title: Battle of Wagram

text: The Austrians were actually retreating towards Znaim in Bohemia. The Austrian army had suffered greatly during the Battle of Wagram and had to leave behind their wounded, but did make off with thousands of French prisoners, a couple of dozen guns and a few eagles. Making good use of night marches, Archduke Charles had the bulk of his forces assembled at Korneuburg on 7 July. Charles and his senior commanders had considered various plans to continue the campaign, but in the end, Charles was not positioning his army for a continuation of the campaign. The Austrian commander's view well before the Battle of Wagram had been that Austria's best option was to make peace and, in order to achieve that, the Empire needed to have a large, battle-worthy army, which they could use as leverage during the peace talks. Between 9 and 12 July, the French from Eugène's "Army of Italy" clashed with Archduke John's forces in a series of skirmishes and pushed them back into Hungary, while Masséna caught up with and fought the Austrian rearguard in several actions, most notable of which was the one at Hollabrunn. By now, Napoleon had largely understood Charles's intentions and manoeuvred against them. Marmont and his small XI Corps was the first to engage the Austrian army at the Battle of Znaim and was momentarily largely outnumbered. His 10,000 men faced some 60,000 massed enemy troops, but, in the typical style of Napoleonic warfare, Marmont decided to attack in order to pin down the enemy. He could reasonably expect to be reinforced soon and at 22:00, Napoleon arrived with reinforcements. The battle raged on the next day, with some bloody fighting going on around Znaim. The Austrians took heavy casualties, some 6,200 men, during the battle and, as time passed, the French force was set to be augmented to some 84,000 men, following the imminent arrival of Davout and Oudinot. Recognising the futility of another battle, Charles decided to ask for an armistice. He did so on his own responsibility, as he did not have permission to do so from Emperor Francis I. Ignoring the advice of his senior commanders – "Maréchal" Berthier was vocal in advising the continuation of hostilities and destruction of the Austrian Empire – Napoleon accepted. The Armistice of Znaim marked the end of the active phase of the 1809 war between France and Austria.


title: Battle of Wagram

text: With more than 300,000 combatants, Wagram was the largest battle in European history up to its time. With at least 72,000 casualties on both sides, it was also the bloodiest military engagement of the entire Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars thus far. The unusually high casualty rate was due mainly to an unprecedented concentration of artillery, on a flat battlefield, where the deadly roundshot – each army fired at least 90,000 during the two days of battle – was most effective.


title: Battle of Wagram

text: Napoleon used his usual propaganda to minimise his losses, stating in the Bulletin of the "Grande Armée" that Wagram cost the army only "1,500 dead and 3,000 to 4,000 wounded". In reality, losses had been horrendous. French medical services were completely overwhelmed, although imperial guardsmen were given priority and were quite well cared for. Of the total 1,200 guardsmen of all arms wounded at Wagram, half were able to return to the ranks within a few days and only 145 died from their wounds. The troops of the line were not so lucky. Most of the wounded on both sides had been hit by cannon fire, which caused horrendous injuries, often requiring amputation. The shock of the surgery, massive loss of blood, poor after-care and the risk of infection meant the chances of survival following amputation were not good.


title: Battle of Wagram

text: Globally, since neither army provided a complete tabulation of their losses, the exact number of casualties is hard to establish. One author suggests that French casualties of all sorts approached 40,000 men, greatly surpassing those of the Austrians. More conservative estimates place overall French losses at between 25,000 or 28,000 men and either 31,500 or 33,000 men. Five generals (Duprat, Gautier, Guiot de Lacour, Lasalle and von Hartitzsch) and another 238 officers, as well as 7,000 men were killed. Additionally, 37 generals, 883 officers and over 25,000 men were wounded and 4,000 men were taken prisoner, many of them wounded.


title: Battle of Wagram

text: On the Austrian side, losses had also been heavy. An official tabulation established that there were 51,626 officers and men missing on 11 July 1809, compared to the overall complements on 5 July 1809. This figure thus accounts not only for the Battle of Wagram, but also for losses during the many minor engagements and skirmishes that took place after the battle, as well as the losses suffered during the Battle of Znaim. Many of these men were simply missing in action and were subsequently able to return to the colours. Nevertheless, conservative estimates of the Austrian losses at Wagram numbered some 30,000 men, of whom 24,000 were killed or wounded, and the rest taken prisoner. According to Ian Castle, Austrian casualties were as follows: 41,250 total, of which 23,750 killed or wounded, 10,000 missing, 7,500 captured, while French and Allied casualties amounted to 37,500, with 27,500 killed or wounded and 10,000 missing or captured. Four Austrian generals were killed or mortally wounded during the fighting: Nordmann, Vukassovich, Vécsey, and d'Aspré.


title: Battle of Wagram

text: Just as in the bloody Battle of Eylau, Wagram was a battle in which Napoleon failed to score an uncontested victory with relatively few casualties. The French forces suffered 34,000 casualties, a number compounded by the 20,000 suffered only weeks earlier at Aspern-Essling. This would be indicative both of the lack of continued growth in experience of Napoleon's troops and the increasing experience and competence of his opponents, who were learning from previous errors. The heavy losses suffered, which included many seasoned troops as well as over thirty generals of varying rank, was something that the French would not be able to recover from with ease. Bernadotte's dismissal from the Grande Armée for his failure would have severe consequences for Napoleon in later years. Unexpectedly elected heir to the throne of Sweden the following year, the former Marshal would eventually prove an asset to the Sixth and Seventh Coalition.


title: November 1933 German parliamentary election

text: Parliamentary elections were held in Germany took place on 12 November 1933. They were the first since the Nazi Party seized complete power with the passage of the Enabling Act in March. All opposition parties had been banned by this time, and voters were presented with a single list containing Nazis and 22 non-party "guests" ("Gäste") of the Nazi Party. These "guests", who included the likes of Alfred Hugenberg, still fully supported the regime of Adolf Hitler in any event.


text: This election set the tone for all further elections and referendums held in the Nazi era. Official results showed 92 percent of the voters approved the Nazi list, on a turnout of 96 percent. The vote was held in far-from secret circumstances; many voters feared that anyone who voted "no" would be detected and punished for doing so. In some communities, voters were threatened with reprisals if they dared to vote no, or even if they simply failed to vote at all. Nonetheless, 3.3 million voters submitted 'invalid' ballots.


text: These elections were held on the same day as a separate referendum on Hitler's decision to pull Germany out of the League of Nations, which passed with similar numbers. The new Reichstag, exclusively composed of NSDAP members and sympathisers, convened on 12 December to elect a Presidium headed by President of the Reichstag Hermann Göring.


title: Ashlynn Yennie

text: Ashlynn Yennie is an American actress from Riverton, Wyoming. She is best known for her role in the 2009 Dutch horror film "The Human Centipede (First Sequence)" and its 2011 sequel. In 2016, Yennie played Ashley in the Showtime TV mini-series "Submission".


title: Ashlynn Yennie

text: Yennie's first major role in a feature film was as Jenny in the 2009 Dutch horror film, "The Human Centipede (First Sequence)". She appeared as herself in the sequel "The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)". She has appeared in several television shows including guest star roles on "Undateable" and "NCIS". She has also appeared in films such as "Fractured", "The Scribbler", "The Divorce Party", "The Ghost and the Whale", and "Fear, Inc."


title: Philosophical realism

text: Philosophical realism is usually not treated as a position of its own but as a stance towards other subject matters. Realism about a certain kind of thing (like numbers or morality) is the thesis that this kind of thing has "mind-independent existence", i.e. that it is not just a mere appearance in the eye of the beholder. This includes a number of positions within epistemology and metaphysics which express that a given thing instead exists independently of knowledge, thought, or understanding. This can apply to items such as the physical world, the past and future, other minds, and the self, though may also apply less directly to things such as universals, mathematical truths, moral truths, and thought itself. However, realism may also include various positions which instead reject metaphysical treatments of reality entirely.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Realism can also be a view about the properties of reality in general, holding that reality exists independent of the mind, as opposed to non-realist views (like some forms of skepticism and solipsism) which question the certainty of anything beyond one's own mind. Philosophers who profess realism often claim that truth consists in a correspondence between cognitive representations and reality.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Realists tend to believe that whatever we believe now is only an approximation of reality but that the accuracy and fullness of understanding can be improved. In some contexts, realism is contrasted with idealism. Today it is more usually contrasted with anti-realism, for example in the philosophy of science.


title: Philosophical realism

text: The oldest use of the term "realism" appears in medieval scholastic interpretations and adaptations of ancient Greek philosophy.


title: Philosophical realism

text: The term comes from Late Latin "realis" "real" and was first used in the abstract metaphysical sense by Immanuel Kant in 1781 ("CPR" A 369).


title: Philosophical realism

text: Metaphysical realism maintains that "whatever exists does so, and has the properties and relations it does, independently of deriving its existence or nature from being thought of or experienced."


title: Philosophical realism

text: Naive realism, also known as direct realism, is a philosophy of mind rooted in a common sense theory of perception that claims that the senses provide us with direct awareness of the external world. In contrast, some forms of idealism assert that no world exists apart from mind-dependent ideas and some forms of skepticism say we cannot trust our senses. The naive realist view is that objects have properties, such as texture, smell, taste and colour, that are usually perceived absolutely correctly. We perceive them as they "really" are.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Is the ontological understanding which holds that universals are immanently real within particulars themselves, not in a separate realm, and not mere names. Most often associated with Aristotle and the Aristotelian tradition.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Scientific realism is, at the most general level, the view that the world described by science is the real world, as it is, independent of what we might take it to be. Within philosophy of science, it is often framed as an answer to the question "how is the success of science to be explained?" The debate over what the success of science involves centers primarily on the status of unobservable entities apparently talked about by scientific theories. Generally, those who are scientific realists assert that one can make reliable claims about unobservables (viz., that they have the same ontological status) as observables. Analytic philosophers generally have a commitment to scientific realism, in the sense of regarding the scientific method as a reliable guide to the nature of reality. The main alternative to scientific realism is instrumentalism.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Realism in physics (especially quantum mechanics) is the claim that the world is in some sense mind-independent: that even if the results of a possible measurement do not pre-exist the act of measurement, that does not require that they are the creation of the observer (contrary to the "consciousness causes collapse" interpretation of quantum mechanics). That interpretation of quantum mechanics, on the other hand, states that the wave function is already the full description of reality. The different possible realities described by the wave function are equally true. The observer collapses the wave function into their own reality. One's reality can be mind-dependent under this interpretation of quantum mechanics.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Moral realism is the position that ethical sentences express propositions that refer to objective features of the world.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Aesthetic realism (not to be confused with Aesthetic Realism, the philosophy developed by Eli Siegel, or "realism" in the arts) is the view that there are mind-independent aesthetic facts.


title: Philosophical realism

text: In ancient Greek philosophy, realist doctrines about universals were proposed by Plato and Aristotle.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Platonic realism is realism regarding the existence of universals or abstract objects. As universals were considered by Plato to be ideal forms, this stance is confusingly also called Platonic idealism. This should not be confused with Idealism, as presented by philosophers such as George Berkeley: as Platonic abstractions are not spatial, temporal, or mental, they are not compatible with the latter Idealism's emphasis on mental existence. Plato's Forms include numbers and geometrical figures, making them a theory of mathematical realism; they also include the Form of the Good, making them in addition a theory of ethical realism.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Aristotelian realism is the view that the existence of universals is dependent on the particulars that exemplify them.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Medieval realism developed out of debates over the problem of universals. Universals are terms or properties that can be applied to many things, such as "red", "beauty", "five", or "dog". Realism (also known as exaggerated realism) in this context, contrasted with conceptualism and nominalism, holds that such universals really exist, independently and somehow prior to the world. Moderate realism holds that they exist, but only insofar as they are instantiated in specific things; they do not exist "separately" from the specific thing. Conceptualism holds that they exist, but only in the mind, while nominalism holds that universals do not "exist" at all but are no more than words ("flatus vocis") that describe specific objects.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Proponents of moderate realism included Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, and Duns Scotus (cf. Scotist realism).


title: Philosophical realism

text: In early modern philosophy, Scottish Common Sense Realism was a school of philosophy that sought to defend naive realism against philosophical paradox and scepticism, arguing that matters of common sense are within the reach of common understanding and that common-sense beliefs even govern the lives and thoughts of those who hold non-commonsensical beliefs. It originated in the ideas of the most prominent members of the Scottish School of Common Sense, Thomas Reid, Adam Ferguson and Dugald Stewart, during the 18th century Scottish Enlightenment and flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Scotland and America.


title: Philosophical realism

text: The roots of Scottish Common Sense Realism can be found in responses to such philosophers as John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. The approach was a response to the "ideal system" that began with Descartes' concept of the limitations of sense experience and led Locke and Hume to a skepticism that called religion and the evidence of the senses equally into question. The common sense realists found skepticism to be absurd and so contrary to common experience that it had to be rejected. They taught that ordinary experiences provide intuitively certain assurance of the existence of the self, of real objects that could be seen and felt and of certain "first principles" upon which sound morality and religious beliefs could be established. Its basic principle was enunciated by its founder and greatest figure, Thomas Reid:


title: Philosophical realism

text: In late modern philosophy, a notable school of thought advocating metaphysical realism was Austrian realism. Its members included Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, Vittorio Benussi, Ernst Mally, and early Edmund Husserl. These thinkers stressed the objectivity of truth and its independence of the nature of those who judge it. (See also "Graz School".)


title: Philosophical realism

text: Dialectical materialism, a philosophy of nature based on the writings of late modern philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is interpreted to be a form of ontological realism.


title: Philosophical realism

text: According to Michael Resnik, Gottlob Frege's work after 1891 can be interpreted as a contribution to realism.


title: Philosophical realism

text: In contemporary analytic philosophy, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, J. L. Austin, Karl Popper, and Gustav Bergmann espoused metaphysical realism. Hilary Putnam initially espoused metaphysical realism, but he later embraced a form of anti-realism that he termed "internal realism." Conceptualist realism (a view put forward by David Wiggins) is a form of realism, according to which our conceptual framework maps reality.


title: Philosophical realism

text: Speculative realism is a movement in contemporary Continental-inspired philosophy that defines itself loosely in its stance of metaphysical realism against the dominant forms of post-Kantian philosophy.


title: Thujone

text: Thujone () is a ketone and a monoterpene that occurs predominantly in two diastereomeric (epimeric) forms: (−)-α-thujone and (+)-β-thujone.


title: Thujone

text: Though it is best known as a chemical compound in the spirit absinthe, it is unlikely to be responsible for absinthe's alleged stimulant and psychoactive effects due to the small quantities present. Thujone acts on the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as an antagonist (opposite to the effects of alcohol). As a competitive antagonist of GABA, thujone alone is considered to be convulsant, though by interfering with the inhibitory transmitter GABA, it may convey stimulating, mood-elevating effects at low doses. It is also used in perfumery as a component of several essential oils.


title: Thujone

text: In addition to the naturally occurring (−)-α-thujone and (+)-β-thujone, two other forms are possible: (+)-α-thujone and (−)-β-thujone. In 2016, they were found in nature as well, in "Salvia officinalis".


title: Thujone

text: Thujone is found in a number of plants, such as arborvitae (genus "Thuja", hence the derivation of the name), Nootka cypress, some junipers, mugwort, oregano, common sage, tansy, and wormwood, most notably grand wormwood ("Artemisia absinthium"), usually as a mix of isomers in a 1:2 ratio. It is also found in various species of "Mentha" (mint).


title: Thujone

text: The biosynthesis of thujone is similar to the synthesis of other monoterpenes and begins with the formation of geranyl diphosphate (GPP) from Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), catalyzed by the enzyme geranyl diphosphate synthase. Quantitative CNMR spectroscopic analysis has demonstrated that the isoprene units used to form thujone in plants are derived from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP).


title: Thujone

text: The reactions that generate the thujone skeleton in sabinene from GPP are mediated by the enzyme sabinene synthase which has GPP as its substrate. GPP (1) first isomerizes to linalyl diphosphate (LPP) (2) and neryl diphosphate (NPP) (3). LPP preferentially forms a delocalized allylic cation-diphosphate (4). The ion-pair intermediate then cyclizes in an electrophilic addition to yield the α-terpinyl tertiary cation (5).


title: Thujone

text: The α-terpinyl cation (5) then undergoes a 1,2 hydride shift via a Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement, leading to the formation of the terpinen-4-yl cation (6). This cation undergoes a second cyclization to form the thujyl cation intermediate (7) before loss of a proton to form the thujone precursor, (+)-sabinene (8).


title: Thujone

text: From (+)-sabinene (8), the proposed biosynthetic route to generate thujone follows a three-step pathway: (+)-sabinene is first oxidized to an isomer of (+)-sabinol (9-1,2) by a cytochrome P450 enzyme, followed by conversion to (+)-sabinone (10) via a dehydrogenase. Finally, a reductase mediates the conversion to α-thujone (11-1) and β-thujone (11-2). The isomerism of the (+)-sabinol intermediate varies among thujone-producing plants; for instance, in the western redcedar ("Thuja plicata"), thujone is derived exclusively from the (+)-"trans"-sabinol intermediate (9-1) whereas in the common garden sage ("Salvia officinalis"), thujone is formed from the (+)-"cis"-sabinol intermediate (9-2).


title: Thujone

text: Based on studies that looked only at molecular shape, for many years thujone was thought to act similarly to THC on the cannabinoid receptors; however, this has since been proven false. Thujone is a GABA receptor antagonist and more specifically, a GABA receptor competitive antagonist. By inhibiting GABA receptor activation, neurons may fire more easily, which can cause muscle spasms and convulsions. This interaction with the GABA receptor is specific to alpha-thujone. Thujone is also a 5-HT antagonist.


title: Thujone

text: The median lethal dose, or LD, of alpha-thujone, the more active of the two isomers, in mice, is around 45 mg/kg, with 0% mortality rate at 30 mg/kg and 100% at 60 mg/kg. Mice exposed to the higher dose have convulsions that lead to death within 1 minute. From 30 to 45 mg/kg, the mice experience muscle spasms in the legs, which progress to general convulsions until death or recovery. These effects are in line with other GABA antagonists. Also, alpha-thujone is metabolized quickly in the liver in mice. Pretreatment with GABA positive allosteric modulators like diazepam, phenobarbital, or 1 g/kg of ethanol protects against a lethal dose of 100 mg/kg.


title: Thujone

text: Attention performance has been tested with low and high doses of thujone in alcohol. The high dose had a short-term negative effect on attention performance. The lower dose showed no noticeable effect.


title: Thujone

text: Thujone is reported to be toxic to brain, kidney, and liver cells and could cause convulsions if used in too high a dose. Other thujone-containing plants such as the tree "arborvitae" ("Thuja occidentalis") are used in herbal medicine, mainly for their immune-system stimulating effects. Side effects from the essential oil of this plant include anxiety, sleeplessness, and convulsions, which confirms the central nervous system effects of thujone.


title: Thujone

text: Thujone is most famous for being a compound in the spirit absinthe. In the past, absinthe was thought to contain up to 260–350 mg/L thujone, but modern tests have shown this estimate to be far too high. A 2008 study of 13 pre-ban (1895–1910) bottles using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) found that the bottles had between 0.5 and 48.3 mg/L and averaged 25.4 mg/L A 2005 study recreated three 1899 high-wormwood recipes and tested with GC-MS, and found that the highest contained 4.3 mg/L thujone. GC-MS testing is important in this capacity, because gas chromatography alone may record an inaccurately high reading of thujone as other compounds may interfere with and add to the apparent measured amount.


title: Thujone

text: The compound was discovered after absinthe became popular in the mid-19th century. Dr. Valentin Magnan, who studied alcoholism, tested pure wormwood oil on animals and discovered it caused seizures independent from the effects of alcohol. Based on this, absinthe, which contains a small amount of wormwood oil, was assumed to be more dangerous than ordinary alcohol. Eventually, thujone was isolated as the cause of these reactions. Magnan went on to study 250 abusers of alcohol and noted that those who drank absinthe had seizures and hallucinations. The seizures are caused by the (+)-α-thujone interacting with the GABA receptors, causing epileptic activity. In light of modern evidence, these conclusions are questionable, as they are based on a poor understanding of other compounds and diseases, and clouded by Magnan's belief that alcohol and absinthe were degenerating the French race.


title: Thujone

text: After absinthe was banned, research dropped off until the 1970s, when the British scientific journal "Nature" published an article comparing the molecular shape of thujone to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive substance found in cannabis, and hypothesized it would act the same way on the brain, sparking the myth that thujone was a cannabinoid.


title: Thujone

text: More recently, following European Council Directive No. 88/388/EEC (1988) allowing certain levels of thujone in foodstuffs in the EU, the studies described above were conducted and found only minute levels of thujone in absinthe.


title: Thujone

text: In the United States, the addition of pure thujone to foods is not permitted. Foods or beverages that contain "Artemisia" species, white cedar, oak moss, tansy, or yarrow, must be thujone-free, which in practice means that they contain less than 10 parts per million thujone. Other herbs that contain thujone have no restrictions. For example, sage and sage oil (which can be up to 50% thujone) are on the Food and Drug Administration's list of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substances.


title: Thujone

text: Absinthe offered for sale in the United States must be thujone-free by the same standard that applies to other beverages containing Artemisia, so absinthe with small amounts of thujone may be legally imported.


title: Thujone

text: In Canada, liquor laws are the domain of the provincial governments. Alberta, Ontario, and Nova Scotia allow 10 mg/kg thujone; Quebec allows 15 mg per kg; Manitoba allows 6–8 mg thujone per litre; British Columbia adheres to the same levels as Ontario. However, in Saskatchewan and Quebec, one can purchase any liquor available in the world upon the purchase of a maximum of one case, usually 12 750-ml bottles or 9 L. The individual liquor boards must approve each product before it may be sold on shelves.


title: Thujone

text: δ [ppm] = 2.54 (ddd, J = 18.8, 2.3, 1.1 Hz, 1H, H-2), 2.21 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H, H-4), 2.07 (d, J = 18.8 Hz, 1H, H-2'), 1.36 (hept, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H, H-7), 1.15 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H, H-9), 1.08 (dd, J = 8.1, 4.0 Hz, 1H, H-5), 1.00 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H, H-8), 0.95 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H, H-8') 0.76 (ddd, J = 8.1, 5.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H, H-6), 0.12 (dd, J = 5.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H, H-6').


title: Thujone

text: δ [ppm] = 221.7 (C=O, C-3), 47.5 (CH, C-4), 39.9 (CH2, C-2), 33.1 (CH, C-7), 29.8 (C, C-1), 25.7 (CH, C-5), 20.1 (CH3, C-8), 19.9 (CH3, C-8') 18.9 (CH3, C-9), 18.4 (CH2, C-6).


title: Thujone

text: m/z: 81(100), 110(96.58), 109(59.88), 95(58.97), 67(57.37). The www.webbook.nist.gov website lists the m/z ratios for Thujone as: 110(100), 81(~89), 95(~71); 67(~69), 109(~44).


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: Jason Friedberg (born October 13, 1971) and Aaron Seltzer (born January 12, 1974) are American and Canadian filmmakers. They have primarily worked on parody films, which they began writing and directing during the mid-2000s. Friedberg and Seltzer's first five films between 2006 and 2010 received wide theatrical releases to mostly commercial success, but universally negative reviews; their films "Epic Movie" (2007), "Meet the Spartans" and "Disaster Movie" (both 2008) are considered among the worst ever made. Except for "Vampires Suck" (2010), their next films during the 2010s drew less attention due to receiving limited theatrical releases.


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: Interviews with the duo are rare, but in an exclusive 2014 interview with the publication "Grantland", their background was discussed: Seltzer is part of a Canadian shoe salesmen family from Mississauga, Ontario, and Friedberg, who was born in Newark, New Jersey, was raised in Paterson, New Jersey and is the son of director Rick Friedberg. Seltzer and Friedberg met at the University of California, Santa Barbara and bonded over their love of film, especially comedy. Both are Jewish. They did not attend film school, with Seltzer majoring in art history and Friedberg in history, but decided to try a career in the film industry after attending a class about Martin Scorsese in their last semester.


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: While writing screenplays at night, both spent the day attending jobs to pay their tuition, selling homemade T-shirts, starting their own food delivery service, and opening shoe shops in Los Angeles. When Rick Friedberg made the comic instruction video "Bad Golf Made Easier" with Leslie Nielsen, he showed his son's script for a spy film spoof to him. Nielsen approved, and this led to 1996's "Spy Hard".


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: Friedberg and Seltzer then spent some years as screenwriters for hire, with Seltzer estimating the duo sold "upward of 40 scripts". The only finished project was an uncredited rewrite to the Jean-Claude Van Damme film "Maximum Risk" (1996), while an unproduced Liberace biopic (unrelated to "Behind The Candelabra") introduced them to future collaborator and producer Peter Safran. In 1998, Safran managed to sell to Miramax's Dimension Films division a horror film spoof spec script of Friedberg and Seltzer's named "Scream If You Know What I Did Last Halloween". Shawn Wayans and Marlon Wayans, with Buddy Johnson and Phil Beauman, developed a similar project and, thanks to a WGA decision, all six writers were credited on what became "Scary Movie", despite Friedberg and Seltzer not actually working on the final script. The film was a sleeper hit in 2000, bringing much attention to Friedberg and Seltzer.


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: Tired of unmade projects as screenwriters, and with Regency Enterprises unable to find a director for their romantic comedy spoof, Seltzer and Friedberg opted to direct "Date Movie" (2006) themselves. "Date Movie" opened with $12.1 million and earned $48.9 million overall. Moving forward, they would direct their own scripts, leading to a long tract of parody films, spoofing major blockbusters. "Disaster Movie" opened with $5.8 million and earned $14.2 million total in the United States. "Vampires Suck", which opened on a Wednesday, earned an estimated $19.7 million in its first five days.


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: Friedberg and Seltzer announced their intention to release "Who the F#@K Took My Daughter?", a parody of "Taken". On February 8, 2017, it was reported they were developing a parody of "Star Wars" titled "Star Worlds Episode XXXIVE=MC2: The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Who Went Rogue", whose filming was scheduled for late 2017.


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: Crista Flanagan and Nick Steele were the duo's most frequent collaborators, appearing in five of their films, followed by Carmen Electra (4 films) and Tony Cox, Ike Barinholtz, and Diedrich Bader (3 films each).


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: The critical reception of Friedberg and Seltzer's films have been overwhelmingly negative. Common criticisms of their work include being heavily reliant on pop culture references, passing trends, product placement, scatological gags, gratuitous nudity, casual violence and offensive stereotypes for their humor, as well as mistaking plagiarism for parody. They hold the lowest average IMDb rating of all directors with 10 or more titles to their name, with an average of 3.1/10. "Disaster Movie" and "Meet the Spartans" were rated the two worst films of 2008 by "The Times". Additionally, every film they have directed has made it into Rotten Tomatoes' "Worst of the Worst" for the 2000s, only one scoring a spot outside of the bottom 25. The pair appears more often than any other person on the fan-voted list of "The 50 Worst Movies Ever" in noted British film magazine "Empire"; almost all of their films appear with a rank, and all are mentioned in the full review text.


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: Flavorwire collectively lists the duo's entire filmography at #9 in its list of the 50 worst films of all time, saying:


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: "You may as well lump them all together, because they all bleed together in cinematic hell: the 'parody' efforts of Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer, which include "Date Movie", "Epic Movie", "Disaster Movie", "Meet the Spartans", "Vampires Suck". They're sad, limp affairs that have all but single-handedly reduced the 'spoof movie' from parody to mere quotation: From "Napoleon Dynamite" to "Borat" to the 'Leave Britney alone!' guy, no payoff delights these comic geniuses more than cutting away to the flavor of the month, presumably causing the audience to roar with laughter, smack themselves on the forehead, and exclaim, 'Hot damn, how the hell'd the Kardashians end up in thar? Hyuck, hyuck!' Their most recent efforts, the "Hunger Games" parody "The Starving Games" and the "Hangover" riff "Best Night Ever", both sunk without a trace, meaning the jig might finally be up for these two rip-off artists."


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: The two are frequent nominees of the Golden Raspberry Awards. The first was a Worst Screenplay nomination for "Epic Movie" at the 2007 Razzies and the following year the pair were nominated for Worst Picture, Worst Director, and Worst Screenplay for both "Meet the Spartans" and "Disaster Movie". At the 2011 Razzies, "Vampires Suck" was nominated for Worst Picture, Worst Director, Worst Screenplay, and Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-Off or Sequel.


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: Critic Josh Levin of "Slate" stated: Josh Rosenblatt of "The Austin Chronicle" said that "There's no nice way to say this, so I'll just say it: Writer/directors Friedberg and Seltzer are a scourge. They're a plague on our cinematic landscape, a national shame, a danger to our culture, a typhoon-sized natural disaster disguised as a filmmaking team, a Hollywood monster wreaking havoc on the minds of America's youth and setting civilization back thousands of years." Austin critic and animator Korey Coleman, of Spill.com and Double Toasted, has claimed that he is "bothered" by the duo's films, as he believes they are dumbing down the film industry and popular culture in general, and saying: "Yes, we all know that a lot of movies put aside the more artistic aspects of film making to solely make a profit; we're not naive. But, the films that these two directors make are so blatant at being nothing more than a juvenile finger pointing at an image or mention of a popular trend that, to me, they seem exploitive of a young culture raised to have an ever-decreasing attention span, thanks to the internet and channel surfing and, this may sound a little crazy, but, I think it shows a slight de-evolution in what people will accept as entertainment".


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: Critic Nathan Rabin also gave their work an indignant condemnation, calling them "comedy antichrists" and saying about their films:


title: Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer

text: "Spoof movies, as practiced by the cultural blight that is Seltzer-Friedberg, aren't just troubling from an aesthetic viewpoint. They're horrifying from a moral standpoint as well. The parody of the Zucker brothers and Mel Brooks is defined by love, knowledge, and appreciation: The Zucker brothers and Mel Brooks love, know, and appreciate the source material they're spoofing enough to get all the details perfect. The comedy of Seltzer-Friedberg, in sharp contrast, is defined by contempt: contempt for the attention span, intelligence, maturity, and frame of reference for the audience, and an even more raging contempt for the source material they're spoofing. Friedberg and Seltzer aren't writers; they're comic terrorists who cavalierly destroy what others create for their own ugly self-interest. Their success is entirely dependent on making comedy a dumber, crasser, less dignified place."


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: "Dumb Starbucks" is the fifth episode of the second season of the American television docu-reality comedy series "Nathan for You", and the thirteenth overall episode of the series. Written by series co-creators Nathan Fielder and Michael Koman, as well as Dan Mintz, it first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on July 29, 2014. In the series, Fielder plays an off-kilter version of himself, who tries to use his business background and experiences to help struggling companies and people, offering them strategies that no traditional business consultant would dare.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: In the episode, Fielder attempts to help a struggling coffee shop by renaming it Dumb Starbucks, a parody of the American coffee company and coffeehouse chain. While producing the episode, the actual Dumb Starbucks location provoked real international media coverage. This episode was the second time "Nathan for You" was the subject of serious coverage from mainstream media outlets, the first being for a video produced for the season one episode "Santa/Petting Zoo". The location attracted dozens of visitors before it was allegedly shut down by the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (LACDHS), an event incorporated into the episode, although the LACDHS has no records of an action against Dumb Starbucks. Spectators and media commentators questioned the stunt's authenticity, viewing it variously as performance art, a statement on consumerism, a viral marketing achievement or the work of street artist Banksy.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: Starbucks did not pursue legal action, although it did note to the press that it was "evaluating" the possibility while reinforcing that the "Starbucks" name is a protected trademark. Upon the episode's broadcast, it was acclaimed by television critics.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: Elias Zacklin is the owner of The Helio Cafe, a small coffee shop in East Hollywood, that lacks customers. Fielder meets with Zacklin to discuss how he can compete with bigger coffee chains. His idea is that parody law permits fair use of a company's logos and branding, which should attract their customers. He suggests they change Helio's name to a parody of Starbucks named "Dumb Starbucks". Fielder meets with lawyer Peter J. Marx, who informs him that the legality is not yet sound because individuals could confuse Dumb Starbucks for the famous corporation, unless Fielder has established himself as a parody artist. In a twist, Fielder reveals he has fooled Marx into signing a release form that holds him responsible for any legal damages the stunt may create. Marx refuses to give Fielder the contract back, but Fielder confirms they have video footage of him signing the contract, which will hold up in court. Zacklin and Fielder begin writing parodies of popular songs to perform at an open mic night. Fielder also opens an art gallery containing pieces of visual art mocking popular culture, continuing his quest to become a parody artist.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: When tensions with Zacklin arise, he decides to pursue Dumb Starbucks on his own, kicking Zacklin off the project. Renting a vacant retail space in nearby Los Feliz, they begin to construct the shop over the course of a week. Fielder posts a Craigslist ad seeking baristas with Starbucks experience, and hires two applicants. Dumb Starbucks opens to little fanfare, leading Fielder to promote the store in the parking lot of a local Starbucks. The next day, the location becomes a phenomenon, attracting dozens of visitors and international media coverage. Fielder announces plans to open a second location in Brooklyn, New York, but the store is shut down by the health department. To help him navigate the fiasco, he returns to Zacklin for help, who refuses. Fielder realizes that he has put himself above who he intends to help, and has become what he despises most. Attempting to right his wrongs, he posts a sign on the door of the now-empty former Dumb Starbucks, suggesting visitors instead visit The Helio Cafe.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: In producing the second season of "Nathan for You", Fielder and the show's writing staff did not intend to produce something that would go viral online. For an episode in the show's first season, they had created a YouTube video, "Pig rescues baby goat", which gained seven million views and news coverage even before the series aired. Fielder did not want to do something similar again; as he later put it, "I'm not into things that feel like a sequel." He and the writing staff thought that the Dumb Starbucks location might attract local news media, but not much else.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: Dumb Starbucks opened on February 7, 2014 at 1802 Hillhurst Avenue in Los Feliz, Los Angeles, which they announced via a tweet by an "official" Twitter account. The strip mall also contained a Thai restaurant and a coin-operated laundromat. The location contained items such as "Dumb Espresso" and "Dumb Frappuccino," CDs of "Dumb Nora [sic] Jones Duets", and coffee sizes were dumb tall, dumb grande and dumb venti. Bootleggers outside the store sold ten-dollar "Dumb Starbucks" hats and one-dollar stickers. A line outside, composed of curious locals, extended beyond the strip mall. The location did not have a business license or health code rating visible. The popularity of Dumb Starbucks was fueled by social media, and according to "USA Today", tweets from visitors revealed they stood in line for an hour to receive the free coffee. "The New Yorker" noted that visitors protested the store's "horrible coffee."


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: A reporter from Grantland visited the location, describing it as "madness with a side of possible poignancy." News crews set up cameras in the strip mall's parking lot, but were unable to interview the "mysterious" owner behind Dumb Starbucks. Upon the store's closure at 5:30 p.m., several people in the line began chanting "We want Dumb!" Comment threads online suggested Fielder was behind the prank, and Fielder held a press conference on February 10, confirming that the Dumb Starbucks store was a television stunt. The store was closed later that day by the health department for operating without a permit.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: In an email to media outlets, Starbucks confirmed that "We are evaluating next steps and while we appreciate the humor, they cannot use our name, which is a protected trademark." Mark McKenna, a law professor at the University of Notre Dame specializing in trademark law, told "USA Today" that "My gut tells me a court would be bothered by how much of the Starbucks trademark was used. It's not just the word but they also made the store look just like it." As it turned out, Comedy Central and parent company Viacom escaped legal action from Starbucks.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: "Dumb Starbucks" as a whole explores the fair use of copyrighted material with regards to the art form of parody. Fielder describes the issues involved within the episode, noting that parody "allows you to use trademarks and copyrighted material as long as you're making fun of them." A "frequently asked questions" notice on the window of the location stated that the location was operating as an art gallery and was technically "making fun" of Starbucks as a parodic work of art. "The 'coffee' you're buying is considered the art," read the notice, "but that's for our lawyers to worry about. All you need to do is enjoy our delicious coffee!" Fielder summarized the episode's satirical intent as "a parody about the power of corporate branding."


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: Outside the scope of the episode, the actual Dumb Starbucks spurred discussion regarding public consumption of art. Spectators questioned the store's authenticity, some of which are depicted in the episode, presuming it to be a political statement on consumerism, or an offshoot of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Many commentators theorized it could be British graffiti artist Banksy, and others simply considered the stunt a successful viral marketing strategy. Dissenters dismissed the store as "too hipster."


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: The episode features the one recurring narrative in "Nathan for You", namely, "...that the underlying motive of these schemes is so Nathan can find friends, find love, and end his loneliness." Robin Hardwick of "Entertainment Weekly" characterized the episode's ending as a Faustian bargain.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: As mentioned, the episode mainly targets Starbucks, and lampoons its merchandise and branding. The Dumb Starbucks store's logo, interior design, color schemes, employee uniforms, menu, and CD offerings all imitate Starbucks.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: In his quest to become a parody artist, Fielder suggests they mock the Rolling Stones, due to their age. Among Fielder's musical parodies include spoofs of "Glycerine" by Bush and "Save Tonight" by Eagle-Eye Cherry. Hardwick noted that many of Fielder's parodies consisted of late 1990s popular music. At his art gallery, one piece depicts the logo of Bank of America as a tank, mocking the corporation as "Tank of America". Other parodies include Continental Breakfast Airlines, T.G.I. Fart, Fruit in the Room, 1806 Flags, "WoodFellas", and a 76 (gas station) logo prominently featuring the words "SIXTY-NINE". The episode also incorporates clips from real media coverage of the "Dumb Starbucks" location, including Today, Fox News and Fielder's appearance on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!".


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: The heavy press coverage of "Dumb Starbucks" attracted new viewers to "Nathan for You", and increased Fielder's own public profile considerably. Following the stunt, Comedy Central posted the show's entire first season on their official website for streaming.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: The episode received critical acclaim from television critics. John Teti of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode an A, writing, "There is no brilliant meaning at the heart of 'Dumb Starbucks' except for the meaning that bystanders bring to it. And that, paradoxically, is the brilliant meaning at the heart of 'Dumb Starbucks.'" Bill Bradley of "The Huffington Post" called the episode "genius." Ryan Bort of "Paste" rated the episode a perfect 10/10, commenting, "the 'Dumb Starbucks' episode of "Nathan For You" more than lived up to the Dumb Starbucks phenomenon." Robin Hardwick of "Entertainment Weekly" deemed it "almost a game-changer for the whole show." "The much-anticipated 'Dumb Starbucks' episode finally aired last night and not only did it live up to the hype, but it went above and beyond," wrote Pilot Viruet of "Flavorwire", summarizing, "It's an impressive episode of television, one that surpassed all expectations and seamlessly incorporated all of the prior media hype that was surrounding it, and just another showcase of why "Nathan For You" is consistently churning out some of the smartest and funniest comedy on television."


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: Comedy Central auctioned off the art pieces featured in the episode online on the day following the episode's broadcast.


title: Dumb Starbucks

text: Soon after the "Dumb Starbucks" episode first aired, owner Elias Zacklin told a reporter that he had let all of his staff go that summer, as he could not afford to pay anyone. According to its business listing on Google Search and the business directory website Yelp, The Helio Cafe permanently closed. The last Yelp customer review for the cafe was posted on March 12, 2016, almost 20 months after the premiere of "Dumb Starbucks".


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: "Like Toy Soldiers" is a song by American rapper Eminem, from his fifth album "Encore" (2004). The song received positive reviews from music critics, and peaked at number 34 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Outside of the United States, "Like Toy Soldiers" topped the charts in the United Kingdom, and peaked within the top ten of the charts in 12 countries, including Australia, Denmark, Germany, and New Zealand. The song samples the 1989 song "Toy Soldiers" by Martika. It is the fourth single from the album.


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: The song finishes as Eminem offers a truce to his enemies. In addition, this song also reveals that Eminem had tried to stop Ja Rule & 50 Cent's feud, but lost it when he heard Ja Rule making fun of his daughter on a track called "Loose Change" – ("The Ja Shit, I tried to squash it, It was too late to stop it, There's a certain line you just don't cross and he crossed it, I heard him say Hailie's name on a song and I just lost it"). In the song "Loose Change", Ja Rule says Eminem claims his ex-wife is "a known slut" and his mother "a crackhead", and then asks him "so what's Hailie gonna be when she grows up?".


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: As a result of this song, Eminem refused to get himself involved in some of 50 Cent's later feuds, including Jadakiss, Fat Joe (both of whom he collaborated with in 2005), and The Game.


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: AllMusic highlighted the song. A positive overview came from J-23: ""Like Toy Soldiers" is among his best work here, from his production (complete with Martika sample), to his gripping recount, assessment and conclusion of the Benzino and Murder Inc beefs." "Pitchfork" was also positive, calling it:


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: a public hand-wringing over the feuds that Em and 50 Cent have been drawn into, the consequences of these battles, and-- most importantly-- the toll they've taken, both physically and emotionally. The martial beat is a bit heavy-handed, but it's counterbalanced by the pleasantly surprising chorus' sample of Martika's "Toy Soldiers", perhaps a nod to either Kanye's helium-vocaled samples or the 00s trend toward trance-pop covers of 80s hits.


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: 'Like Toy Soldiers’ is a case in point. The best track of this album, and probably any album this year, it should be appalling. It interpolates (by which we mean ‘steals’) the chorus to a long-forgotten ’80s power ballad by Martika, which would be a surefire route to disaster in anyone else’s hands. Instead, with its martial drumbeat, unashamedly vast-scale soft rock dynamics and that similarly monolithic chorus, it is perhaps hip-hop’s first genuine lighters-in-the-air stadium anthem. And yet it’s probably the most personal track on the album...as Em tries to draw a line under the various beefs he and his cohorts have been embroiled in. “Even though the battle was won/I feel like we lost it/I spent [so much energy] on it/Honestly I’m exhausted”, he admits. If the sheer volume and widescreen sweep of ‘Like Toy Soldiers’ is a cover for this exhaustion, then it sure works.


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: "Rolling Stone Magazine" described: "it's really mature, as when the Martika-sampling "Like Toy Soldiers" renounces battle rhyming and its deadly consequences." "USA Today" noted: "A military drumbeat drives Like Toy Soldiers, in which Eminem offers an explanation for his beef with the Murder Inc. rap clique, The Source magazine and its rapper/owner Benzino, and his part in a dispute between 50 Cent and Ja Rule. He seems to wish none of it had ever happened, and he's ready to move on." RapReviews was less positive: "Continuing to wring out sympathy from his tear-soaked towel of a life, Eminem doubles-up with "Like Toy Soldiers," another self-produced, self-sorry introspection on the Slim Shady saga." "The Guardian" was happy of sampling: "Like Toy Soldiers, about Ja Rule and Benzino, is similarly brilliant. Set to the album's one genuinely fantastic backing track, involving a military drumbeat and a sample from Martika's forgotten 1980s hit Toy Soldiers, its lyrics switch from truce-calling to belligerent indignation and back again, often in the space of one line." "The New York Times" described:


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: "[Like] Toy Soldiers," scheduled to be the next single, recycles the 1980s pop hit by Martika so that Eminem can rehash his beefs with Ja Rule and the Source. But the vitriol is mainly gone, and he sounds sad and clear-eyed, ending the rhyme by proposing a truce: "It's not a plea that I'm coppin'/I'm just willing to be the bigger man/If y'all can [quiet] poppin'/Off at the jaws [with the knockin'],/'Cause frankly I'm sick of talkin'/I'm not gonna let someone else's coffin/Rest on my conscience."


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: "Stylus Magazine", however, is a bit negative: "perhaps you don’t mind that Em ruins maybe the best musical moment on the record, the Martika interpolation of “Like Toy Soldiers”, just so he can recapitulate ad nauseum "[sic]" the details of his pitiful n-word controversy (and somehow indirectly blame Afrocentrism for his youthful idiocy)." "Entertainment Weekly" was very critical of the song: "Instead of addressing other matters that extend beyond his immediate universe, he wastes time attacking his sworn enemies at "The Source" [in both 'Like Toy Soldiers' and 'Yellow Brick Road']." "The Boston Phoenix" called it a "self-knowing anti-anthem". "SPIN", however, seemed to put the song in a different light: "On 'Like Toy Soldiers,' over a stirring, 'Jesus Walks'-style loop of Martika's doleful '80s hit, Eminem brings light, not heat, to a couple years' worth of beefs, from 50 Cent's feud with the Murder Inc. crew to Em's conflict with rapper Benzino and "The Source"s edit staff, stating his case while resisting the urge to pour gas on any fires."


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: Released on December 3, 2004, the song's video starts with two young boys in a living room. Out of boredom the boy who lives there grabs a book called "Toy Soldiers" and says "I got this book, my dad gave it to me." As they open it up, the song's lyrics are on the page and the camera zooms into the book which quickly brings us into the action of the video. It begins at the hospital where Eminem and his circle are watching, in despair, as doctors are trying to save D12 member Bugz (played by fellow D12 member Proof). Eminem is then seen in a series of scenes rapping the song in a deserted alleyway, before the video goes through a series of scenes showing the various feuds mentioned in the song. They include seeing the news, rappers battling in studios, and street encounters. Near the end, Eminem stands shocked seeing the shooting of Bugz. It switches back to the hospital, where Bugz dies, and finishes at his funeral where a multi-ethnic choir of children start to sing.


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: Cameo appearances in the video include 50 Cent, Luis Resto, Dr. Dre, Obie Trice, and D12. Deceased rappers including Tupac Shakur, The Notorious B.I.G., Big L, and Bugz are also shown in animation form at the end of the music video to show the fatal consequences of rap wars.


title: Like Toy Soldiers

text: In a case of life imitating art, Proof himself was shot and killed on April 11, 2006, after an altercation broke out at a nightclub in Detroit, Michigan. "In the year after [Proof] died," Eminem said in his memoir "The Way I Am", "I would stare at the ceiling and think about that video. Did karma cause that to happen in real life? Did I? You always want to point the finger at somebody else when something like that happens, you know?"


title: America's Next Top Model (season 22)

text: The twenty-second cycle of "America's Next Top Model" (subtitled as America's Next Top Model: Guys & Girls) premiered on August 5, 2015 and is the sixteenth and final cycle to air on The CW. The network announced in mid-October that they were cancelling the show and the finale episode aired on December 4, 2015.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 22)

text: Like the two previous cycles, cycle 22 featured both male and female contestants. However, for the first time since cycle 13, the height restriction was removed and the competition was opened to contestants at any height. Tyra Banks, Kelly Cutrone and J. Alexander returned to the judging panel, with photographer Yu Tsai remaining as creative director. Unlike the last three cycles, social media was no longer included on the show. The scoring system remained in place, but only the combined challenge and judges' scores were added into the final tally to determine who would be eliminated.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 22)

text: While there was no international destination for this cycle, the models traveled to Las Vegas for two episodes. This is the second cycle in the series to be shot completely in the United States, after cycle 13.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 22)

text: The winner of the competition was 25-year-old Nyle DiMarco from Washington, D.C. with Mamé Adjei placing as the runner up. DiMarco was the first deaf contestant to win the competition.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 22)

text: Returning prizes included a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management and a spread in "Nylon" magazine. Zappos became a new prize for the series, and the winner was chosen for a contract to become the face of the Zappos Couture's 2016 re-launch.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 22)

text: This cycle featured guest judges including interior designers Jonathan and Drew Scott, model Chrissy Teigen, fashion editor Joe Zee and cycle 10 winner Whitney Thompson.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 22)

text: The cast includes Nyle DiMarco, is noted for being the first deaf contestant in the history of "America's Next Top Model" and Mamé Adjei, the then-reigning Miss Maryland USA.


title: Tony Joe White

text: Tony Joe White (July 23, 1943 – October 24, 2018), nicknamed the Swamp Fox, was an American singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known for his 1969 hit "Polk Salad Annie" and for "Rainy Night in Georgia", which he wrote but which was first made popular by Brook Benton in 1970. He also wrote "Steamy Windows" and "Undercover Agent for the Blues", both hits for Tina Turner in 1989; those two songs came by way of Turner's producer at the time, Mark Knopfler, who was a friend of White. "Polk Salad Annie" was also recorded by Joe Dassin, Elvis Presley, and Tom Jones.


title: Tony Joe White

text: Tony Joe White was the youngest of seven children who grew up on a cotton farm near Oak Grove, West Carroll Parish, Louisiana, United States. His song "Old Man Willis" takes place in West Carroll Parish. He first began performing music at school dances, and after graduating from high school he performed in night clubs in Texas and Louisiana.


title: Tony Joe White

text: In 1967, White signed with Monument Records, which operated from a recording studio in the Nashville suburb of Hendersonville, Tennessee, and produced a variety of sounds, including rock and roll, country and western, and rhythm and blues. Billy Swan was his producer on his first three albums.


title: Tony Joe White

text: Over the next three years, White released four singles with no commercial success in the U.S., although "Soul Francisco" was a hit in France. "Polk Salad Annie" had been released for nine months and written off as a failure by his record label when it finally entered the U.S. charts in July 1969. It climbed to the Top Ten by early August and eventually reached No. 8, becoming White's biggest hit.


title: Tony Joe White

text: White's first album, 1969's "Black and White", was recorded with Muscle Shoals/Nashville musicians David Briggs, Norbert Putnam, and Jerry Carrigan, and featured "Willie and Laura Mae Jones" and "Polk Salad Annie", along with Jimmy Webb's "Wichita Lineman". "Willie and Laura Mae Jones" was covered by Dusty Springfield and released as a single, later added to reissues of her 1969 album "Dusty in Memphis".


title: Tony Joe White

text: Three more singles quickly followed, all minor hits, and White toured with Steppenwolf, Anne Murray, Sly & the Family Stone, Creedence Clearwater Revival and other major rock acts of the 1970s, playing in France, Germany, Belgium, Sweden and England.


title: Tony Joe White

text: In 1973, White appeared in the film "Catch My Soul", a rock-opera adaption of Shakespeare's "Othello". White played and sang four songs and composed seven for the musical.


title: Tony Joe White

text: In late September 1973, White was recruited by record producer Huey Meaux to sit in on the Memphis sessions that became Jerry Lee Lewis's "Southern Roots" album. These sessions were a three-day, around-the-clock party, which not only reunited the original MGs (Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. of Booker T. and the MGs fame) for the first time in three years, but also featured Carl Perkins, Mark Lindsay (of Paul Revere & the Raiders), and Wayne Jackson plus The Memphis Horns.


title: Tony Joe White

text: From 1976 to 1983, White released three more albums, all on different labels. Trying to combine his own swamp-rock sound with the popular disco music at the time, the results were not met with success and White gave up his career as a singer and concentrated on writing songs. During this time frame, he collaborated with American expat Joe Dassin on his only English-language album, "Home Made Ice Cream", and its French-language counterpart, "Blue Country".


title: Tony Joe White

text: In 1989, White produced one non-single track on Tina Turner's "Foreign Affair" album, the rest of the album being produced by Dan Hartman. Playing a variety of instruments on the album, he also wrote four songs, including the title song and the hit single "Steamy Windows". As a result of this he became managed by Roger Davies, who was Turner's manager at the time, and he obtained a new contract with Polydor.


title: Tony Joe White

text: The resulting album, 1991's "Closer to the Truth", was a commercial success and put White back in the spotlight. He released two more albums for Polydor: "The Path of a Decent Groove" and "Lake Placid Blues", which was co-produced by Roger Davies.


title: Tony Joe White

text: In the 1990s, White toured Germany and France with Joe Cocker and Eric Clapton, and in 1992 he played the Montreux Festival. During the late 1990s, White also toured with Waylon Jennings.


title: Tony Joe White

text: In 2000, Hip-O Records released "One Hot July" in the U.S., giving White his first new major-label domestic release in 17 years. The critically acclaimed "The Beginning" appeared on Swamp Records in 2001, followed by "Heroines", featuring several duets with female vocalists including Jessi Colter, Shelby Lynne, Emmylou Harris, Lucinda Williams, and Michelle White, on Sanctuary in 2004, and a live Austin City Limits concert, "Live from Austin, TX", on New West Records in 2006. In 2004, White was the featured guest artist in an episode of the Legends Rock TV Show and Concert Series, produced by Megabien Entertainment.


title: Tony Joe White

text: In 2007, White released another live recording, "Take Home the Swamp", as well as the compilation "Introduction to Tony Joe White". Elkie Brooks recorded one of White's songs, "Out of The Rain", on her 2005 "Electric Lady" album. On July 14, 2006, in Magny-Cours, France, White performed as a warm-up act for Roger Waters' "The Dark Side of the Moon" concert. White's album, entitled "Uncovered", was released in September 2006 and featured collaborations with Mark Knopfler, Michael McDonald, Eric Clapton, and J.J. Cale.


title: Tony Joe White

text: The song "Elements and Things" from the 1969 album "...Continued" features prominently during the horse-racing scenes in the 2012 HBO television series "Luck".


title: Tony Joe White

text: In 2013, White signed to Yep Roc Records and released "Hoodoo". "Mother Jones" called the album "Steamy, Irresistible" and "No Depression" noted Tony Joe White is "the real king of the swamp". He also made his "Live...with Jools Holland" debut in London, playing songs from "Hoodoo".


title: Tony Joe White

text: On October 15, 2014, White appeared on "The Late Show with David Letterman" alongside the Foo Fighters to perform "Polk Salad Annie". Pointing to White, Letterman told his TV audience, "Holy cow! ... If I was this guy, you could all kiss my ass. And I mean that."


title: Tony Joe White

text: In May 2016, Tony Joe White released "Rain Crow" on Yep Roc Records. The lead track "Hoochie Woman" was co-written with his wife, Leann. The track "Conjure Child" is a follow up to an earlier song, "Conjure Woman".


title: Tony Joe White

text: The album "Bad Mouthin"' was released in September 2018 again on Yep Roc Records. The album contains six self-penned songs and five blues standards written by, amongst others, Charley Patton and John Lee Hooker. On the album White also performs a cover of the Elvis Presley song "Heartbreak Hotel". White plays acoustic and electric guitar on the album which was produced by his son Jody White and it has a signature Tony Joe White laidback sound.


title: Tony Joe White

text: The posthumous album "Smoke from the Chimney" was released May 7, 2021, on Easy Eye Sound. The album features nine vocal and guitar demo recordings of White, fully realized and arranged by producer Dan Auerbach. The tracks feature many top Nashville session players, including drummer Gene Chrisman, keyboardist Bobby Wood, bassist Dave Roe, guitarist Marcus King, and others.


title: Tony Joe White

text: White died of a heart attack on October 24, 2018, at the age of 75. "He wasn't ill at all. He just had a heart attack...there was no pain or suffering", said his son, Jody White. He died at his home in Leiper's Fork, Tennessee.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: The Queen's Gambit Declined (or QGD) is a chess opening in which Black declines a pawn offered by White in the Queen's Gambit:


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: This is known as the "Orthodox Line" of the Queen's Gambit Declined. When the "Queen's Gambit Declined" is mentioned, it is usually assumed to be referring to the Orthodox Line; see "Other lines" below.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: The Orthodox Line can be reached by a number of different , such as 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 d5; 1.d4 e6 2.c4 d5; 1.c4 e6 2.Nc3 d5 3.d4; 1.Nf3 d5 2.c4 e6 3.d4; and so on.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: Playing 2...e6 releases Black's dark-squared bishop, while obstructing his light-squared bishop. By declining White's temporary pawn sacrifice, Black erects a solid position; the pawns on d5 and e6 give Black a foothold in the . The Queen's Gambit Declined has the reputation of being one of Black's most reliable defenses to 1.d4. In this situation, White will try to exploit the passivity of Black's light-squared bishop, and Black will try to release it, trade it, or prove that, while passive, the bishop has a useful defensive role.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: An eventual ...dxc4 by Black will surrender the centre to White, and Black will usually not do this unless he can extract a concession, usually in the form of gaining a , by capturing on c4 only after White has played Bd3 first. In the Orthodox Line, the fight for the tempo revolves around White's efforts to play all other useful developing moves prior to playing Bd3.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: In its broadest sense, the Queen's Gambit Declined is any variation of the Queen's Gambit in which Black does not play ...dxc4. Variations other than the Orthodox Line have their own names and are usually treated separately.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: Of the 34 games played in the 1927 World Championship between Alexander Alekhine and José Raúl Capablanca, all except the first and third began with the Queen's Gambit Declined.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: After (other third moves are also possible: 3.cxd5 may be played to lead to the Exchange line, 3.Nf3 keeps options open, 3.g3 will transpose to the Catalan, and 3.e4 transposes to the Diemer–Duhm Gambit in the French Defense), Black's main move is 3...Nf6, though he has other options as well:


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: Lines beginning with the moves are covered by "ECO" codes D35–D69. These are old lines that can transpose into many other queen pawn openings. White has several ways of dealing with Black's setup:


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: The Cambridge Springs Defense was introduced more than a century ago, and is still played. (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6) 4. Bg5 Nbd7 (setting up the Elephant Trap) 5. e3 c6 6. Nf3 Qa5, now Black intends ...Bb4 and possibly ...Ne4, with pressure along the a5–e1 diagonal. This Black defense is popular among amateurs because there are several traps White can fall into, for example 7. Nd2 (one of the main lines, countering Black's pressure along the diagonal) 7... Bb4 8. Qc2 0-0 and here 9.Bd3 loses since 9...dxc4 (threatening ...Qxg5) 10.Bxf6 cxd3! (a zwischenzug) 11.Qxd3 Nxf6 wins a piece for Black.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6) 4. cxd5 exd5 5. Bg5 c6 6. Qc2 and White has a pawn majority in the centre, Black has a pawn majority on the . This pawn structure gives White the opportunity to either advance his pawns in the centre by means of Nge2, f2–f3, followed by e2–e4, or play for a by means of the plan Rb1, followed by b2–b4–b5, then bxc6 in order to create a weak pawn at c6. While Black can play ...cxb5, or recapture on c6 with a piece, each of these possibilities is even less desirable than the backward pawn in the open file. For Black, exchanging at d5 has released his light-squared bishop and opened the e-file, giving him the use of e4 as a springboard for central and play. While chances are balanced, Black is usually more or less forced to use his superior activity to launch a piece attack on White's king, as the long-term chances in the QGD Exchange structure favour White. The following games are model games for White:


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: Black could also play 5...Bb4 instead of 5...c6, which after 6.Qc2 transposes into a line in the Classical variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: The Three Knights Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined is usually reached from the move order 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 d5 4.Nc3, played to avoid the Nimzo-Indian Defense (from the white point of view) and the Exchange Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined (from the black point of view). Black has a few options in response to the Three Knights Variation.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: The Vienna Variation occurs after black plays 4...dxc4 in the Three Knights Variation. The main line of the Vienna continues as 5.e4 Bb4 6.Bg5. White's pawns or pieces occupy the central squares in exchange for long-term pawn structure weaknesses. An instance of Vienna Variation played at the highest level was Fine–Euwe, AVRO 1938. The Quiet Variation of the Vienna Variation occurs after 5.e3.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: The Semi-Tarrasch Defense occurs after black plays 4...c5 in the Three Knights Variation. An important line in this variation is the Endgame Line where the game continues: 5.cxd5 cxd4 6.Qxd4 exd5 7.e4 dxe4 8.Qxd8+ Kxd8 where the queens get traded off in a similar fashion to the Endgame in the Berlin Defense, resulting in a drawish position. This line has been played by top grandmasters such as Wesley So, Anish Giri, and Magnus Carlsen aiming for a draw. There is also the Exchange Variation where the game continues 5.cxd5 Nxd5 6. e4 Nxc3 7. bxc3 cxd4 8. cxd4, which has been used by played by the likes of Ding Liren, Anish Giri, Vladimir Kramnik, and Magnus Carlsen.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: The Ragozin Variation ("ECO" code D37–D39) occurs after black plays 4...Bb4 in the Three Knights Variation. The Alekhine Variation of the Ragozin Variation occurs with 5.Qa4 Nc6 6.e3 O-O 7.Qc2. A transposition into the Vienna Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined occurs with 5. Bg5 dxc4 6. e4. An alternate line commonly played is 5.cxd5 exd5 6.Bg5 h6 7.Bh4 to avoid transposing into the Vienna.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: A transposition into the Main Variations of the Queen's Gambit Declined occurs after black plays 4...Be7 5.Bg5 in the Three Knights Variation.


title: Queen's Gambit Declined

text: This variation is also a popular line. Placing the bishop on Bg5 allows Black to exchange more freely with moves like Nf6-e4, as seen in the Lasker Defence. The move Bf4 is designed to restrict Black's opportunities in this way, as well as reducing opportunities to gain the bishop pair. Play usually continues with 5...0-0 6. e3 c5 7. dxc5 Bxc5. Peter Leko, usually an e4 player, used this variation as White to beat Vladimir Kramnik in their 2004 World Championship Match.


title: Amrita

text: Amrita (, IAST: "amṛta"), Amrit or Amata in Pali, (also called "Sudha", "Amiy", "Ami") is a Sanskrit word that means "immortality". It is a central concept within Indian religions and is often referred to in ancient Indian texts as an elixir. Its first occurrence is in the Rigveda, where it is considered one of several synonyms for "soma", the drink of the devas. Amrita plays a significant role in the Samudra Manthana, and is the cause of the conflict between devas and asuras competing for amrita to obtain immortality.


title: Amrita

text: Amrita has varying significance in different Indian religions. The word "Amrit" is also a common first name for Sikhs and Hindus, while its feminine form is "Amritā". Amrita is cognate to and shares many similarities with ambrosia; both originated from a common Proto-Indo-European source.


title: Amrita

text: Amrita is composed of the negative prefix, अ from Sanskrit meaning 'not', and meaning 'death' in Sanskrit, thus meaning 'not death' or 'immortal/deathless'.


title: Amrita

text: The concept of an immortality drink is attested in at least two ancient Indo-European languages: Ancient Greek and Sanskrit. The Greek ἀμβροσία ("ambrosia") is semantically linked to the Sanskrit ("amṛta") as both words denote a drink or food that gods use to achieve immortality. The two words appear to be derived from the same Indo-European form *"ṇ-mṛ-tós", "un-dying" ("n-": negative prefix from which the prefix "a-" in both Greek and Sanskrit are derived; "mṛ": zero grade of *"mer-", "to die"; and "-to-": adjectival suffix). A semantically similar etymology exists for Greek nectar, the beverage of the gods (Greek: νέκταρ "néktar") presumed to be a compound of the PIE roots "*nek-", "death", and "-*tar", "overcoming".


title: Amrita

text: Amrita is repeatedly referred to as the drink of the devas, which grants them immortality. Despite this, the nectar does not actually offer true immortality. Instead, by partaking it, the devas were able to attain a higher level of knowledge and power, which they had lost due to the curse of the sage Durvasa, as described in the Samudra Manthana legend. It tells how the devas, after the curse, begin to lose their immortality. Assisted by their rivals, the asuras, the devas begin to churn the ocean, releasing, among other extraordinary objects and beings, a pitcher of amrita, held by the deity Dhanvantari.


title: Amrita

text: When the asuras claim the nectar for themselves, Vishnu assumes the form of the enchantress Mohini, and her beauty persuades the asuras to crudely offer her the task of its distribution:


title: Amrita

text: When the danava Rahu disguised himself as a deva and sat in the clan's row to partake in consuming the nectar, Surya and Chandra alerted Mohini of his presence. Mohini sliced his head off with her Sudarshana Chakra, and continued to distribute the nectar to every single one of the devas, after which she assumed her true form of Narayana and defeated the asuras in a battle.


title: Amrita

text: In Sikhism, amrit () is the name of the holy water used in Amrit Sanchar, a ceremony which resembles baptism. This ceremony is observed to initiate the Sikhs into the Khalsa and requires drinking amrit. This is created by mixing a number of soluble ingredients, including sugar, and is then rolled with a khanda with the accompaniment of scriptural recitation of five sacred verses.


title: Amrita

text: O Nanak, the Ambrosial Naam is forever the Giver of peace; drinking in this Amrit, all hunger is satisfied.</poem>


title: Amrita

text: According to Thanissaro Bhikkhu, "the deathless" refers to the deathless dimension of the mind which is dwelled in permanently after nibbana.


title: Amrita

text: In the Amata Sutta, the Buddha advises monks to stay with the four Satipatthana: "Monks, remain with your minds well-established in these four establishings of mindfulness. Don't let the deathless be lost to you."


title: Amrita

text: In the questions for Nagasena, King Milinda asks for evidence that the Buddha once lived, wherein Nagasena describes evidence of the Dhamma in a simile:


title: Amrita

text: Chinese Buddhism describes Amrita () as blessed water, food, or other consumable objects often produced through merits of chanting mantras.


title: Amrita

text: Amrita () also plays a significant role in Vajrayana Buddhism as a sacramental drink which is consumed at the beginning of all important rituals such as the abhisheka, ganachakra, and homa. In the Tibetan tradition, "dütsi" is made during – lengthy ceremonies involving many high lamas. It usually takes the form of small, dark-brown grains that are taken with water, or dissolved in very weak solutions of alcohol and is said to improve physical and spiritual well-being.


title: Amrita

text: The foundational text of traditional Tibetan medicine, the Four Tantras, is also known by the name "The Heart of Amrita" ().


title: Amrita

text: "The Immaculate Crystal Garland" () describes the origin of amrita in a version of the samudra manthana legend retold in Buddhist terms. In this Vajrayana version, the monster Rahu steals the amrita and is blasted by Vajrapani's thunderbolt. As Rahu has already drunk the amrita he cannot die, but his blood, dripping onto the surface of this earth, causes all kinds of medicinal plants to grow. At the behest of all the Buddhas, Vajrapani reassembles Rahu who eventually becomes a protector of Buddhism according to the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism.


title: Amrita

text: "Inner Offering" (, ) is the most symbolic amrita offering assembly, and the "Inner Offering Nectar Pill" (, ) is a precious and secret medicine of Tibetan Buddhism, which are only used internally for higher-ranking monks in Nyingma school. Its ingredients including Five Amrita and Five Meat, which represents five buddhas, and five elements respectively. According to "Tantras of Chakravarti", and "Tantras of Vajravārāhī", a ceremony needs to be held for melting and blessing the Inner-Offering Nectar. Five Nectar needs to be arranged in four directions: yellow excrement in the east, green bone marrow in the north, white semen in the west and red blood in the south; blue urine is placed in the center. Four Nectar should come from wise monks and the ova should be collected from the first menstruation of a blessed woman. The Five Meats are arranged similarly, meat of black bull in the southeast, the meat of the blue dog in the southwest, the meat of the white elephant in the northwest, the meat of the green horse in the northeast, and the meat of a red human corpse in the center. After the ceremony, these ingredients will transform into a "one taste" ("ekarasa") elixir, which bestows bliss, vitality, immortality and wisdom. Actual modern practitioner will take a 'synthesized essence' of the Nectar Pill and combined it with black tea or alcohol, but mostly the "Nectar Pill" are derived from plants.


title: The Little Red Hen

text: The Little Red Hen is an American fable first collected by Mary Mapes Dodge in "St. Nicholas Magazine" in 1874. The story is meant to teach children the importance of hard work and personal initiative.


title: The Little Red Hen

text: A hen living on a farm finds some wheat and decides to make bread with it. She asks the other farmyard animals to help her plant it, but they refuse. The hen then harvests and mills the wheat into flour before baking it into bread; at each stage she again asks the animals for help and they refuse. Finally, with her task complete, the hen asks who will help her eat the bread. This time the animals accept eagerly, but the hen refuses them stating that no one helped her with her work and decides to eat the bread herself. She then runs away with it.


title: The Little Red Hen

text: The tale is based on a story Dodge's mother often told her. Originally the other animals besides the hen consist of a rat, a cow, a cat, a dog, a duck, and a pig. Later adaptations often reduce the number of other animals to three.


title: The Little Red Hen

text: The story was likely intended as a literature primer for young readers, but departed from highly moralistic, often religious stories written for the same purpose. Adaptations throughout the 1880s incorporated appealing illustrations in order to hold the reader's attention as interest became more relevant to reading lessons. Repetitive vocabulary is still used in adaptations in order to encourage learning for very early readers. A 2006 picture book adaptation by Jerry Pinkney was well-received for similar reasons.


title: The Little Red Hen

text: An animated adaptation of the story titled "The Wise Little Hen" was produced by Walt Disney Productions in 1934. It is notable for the first appearance of Donald Duck as one of the lazy animals who refuses to help the hen.


title: The Little Red Hen

text: Politically themed revisions of the story include a conservative version based on a 1976 monologue from Ronald Reagan. This version features a farmer who claims that the hen is being unfair by refusing to share the bread and forces her to do so, removing the hen's incentive to work and causing poverty to befall the farm. Another version satirizes capitalism by depicting the hen promising the animals slices of bread if they make it, but keeping the largest slice for herself despite not doing any work. A version by Malvina Reynolds adapts the story into a pro-work socialist anthem as the hen retains the fruits of her labor, saying "And that's why they called her Red".


title: The Little Red Hen

text: An episode of the animated series "Super Why!" features a revision of the story. In the episode, the Super Readers change the ending so that the hen tells the animals why she needs their help and they listen, enabling them to help her finish the corn bread so that she shares it with them.


title: Economist

text: The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets, macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial statement analysis, involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics, statistics, economics computational models, financial economics, mathematical finance and mathematical economics.


title: Economist

text: Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also "study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming [and] they make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin."


title: Economist

text: In addition to government and academia, economists are also employed in banking, finance, accountancy, commerce, marketing, business administration, lobbying and non- or not-for profit organizations.


title: Economist

text: In many organizations, an "Economic Analyst" is a formalized role. Professionals here are employed (or engaged as consultants) to conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans and strategies to address economic problems. Here, as outlined, the analyst provides forecasts, analysis and advice, based upon observed trends and economic principles; this entails also collecting and processing economic and statistical data using econometric methods and statistical techniques.


title: Economist

text: In contrast to regulated professions such as engineering, law or medicine, there is not a legally required educational requirement or license for economists. In academia, most economists have a Ph.D. degree in Economics. In the U.S. Government, on the other hand, a person can be hired as an economist provided that they have a degree that included or was supplemented by 21 semester hours in economics and three hours in statistics, accounting, or calculus.<ref name="http://www.opm.gov/qualifications/standards/IORs/gs0100/0110.htm"></ref>


title: Economist

text: In fact, a professional working inside of one of many fields of economics or having an academic degree in this subject is often considered to be an economist.


title: Economist

text: Economics graduates are employable in varying degrees depending on the regional economic scenario and labour market conditions at the time for a given country. Apart from the specific understanding of the subject, employers value the skills of numeracy and analysis, the ability to communicate and the capacity to grasp broad issues which the graduates acquire at the university or college. Whilst only a few economics graduates may be expected to become professional economists, many find it a base for entry into a career in finance – including accounting, insurance, tax and banking, or management;


title: Economist

text: A number of economics graduates from around the world have been successful in obtaining employment in a variety of major national and international firms in the financial and commercial sectors, and in manufacturing, retailing and IT, as well as in the public sector – for example, in the health and education sectors, or in government and politics. Small numbers go on to undertake postgraduate studies, either in economics, research, teacher training or further qualifications in specialist areas.


title: Economist

text: In Brazil, unlike most countries in the world where the profession is not regulated, the profession of Economist is regulated by Law. 1411 of August 13, 1951. The professional designation of economist, according to the said law, is exclusive to the bachelors in economics graduates in Brazil.


title: Economist

text: According to the United States Department of Labor, there were about 15,000 non-academic economists in the United States in 2008, with a median salary of roughly $83,000, and the top ten percent earning more than $147,040 annually. Nearly 135 colleges and universities grant around 900 new Ph.D.s every year. Incomes are highest for those in the private sector, followed by the federal government, with academia paying the lowest incomes. As of January 2013, PayScale.com showed Ph.D. economists' salary ranges as follows: all Ph.D. economists, $61,000 to $160,000; Ph.D. corporate economists, $71,000 to $207,000; economics full professors, $89,000 to $137,000; economics associate professors, $59,000 to $156,000, and economics assistant professors, $72,000 to $100,000.


title: Economist

text: The largest single professional grouping of economists in the UK are the more than 3500 members of the Government Economic Service.


title: Economist

text: Analysis of destination surveys for economics graduates from a number of selected top schools of economics in the United Kingdom (ranging from Newcastle University to the London School of Economics), shows nearly 80 percent in employment six months after graduation – with a wide range of roles and employers, including regional, national and international organisations, across many sectors. This figure compares very favourably with the national picture, with 64 percent of economics graduates in employment.


title: Iddah

text: In Islam, iddah or iddat (; "period of waiting") is the period a woman must observe after the death of her husband or after a divorce, during which she may not marry another man. One of its main purposes is to remove any doubt as to the paternity of a child born after the divorce or death of the prior husband.


title: Iddah

text: The length of ‘iddah varies according to a number of circumstances. Generally, the ‘iddah of a divorced woman is three lunar months (i.e. about 89 days), but if the marriage was not consummated there is no ‘iddah. For a woman whose husband has died, the ‘iddah is four lunar months and ten days (i.e. about 128 days) after the death of her husband, whether or not the marriage was consummated. If a woman is pregnant when she is widowed or divorced, the ‘iddah lasts until she gives birth.


title: Iddah

text: Islamic scholars consider this directive to be a balance between mourning of husband's death and protecting the widow from criticism that she might be subjected to from remarrying too quickly after her husband’s death. This is also to ascertain whether a woman is pregnant or not, since four and a half months is half the length of a normal pregnancy.


title: Iddah

text: These are the basic Sharia directives regarding the waiting period for a widow. It is also clear from another directive of the Quran that during this waiting period, the woman should not be turned out of her house.


title: Iddah

text: The directive within the Quran Surat At-Talaq 65:4, regarding the waiting period for "those who have no courses" (i.e. they are still young), is:


title: Iddah

text: And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the ‘Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubts (about their periods), is three months, and for those who have no courses (i.e. they are still immature) their ‘Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise, except in case of death.


title: Iddah

text: The Mohsin Khan translation also clarifies that this refers to those who have not yet menstruated, as they are "still immature".


title: Iddah

text: Imam Suyuti's commentary, Tafsir al-Jalalayn: And as for those of your women who read allā’ī or allā’i in both instances no longer expect to menstruate if you have any doubts about their waiting period their prescribed waiting period shall be three months and also for those who have not yet menstruated because of their young age their period shall also be three months — both cases apply to other than those whose spouses have died; for these latter their period is prescribed in the verse they shall wait by themselves for four months and ten days.


title: Iddah

text: Tafsir ibn Kathir, says of this verse, Her Iddah is three months instead of the three monthly cycles for those who menstruate, which is based upon the Ayah in (Surat) Al-Baqarah. (see 2:228) The same for the young, who have not reached the years of menstruation. Their `Iddah is three months like those in menopause. The Tafsir al Jalalyn co-authored by the scholar Imam Suyuti says of this verseAnd [as for] those of your women who (read allā’ī or allā’i in both instances) no longer expect to menstruate, if you have any doubts, about their waiting period, their prescribed [waiting] period shall be three months, and [also for] those who have not yet menstruated, because of their young age, their period shall [also] be three months


title: Iddah

text: Divorced women and widows who are pregnant cannot remarry until delivery. Remarriage cannot take place until a period of waiting removes all doubt about any existing pregnancy.


title: No Surprises

text: "No Surprises" is a song by the English alternative rock band Radiohead, released as the fourth and final single from their third studio album, "OK Computer" (1997), on 12 January 1998. It reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. It features glockenspiel and a "childlike" sound inspired by the 1966 Beach Boys album "Pet Sounds".


title: No Surprises

text: The music video, directed by Grant Gee, features the singer, Thom Yorke, inside a diving helmet as it fills with water. Gee was inspired by the 1968 science fiction film "", underwater escape acts and the television series "UFO". He fixated on the lyric "a job that slowly kills you", and conceived a real-time video that would convey the feeling of "murderous seconds".


title: No Surprises

text: Thom Yorke wrote "No Surprises" while Radiohead was touring with R.E.M. in 1995. Yorke introduced the song to the rest of the band in their dressing room in Oslo, Norway on August 3, 1995. Later, the lyrics were rewritten and a glockenspiel melody was added. It was the first song recorded in the sessions for "OK Computer". Yorke said the "childlike guitar sound set the mood for the whole album" and that the band was aiming for a mood similar to the 1966 Beach Boys album "Pet Sounds". He also said Radiohead wanted to recreate the atmosphere of a song by Marvin Gaye or the Louis Armstrong song "What a Wonderful World". "No Surprises" is in the key of F major.


title: No Surprises

text: The version on the album is the first take recorded; the band recorded many further versions, but felt they could not improve on the first. Hoping to achieve a slower tempo than could be played well on their instruments, the producer, Nigel Godrich, had the band record the song at a faster tempo, then slowed the playback for Yorke to overdub his vocals onto, creating an "ethereal" effect.


title: No Surprises

text: The bassist, Colin Greenwood, said that "No Surprises" was Radiohead's "'stadium-friendly'" song. He said the concept was to frighten "OK Computer" listeners with "Climbing Up the Walls", then comfort them "with a pop song with a chorus that sounds like a lullaby". Yorke told "Q": "If you play it right, it is fucking dark. But it's like acting. It's on the edge of totally hamming it up but you're not. It's just the words are so dark. When we play it, we have to play it so slow. It only sounds good if it's really fragile."


title: No Surprises

text: "No Surprises" was released as the fourth single from "OK Computer" on 12 January 1998. It reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. In 2008, it was included in "". An early version with different lyrics was included in the 2017 "OK Computer" reissue "OKNOTOK 1997 2017".


title: No Surprises

text: The music video for "No Surprises" consists of a single close-up shot of Yorke inside an astronaut-style helmet. The lyrics slowly scroll upwards, reflected in the helmet. After the first verse, the helmet begins to fill with water. Yorke continues singing as he attempts to lift his head above the rising water. Once the helmet completely fills, Yorke is motionless for over a minute, after which the water is released and he resumes singing.The music video was directed by Grant Gee and was shot on November 28, 1997. Initially, Radiohead and their record label, Parlophone, planned to film music videos for each track on "OK Computer." Gee pitched concepts for "No Surprises" and "Fitter Happier". His initial concept for "No Surprises", which Gee later described as "some kind of sparkly music-box themed performance-based nonsense", was rejected. His "Fitter Happier" concept was abandoned when Parlophone decided to shoot videos only for the singles.


title: No Surprises

text: Six months later, after Gee had been filming Radiohead for the documentary "Meeting People Is Easy", Parlophone wanted a music video for "No Surprises" and asked Gee to pitch another concept. Gee listened to the song while studying a still image of the astronaut character David Bowman in the 1968 science fiction film "", and wondered if he could make a music video comprising a close-up of a man in a helmet. He was also inspired by childhood memories of underwater escape acts and alien characters in the television series "UFO" with helmets full of liquid. He fixated on the lyric "a job that slowly kills you", and conceived a real-time video that would convey the feeling of "murderous seconds".


title: No Surprises

text: The crew hired a special effects company to create a perspex helmet, into which water could be slowly pumped and would allow Yorke to release the water in an emergency. To reduce the time for which Yorke had to hold his breath, the crew sped up part of the song, doubled the camera speed from 25 to 50 frames a second to match, and then decelerated both the song and frame rate after the water drained, keeping Yorke's vocals in synchronisation. Although Yorke had demonstrated that he could hold his breath for over a minute in stress-free conditions, under the shooting conditions he found it difficult to hold his breath for more than ten seconds before draining the water. According to Gee, "The day turned into a horror show ... [It was] repeated torture." Footage of the shoot appears in "Meeting People is Easy", with Yorke becoming increasingly frustrated. After many failed takes, with coaching from the assistant director, Yorke was eventually able to complete a take.


title: No Surprises

text: No Surprises/Running from Demons is the fourth extended play (EP) by Radiohead, released in December 1997. The EP was aimed at the Japanese market to promote the band's Japan tour of January 1998.


title: No Surprises

text: "Meeting in the Aisle" is Radiohead's first completely instrumental track. This "remixed" version of "Pearly*" (as opposed to the "original version" available on the "Paranoid Android" single and "Airbag/How Am I Driving?" EP) features clearer production values, louder guitar at the beginning of the song, and a different guitar line at the end.