title: TCU Horned Frogs football

text: In 1977, the school introduced a "Flying TCU" logo, which remained on the helmets through the 1991 season. In 1992, new head coach Pat Sullivan introduced an arched TCU design, which eventually became the official logo of the school. This logo has been featured on most TCU helmets, sometimes with a white or gray horned frog underneath, ever since.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The 2008 Royal Rumble was the 21st annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brand divisions. The event took place on January 27, 2008, at Madison Square Garden in New York, New York. The event was also the first WWE pay-per-view broadcast in high definition. As has been customary since 1993, the Royal Rumble match winner received a world championship match at that year's WrestleMania. For the 2008 event, the winner received their choice to challenge for either Raw's WWE Championship, SmackDown's World Heavyweight Championship, or the ECW Championship at WrestleMania XXIV.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: Five professional wrestling matches were featured on the event's supercard. The main event was the 2008 Royal Rumble match, which featured wrestlers from all three brands. Raw's John Cena, the surprise thirtieth entrant returning from a torn pectoral muscle, won the match by last eliminating Raw's Triple H, the twenty-ninth entrant. The primary match on the Raw brand was Randy Orton versus Jeff Hardy for the WWE Championship, which Orton won to retain the title. The primary match on the SmackDown brand was Edge versus Rey Mysterio for the World Heavyweight Championship, which Edge won to retain the title. The featured matches on the undercard were Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) versus Ric Flair in a Career Threatening match and John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) versus Chris Jericho.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The Royal Rumble is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV), produced every January by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) since 1988. It is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, dubbed the "Big Four". It is named after the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which the participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. The 2008 event was the 21st event in the Royal Rumble chronology and was scheduled to be held on January 27, 2008, at Madison Square Garden in New York, New York. It featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. It was also the first WWE pay-per-view broadcast in high definition.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The Royal Rumble match generally features 30 wrestlers. Traditionally, the winner of the match earns a world championship match at that year's WrestleMania. For 2008, the winner could choose to challenge for either Raw's WWE Championship, SmackDown's World Heavyweight Championship, or the ECW Championship at WrestleMania XXIV.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The card consisted of six matches, as well as one dark match. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters to build tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands, with storylines produced on their weekly television shows, "Raw", "SmackDown", and "ECW on Sci Fi".


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: Prior to the annual Royal Rumble match, several qualifying matches for the match took place on Raw. The first qualifying match was on the December 31, 2007 edition of "Raw" as Umaga squashed Jim Duggan to earn a place in the Rumble. Snitsky also defeated Drew McIntyre at a house show in White Plains, New York to also qualify for the Royal Rumble. Triple H was disqualified against Ric Flair after interference from Raw general manager William Regal; therefore he was no longer allowed to compete in the Royal Rumble match, per the orders of Regal. After Triple H destroyed part of the lower TitanTron on the January 14 "Raw", however, Vince McMahon announced he would allow Triple H a second chance at the Royal Rumble if he could defeat his opponent on the January 21 edition of "Raw". Triple H defeated Snitsky, Mark Henry, and Regal in a gauntlet match to gain entry.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The main feud on the Raw brand was between the Intercontinental Champion Jeff Hardy and Randy Orton, with the two feuding over the WWE Championship, which was held by Orton. Orton retained the title at Armageddon against the returning Chris Jericho after being disqualified, when the then-"SmackDown!" broadcaster John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) interfered and kicked Jericho in the head. Orton retained the championship, as a result, due to titles not changing hands on disqualifications. On the same night earlier, Jeff Hardy had defeated Triple H to earn the opportunity to face Orton at the Royal Rumble for the WWE Championship. The following night, on the December 17, 2007 edition of "Raw", Hardy teamed up with Shawn Michaels to defeat Orton and Mr. Kennedy after Hardy pinned Orton. Two weeks later on the last "Raw" of 2007, Hardy and Orton had a face-to-face confrontation. Orton looked set to RKO Hardy, but Hardy countered and delivered a Twist of Fate to Orton. Later in the night, during Hardy's match with Santino Marella, Orton appeared on the "Raw" TitanTron and stated that he had kicked Jeff's brother Matt where his appendix used to be, proceeding further to punt him in the head. The following week on a special "Raw Roulette" edition of "Raw", Hardy retained his Intercontinental Championship against Umaga in a steel cage match after performing a Whisper in the Wind from the top of the cage. On the January 14, 2008 edition of "Raw", Hardy agreed to face Orton that night with his Intercontinental Championship on the line. However, as soon as the bell rang for the match, Orton immediately low-blowed Hardy, getting himself disqualified. Orton tried to deliver an RKO to Hardy on the concrete floor outside, but Hardy retaliated and the two began to brawl up the ramp. When Orton looked set to kick Hardy in the head, the Intercontinental Champion countered and back-dropped Orton onto the arena floor below. Hardy then climbed 30-feet above on the "Raw" set, and then Swanton Bombed off the side of the set onto Orton below. The following week on "Raw", Hardy and Orton were scheduled to "shake hands", but Hardy instead shook the hands of "people he respected more than Orton", like Lilian Garcia, Jerry Lawler, Jim Ross, and several fans in the crowd before re-entering the ring to confront Orton. A frustrated Orton ordered Hardy to shake hands with him, but Hardy performed a Twist of Fate on the WWE Champion instead.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The main feud on the SmackDown brand was between Rey Mysterio and Edge with the two feuding over the latter's World Heavyweight Championship. Mysterio won a Beat the Clock Challenge on the January 4, 2008 edition of "SmackDown!" defeating Edge with 90 seconds to go, and securing an opportunity for the World Heavyweight Championship at the Royal Rumble.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The rivalry between Chris Jericho and John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) started in Jericho's WWE Championship match against Randy Orton at Armageddon. During the match, Orton whipped Jericho over the "SmackDown!" announce table straight into JBL and when Jericho tried to get up, he "nudged" JBL out of his way. Later in the match, Jericho had Orton trapped in the Walls of Jericho, when JBL stormed into the ring and kicked Jericho in the head, thus giving the win to Jericho via disqualification, and hence, Jericho did not win the WWE Championship. This led to an argument the next night on "Raw", where Jericho ended up stating to JBL, who appeared via satellite from the "Raw" TitanTron, that he was no longer a "wrestling god", but a "wrestling afterthought". Afterward, JBL gave his farewell address as "SmackDown!" color commentator on the December 21, 2007 airing of "SmackDown!" and announced his return as an active wrestler on "Raw". JBL made his return to "Raw" on December 31, entering in his personal limousine with balloons and confetti shooting from the ceiling, and proceeded to address the crowd, Jericho quickly interrupted his promo and the two brawled until officials separated them. The following week, Jericho was put into a handicap match against Snitsky and JBL, which ended with JBL hitting Jericho in the head with the ring bell, resulting in a disqualification. He then tied a cable wire around Jericho's neck and dragged Jericho, by the wire, from near the ring to the "Raw" set, where he assaulted him some more. Jericho suffered from a bruised larynx, burns around his neck, and had difficulty speaking for a week.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: Before the event went live on pay-per-view, Shannon Moore and Jimmy Wang Yang defeated Deuce 'n Domino in a dark match. The first match that aired was a non-title "Career Threatening" match between the WWE United States Champion Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) and Ric Flair, in which had Flair lost, he would have had to retire from wrestling. At the start of the match, Flair started out working on MVP's left arm. Flair attempted to get the figure-four leglock on MVP, but MVP turned it into a small package for a two count. MVP executed a running big boot on Flair in the corner and went for a pin, but Flair managed to get his foot on the rope when the referee Charles Robinson counted to three. After the three count, the referee did not call for the bell as he had noticed Flair's leg on the bottom-rope and restarted the match. The match ended when MVP attempted a Playmaker, but Flair countered the attempt into the figure-four leglock, to which MVP eventually tapped out. Hence, Flair won and kept his career alive.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The second match was between John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) and Chris Jericho. The match began with Jericho trapping Layfield in the Walls of Jericho. JBL got to the ropes, however, and slid out of the ring with Jericho quickly following him. JBL strangled Jericho with the ring ropes and later, plunged him onto the ropes. Jericho recovered and clotheslined JBL out of the ring. When they got in again, JBL threw Jericho into the ring post, as a result of which, Jericho was busted open. JBL tried to take advantage of this situation, but Jericho still fought back. The fight went outside the ring, where JBL began clearing the ECW announce table. Jericho grabbed a steel chair and hit JBL with it. The referee immediately disqualified Jericho, who ignored the fact that he had lost the match and started to strangle JBL with some wires by the ring, in the same process JBL did to Jericho on "Raw".


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The third match was for the World Heavyweight Championship with champion, Edge taking on Rey Mysterio. During the match, Vickie Guerrero stood up from her wheelchair, attempting to comfort Edge. Mysterio had Edge set up for the 619, and Vickie jumped in the way, risking herself. Edge then recovered, and speared Mysterio in mid-air for the pinfall.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The fourth match was between the Intercontinental Champion Jeff Hardy and Randy Orton for Orton's WWE Championship. Early in the match, Hardy performed a baseball slide on Orton who hit head-first into the barricade outside due to the impact. Knowing he couldn't win the WWE Championship via a countout victory, Hardy brought the knocked-out Orton into the ring. Later, Orton took advantage in the match, as he applied a body scissors on Hardy, followed by a choke-hold. Some of the other main highlights of the match were Hardy performing a Whisper in the Wind on Orton; and, later executing a moonsault from the top-rope to Orton outside the ring. When Hardy brought Orton back in the ring and tried to deliver a Twist of Fate, Orton suddenly reversed it into an RKO and pinned Hardy to retain his WWE title.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The main event was the annual Royal Rumble match for a world championship match at WrestleMania XXIV. The match began with The Undertaker and Shawn Michaels, who were the final two superstars in the previous year's Royal Rumble match. Undertaker and Michaels would both last over thirty minutes until Michaels eliminated Undertaker, only to be eliminated himself by Mr. Kennedy. Batista entered at number eight and would last the longest in the match at almost forty minutes. Hall of Famers Jimmy Snuka and Roddy Piper were both surprise entrants during the match, but both were eliminated by Kane. Hornswoggle, the ninth entrant, stayed hidden under the ring throughout most of the match, however he was soon grabbed by Mark Henry and Big Daddy V, prompting Finlay to come out early and attack the two with his shillelagh. Finlay was disqualified for failing to wait for his entry number to be called and he left with Hornswoggle, who never returned. Triple H came out at number twenty-nine and scored the most eliminations with six. Afterwards, John Cena entered as the surprise thirtieth entrant, returning from a torn pectoral muscle injury months before his scheduled return. The ring soon cleared out and the final three came down to Batista, Triple H and Cena. The three would go back and forth trying to eliminate each other until Cena reversed a Batista Bomb attempt which allowed Triple H to eliminate Batista. Triple H and Cena were left as the final two and they traded moves for almost five minutes. The end came when Triple H attempted a Pedigree on Cena, but Cena reversed it and lifted Triple H up for an Attitude Adjustment, which he used to send Triple H over the top rope to eliminate him and win the match, earning the WrestleMania title shot. With this victory, Cena broke the record for spending the least amount of time in the rumble match before winning it, beating Brock Lesnar's 8:59 time by 31 seconds.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The next night on "Raw", John Cena said that he did not want to wait until WrestleMania XXIV to face Randy Orton. The two agreed to face each other at No Way Out for the WWE Championship. In the match, Cena won after Orton intentionally got himself disqualified. As a result, Orton retained the title. At No Way Out, Triple H won Raw's Elimination Chamber match by last pinning Jeff Hardy after a Pedigree on a steel chair, earning the right to face Randy Orton for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania XXIV. At WrestleMania XXIV, Randy Orton retained the WWE Championship against Triple H and John Cena in a triple threat match.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: Rey Mysterio received a rematch against Edge for the World Heavyweight Championship at No Way Out. Edge defeated Mysterio, who had suffered a biceps injury prior to the match. The Undertaker also won SmackDown's Elimination Chamber by pinning Batista last after a Tombstone Piledriver and earned the right to face Edge at WrestleMania XXIV. The Undertaker won the World Heavyweight title from Edge at WrestleMania XXIV via Submission using the Hell's Gate.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: The Ric Flair retirement storyline continued as Flair defeated Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) that same week on "SmackDown" in a rematch, which he won by disqualification. He then faced Mr. Kennedy at No Way Out, defeating Kennedy to further extend his wrestling career. At WrestleMania XXIV, Flair lost to Shawn Michaels, ending Flair's career.


title: Royal Rumble (2008)

text: Hornswoggle spent most of the match under the ring before being forced into the ring by Mark Henry, who would then team up with Big Daddy V to assault him. Finlay, who was supposed to be the next scheduled entrant, came out early and attacked them both with his shillelagh and was immediately disqualified. He left the ring with Hornswoggle, who left through the ropes and never returned.


title: Lambrusco

text: Lambrusco (; ) is the name of both an Italian red wine grape and a wine made principally from said grape. The grapes and the wine originate from four zones in Emilia-Romagna and one in Lombardy―principally around the central provinces of Modena, Parma, Reggio-Emilia, and Mantua. The grape has a long winemaking history, with archaeological evidence indicating that the Etruscans cultivated the vine. In Roman times Lambrusco was highly valued for its productivity and high yields, with Cato the Elder stating that produce of two thirds of an acre could make enough wine to fill 300 amphoras.


title: Lambrusco

text: The most highly rated of its wines are the frizzante (slightly sparkling) red wines, designed to be drunk young, from one of the eight Lambrusco denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) regions: Colli di Parma Lambrusco, Lambrusco Grasparossa di Castelvetro, Lambrusco di Sorbara, Lambrusco Salamino di Santa Croce, Reggiano Lambrusco, Colli di Scandiano e Canossa Lambrusco, Modena Lambrusco, and Lambrusco Mantovano. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s sweet Lambrusco was the biggest selling import wine in the United States. During that time the wine was also produced in a white and rosé style made by limiting the skin contact with the must.


title: Lambrusco

text: The most commonly found six Lambrusco varieties are Lambrusco Grasparossa, Lambrusco Maestri, Lambrusco Marani, Lambrusco Montericco, Lambrusco Salamino, and Lambrusco Sorbara. All of these various Lambrusco grapes are indigenous to Emilia and neither clones nor sub-clones. Most Lambruscos are made from more than one Lambrusco variety and additionally often blended with a number of specific blending grapes (max. 15%), such as Ancellotta (for color), Marzemino, Malbo Gentile, Cabernet Sauvignon (for body and structure), and others. The grape vines are often trained high above the ground to prevent the development of mildew. Historically the vines were trained to climb up poplar trees. The grape itself is not particularly sweet but many of the commercial Lambrusco versions are sweetened by either partial fermentation or with the addition of rectified concentrated grape must. When not fermented sweet, the Lambrusco grape is capable of producing an excellent dry wine with strawberry notes and a slight bitter finish.


title: Lambrusco

text: By the end of the 20th century, ampelographers had identified over 60 varieties of Lambrusco scattered throughout Italy, including in Piedmont, Sicily and the Veneto. The most widely planted variety is Lambrusco Salamino.


title: Lambrusco

text: Today, there are various levels of dryness / sweetness, including "secco" (bone dry / dry), "amabile" (off-dry / sweet) and "dolce" (very sweet). Sweet Lambrusco became hugely popular in the United States in the late 1970s-1980s, reaching a high of over 13 million cases exported to the country in 1985. The wine is noted for high acidity and berry flavors. Many of the wines now exported to the United States include a blend of Lambruscos from the different DOCs and are sold under the "Indicazione Geografica Tipica" (IGT) designation "Emilia".


title: Lambrusco

text: The wine is rarely made in a "champagne" ("metodo classico") style; instead, it is typically made using the Charmat process where a second fermentation is conducted in a pressurized tank.


title: Lambrusco

text: In Australia a number of cheaper bottled and box wines are produced by Australian vineyards and sold as "Lambrusco". They are typically medium-sweet, around 10% ABV and styled as an "easy drinking" product.


title: Shot Marilyns

text: Shot Marilyns is a series of silkscreen paintings produced in 1964 by Andy Warhol, each canvas measuring 40 inches square, and each a portrait of Marilyn Monroe.


title: Shot Marilyns

text: Pop artist Andy Warhol had a fascination with Hollywood and fame. A legend of the silver screen, Marilyn Monroe is widely considered to be the epitome of Hollywood glamour. After her death at the age of 36 in August 1962, Warhol began immortalizing her in his work. "In August '62 I started doing silkscreens... It was all so simple-quick and chancy. I was thrilled with it. My first experiments with screens were heads of Troy Donahue and Warren Beatty, and then when Marilyn Monroe happened to die that month, I got the idea to make screens of her beautiful face — the first "Marilyns"."


title: Shot Marilyns

text: In 1964, Warhol created portraits of Monroe based on a publicity photo for her 1953 film "Niagara". He painted five Marilyn silkscreen portraits with different colored backgrounds: red, orange, light blue, sage blue, and turquoise, and stored them at The Factory, his studio on East 47th Street in Manhattan.


title: Shot Marilyns

text: Dorothy Podber, a performance artist and friend of Factory photographer Billy Name, saw the recently completed paintings stacked against one another at the studio and asked Warhol if she could shoot them. Believing that she intended to photograph the paintings, Warhol agreed. Podber doffed her pair of black gloves, withdrew a small revolver from her purse, and fired a shot into the stack of four paintings, which became known as "The Shot Marilyns." The fifth painting with the turquoise background was not in the stack.


title: Shot Marilyns

text: In the 2002 documentary "How to Draw a Bunny", Name described this event as a "performance piece" by Podber. After she had shot the paintings and left, Andy Warhol purportedly asked Name to please ask Podber not to do that again. She was, however, henceforth barred from The Factory for life.


title: Shot Marilyns

text: "Shot Red Marilyn" was sold to Masao Wanibuchi for $4.1 million at Christie's in 1989. In the midst of an art market recession, he sold it at a loss to Philip Niarchos for $3.6 million in 1994.


title: Shot Marilyns

text: "Orange Marilyn" was bought for $17.3 million by Si Newhouse in 1998. After his death, Kenneth C. Griffin purchased it for around $200 million in 2017.


title: Shot Marilyns

text: "Shot Sage Blue Marilyn" was auctioned by Christie's in New York City on May 9, 2022. It sold for $195 million from the Foundation of Thomas and Doris Ammann. This sale greatly extended the record for a price paid at auction for a work by an American artist set by Jean-Michel Basquiat's 1982 painting "Untitled", which sold for $110.5 million in 2017. It also set the mark for the most expensive work of 20th century art sold in a public sale.


title: Shot Marilyns

text: The purchaser was the American art dealer Larry Gagosian. It has not been disclosed as of yet whether he was buying the work for himself or a secondary party.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns (or Principles), abbreviated GRASP, is a set of "nine fundamental principles in object design and responsibility assignment" first published by Craig Larman in his 1997 book "Applying UML and Patterns".


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: The different patterns and principles used in GRASP are controller, creator, indirection, information expert, low coupling, high cohesion, polymorphism, protected variations, and pure fabrication. All these patterns solve some software problem common to many software development projects. These techniques have not been invented to create new ways of working, but to better document and standardize old, tried-and-tested programming principles in object-oriented design.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: Larman states that "the critical design tool for software development is a mind well educated in design principles. It is not UML or any other technology." Thus, the GRASP principles are really a mental toolset, a learning aid to help in the design of object-oriented software.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: In object-oriented design, a pattern is a named description of a problem and solution that can be applied in new contexts; ideally, a pattern advises us on how to apply its solution in varying circumstances and considers the forces and trade-offs. Many patterns, given a specific category of problem, guide the assignment of responsibilities to objects.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: Information expert (also expert or the expert principle) is a principle used to determine where to delegate responsibilities such as methods, computed fields, and so on.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: Using the principle of information expert, a general approach to assigning responsibilities is to look at a given responsibility, determine the information needed to fulfill it, and then determine where that information is stored.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: This will lead to placing the responsibility on the class with the most information required to fulfill it.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: The creation of objects is one of the most common activities in an object-oriented system. Which class is responsible for creating objects is a fundamental property of the relationship between objects of particular classes.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: Solution: In general, Assign class codice_2 the responsibility to create object codice_1 if one, or preferably more, of the following apply:


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: The controller pattern assigns the responsibility of dealing with system events to a non-UI class that represents the overall system or a use case scenario. A controller object is a non-user interface object responsible for receiving or handling a system event.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: Solution: A "use case controller" should be used to deal with "all" system events of a use case, and may be used for more than one use case. For instance, for the use cases "Create User" and "Delete User", one can have a single class called "UserController", instead of two separate use case controllers. Alternatively a "facade controller" would be used; this applies when the object with responsibility for handling the event represents the overall system or a root object.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: The controller is defined as the first object beyond the UI layer that receives and coordinates ("controls") a system operation. The controller should delegate the work that needs to be done to other objects; it coordinates or controls the activity. It should not do much work itself. The GRASP Controller can be thought of as being a part of the application/service layer (assuming that the application has made an explicit distinction between the application/service layer and the domain layer) in an object-oriented system with common layers in an information system logical architecture.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: The indirection pattern supports low coupling and reuses potential between two elements by assigning the responsibility of mediation between them to an intermediate object. An example of this is the introduction of a controller component for mediation between data (model) and its representation (view) in the model-view-controller pattern. This ensures that coupling between them remains low.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: Problem: Where to assign responsibility, to avoid direct coupling between two (or more) things? How to de-couple objects so that low coupling is supported and reuse potential remains higher? <br>


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: Solution: Assign the responsibility to an intermediate object to mediate between other components or services so that they are not directly coupled. <br>


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: Coupling is a measure of how strongly one element is connected to, has knowledge of, or relies on other elements. Low coupling is an evaluative pattern that dictates how to assign responsibilities for the following benefits:


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: High cohesion is an evaluative pattern that attempts to keep objects appropriately focused, manageable and understandable. High cohesion is generally used in support of low coupling. High cohesion means that the responsibilities of a given set of elements are strongly related and highly focused on a rather specific topic. Breaking programs into classes and subsystems, if correctly done, is an example of activities that increase the cohesive properties of named classes and subsystems. Alternatively, low cohesion is a situation in which a set of elements, of e.g., a subsystem, has too many unrelated responsibilities. Subsystems with low cohesion between their constituent elements often suffer from being hard to comprehend, reuse, maintain and change as a whole.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: According to the polymorphism principle, responsibility for defining the variation of behaviors based on type is assigned to the type for which this variation happens. This is achieved using polymorphic operations. The user of the type should use polymorphic operations instead of explicit branching based on type.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: Solution: When related alternatives or behaviors vary by type (class), assign responsibility for the behavior—using polymorphic operations—to the types for which the behavior varies. (Polymorphism has several related meanings. In this context, it means "giving the same name to services in different objects".)


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: The protected variations pattern protects elements from the variations on other elements (objects, systems, subsystems) by wrapping the focus of instability with an interface and using polymorphism to create various implementations of this interface.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: Problem: How to design objects, subsystems, and systems so that the variations or instability in these elements does not have an undesirable impact on other elements?<br>


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: Solution: Identify points of predicted variation or instability; assign responsibilities to create a stable interface around them.


title: GRASP (object-oriented design)

text: A pure fabrication is a class that does not represent a concept in the problem domain, specially made up to achieve low coupling, high cohesion, and the reuse potential thereof derived (when a solution presented by the "information expert" pattern does not). This kind of class is called a "service" in domain-driven design.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: Born in Sydney, New South Wales, McKenzie attended Wenona School in North Sydney until 1983 then moved to Pymble Ladies' College, where she graduated in 1985 with her Higher School Certificate. Known at school for her fine singing voice, McKenzie was cast as Nancy in "Oliver!" then in "Godspell" (both a co-production with Shore School) and later in "Brigadoon" (a co-production with Knox Grammar School), sharing the stage with Hugh Jackman, who was a student at Knox at the time.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: McKenzie studied for a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of New South Wales. While at university, she began modelling. Represented by Cameron's Management, she worked in both print and television media. She also took regular singing lessons with Australian vocal coach Bob Tasman-Smith. In 1987, McKenzie was cast as the lead in the pilot of television series "All The Way" alongside Ben Mendelsohn, Robert Mammone, Rowena Wallace and Martin Sacks. During this time, she came to the attention of casting agent Liz Mullinar, who had cast Judy Davis in "My Brilliant Career" and Nicole Kidman in "Dead Calm". Following advice from Mullinar, McKenzie auditioned for the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) and was accepted. Opting out of both her arts degree and "All The Way", McKenzie attended NIDA in 1988. She graduated in December 1990.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 1991, McKenzie was awarded "Best Newcomer Award" from the Sydney Theatre Critics Circle, which recognized her chameleon-like ability and her consistently high-calibre work in theatre productions "Child Dancing" (as Julie-Ann), "The Master Builder" (as Kaja), "Twelfth Night" (as Viola) and "Rebecca" (as Mrs de Winter). During rehearsals for "Rebecca", director George Ogilvie allowed McKenzie time off to audition for a new Australian Independent feature film called "Romper Stomper" set to star Russell Crowe. She was subsequently cast in the film and went on to win Best Actress award at the Film Critics Circle of Australia. Russell would later say "Jacqui's range as an actor disappears over the horizon. And I'm not sure it can actually be defined. When I first saw her, in the play "Rebecca", I saw an actor whom I thought was blowing me on the skin from the inside. She is an actor who is both delicate and magical." In her "nothing short of stunning" film debut in "Romper Stomper", McKenzie was described as "especially shining in her courage, truth and skill." The role garnered her attention overseas, where she won Best Actress at the 1992 Stockholm International Film Festival for her "stark and non-sentimental portrayal of a young woman whose life has turned into a desperate chase for all she has lost: love, serenity, identity. Her character plays an essential part in creating the inexorable force and impact of the film." Over the next couple of years, she came to be regarded as one of Australia's most promising young actresses of stage and screen, showcasing a "phenomenal emotional range".


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 1994, McKenzie starred alongside David Wenham, Geoffrey Rush and Richard Roxburgh in Shakespeare's "Hamlet", directed by Neil Armfield, for Belvoir St Theatre, Sydney. This sellout production was a critical, award-winning success with McKenzie's performance "so exquisitely pitched it could have shattered glass". "Jacqueline McKenzie's fragile Ophelia, dressed in cottontails and a tail-coat, turning the stage into a mind-state of shattered glass. Her presence awesomely palpable because of its sheer intangibility." The production went on to tour to Melbourne but McKenzie was unable to continue due to other work commitments. (Cate Blanchett took over the role of Ophelia for the tour).


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: McKenzie's performance in "Hamlet" was followed by her role as Joan of Arc in Bernard Shaw's "Saint Joan", directed by Gale Edwards for the Sydney Theatre Company at the Sydney Opera House. This was the first time Saint Joan had been staged in Australia since the Zoe Caldwell production in 1962. Regarded as one of "the most revealing tests of an actress", and as "the female Hamlet", Edwards' production was both a critical and box office sensation with McKenzie's performance unanimously acclaimed: "This play stands or falls on the performance of St Joan and McKenzie is simply superb." "From the moment she enters, she sets the stage ablaze. McKenzie is a Joan to make the theatrical heavens rejoice... McKenzie offers us Joan in all her innocence, ignorance, joyful goodness that seems to light her from within and, almost until the end, a youthful sense of fun. Her slight stature can seem waif thin, piteously vulnerable; but raging into battle she's tough and sturdy, a young woman of intense and convincing action. Always in focus, like an unwavering flame, is McKenzie's Joan the Maid" and "Here is a Joan with such fortitude and faith that seems hardly possible to exist within such a delicate frame. McKenzie's waif-like image conceals remarkable strength, and an almost inexhaustible supply of emotion. It is a Joan to inspire the tamest among us to stand up as individuals, and listen to the voices inside of us. Shaw himself would have been reluctantly impressed."


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: Described by head of NIDA, John Clarke, as "A chameleon" "one of the most talented actresses we have produced... she's an absolute dynamo, a powerhouse," McKenzie had fast earned a reputation as one of the most versatile actresses of her generation, taking on varied and often difficult roles. Equally adept in drama or comedy, she was described as the "Judy Davis of her generation (or funnily enough, the green eyed American actor Meg Ryan)" In 1992, Ben Elton cast her as the lead role of "Rachel", the feisty environmentalist, in the television adaptation of his hit novel "Stark". The mini-series was a BBC/ABC comedy, was directed by Nadia Tass and co-starred Ben Elton and Colin Friels. McKenzie received an Australian Film Institute Award nomination for Best Actress in a Miniseries for the role. The same year (1993), she scored a Best Actress in a Feature Film nomination for her comedic turn in the indie comedy, "This Won't Hurt a Bit", playing Vanessa Presscott, a nerdy English ingénue with a speech impediment. In 1994, McKenzie reunited with director George Ogilvie (who had directed her in "Rebecca" and "Twelfth Night") to play the lead role of Dancy Smith in the adaptation of Kylie Tennant's famous depression-era drama "The Battlers". The mini-series co-starred Gary Sweet and played on the Seven Network. McKenzie was nominated again for Best Actress in a TV Drama at the Australian Film Institute 1994 awards. That same year, McKenzie was also nominated for Best Supporting Actress in the feature film "Traps", directed by Pauline Chan. Playing the French girl living in Colonial Vietnam, McKenzie got to showcase her versatility by speaking in both French and Vietnamese for the role.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 1995, McKenzie made Australian Film Institute history by winning the Beyond Best Actress in a Leading Role for "Angel Baby" and the Beyond Best Actress Award in a TV Drama for "Halifax f.p.": Lies of the Mind. She also won the Silver Logie for Most Outstanding Actress at the Logie Awards for her role in "Halifax f.p." It was for playing the young lover Kate, opposite John Lynch's Harry in the Michael Rymer–helmed drama "Angel Baby", that McKenzie received international acclaim: The "LA Weekly" reviewed: "McKenzie is a find. Whether using answers on the Wheel of Fortune as a kind of daily horoscope, or cringing in terror as the upright legs of chairs in an empty restaurant seem to whisper at her, she is blazingly equal to the extremes of animal panic and hyperconscious insight that are the north and south of this movie's humane compass." "Angel Baby" also featured actress Deborra-Lee Furness and Colin Friels. In 1996, McKenzie was awarded Australian Star of the Year at the Australian Movie Convention.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: McKenzie ventured to the US, where she starred in the films "Deep Blue Sea" (1999) directed by Renny Harlin with Samuel L. Jackson, Thomas Jane and Michael Rapaport; "Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood" (2002) with Sandra Bullock, Ashley Judd, Ellen Burstyn, Kiersten Warren and James Garner; "Freak Weather", with Aida Turturro and John Carroll Lynch; "Love from Ground Zero" with Simon Baker and Pruitt Taylor Vince, as well as tele-movie "When Billie Beat Bobby", starring Holly Hunter and Ron Silver. She starred in the UK independent films "Eisenstein" with Simon McBurney and "Kiss Kiss (Bang Bang)" with Stellan Skarsgård, Chris Penn and Paul Bettany.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 2001, McKenzie was given a United States green card in March 2001 for "Person of Extraordinary Ability". She made her US theatre debut, starring as Rita in Willy Russell's "Educating Rita", at the Williamstown Theatre Festival directed by Bruce Paltrow and co-starring Edward Herrmann. It was a huge success. "This production had the inexhaustible talents of Jacqueline McKenzie, an utterly charming and irrepressible Australian, whose cockney accent was spot on and characterization was full-cocked. Bursting onto the stage like a fire-engine responding to a five-alarm conflagration, McKenzie was a dynamo with enough energy to fill simultaneous performances of this and Pygmalion (a sure bet for her if the WTF wants to bring her back – and it should). Suffice to say, hers will surely be among the most memorable and reason enough to revive "Rita"."


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: She was cast as a lead in the US television pilot for ABC called "MEDS" (later "MDs"), directed by Michael Hoffman and starring John Hannah. She played Dockdaisy in the National Actors Theatre / Complicite co-production of "The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui", by Bertolt Brecht. Directed by Simon McBurney this cast included Al Pacino, Steve Buscemi, Chazz Palminteri, John Goodman, Paul Giamatti, Billy Crudup, Lothaire Bluteau, Linda Emond, Tony Randall and Charles Durning. After this production, McKenzie returned to Australia to star as Catherine in the Pulitzer Prize Winning play "Proof" by David Auburn. Directed by George Ogilvie and starring Barry Otto, Christina Eliason, and Jonny Pasvolsky, this "tour de force from McKenzie" broke all previously held box office records at the Sydney Opera House, Drama Theatre. Mckenzie followed the success of "Proof" by taking the lead role of Jude in the Australian feature film "Peaches", starring Hugo Weaving and Emma Lung. Directed by Craig Monahan, the role garnered McKenzie a Best Actress Award from the Film Critics Circle of Australia with her performance described as a "revelation": "never more so than in the scene where she sings 'The Carnival Is Over' across a pub counter." From "Peaches", McKenzie began work with Paul Cox ("Man of Flowers", "Innocence") in the feature film "Human Touch" starring as a young chorister estranged from her husband: "McKenzie makes Anna's sensual awakening both sensual and real".


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 2004, McKenzie made the switch to prime-time television in a role that would catapult her to international stardom. Cast as the lead female detective Diana Skouris in the US prime-time science fiction television series "The 4400" from Executive Producer Francis Ford Coppola, McKenzie was cast alongside Joel Gretsch ("Taken", "Minority Report") – an onscreen partnership oft likened to Mulder and Scully. Directed by Yves Simoneau with show runner Ira Steven Behr (""), "The 4400" was the highest-rated debut on US cable for 2004, earning a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Best Mini-Series. The show ran on the USA Network for four seasons, ending in 2007. In 2006, McKenzie also starred as Linda Landry in "Umney's Last Case" opposite William H. Macy – the third episode of "Nightmares and Dreamscapes" on TNT. In 2008, McKenzie starred as psychiatrist Veronica Hayden-Jones in the 13-part series "Mental" on the Fox Network, which was filmed at Fox Telecolombia in Bogotá, Colombia. Starring Annabella Sciorra, this was the first American television series to be filmed in Latin America for international markets. McKenzie guest starred in "Desperate Housewives", "Without a Trace", "", "Hawaii 5-0" and the Australian TV series "Rake". She was cast as Emma Waddell in the Jeremy Sims–directed feature film "Beneath Hill 60" and starred in the 2010 season finale of "" alongside former "Deep Blue Sea" castmate LL Cool J.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 2011, Cate Blanchett and Andrew Upton, the co-artistic directors of the Sydney Theatre Company, invited McKenzie to star in their production of Sarah Ruhl's "In the Next Room (or The Vibrator Play)" at the Sydney Opera House, Drama Theatre. Co-starring Mandy McElhinney, this production went on tour to Melbourne Theatre Company, Wollongong, Canberra and Parramatta Riverside Theatre, earning McKenzie a Best Actress nomination at the Green Room Awards for her role as Mrs Givings. This was McKenzie's first play since her critically acclaimed turn as Catherine in David Auburn's Pulitzer Prize–winning play "Proof", which sold out at the Sydney Opera House in 2003.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 2012, she accepted Cate Blanchett and Andrew Upton's invitation to star in the Australian premiere of the two-hander "Sex With Strangers" by American playwright Laura Eason ("House of Cards") for the Sydney Theatre Company. This critically acclaimed production co-starred Ryan Corr and was directed by Jocelyn Moorhouse. An award-winning director of many films including "How to Make an American Quilt", this was Jocelyn's first play.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 2013, McKenzie starred in the seminal role of Margaret (a.k.a. Maggie) in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" by Tennessee Williams for Belvoir St., directed by Simon Stone, co-starring Ewen Leslie (as Brick) and Marshall Napier (as Big Daddy). A sell-out production with an extension season at the Theatre Royal, Sydney, McKenzie's performance, in the role that made Elizabeth Taylor famous, was highly acclaimed: "Jacqueline McKenzie has far more scope in this play than she had in the recent "Sex with Strangers" to display her mesmerizing and neurasthenic talents that are so reminiscent of the early Judy Davis. She squirms, hops, skips and flops through the drama with a manic intensity that is breathtaking to watch from the first scene when she works her way through about a dozen changes of clothing and many pairs of 'hot' shoes during her long and intense opening monologue" and "McKenzie has been playing some major roles in Sydney recently but here is a great one, finally worthy of her ability, and she rises to it magnificently. Her Maggie is full of feverish energy, and hard-won, hard-edged glamour that a woman who has clawed herself up out of poverty to become the wife of the descendant of a crass but very rich family might be expected to display. She is better than them. She is beautiful, her smile is always bright but brief glimpses of self-doubt betray her origins, and her eyes betray her desperation." "This is a good production, made great by McKenzie's beautiful performance."


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: McKenzie returned to the Sydney Opera House in 2014 to play Liza in Andrew Upton's adaptation of the Gorky classic "Children of the Sun" for the Sydney Theatre Company. Co-starring with Justine Clarke and Toby Truslove, under the direction of Kip Williams, the production was immensely successful, garnering McKenzie a nomination for Best Actress at the 2014 Sydney Theatre Awards.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 2014, McKenzie reunited with her "Romper Stomper" co-star, Russell Crowe, to perform in his feature-film-directing debut, "The Water Diviner", in which he also stars. With a handpicked cast that included Yılmaz Erdoğan, Olga Kurylenko, Ryan Corr, Jai Courtney, Steve Bastoni and Cem Yılmaz, "The Water Diviner" was nominated for eight AACTA awards including Best Supporting Actress in a feature film for McKenzie, who played the role of Russell's grieving wife Lizzie. For this performance, McKenzie won Best Supporting Actress at the 2014 Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: Films to be released: "Force of Destiny", written and directed by Paul Cox and starring David Wenham and Shahana Goswami. This will premiere at the Melbourne International Film Festival; "Fell", written and directed by Kasimir Burgess and starring Matt Nable and Daniel Henshall.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 2015, McKenzie starred alongside Richard Roxburgh and Cate Blanchett in the Sydney Theatre Company production of "The Present", by Anton Chekhov. Adapted by Andrew Upton, this production was directed by John Crowley. That production moved in 2016/17 to the Ethel Barrymore Theatre in Manhattan for the Broadway debut of McKenzie and the rest of the cast. She also starred as Orlando in the Sarah Ruhl play "Orlando", based on by Virginia Woolf (made famous by the 1992 film directed by Sally Potter and starring Tilda Swinton). Directed by Sarah Goodes, "Orlando" ran at the Sydney Opera House for the Sydney Theatre Company.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: McKenzie was nominated for Best Actress in "Orlando" and Best Supporting Actress in "The Present" at the 2015 Sydney Theatre Awards.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 2016, McKenzie reunited with her former "Stark!" co-star Ben Elton for his romantic comedy "Three Summers" filming in Perth. The ensemble also featured Robert Sheean, Magda Szubanski, Michael Caton and Rebecca Breeds.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: McKenzie starred as Jane Chandler in Australian feature film "The Gateway" in October 2016. Written by Michael White and directed by John Soto, the sci-fi film also starred Myles Pollard and Ben Mortley. The film follows the journey of a particle physicist who, grieving over the loss of her husband in a car crash, uses a revolutionary machine to bring him back with dire consequences for her family.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In May 2017, SBS announced that McKenzie had been cast in their new four-part drama "Safe Harbour" about a group of Australians who come across a boat of refugees whilst sailing on vacation. The mini-series, produced by Matchbox Pictures, also stars Phoebe Tonkin, Ewen Leslie and Joel Jackson.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In June 2017 McKenzie began filming Luke Sparke's movie "Occupation (film)" with Charles Mesure, Temeura Morrison and Dan Ewing about a group of town residents banding together after a devastating ground invasion.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In August 2017, McKenzie started shooting the TV series "Romper Stomper", a follow-up to the 1992 cult classic movie in which she starred with Russell Crowe. The series, conceived and directed by Geoffrey Wright (creator of the original film) and produced by John Edwards, premiered on Australian streaming platform Stan on New Years Day 2018, breaking all records for original content. The series is due to air in the United Kingdom on the BBC later in 2018. For her role in the series McKenzie was awarded a Logie for Most Outstanding Supporting Actress at the Logie Awards of 2018.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: At the CinefestOZ awards in August 2017, McKenzie was honoured with the Screen Legend Award, recognising her contribution and excellence in the film industry.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: Starred alongside Sam Neill, Greta Scacchi and Bryan Brown in the movie "Palm Beach (2019)" . This was directed by Rachel Ward.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: Reunited with friends from drama school, Essie Davis and Daniel Lapaine, on the hit film "Miss Fisher and the Crypt of Tears" (a spinoff of the series Miss Fisher Murder Mysteries)


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: 2019 saw Jacqueline return to the Sydney Theatre Company to play Alice in Lucy Kirkwood's "Mosquitoes" (play) at the Sydney Opera House. In 2020, she starred in series 2 of the Stan original series "Bloom" alongside Jackie Weaver and Bryan Brown. She also reprised her award-winning role "Sharon Sinclair", from the series "Halifax f.p.," in the reboot .


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 2021, McKenzie appeared with Annabelle Wallis in James Wan's horror film "Malignant", and starred alongside Jane Seymour in Australia feature film "Ruby's Choice".


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: McKenzie's hobbies include composing and recording music. Past collaborators include Vic Levak (Balligomingo) who co-wrote "Shy Baby" and Jim Hayden (Electrasy). When her "4400" co-star Joel Gretsch heard her song "Shy Baby", he took it to the producers of the show and as a result, it was used in the second-season finale "Mommy's Bosses" of "The 4400". "Shy Baby" went on to be included in "The 4400" soundtrack CD, released in April 2007.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: An avid painter (since working with Aaron Blabey on the Paul Cox film "The Human Touch"), McKenzie's paintings have appeared in several publications, including "Venice Magazine" and "OK!".


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In the Fox TV series "Mental", her paintings became set dressing, adorning the walls of her character's office in the final episodes of the show.


title: Jacqueline McKenzie

text: In 1996, a portrait of McKenzie by Australian narrative painter Garry Shead was a finalist in the Archibald Prize and the Doug Moran National Portrait Prize.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Ibrahim Afellay (Riffian-Berber: ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⴻⵍⴰⵢ; born 2 April 1986) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder or winger.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: He played youth football at Elinkwijk before joining the PSV Eindhoven youth academy at age 10. After debuting in 2004, he represented PSV for eight seasons, helping them to four Eredivisie titles before moving to Barcelona for €3 million in January 2011. Rarely used by Barcelona and marred by injury, he was loaned to Schalke 04 and Olympiacos before signing for Stoke City in 2015. Afellay spent three seasons with Stoke before ending his career back at PSV.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Making his Netherlands national team debut in 2007, Afellay appeared at the 2010 World Cup, contributing to the Dutch side finishing in second place in the tournament. He was also present at Euro 2008 and Euro 2012, making over 50 appearances in total.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Afellay is of Riffian descent; his parents left their hometown Al Hoceima in the 1960s to work in the Netherlands. He grew up in Overvecht, a neighbourhood in Utrecht with a large immigrant population. Afellay and his brother, Ali, were brought up by their mother, Habiba, after his father died when he was young.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Afellay left Elinkwijk in 1996 for PSV. Afellay's official debut for PSV was on 4 February 2004 during a KNVB Cup match against NAC Breda at the age of 17. His first Eredivisie fixture followed ten days later against FC Twente. Afellay played one more senior match in the 2003–04 season. He signed a new contract at PSV in May that would run until 2007. In the next season, Afellay got a place in the first eleven against Roda JC in December. But during the winter break training camp in Dubai, he suffered a broken toe. Afellay was unable to play for three months. He played nine matches in total in the 2004–05 season; his most memorable being PSV's final home match against Feyenoord (2–4). Afellay scored twice and provided an assist in the match. He also won the KNVB Cup after appearing as a substitute in the final against Willem II, which PSV won 4–0.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: In the 2005–06 season, Afellay established himself as a first-team regular at PSV. He formed a midfield partnership with Timmy Simons and Phillip Cocu. In his first four matches (Johan Cruijff Shield and league), Afellay received four yellow cards, resulting in an immediate suspension. In September, Afellay made his Champions League debut against Schalke 04 (1–0 win). Overall, he managed to play a total of 23 league matches during a season hit with a string of minor injuries. PSV won the Eredivisie in 2006; Afellay's second title in a row. In the next season, he played 27 league matches and scored six goals for PSV. The team won the Eredivisie on a single goal difference after defeating Vitesse (5–1) in the last league round. Afellay made the third goal of the match. For his performances that year, Afellay was awarded the Johan Cruijff Award for being the most promising youngster in The Netherlands.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Afellay started the 2007–08 season well by scoring the first goal and assisted the second in the away match against Heracles Almelo (0–2). A month later, a broken toe forced Afellay into a two-month recovery. He extended his contract until 2011 in December. Afellay played 24 Eredivisie matches in the 2007–08 season. He missed second-to-final match against FC Twente in which PSV could seal the championship, but the team failed to do so. The league title was eventually won in the last match against Vitesse with Afellay in the team. The start of the 2008–09 season was troublesome for Afellay when he received less holiday then desired after Euro 2008. His season started well though, with the Johan Cruyff Shield victory against Feyenoord (0–2) and three goals in the opening two Eredivisie matches. Afellay scored 13 league goals in total, including the only goal in the home match against Feyenoord in December. The 2008–09 season, in which PSV finished fourth, ended prematurely after he suffered an injury in April.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: For the 2009–10 season, Afellay shifted to a more defensive midfield position under new coach Fred Rutten. In February, Afellay was promoted to second captain of the team. But because first captain Timmy Simons was mostly on the bench that season, Afellay was effectively the new captain. In March, Afellay received a three-match ban after video evidence showed foul play against Eyong Enoh in the match against Ajax. PSV and Afellay ended the Eredivisie season in third. In the summer, he was officially appointed as team captain. In October, Afellay announced he would not sign a new contract with PSV. With the contract nearing its end, PSV was willing to sell in the winter break. On 15 November, it was FC Barcelona who agreed on a deal with PSV. Afellay signed a contract for four-and-a-half years. In his last PSV match against Roda JC, he was granted a farewell by the fans.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: After completing the €3 million transfer, Afellay signed a contract for four and a half years at FC Barcelona. He made his Blaugrana debut on 5 January 2011 in the Copa del Rey match against Athletic Bilbao, replacing David Villa in injury time. He continued to play 28 Barcelona matches in his first season, of which 18 were as a substitute. Afellay was given his first start on 19 January 2011 against Real Betis in the Copa del Rey. His first goal also occurred in the Copa del Rey against UD Almería in February. Afellay scored his first league goal in a 3–1 away win against Málaga CF on the last day of the season. The 2010–11 season ended in the title win for Barcelona and the fifth league championship for Afellay overall. He made his Champions League-debut for Barcelona against Arsenal and went on to appear in the quarter-finals against Shakthar and the semi-finals against Real Madrid. He assisted Lionel Messi to score the opening goal of Barcelona's 2–0 away victory over Madrid. Afellay and Barcelona eventually won the Champions League after beating Manchester United (3–1). Afellay came on in the 90th minute of the final.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Afellay had a minor hamstring injury in the 2011–12 pre-season, therefore missing out on the Supercopa de España matches against Real Madrid. He returned in time for one Champions League and one La Liga match before suffering an anterior cruciate ligament injury during training in September. After undergoing surgery, Afellay went through a seven-month recovery period. On 29 April, he returned to the field as a substitute in the 71st minute replacing teammate Sergio Busquets against Rayo Vallecano on a 7–0 away trashing win for the Catalan side. Although he appeared in two more La Liga fixtures, manager Pep Guardiola did not call-up Afellay for the major matches against Chelsea and Real Madrid.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: In the build-up for the 2012–13 season, Barcelona manager Tito Vilanova notified Afellay of his decreased playing time in the upcoming year. It prompted him to accept a loan offer from FC Schalke 04 on 31 August. He was reunited with Jefferson Farfán and coach Huub Stevens. Afellay made his debut the next day against FC Augsburg. He scored four goals at Schalke, including the opening goal in the Revierderby against Borussia Dortmund (1–2) and a goal against Arsenal in the Champions League. Afellay played his last Schalke match on 10 November; he picked up a muscle injury in a Dutch national team friendly against Germany a few days later. The injury prevented Afellay from playing until January, when he suffered a similar muscle strain in a friendly against Al Sadd SC. With the recovery this time taking the remainder of the season, Afellay returned to The Netherlands after expressing his discontent with the medical treatment at Schalke 04. Although both parties kept in contact, Afellay did not return to Gelsenkirchen anymore after the injury; a move that led to criticism from Schalke's general manager Horst Heldt.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Afellay returned to Spain in May to evaluate his problems with the FC Barcelona medical staff. He decided to start training two weeks earlier than the rest of the squad in order to focus on his recovery. But in August, Afellay had to undergo another surgery on a thigh injury in Barcelona, sidelining him for another four months. Although he was originally not given a squad number, Barcelona assigned Afellay the number 19 jersey after the transfer window deadline had passed.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: On 10 August 2014 Olympiacos announced the acquisition of Afellay on a season long deal. He scored his first goal in the Superleague on his debut on 23 August, receiving the ball in the 32nd minute following a pass from Alejandro Domínguez. Afellay enjoyed a successful season in Greece with Olympiacos as they won the league and cup double. At the end of the 2014–15 season, he was released by Barcelona after his injury hit stay at the club.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Afellay joined Premier League side Stoke City on a two-year contract on 27 July 2015. He made his debut on 9 August, in a 1–0 defeat against Liverpool at the Britannia Stadium, playing 78 minutes before making way for Peter Odemwingie. He was sent-off against West Bromwich Albion on 29 August 2015, for slapping Craig Gardner. He scored his first goal for Stoke on 1 December 2015 in a 2–0 League Cup victory against Sheffield Wednesday. Afellay scored his first Premier League goal on 13 February 2016 in a 3–1 win against AFC Bournemouth. He scored his second Premier League goal on his 30th birthday in a 2–2 draw with Swansea City on 2 April 2016. On 22 April 2016 Afellay suffered a serious knee injury in training, ruling him out for up to eight months. In total Afellay played 36 times for Stoke in 2015–16 scoring three goals as the side finished in ninth position.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Afellay made his return from injury against Liverpool on 27 December 2016. Afellay signed a two-year contract extension with Stoke on 2 March 2017. He suffered another injury in April 2017 and under went knee surgery. Afellay managed to make 13 appearances in 2016–17, of which 3 were starts as Stoke finished in 13th position. He returned from injury in September 2017 but was unable to establish himself in Mark Hughes' in 2017–18 team making just six appearances. Afellay then had a training ground bust up with new manager Paul Lambert in March 2018 and was told to stay away from the club. Afellay returned to the club for pre-season ahead of the 2018–19 season and scored in a friendly against Walsall but suffered another long term knee injury. His contract with Stoke was terminated by mutual consent on 28 January 2019.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: On 31 January 2021, Afellay announced his retirement from professional football. He stated: "What I wanted has not happened. But I am at peace with it. You know that this moment will come sooner or later. It's fine like this."


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Afellay and his family are Riffian Dutch. After both the Moroccan and the Dutch national teams managers selected him for their squads, he was caught in the dilemma to either play for the Moroccan national team, because of his Moroccan descent, or to play for the Dutch team, the Netherlands being his place of birth and residence. He ultimately decided to play for the Dutch national team despite the heavy competition for places in midfield. He made his international debut in a Euro 2008 qualifier against Slovenia on 28 March 2007. He played in the 2008 European Championships as a substitute. Just seconds after replacing Dirk Kuyt in the group match against Italy he nearly scored a goal but his shot hit the top of the crossbar. In their last group match against Romania, he was given a place in the starting eleven alongside Arjen Robben in midfield. On 12 October 2010, Afellay scored his first international goals in a Euro 2012 qualifier against Sweden.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Afellay was part of the Dutch team for the 2010 World Cup managed by Bert van Marwijk. The player came on as a substitute for their first and second matches in the competition, a 2–0 victory over Denmark and 1–0 victory over Japan respectively, as well as the round of 16 match against Slovakia.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

text: Despite being injured for most of the 2011–12 season, he was included in the Netherlands' Euro 2012 squad. On 2 June 2012, Afellay scored two goals in a 6–0 friendly win over Northern Ireland, which was the Netherlands' final match ahead of the tournament. In the first match of the tournament, his team suffered a 1–0 loss to Denmark. He was part of the starting eleven against Germany as well. After the second loss, the head coach Bert van Marwijk decided to replace him with Rafael van der Vaart.


title: Patrick Surtain II

text: Patrick Frank Surtain II ( ; born April 14, 2000) is an American football cornerback for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Alabama and was drafted ninth overall by the Broncos in the 2021 NFL Draft. He is the son of former NFL player Patrick Surtain.


title: Patrick Surtain II

text: Surtain II attended American Heritage School in Plantation, Florida. He was coached by his father, Patrick Surtain, who played in the National Football League (NFL). Surtain II played in the 2018 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. A five-star recruit, he committed to play college football at the University of Alabama in 2018.


title: Patrick Surtain II

text: As a true freshman at Alabama in 2018, Surtain II started 12 games and recorded 37 tackles and an interception. He returned to Alabama as a starter in 2019.


title: Patrick Surtain II

text: As a sophomore in 2019, he totaled 42 tackles, three forced fumbles, eight pass breakups, two interceptions (24 return yards), a fumble recovery, and one quarterback pressure.


title: Patrick Surtain II

text: In 2020, he again returned as a starter at cornerback, earning several preseason All-American honors.


title: Patrick Surtain II

text: The Denver Broncos selected Surtain in the first round, with the ninth overall pick, of the 2021 NFL Draft. On May 18, 2021, Surtain signed his four-year rookie contract with Denver, worth $20.9 million.


title: Patrick Surtain II

text: During Week 2 on September 19, 2021, making his first career start due to an injury to Ronald Darby, Surtain recorded his first career interception off of fellow rookie Trevor Lawrence in a 23–13 road victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars.


title: Patrick Surtain II

text: In Week 12, Surtain had five tackles, two interceptions, including a 70-yard pick-six in a 28-13 win over the Los Angeles Chargers, earning AFC Defensive Player of the Week.


title: Patrick Surtain II

text: Surtain was named to the 2021 All-Rookie Team by Pro Football Focus and the Pro Football Writers of America.


title: A Private War

text: A Private War is a 2018 American biographical war drama film directed by Matthew Heineman, and starring Rosamund Pike as journalist Marie Colvin. The film is based on the 2012 article "Marie Colvin’s Private War" in "Vanity Fair" by Marie Brenner. The film was written by Arash Amel and features Jamie Dornan, Tom Hollander and Stanley Tucci.


title: A Private War

text: The film premiered at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in the United States on November 2, 2018. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised Pike's performance. At the 76th Golden Globe Awards, the film earned nominations for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama (Pike) and Best Original Song ("Requiem for A Private War"), while director Matthew Heineman received a nomination for Outstanding Directorial Achievement of a First Time Feature Film Director from the Directors Guild of America.


title: A Private War

text: Marie Colvin is an American journalist for "The Sunday Times", visiting the most dangerous countries and documenting their civil wars.


title: A Private War

text: In 2001, while trekking with the Tamil Tigers, Colvin and her crew are ambushed by the Sri Lankan Army. Despite her attempt to surrender, an RPG fires in her direction, wounding her to the point that she loses her left eye. Afterward, Colvin decides to wear an eyepatch.


title: A Private War

text: Diagnosed with PTSD, Colvin is still determined to look for new stories, and argues with her boss, Sean Ryan, about conflicts she wants to cover, including Iraq, where she meets war photographer Paul Conroy, and Libya. She lives in London when not traveling the world, and begins a relationship with Tony Shaw (Stanley Tucci).


title: A Private War

text: In February 2012, Conroy and Colvin decide to cover the conflict in the city of Homs, where they find 28,000 Syrian men, women, and children caught in the crossfire. After Conroy and Colvin send their story to Ryan, Colvin decides to broadcast to CNN to bring awareness to civilian casualties. As Marie, Paul, and another reporter, Rémi Ochlik, flee the building they had used as a media centre, the street is peppered with explosions. Paul, injured and shellshocked, wakes to find Colvin and Ochlik killed from the explosions and subsequent pile-up of rubble.


title: A Private War

text: The movie ends with imagery of the devastated city of Homs, followed by an interview of the real Marie Colvin, with the quote: "You're never going to get to where you're going if you acknowledge fear."


title: A Private War

text: The film was produced in Jordan and London, and was shot by Robert Richardson. It features an original song by Annie Lennox, entitled "Requiem for A Private War".


title: A Private War

text: In February 2018, Aviron Pictures acquired distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2018, and had its European premiere at the Mayor's Gala in the BFI London Film Festival. It also screened at the Mill Valley Film Festival, Hamptons International Film Festival, and the Woodstock Film Festival. The film was released on November 2, 2018, in limited release, before expanding nationwide on November 16, 2018. "A Private War" was released in the UK and Ireland on 15 February 2019.


title: A Private War

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of , based on reviews, and the average score is . The website's critical consensus reads: ""A Private War" honors its real-life subject with a sober appraisal of the sacrifices required of journalists on the front lines—and career-best work by Rosamund Pike." On review aggregator Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Impossible Foods

text: Impossible Foods Inc. is a company that develops plant-based substitutes for meat products. The company's signature product, the Impossible Burger, was launched in July 2016. In partnership with Burger King, Impossible Whoppers were released across the United States by summer 2019. The company also makes plant-based sausage and chicken products.


title: Impossible Foods

text: Impossible Foods was founded by Patrick O. Brown in 2011. In July 2016, the company launched its first meat analogue product, the Impossible Burger, which is made from material derived from plants. The company says that making it uses 95% less land and 74% less water, and it emits about 87% less greenhouse gas than making a ground beef burger patty from cows. The plant-based burger has more protein, less total fat, no cholesterol, and less food energy than a similar-sized hamburger patty made with beef. It contains more sodium and more saturated fats than an unseasoned beef patty. The Impossible Burger received Kosher certification in May 2018 and Halal certification in December 2018.


title: Impossible Foods

text: On January 7, 2019, Impossible Foods introduced the Impossible Burger 2.0. In July 2020, Impossible Burger patties became available at Trader Joe's and about 2,100 Walmart locations in the United States.


title: Impossible Foods

text: Unlike most plant-based products intended to emulate meat, the Impossible Burger contains heme. Heme is the molecule that gives blood its red color and helps carry oxygen in living organisms. Heme is abundant in animal muscle tissue and is also found naturally in all living organisms. Plants, particularly nitrogen-fixing plants and legumes, also contain heme. The plant-based heme molecule is identical to the heme molecule found in meat.


title: Impossible Foods

text: To produce heme protein from non-animal sources, Impossible Foods selected the leghemoglobin molecule found naturally in the roots of soy plants. To make it in large quantities, the company's scientists genetically engineered a yeast and used a fermentation process very similar to the brewing process used to make some types of beer. In 2014, Impossible Foods declared leghemoglobin is Generally Recognized As Safe after testing under FDA oversight, and filed updates with the FDA in 2017 and 2018. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a "no questions" letter in July 2018, accepting the unanimous conclusion of a panel of food-safety experts that the protein that carries heme is safe to eat. This acceptance letter was limited to products cooked in restaurants because soy leghemoglobin required safety review as a new food colorant for uncooked products. An FDA rule change that accepted the colorant and allows the sale of Impossible Burgers in grocery stores took effect on September 4, 2019.


title: Impossible Foods

text: LightLife, a brand of meat analogues, criticized its competitors Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods in an open letter published in "The New York Times", asking that these companies reduce their use of "hyperprocessed" ingredients. Impossible Foods responded by calling it a "disingenuous, desperate disinformation campaign".


title: Impossible Foods

text: The Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF), a nonprofit advocacy group that has received funding from the meat industry, has targeted Impossible Foods and other meat analogue producers through advertising, including a commercial during Super Bowl LIV, criticizing meat analogues for using additives. Impossible Foods quickly answered with a parody commercial.


title: Impossible Foods

text: In 2016 and 2017, Impossible Foods produced Impossible Burgers in both Redwood City, California, and at Rutgers University in New Jersey. Since the production was in relatively small quantities, the burgers were not available at retail locations. Impossible Foods also worked on plant-based products that emulated chicken, pork, fish, and dairy, but decided to concentrate on creating a substitute for the ground beef in burger patties.


title: Impossible Foods

text: The restaurant Momofuku Nishi in New York, owned by David Chang, began serving the Impossible Burger in July 2016. In October 2016, the Impossible Burger became a standing menu item in selected additional restaurants in California, such as "Jardinière" and "Cockscomb" in San Francisco, and "Crossroads Kitchen" in Los Angeles. The Michelin-starred restaurant Public, operated by Brad Farmerie, began serving the Impossible Burger in January 2017.


title: Impossible Foods

text: In March 2017, Impossible Foods announced it would build its first large-scale plant in Oakland, California, to produce 1 million pounds of plant-based burger meat per month. In the first half of 2017, the Impossible Burger debuted on the menu of multi-unit franchises including Bareburger in New York City, Umami Burger in California, and Hopdoddy in Texas. In April 2018, White Castle started serving Impossible Burgers. The partnership with White Castle eventually expanded to include all 377 of its locations.


title: Impossible Foods

text: By July 2018, two years after its debut in New York, the Impossible Burger was available at about 3,000 locations in the United States and Hong Kong. By the end of 2018, 5,000 restaurants across all 50 states included the burger on their menus.


title: Impossible Foods

text: In April 2019, Burger King began test marketing an Impossible Whopper using the patty at locations around St. Louis. Later that month, the company announced plans to roll out Impossible Whoppers nationwide before the end of the year. In August, it was officially made available nationwide.


title: Impossible Foods

text: The Impossible Burger became available in grocery stores for the first time in October 2019, at Gelson's stores, which are only in Southern California. As of May 2020, Impossible Burgers were also available at Fairway Market, Wegman's, Jewel-Osco, Vons, Pavilions, Albertsons in California and Nevada, Safeway in California and Nevada, and various chains owned by Kroger. In April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the FDA started allowing restaurants to sell Impossible beef substitute to consumers, with an additional printed-out sheet satisfying label requirements.


title: Impossible Foods

text: In May 2019, Little Caesars began testing the Impossible Supreme pizza in Florida, New Mexico, and Washington state. The pizza features Impossible Foods' first plant-based sausage product, which CEO Patrick Brown claimed had involved the development of 50 prototype sausage products before Little Caesars began offering it to the public.


title: Impossible Foods

text: Impossible sausage sandwiches are being sold at many restaurants, including Burger King and Starbucks.


title: Impossible Foods

text: Impossible Foods has raised rounds of $75 million and $108 million from investors including Google Ventures, Khosla Ventures, Viking Global Investors, UBS, Hong Kong billionaire Li Ka-shing's Horizons Ventures, and Bill Gates. It was reported that Patrick Brown had turned down an offer of $300 million to buy out Impossible Foods in 2015.


title: Impossible Foods

text: In August 2017, $75 million in additional financing was raised after reaching key objectives, with Bill Gates investing additional money. In April 2018, an additional $114 million was raised, led by Singapore’s Temasek Holdings and Hong Kong-based Sailing Capital, bringing the total to $372 million. In May 2019, the company raised $300 million of investment. The total valuation of the company raised to $2 billion. On March 16, 2020, another $500 million was raised.


title: Impossible Foods

text: In total, Impossible Foods has raised $1.3 billion over 12 rounds of funding. In August of 2020, the company raised another $200 Million USD in an internal round led by existing investor Coatue.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: The tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) is a species of frogmouth native to the Australian mainland and Tasmania and found throughout. It is a big-headed, stocky bird, often mistaken for an owl, due to its nocturnal habits and similar colouring, and sometimes, at least archaically, referred to as "mopoke" or "mopawk", a name also used for the Australian boobook, the call of which is often confused with that of the tawny frogmouth.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: The tawny frogmouth was first described in 1801 by the English naturalist John Latham. Its specific epithet is derived from Latin "strix" 'owl' and "oides" 'form'. Tawny frogmouths belong to the frogmouth genus "Podargus", which includes the two other species of frogmouths found within Australia, the marbled frogmouth and the Papuan frogmouth. The frogmouths form a well-defined group within the order Caprimulgiformes. Although related to owls, their closest relatives are the oilbirds, potoos, owlet-nightjars, and true nightjars. The earliest fossil evidence of frogmouths is from the Eocene and implies that they diverged from their closest relatives during the early Tertiary. Three subspecies of the tawny frogmouth are currently recognised:


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: Tawny frogmouths are large, big-headed birds that can measure from long. Weights have been recorded up to in the wild (and perhaps even more in captivity), but these are exceptionally high. In the nominate race, 55 males were found to weigh a mean of , while 39 females weighed a mean of , with a range between both of . Among the subspecies "P. s. brachypterus", 20 unsexed birds were found to average with a range of . In "P. s. phalaenoides", a weight range of was reported. Thus, in terms of average if not maximal body mass, the tawny is a bit smaller than its relative, the Papuan frogmouth. Tawny frogmouths are stocky and compact with rounded wings and short legs. They have wide, heavy, olive-grey to blackish bills that are hooked at the tip and topped with distinctive tufts of bristles. Their eyes are large and yellow, a trait shared by owls. However they are not forward facing like an owls.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: Tawny frogmouths have three distinct colour morphs, grey being the most common in both sexes. Males of this morph have silver-grey upperparts with black streaks and slightly paler underparts with white barring and brown to rufous mottling. Females of this morph are often darker with more rufous mottling. Females of the subspecies "P. s. strigoides" have a chestnut morph and females of the subspecies "P. s. phalaenoides" have a rufous morph. Leucistic or albinistic all-white aberrant plumage for this species has been documented.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: One of the best examples of cryptic plumage and mimicry in Australian birds is seen in the tawny frogmouth, which perch low on tree branches during the day camouflaged as part of the tree. Their silvery-grey plumage patterned with white, black, and brown streaks and mottles allows them to freeze into the form of a broken tree branch and become practically invisible in broad daylight. The tawny frogmouth often chooses a broken part of a tree branch and perches upon it with its head thrust upwards at an acute angle using its very large, broad beak to emphasise the resemblance. Often, a pair sits together and points their heads upwards, only breaking cover if approached closely to take flight or warn off predators. When threatened, adult tawny frogmouths make an alarm call that signals to chicks to remain silent and immobile, ensuring that the natural camouflage provided by the plumage is not broken.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: Tawny frogmouths and owls both have mottled patterns, wide eyes, and anisodactyl feet. However, owls possess strong legs, powerful talons, and toes with a unique flexible joint they use to catch prey. Tawny frogmouths prefer to catch their prey with their beaks and have fairly weak feet. They roost out in the open, relying on camouflage for defence, and build their nests in tree forks, whereas owls roost hidden in thick foliage and build their nests in tree hollows. Tawny frogmouths have wide, forward-facing beaks for catching insects, whereas owls have narrow, downwards-facing beaks used to tear prey apart. The eyes of tawny frogmouths are to the side of the face, while the eyes of owls are fully forward on the face. Furthermore, owls have full or partial face discs and large, asymmetrical ears, while tawny frogmouths do not.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: Tawny frogmouths are found throughout most of the Australian mainland except in far western Queensland, the central Northern Territory, and most of the Nullarbor Plain. In Tasmania, they are common throughout the northern and eastern parts of the state.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: They can be found in almost any habitat type, including forests and woodlands, scrub and heathland vegetation, and savannahs. However, they are rarely seen in heavy rainforests and treeless deserts. They are seen in large numbers in areas populated with many river gums and casuarinas, and can be found along river courses if these areas are timbered. Tawny frogmouths are common in suburbs, having adapted to human presence. They have been reported nesting in parks and gardens with trees.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: Tawny frogmouths are carnivorous and are considered to be among Australia's most effective pest-control birds, as their diet consists largely of species regarded as vermin or pests in houses, farms, and gardens. The bulk of their diet is composed of large nocturnal insects, such as moths, as well as spiders, worms, slugs, and snails but also includes a variety of bugs, beetles, wasps, ants, centipedes, millipedes, and scorpions. Large numbers of invertebrates are consumed to make up sufficient biomass. Small mammals, reptiles, frogs, and birds are also eaten.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: During daylight hours, healthy tawny frogmouths generally do not actively look for food, though they may sit with their mouths open, snapping them shut when an insect enters. As dusk approaches, they begin actively searching for food. Tawny frogmouths feed mainly by pouncing from a tree or other elevated perch to take large insects or small vertebrates from the ground using their beaks with great precision. Some smaller prey, such as moths, can be caught in flight. Foraging flights consist of short, snatching flights to foliage, branches, or into the air.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: Tawny frogmouths do not consume prey collected on the ground or in flight on the spot unless it is very small. The captured prey is held in the tip of the beak and taken to a nearby branch, where it is then processed. Insects are generally pulped at the rim of the beak before being swallowed, and larger prey such as lizards or mice are generally killed before consumption by being bashed against a branch with great force.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: Tawny frogmouths form partnerships for life, and once established, pairs usually stay in the same territory for a decade or more. Establishing and maintaining physical contact is an integral part of their lifelong bond. During breeding season, pairs roost closely together on the same branch, often with their bodies touching. The male carries out grooming by gently stroking through the plumage of the female with his beak in sessions that can last for 10 minutes or more.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: The breeding season of tawny frogmouths is from August to December, but individuals in arid areas are known to breed in response to heavy rains. Males and females both share in the building of nests by collecting twigs and mouthfuls of leaves and dropping them into position. Nests are usually placed on horizontal, forked tree branches and can reach up to 30 cm in diameter. Loose sticks are piled together, and leaf litter and grass stems are placed to soften the centre. The nests are very fragile and can disintegrate easily.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: The clutch size of the tawny frogmouth is one to three eggs. Both sexes share incubation of the eggs during the night, whilst during the day, males incubate the eggs. For the duration of the incubation period, the nest is rarely left unattended. One partner roosts on a nearby branch and provides food for the brooding partner. Once hatched, both parents cooperate in the supply of food to the young. The fledging period of the tawny frogmouth is 25 – 35 days, during which they develop half their adult mass.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: Tawny frogmouths have a wide range of vocalisations that can signal information about sex, territory, food, or predators. They generally use low-amplitude and low-frequency sounds to communicate, though some of their warning screams can be heard for miles. Nestlings make a number of unique calls expressing distress, hunger, and fear. Juveniles retain this range while developing a loud call for begging. Nestlings, juveniles, and adults all use a low-amplitude annoyance call meant for family members. When disturbed during rest, they can emit a soft warning buzz that sounds similar to a bee, and when threatened, they can make a loud hissing noise and produce clacking sounds with their beaks.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: At night, tawny frogmouths emit a deep and continuous "oom-oom-oom" grunting at a frequency of about eight calls in 5 seconds. The steady grunts are often repeated a number of times throughout the night. They also make a soft, breathy "whoo-whoo-whoo" call at night of lower intensity, but at the same frequency. Before and during breeding season, males and females perform duets consisting of call sequences that either alternate between partners or are performed simultaneously. Tawny frogmouths also make distinctive drumming noises during breeding season.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: The wide distribution range of the tawny frogmouth includes areas of the Australian continent where winter night temperatures regularly approach or grow colder than 0 °C and warm summers can have extremes above 40 °C. The high temperatures in summer and low temperatures in winter provide a thermoregulatory challenge for tawny frogmouths that roost all day out in the open.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: Significant differences in the orientation of tawny frogmouths on branches has been observed during winter and summer. During summer when light intensity is at maximum strength, they tend to choose positions on branches that do not have all-day exposure to sunlight. Physiological testing has shown that they are able to triple their breathing rate without the need to open their beaks. However, when their body temperature rises by as much as 4-5°, they begin to pant. Faced with further heat stress, tawny frogmouths engorge the blood vessels in the mouth to increase the flow of blood to the buccal area and produce a mucus that helps to cool air as it is inhaled, and hence cool the body.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: During winter, tawny frogmouths choose northerly oriented positions on branches that are more exposed to sunlight to increase body heat. Pair roosting and huddling to share body warmth is also common during winter. During daylight, tawny frogmouths sometimes perch on the ground to sunbathe, remaining motionless up to 5 minutes. During this time, the birds open their beaks wide, close their eyes, and move their heads to the side to allow sunrays to penetrate beneath the thick layer of feathers.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: During winter, the food supply shrinks drastically and prewinter body fat stores can only provide a limited supply of energy. Tawny frogmouths are unable to survive the winter months without spending much of their days and nights in torpor. Torpor results in energy conservation by significantly slowing down heart rate and metabolism, which lowers body temperature. Torpor is different from hibernation in that it only lasts for relatively short periods of time, usually a few hours. Shallow torpor lasts for several hours and is a regular, daily occurrence in the winter. Dawn torpor bouts are shorter and temperature reduction may be as small as 0.5 to 1.5 °C, while night torpor bouts last several hours and can reduce body temperature by up to 10 °C.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: The conservation status of tawny frogmouths is "least concern" due to their widespread distribution. However, a number of ongoing threats to the health of the population are known. Many bird and mammalian carnivores are known to prey upon the tawny frogmouth. Native birds, including ravens, butcherbirds, and currawongs, may attempt or steal the protein-rich eggs to feed their own young. Birds of prey such as hobbies and falcons, as well as rodents and tree-climbing snakes, also cause major damage to the clutches by taking eggs and nestlings. In subtropical areas where food is available throughout the year, tawny frogmouths sometimes start brooding earlier in winter to avoid the awakening of snakes after brumation. Since 1998, a cluster of cases of neurological disease has occurred in tawny frogmouths in the Sydney area, caused by the parasite "Angiostrongylus cantonensis", a rat lungworm.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: Tawny frogmouths face a number of threats from human activities and pets. They are often killed or injured on rural roads during feeding, as they fly in front of cars when chasing insects illuminated in the beam of the headlights. Large-scale land clearing of eucalypt trees and intense bushfires are serious threats to their populations, as they tend not to move to other areas if their homes are destroyed. House cats are the most significant introduced predator of the tawny frogmouth, but dogs and foxes are known to also occasionally kill the birds. When tawny frogmouths pounce to catch prey on the ground, they are slow to return to flight and vulnerable to attack from these predators.


title: Tawny frogmouth

text: As they have adapted to live in close proximity to human populations, tawny frogmouths are at high risk of exposure to pesticides. Continued widespread use of insecticides and rodent poisons are hazardous as they remain in the system of the target animal and can be fatal to a tawny frogmouth that eats them. The effect of these toxins is often indirect, as they can be absorbed into fatty tissue with the bird experiencing no overt signs of ill health until the winter, when the fat deposits are drawn on and the poison enters the bloodstream.


title: World's Hottest Tour

text: The World's Hottest Tour was the fourth concert tour by Puerto Rican rapper and singer-songwriter Bad Bunny and his first stadium tour, in support of his fourth studio album "Un Verano Sin Ti" (2022). DJs Alesso & Diplo were opening acts on select dates. The tour included 43 concert dates in a span of four months.


title: World's Hottest Tour

text: Announced through his social media accounts on January 24, 2022, a few days before he began his tour of "El Último Tour del Mundo", the stadium tour will be visiting fourteen countries in the Americas. The tour consists of two legs, the first in the United States and the second in Latin America. Following the announcement of the dates, many shows were quickly sold out and more dates were added.


title: World's Hottest Tour

text: On October 4, 2022, the tour became the highest grossing tour by a Latin artist in history, reportedly earning US$235.5 million at the time.


title: World's Hottest Tour

text: In early 2021, Bad Bunny announced his third concert tour El Ultimo Tour Del Mundo. The tour broke records in tickets sales and the date were sold out quickly. The tour grossed nearly $117 Million in North American Arenas and was the highest-grossing tour by a Latin artist in Billboard Boxscore history and selling over 575,000 tickets. Also, it was the fastest selling tour since 2018. El Ultimo Tour del Mundo was the top selling album of 2021 in the United States and won Best Urban Music Album at the 22nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards and Best Música Urbana Album at the 64th Grammy Awards.


title: World's Hottest Tour

text: On January 24, 2022, Bad Bunny announced his upcoming stadium tour and album to be released some time of that year via social media. The album, titled "Un Verano Sin Ti", was released in May 2022 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming the second all-Spanish language album to do so.


title: World's Hottest Tour

text: Initially, the first announcement of the tour was composed of 29 dates in total, including 17 in the United States in stadiums. Following the announcement, six more shows were added due the high demand of the tickets, including second dates on in Miami, Houston, Los Angeles, San Diego and Las Vegas.


title: World's Hottest Tour

text: For the Chile concerts, 80,000 tickets were sold out in minutes, however, over 1.6 millions of fans were waiting to buy tickets. In Santo Domingo, the first concert was sold out in its first day of sales, and a second date was added. In Peru, 400,000 fans were reported to be waiting online to buy tickets for the second date. In Costa Rica, the tickets were sold out within minutes of being released for sale. In Mexico City only, it is estimated that approximately 4.5 millions of fans queued in order to purchase one of the 115,000 tickets officially available, making it the concert tour with the biggest demand in the history of the country.


title: World's Hottest Tour

text: The first show at the Camping World Stadium in Orlando, was reported sold out and holds the record as the venue’s highest-grossing show. When the tour started, 16 of 21 dates on the first leg in the United States were reported sold out, selling over 725,000 tickets. On August 2022, the tour grossed over US$91 million of dollars.


title: World's Hottest Tour

text: During the first show in Mexico City on December 9, 2022, a massive overselling of tickets by the company caused many fans to be denied entry into the concert. Ticktemaster México claimed that an "unprecedented" number of counterfeit tickets were being sold, which led to an overcrowded assistance to crash the operating system and consequently delaying the entrance to the venue. The Office of the Federal Prosecutor for the Consumer (PROFECO, for short) is seeking 100% refunds plus a 20% extra compensation for those affected.


title: World's Hottest Tour

text: This set list is representative of the show on 5 August 2022 in Orlando. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.


title: BMX

text: BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross or bike motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general street or off-road recreation.


title: BMX

text: BMX began during the early 1970s in the United States when children began racing their bicycles on dirt tracks in southern California, inspired by the motocross stars of the time. The size and availability of the Schwinn Sting-Ray and other wheelie bikes made them the natural bike of choice for these races, since they were easily customized for better handling and performance. BMX racing was a phenomenon by the mid-1970s. Children were racing standard road bikes off road around purpose-built tracks in California.


title: BMX

text: The motorcycle racing documentary "On Any Sunday" (1971) is generally credited with inspiring the movement nationally in the United States; its opening scene shows kids riding their Sting-Rays off road. By the middle of that decade, the sport achieved critical mass, and manufacturers began creating bicycles designed especially for the sport.


title: BMX

text: In 1974, George E. Esser founded the National Bicycle League as a non-profit bicycle motocross sanctioning organization. Before they set up the NBL, Esser and his wife, Mary, sanctioned motorcycle races with the American Motocross Association (AMA). Their two sons, Greg and Brian, raced motorcycles, but also enjoyed riding and racing BMX with their friends. It was their sons' interest, and the lack of BMX organizations in the East, which prompted Esser to start the NBL in Florida.