackey, marking him as wanted criminal.


title: Summer of 84

text: Mackey, secretly hiding in Davey's attic, abducts Davey and Woody in the middle of the night and abandons them in his cruiser on an offshore island, announcing that they are to play a game of manhunt. The boys flee into the wilderness as Mackey pursues them, but lose their footing on a corpse dump. Mackey slashes Davey's leg before slitting Woody's throat. He corners Davey but decides to spare him in order to leave him paranoid and constantly in fear of his return.


title: Summer of 84

text: Rescued and returned to daily life after a hospital stay, Davey retraces his morning paperboy route: passing Woody's foreclosed house; seeing Nikki wave goodbye to him as her custodial parent drives her away; coming upon Eats and Farraday trashing the now-demolished treehouse, both of them avoiding his gaze as they are traumatized over the death of Woody; and Mackey's house, plastered with police tape. He unfurls a newspaper, the headline announcing that the Cape May Slayer is still at large.


title: Summer of 84

text: In October 2021, screenwriters Matthew Leslie and Stephen J Smith appeared on The Ghost of Hollywood, where they would discuss their work on "Summer of '84" in detail, including that their script was already attached to RKSS in 2015, prior to the release of Stranger Things, that there have never been plans for a film sequel, and that the budget for the film was approximately $1.5 million.


title: Summer of 84

text: Principal photography took place during July 2017 in Vancouver. The film was shot using a Red camera with anamorphic lens.


title: Summer of 84

text: The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2018. It was released as midnight showings in limited theatres in the United States from August 10, 2018, by Gunpowder & Sky, followed shortly later by VOD, and streaming as a Shudder exclusive in October 2018. It had worldwide distribution deals.


title: Summer of 84

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of , based on reviews with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Summer of 84" suffers from an overreliance on nostalgia for its titular decade, but a number of effective jolts may still satisfy genre enthusiasts." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Summer of 84

text: JoBlo.com's Movie Emporium called the ending "an inspired wrap-up" and scored it 8/10. Bloody Disgusting's Fred Topel said it "hit the sweet spot for me" and expressed a need to "talk about it excessively". "Film Threat" said it "lulled you into a false sense of security and banality before slamming you into a brilliantly dark chilling finale. You won't be disappointed." Daily Dead found "even though the story does take a bit too long to get things moving, that's really just me nitpicking at the greatness that is "Summer of 84"." "PopMatters" JR Kinnard said it was "a trashy classic that will absolutely rock midnight movie houses."


title: Summer of 84

text: "Variety" found the film "neither funny nor scary enough to leave a lasting impression" and "more slowly paced than necessary, and those seeking horror content will find the payoff underwhelming after a protracted, mild buildup" and that "the leisurely progress isn't justified by any well-developed subplots, or by much suspense – there's never a doubt who the perp is, and apart from a couple of false-flag jump scares, little real peril surfaces until quite late." The review noted that it was unclear if the script by Matt Leslie and Stephen J. Smith was intended "to be played for satire, straight suspense, or a mixture of both." Collider scored it "F" with no positive notes.


title: Summer of 84

text: The film won Best Screenplay for Matt Leslie and Stephen J. Smith at Cinepocalypse festival in Chicago.


title: Summer of 84

text: It created buzz on the horror festival circuit in the United States and internationally, including featured or opening day screenings at Fantasia International Film Festival (Montreal) FrightFest (London), Sitges (Catalonia, Spain), /Slash Filmfest (Austria), and Hard:Line Film Festival (Germany). It received Jury Prize nominations at Molins Film Festival for Best Director, Best Film, and Best Screenplay.


title: Summer of 84

text: "Summer of 84" was included on multiple published best-of-year lists with notable highlights: "BuzzFeed News" "The 19 Best Horror Films of 2018", "LA Weekly" "The Ten Best Horror Movies of 2018", Thrillist's "The Best Horror Movies of 2018", "Esquire" "The Scariest Movies of 2018", Dread Central's "Josh Millican's Best Horror Movies of 2018", Horror News Network Top 18 Horror Films of 2018, The Ringer's "The 10 Best Horror Movies of 2018", and PopHorror's "Top 25 Favorite Horror Movies of 2018" (8/25). It is listed as one of Rotten Tomatoes' "Best Horror Movies of 2018" and "140 Best 2010s Horror Movies".


title: Summer of 84

text: Four years after its release, Collider included it as "an essential for any summer horror movie list", Game Rant recommended it as one of 5 great horror movies to watch in the summer, and "/Film" suggests its dark tonal shift helps "distinguish itself from sundry other nostalgic horror rides".


title: Summer of 84

text: "Summer of 84" was horror streaming platform Shudder's second biggest film premiere of 2018, trailing only "Mandy". It was nominated for a 2019 Saturn Award for Best Independent Film Release. The film poster was included as one of Rotten Tomatoes' "24 Best Movie Posters of 2018".


title: Isuzu Elf

text: The is a medium duty truck produced by Isuzu since 1959. Outside Japan it is known as N series and Q Series. The range was originally mainly available in Japan and other Asian countries. Australia was another important market for the Elf and N series – to the extent that it was manufactured there from the 1970s using many local components. Since the early 1980s, it has also been sold and built in the United States (under the Chevrolet and GMC brand as a W-Series), and also as the Isuzu N-Series. Only North America receives the wide-cab version, competing with the Avia D90/D120, Hino Dutro, Hyundai HD65/HD72/HD78, Iveco Daily, Mazda Titan, Mercedes-Benz Vario, Mitsubishi Fuso Canter, Nissan Atlas, Renault D-Truck, Tata LPT 613, Toyota Dyna, and the ГАЗ-3310 Валдай.


title: Isuzu Elf

text: For the common Andinian market (including Chile and Peru), the truck has been assembled in the GM-Colmotores assembling plant in Bogotá, Colombia since 1991, with annual quantities already of 20,000 up to 60,000 units. Local assembly has been increasing because of increasing demand in the Colombian and neighboring markets. It carries "Tecnología Isuzu" (with Isuzu Technology) lettering.


title: Isuzu Elf

text: In Indonesia, Philippines and several other countries, the Elf is not only used as a truck, but also converted into microbuses by local body makers. The lighter four-wheeled models are commonly used as an intercity Angkot or Jeepney (share taxis), as a school bus, or as an employee bus.