title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: The development of forced ventilation was spurred by the common belief in the late 18th and early 19th century in the miasma theory of disease, where stagnant 'airs' were thought to spread illness. An early method of ventilation was the use of a ventilating fire near an air vent which would forcibly cause the air in the building to circulate. English engineer John Theophilus Desaguliers provided an early example of this, when he installed ventilating fires in the air tubes on the roof of the House of Commons. Starting with the Covent Garden Theatre, gas burning chandeliers on the ceiling were often specially designed to perform a ventilating role.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: A more sophisticated system involving the use of mechanical equipment to circulate the air was developed in the mid 19th century. A basic system of bellows was put in place to ventilate Newgate Prison and outlying buildings, by the engineer Stephen Hales in the mid-1700s. The problem with these early devices was that they required constant human labour to operate. David Boswell Reid was called to testify before a Parliamentary committee on proposed architectural designs for the new House of Commons, after the old one burned down in a fire in 1834. In January 1840 Reid was appointed by the committee for the House of Lords dealing with the construction of the replacement for the Houses of Parliament. The post was in the capacity of ventilation engineer, in effect; and with its creation there began a long series of quarrels between Reid and Charles Barry, the architect.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Reid advocated the installation of a very advanced ventilation system in the new House. His design had air being drawn into an underground chamber, where it would undergo either heating or cooling. It would then ascend into the chamber through thousands of small holes drilled into the floor, and would be extracted through the ceiling by a special ventilation fire within a great stack.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Reid's reputation was made by his work in Westminster. He was commissioned for an air quality survey in 1837 by the Leeds and Selby Railway in their tunnel. The steam vessels built for the Niger expedition of 1841 were fitted with ventilation systems based on Reid's Westminster model. Air was dried, filtered and passed over charcoal. Reid's ventilation method was also applied more fully to St. George's Hall, Liverpool, where the architect, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, requested that Reid should be involved in ventilation design. Reid considered this the only building in which his system was completely carried out.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: With the advent of practical steam power, ceiling fans could finally be used for ventilation. Reid installed four steam powered fans in the ceiling of St George's Hospital in Liverpool, so that the pressure produced by the fans would force the incoming air upward and through vents in the ceiling. Reid's pioneering work provides the basis for ventilation systems to this day. He was remembered as "Dr. Reid the ventilator" in the twenty-first century in discussions of energy efficiency, by Lord Wade of Chorlton.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Ventilating a space with fresh air aims to avoid "bad air". The study of what constitutes bad air dates back to the 1600s, when the scientist Mayow studied asphyxia of animals in confined bottles. The poisonous component of air was later identified as carbon dioxide (), by Lavoisier in the very late 1700s, starting a debate as to the nature of "bad air" which humans perceive to be stuffy or unpleasant. Early hypotheses included excess concentrations of and oxygen depletion. However, by the late 1800s, scientists thought biological contamination, not oxygen or , as the primary component of unacceptable indoor air. However, it was noted as early as 1872 that concentration closely correlates to perceived air quality.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: The first estimate of minimum ventilation rates was developed by Tredgold in 1836. This was followed by subsequent studies on the topic by Billings in 1886 and Flugge in 1905. The recommendations of Billings and Flugge were incorporated into numerous building codes from 1900–1920s, and published as an industry standard by ASHVE (the predecessor to ASHRAE) in 1914.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Study continued into the varied effects of thermal comfort, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and biological contaminants. Research was conducted with humans subjects controlled test chambers. Two studies, published between 1909 and 1911, showed that carbon dioxide was not the offending component. Subjects remained satisfied in chambers with high levels of , so long as the chamber remained cool. (Subsequently, it has been determined that is, in fact, harmful at concentrations over 50,000ppm)


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: ASHVE began a robust research effort in 1919. By 1935, ASHVE funded research conducted by Lemberg, Brandt, and Morse – again using human subjects in test chambers – suggested the primary component of "bad air" was odor, perceived by the human olfactory nerves. Human response to odor was found to be logarithmic to contaminant concentrations, and related to temperature. At lower, more comfortable temperatures, lower ventilation rates were satisfactory. A 1936-human test chamber study by Yaglou, Riley, and Coggins culminated much of this effort, considering odor, room volume, occupant age, cooling equipment effects, and recirculated air implications, which provided guidance for ventilation rates. The Yaglou research has been validated, and adopted into industry standards, beginning with the ASA code in 1946. From this research base, ASHRAE (having replaced ASHVE) developed space by space recommendations, and published them as ASHRAE Standard 62-1975: Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: As more architecture incorporated mechanical ventilation, the cost of outdoor air ventilation came under some scrutiny. In 1973, in response to the 1973 oil crisis and conservation concerns, ASHRAE Standards 62-73 and 62–81) reduced required ventilation from 10 CFM (4.76 L/s) per person to 5 CFM (2.37 L/s) per person. In cold, warm, humid, or dusty climates, it is preferable to minimize ventilation with outdoor air to conserve energy, cost, or filtration. This critique (e.g. Tiller) led ASHRAE to reduce outdoor ventilation rates in 1981, particularly in non-smoking areas. However subsequent research by Fanger, W. Cain, and Janssen validated the Yaglou model. The reduced ventilation rates was found to be a contributing factor to sick building syndrome.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: The 1989 ASHRAE standard (Standard 62–89) states that appropriate ventilation guidelines are 20 CFM (9.2 L/s) per person in an office building, and 15 CFM (7.1 L/s) per person for schools, while the 2004 Standard 62.1-2004 has lower recommendations again (see tables below). ANSI/ASHRAE (Standard 62–89) speculated that "comfort (odor) criteria are likely to be satisfied if the ventilation rate is set so that 1,000 ppm CO is not exceeded" while OSHA has set a limit of 5000 ppm over 8 hours.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: ASHRAE continues to publish space-by-space ventilation rate recommendations, which are decided by a consensus committee of industry experts. The modern descendants of ASHRAE standard 62-1975 are ASHRAE Standard 62.1, for non-residential spaces, and ASHRAE 62.2 for residences.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: In 2004, the calculation method was revised to include both an occupant-based contamination component and an area–based contamination component. These two components are additive, to arrive at an overall ventilation rate. The change was made to recognize that densely populated areas were sometimes overventilated (leading to higher energy and cost) using a per-person methodology.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: The addition of occupant- and area-based ventilation rates found in the tables above often results in significantly reduced rates compared to the former standard. This is compensated in other sections of the standard which require that this minimum amount of air is actually delivered to the breathing zone of the individual occupant at all times. The total outdoor air intake of the ventilation system (in multiple-zone variable air volume (VAV) systems) might therefore be similar to the airflow required by the 1989 standard.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: From 1999 to 2010, there was considerable development of the application protocol for ventilation rates. These advancements address occupant- and process-based ventilation rates, room ventilation effectiveness, and system ventilation effectiveness


title: Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile

text: Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile is a children's book written by Bernard Waber first published in 1965. It is the sequel to "The House on East 88th Street", published in 1962.


title: Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile

text: The book is the second in the "Lyle the Crocodile" series, which follows the life of Lyle, a city-dwelling crocodile who lives in a Victorian brownstone with the Primms family.


title: Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile

text: The story begins with Lyle and Mrs. Primm going shopping and running into their neighbor, Mr. Grumps. The grouchy Mr. Grumps finds Lyle a nuisance because Lyle scares his cat, Loretta, and he has him thrown in the zoo. When Lyle is freed by his old performing partner Mr. Valenti, they go back to the house on 88th Street, where they find Mr. Grumps' house on fire. Lyle rescues Mr. Grumps and Loretta, is declared a hero, and thus is allowed to stay with the Primms, and is warmly accepted by Mr. Grumps and Loretta.


title: Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile

text: An animated musical adaptation for "Lyle, Lyle Crocodile" aired on HBO on November 18, 1987. This special is also a part of HBO Storybook Musicals' lineup.


title: Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile

text: A live-action/animated feature film adaptation was released on October 7, 2022 by Sony Pictures and is directed by Will Speck and Josh Gordon. Like the animated special, it is a musical, with original songs written for this film by the songwriting team of Pasek and Paul, who also served as executive producers. Canadian singer Shawn Mendes voices Lyle who can't talk but can sing.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The Mercedes-Benz W 113 is a two-seat roadster/coupé, introduced at the 1963 Geneva Motor Show, and produced from 1963 through 1971. It replaced both the 300 SL (W 198) and the 190 SL (W 121 BII). Of the 48,912 W 113 SLs produced, 19,440 were sold in the US.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The W 113 SL was developed under the auspices of Mercedes-Benz Technical Director Fritz Nallinger, Chief Engineer Rudolf Uhlenhaut and Head of Styling Friedrich Geiger. The lead designers were Paul Bracq and Béla Barényi, who created its patented, slightly concave hardtop, which inspired the "Pagoda" nickname.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: All models were equipped with an inline-six cylinder engine with multi-port fuel injection. The bonnet, boot lid, door skins and tonneau cover were made of aluminum to reduce weight. The comparatively short and wide chassis, combined with an excellent suspension, powerful brakes and radial tires gave the W 113 superb handling for its time. The styling of the front, with its characteristic upright Bosch "fishbowl" headlights and simple chrome grille, dominated by the large three-pointed star in the nose panel, paid homage to the 300 SL roadster.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: W 113 SLs were typically configured as a "Coupe/Roadster" with a soft-top and an optional removable hardtop. A 2+2 was introduced with the 250 SL "California Coupe," which had a fold-down rear bench seat instead of the soft-top.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: By 1955, Mercedes-Benz Technical Director Prof. Fritz Nallinger and his team held no illusions regarding the 190 SL's lack of performance, while the high price tag of the legendary 300 SL supercar kept it elusive for all but the most affluent buyers. Thus, Mercedes-Benz started evolving the 190 SL on a new platform, model code W127, with a fuel-injected 2.2 liter M127 inline-six engine, internally denoted as 220SL. Encouraged by positive test results, Nallinger proposed that the 220SL be placed in the Mercedes-Benz program, with production commencing in July 1957.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: However, while technical difficulties kept postponing the production start of the W127, the emerging new S-Class W 112 platform introduced novel body manufacturing technology altogether. So in 1960, Nallinger eventually proposed to develop a completely new 220SL design, based on the "fintail" W 111 sedan platform with its chassis shortened by , and technology from the W 112. This led to the W 113 platform, with an improved fuel-injected 2.3 liter M127 inline-six engine and the distinctive "pagoda" hardtop roof, designated as 230 SL.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The 230 SL made its debut at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1963, where Nallinger introduced it as follows: "It was our aim to create a very safe and fast sports car with high performance, which despite its sports characteristics, provides a very high degree of traveling comfort".


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The W 113 was the first sports car with a "safety body," based on Bela Barényi's extensive work on vehicle safety: It had a rigid passenger cell and designated crumple zones with impact-absorbing front and rear sections built into the vehicle structure. The interior was "rounded," with all hard corners and edges removed, as in the W 111 sedan.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: Production of the 230 SL commenced in June 1963 and ended on 5 January 1967. Its chassis was based on the W 111 sedan platform, with a reduced wheelbase by , recirculating ball steering (with optional power steering), double wishbone front suspension and an independent single-joint, low-pivot swing rear-axle with transverse compensator spring. The dual-circuit brake system had front disc brakes and power-assisted rear drum brakes. The 230 SL was offered with a 4-speed manual transmission, or an optional, very responsive fluid coupled (no torque converter) 4-speed automatic transmission, which was popular for US models. From May 1966, the ZF S5-20 5-speed manual transmission was available as an additional option, which was particularly popular in Italy. Of the 19,831 230 SLs produced, less than a quarter were sold in the US.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The M127.II inline-six engine with and torque was based on Mercedes-Benz' venerable M180 inline-six with four main bearings and mechanical Bosch multi-port fuel injection. Mercedes-Benz made a number of modifications to boost its power, including increasing displacement from , and using a completely new cylinder head with a higher compression ratio (9.3 vs. 8.7), enlarged valves and a modified camshaft. A fuel injection pump with six plungers instead of two was fitted, which allowed placing the nozzles in the cylinder head and "shooting" the fuel through the intake manifold and open valves directly into the combustion chambers. An optional oil-water heat exchanger was also available.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: Mercedes-Benz Chief Engineer Rudolf Uhlenhaut demonstrated the capabilities of the 230 SL on the tight three-quarter mile Annemasse Vétraz-Monthoux race track in 1963, where he put up a best lap time of 47.5 seconds vs. 47.3 seconds by Grand Prix driver Mike Parkes on his 3-liter V12 Ferrari 250 GT.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The 250 SL was introduced at the 1967 Geneva Motor Show. Production had already commenced in December 1966 and ended in January 1968. The short one-year production run makes the 250 SL the rarest of the W 113 series cars. The 250 SL retained the stiffer suspension and sportier feel of the early SLs, but provided improved agility with a new engine and rear disc brakes. Range also improved with increased fuel tank capacity from to . Like its predecessor, the 250 SL was offered with a 4-speed automatic transmission, and 4-speed or ZF 5-speed manual transmissions. For the first time, an optional limited slip differential was also available. Of the 5,196 250 SLs produced, more than a third were sold in the US.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The main change was the use of the M129.II engine with increased stroke, increased valve ports, and seven main bearings instead of four. The nominal maximum power remained unchanged at , but torque improved from to . Resiliency also improved with a new cooling water tank ("round top") with increased capacity from to , and a standard oil-water heat exchanger.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The wider power band of the 250 SL resulted in noticeably improved performance, as the 230 SL engines rarely produced more than in practice.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The 250 SL also marked the introduction of a 2+2 body style, the so-called "California Coupé", which had only the removable hardtop and no soft-top: a small fold-down rear bench seat replaced the soft-top well between passenger compartment and boot.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: In August 1967, a number of additional changes were incorporated to accommodate stricter safety regulations and US emission laws. The safety improvements included a collapsible steering wheel and padded wheel hub, concave control knobs, elastic black rubber heater levers (instead of rigid coloured translucent plastic), and softer, rounded dash top padding. Door handles, locks, and window cranks were modernized and less protruding, the door pockets were elastic, the rear-view mirror frame was black plastic instead of chrome, and the side view mirrors became more angular. Essentially, the 1967 250 SL retained the more classic "chrome" interior of the 230 SL, whereas the 1968 250 SL introduced the modernized "safety" interior of the 280 SL.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: US models acquired side reflectors on the fenders, Kangol three-point seat belts, an illuminated automatic gearbox shift quadrant, and emission control equipment. The chrome horn ring was changed to matte finish.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The 280 SL was introduced in December 1967 and continued in production through 23 February 1971, when the W 113 was replaced by the entirely new and substantially heavier R107 350 SL. Over the years, the W 113 evolved from a sports car into a comfortable grand tourer, and US models were by then usually equipped with the 4-speed automatic transmission and air conditioning. Manual transmission models came with the standard 4-speed or the optional ZF 5-speed, which was ordered only 882 times and thus is a highly sought-after original option today. In Europe, manual transmissions without air conditioning were still the predominant choice. Of the 23,885 280 SLs produced, more than half were sold in the US.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The main change was an upgrade to the M130 engine with maximum power and maximum torque, which finally gave the W 113 adequate power. The performance improvement was achieved by increasing bore by , which stretched the limits of the M180 block, and required pairwise cylinder casts without cooling water passages. This mandated an oil-cooler, which was fitted vertically next to the radiator. Each engine was now bench-tested for two hours prior to being fitted, so their power specification was guaranteed at last.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: The M130 marked the final evolution of Mercedes-Benz' venerable SOHC M180 inline-six, before it was superseded by the entirely new DOHC M110 inline-six introduced with R107 1974 European 280 SL models. For some time, it was also used in the W 109 300 S-Class, where it retired the expensive 3 liter M189 alloy inline-six.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: North American models have a number of subtle differences, the most obvious one being the distinctive "sealed beam" bulb headlights required in the US versus the Bosch Lichteinheit headlights for the rest of the world. 1970 US models also acquired amber turn-signal lenses on the rear lights, later than most other countries.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: Other differences of the North American models include imperial gauges, chrome bumper guards, side reflectors (illuminated from 1970), lower rear-axle ratios for faster acceleration yet lower top speeds, and no "single-side" parking lights. US market 280 SL engines required emission control modifications, including "softer" valve timings, a reduced compression ratio and a modified injection pump, which reduced power from to . In the US, automatic transmission, air conditioning, and white wall tires were much more popular than elsewhere.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: European cars were popular as US gray-market imports: those vehicles were brought to the US some years after their original delivery in Europe. Early European imports had aftermarket hazard lights and Kangol seat belts fitted, US safety requirements that were adopted in Europe only in later production years.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: While the original design by Paul Bracq is highly regarded today, it was more controversial at the time of its introduction. So in 1963, Pininfarina asked the Mercedes-Benz board to produce its own custom-bodied version of the 230 SL. Pininfarina's Tom Tjaarda turned the roadster into a fixed-head coupe that vaguely resembled the Ferrari 250 GT Lusso. He retained the grille and headlamps of the original, but raked the grille more sharply, sculpted the wings, and made the sides more bulbous and thus wider, while making the bonnet narrower and shorter. The rear was reminiscent of the Ferrari 330 GT 2+2 (also a Tjaarda design), but without taking away the distinctive personality of the 230 SL. Inside, Tjaarda left the dashboard unchanged, but the interior as a whole exuded the stamp of elegant Italian hand craftmanship. The result was appealing but not convincing enough to go into production and remained a one-off, subsequently acquired by German press baron Axel Springer.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: Mercedes-Benz Chief Engineer Rudolf Uhlenhaut liked pushing the power envelope of his cars. In 1965, he fitted a 250 SL with the massive M100 V8 engine from the Mercedes-Benz 600. This engine conversion gave the car, denoted as W 113/12, impressive power, but made it very front-heavy, so that this direction was abandoned. The car was eventually destroyed, the usual procedure for test vehicles at the time.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: In 1966, the Turin coachbuilder Pietro Frua, a prominent car designer in Italy in the 1960s, presented a coach built 230 SLX Shooting Brake version of the 230 SL.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: In 1968, Mercedes-Benz fitted a 280 SL with a M50F Wankel engine, denoted as R 113 W 33-29. With a top-speed of , a 0-60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration time of 8.7 seconds, and almost inaudible compared to regular SLs, it provided quite a surprise encounter for their owners in southern Germany at the time.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: In 1963, Eugen Böhringer won the 6,600-kilometre Spa-Sofia-Liège Rally (Belgium to Bulgaria) on a race-modified 1963 230 SL. This vehicle was thought to have been destroyed for a long time, but turned up at a collector's house a few years ago. A newly build Replica is now in the permanent collection of the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart Untertürkheim, Germany. On 14 September 1963, Dutch Grand Prix racer Carel Godin de Beaufort took second place in class in the Vaals hill climb in a stock 230SL.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: In 1964, Mercedes-Benz entered a modified 230 SL for Eugen Böhringer/Klaus Kaiser into the Spa-Sofia-Liège Ralley. These car had special 2.6 liter engine ( Probably with pairwise cylinder casts, a layout that was later adopted for M130 engine of the 280 SL) . The 230 Sl from the previous Year was driven by Dieter Glemser/Martin Braungart, but did not finish. Also entered 2 W111 220 SE Limousines for Ewy Rosqvist/Manfred Schiek, who come 6th and Rolf Kreder/Alfred Kling, who did not finish .Due to considerable mechanical bad luck, Eugen Böhringer finished only third this time, after Rauno Aaltonen on Austin-Healey 3000 and Erik Carlsson on Saab.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: In 1965, Dieter Glemser entered the Acropolis Rally on a light-weight 230 SL similar to the Spa-Sofia-Liège cars. His tuned 2.3 liter engine produced , further evidence to the fact that 230 SL production engines rarely met their power specification. Unfortunately, Glemser was given wrong directions by the police, costing him his comfortable lead and relegating him to third place.


title: Mercedes-Benz W113

text: On the British automotive TV show "Top Gear" (Season 3, Episode 8) the 280 SL is thought of highly, notably being described by the host at the time, Jeremy Clarkson, as one of the cars from the 1960s that has stood the test of time, being "from a time when Mercedes was still building its cars properly."


title: Bread crumbs

text: Bread crumbs or breadcrumbs (regional variants including breading and crispies) consist of crumbled bread of various dryness, sometimes with seasonings added, used for breading or crumbing foods, topping casseroles, stuffing poultry, thickening stews, adding inexpensive bulk to soups, meatloaves and similar foods, and making a crisp and crunchy covering for fried foods, especially breaded cutlets like tonkatsu and schnitzel. The Japanese variety of bread crumbs is called "panko".


title: Bread crumbs

text: Dry breadcrumbs are made from dry breads which have been baked or toasted to remove most remaining moisture, and may have a sandy or even powdery texture. Bread crumbs are most easily produced by pulverizing slices of bread in a food processor, using a steel blade to make coarse crumbs, or a grating blade to make fine crumbs. A grater or similar tool will also do.


title: Bread crumbs

text: The breads used to make soft or fresh bread crumbs are not quite as dry, so the crumbs are larger and produce a softer coating, crust, or stuffing. The "crumb" of "bread crumb" also refers to the texture of the soft, inner part of a bread loaf, as distinguished from the crust, or "skin".


title: Bread crumbs

text: is a type of flaky bread crumbs used in Japanese cuisine as a crunchy coating for fried foods, such as "tonkatsu". Panko is made from bread baked by electrical current, which yields a bread without a crust, and then grinding the bread to create fine slivers of crumb. It has a crisper, airier texture than most types of breading found in Western cuisine and maintains its texture baked or deep fried, resulting in a lighter coating. Outside Japan, its use has become more common in both Asian and non-Asian dishes. It is often used on seafood and is typically available in Asian markets, speciality stores, and many large supermarkets.


title: Bread crumbs

text: Panko is produced worldwide, particularly in Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, China, and Vietnam.


title: Bread crumbs

text: The Japanese first learned to make bread from Europeans. The word "パン粉 (panko)" is derived from "pan", giving us the word for bread in Japanese (derived from the Portuguese word "pão" for bread), and "-粉 (-ko)", a Japanese Kanji indicating "flour", "coating", "crumb", or "powder" on occasion, when used as a suffix; (as in "komeko", "rice powder", "sobako", "buckwheat flour", and "komugiko", "wheat flour").


title: Bread crumbs

text: Breading (also known as crumbing) is a dry grain-derived food coating for a piece of food made from bread crumbs or a breading mixture with seasonings. Breading is well suited for frying as it lends itself to creating a crisp coating around the food. Breading mixtures can be made of breadcrumb, flour, cornmeal, and seasoning that the item to be breaded is dredged in before cooking. If the item to be breaded is too dry for the coating to stick, the item may first be moistened with buttermilk, raw egg, egg wash or other liquid.


title: Bread crumbs

text: Breading contrasts with batter, which is a grain-based liquid coating for food that produces a smoother and finer texture, but which can be softer overall.


title: Bread crumbs

text: In the fairy tale "Hansel and Gretel", breadcrumbs are used by Hansel and Gretel to track their footpath. However, the bread crumbs were eventually eaten by birds, subsequently leading them to become lost in the woods. The popularity of breadcrumbs in the fairy tale led to the use of the word "breadcrumb" as a navigation element that allows users to keep track of their locations within programs or documents.


title: Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man

text: "Pat-a-Cake, Pat-a-Cake, Baker’s Man", "Pat-a-Cake", "Patty-cake" or "Pattycake" is an English nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 6486.


title: Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man

text: The earliest recorded version of the rhyme appears in Thomas D'Urfey's play "The Campaigners" from 1698, where a nurse says to her charges:


title: Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man

text: ...and pat a cake Bakers man, so I will master as I can, and prick it, and prick it, and prick it, and prick it, and prick it, and throw't into the Oven.


title: Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man

text: Marking pastry or baked goods with an identifiable mark may stem from a time when households without an oven of their own could take their items to a local baker or bake house, paying to have their items finished for a small fee. Marking the pastry would have been a way to ensure the return of the proper item.


title: Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man

text: The rhyme often accompanies a clapping game between two people. It alternates between a normal individual clap by one person with two-handed claps with the other person. The hands may be crossed as well. This allows for a possibly complex sequence of clapping that must be coordinated between the two. If told by a parent to a child, the "B" and "baby" in the last two lines are sometimes replaced by the child's first initial and first name.


title: Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man

text: The "pat-a-cake" song and clapping game was used by Bob Hope and Bing Crosby in their series of "Road to" films as a means of distraction. The gag worked by means of adding a synchronised punch into the clapping game routine, allowing them to make their escape.


title: Upen Patel

text: Upen Patel (born 16 August 1982) is a British actor and model. In addition to working in Hindi films, he has host several television reality shows including "Bigg Boss 8" and "Nach Baliye 7". He also hosted MTV Love School with Karishma Tanna.


title: Upen Patel

text: Upen Patel is a Gujarati, born on 16 August 1982, in the United Kingdom. He grew up in London, England.


title: Upen Patel

text: In May 2006, Patel made his Bollywood debut with the film "36 China Town", directed by the duo Abbas–Mustan. His next Bollywood movie, "Namastey London", released in March 2007, where Patel played the character of a Pakistani Muslim living in London. In April 2007, his third film "Shakalaka Boom Boom" was released, which was produced and directed by Suneel Darshan. He also appeared in "Money Hai Toh Honey Hai". Patel appeared in the 2008 film, "One Two Three". He then appeared in "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani", released in November 2009. Patel made his Tamil film début with the movie, "I", released in January 2015 and directed by S. Shankar.


title: Upen Patel

text: Patel worked for the weekly cooking show "Cook Na Kaho". In March 2005, he was replaced by Shayan Munshi.


title: Upen Patel

text: Patel was a participant in the daily reality television show, "Bigg Boss". NDTV stated that he participated in the show to give his career a boost.


title: Upen Patel

text: Patel was one of the contestants in "Nach Baliye 7" along with Karishma Tanna which is produced by Ekta Kapoor under the banner of Balaji Telefilms. They became one of the finalists.


title: Upen Patel

text: Patel was judged as the Model of the Year for four consecutive years at the Asia Fashion Award, and was featured among the top 10 sexiest men in Asia for five years running. MTV India awarded him as the most stylish male for two years in a row.


title: Upen Patel

text: Patel has appeared in several music videos including DJ Suketu's "Kya Khoob Lagti Ho" in 2005. The music video, with several special effects, was directed and choreographed by Ahmed Khan. It was the most expensive music video of its time shot for a private album.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Nicholas Boone Symmonds (born December 30, 1983) is an American YouTube personality and retired middle-distance track athlete, from Boise, Idaho, who specialized in the 800 meters and 1500 meters distances. Symmonds signed with Brooks Running in January 2014 after a 7-year sponsorship with Nike. In college at Willamette University he won seven NCAA Division III titles in outdoor track. Symmonds is a 6-time US National 800 meters champion. He has competed in the 800m at two Olympic Games, reaching the semi-finals in Beijing 2008, while in London 2012, he finished fifth in the final, running a personal best of 1:42.95 behind David Rudisha's world record. He won a silver medal in the 800 meters at the 2013 World Championships, having previously finished sixth in the 2009 final and fifth in 2011.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Symmonds is also the co-founder and former CEO of a supplement company called Run Gum, which makes functional chewing gum used by athletes, students, professionals, etc. He launched Run Gum with his coach Sam Lapray in October 2014 with their flagship product, Energy Gum.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Following his retirement, Symmonds gained more popularity in 2020 through his YouTube channel which primarily focuses on running, powerlifting and fitness.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Symmonds was born on December 30, 1983, in Blytheville, Arkansas. His family moved to Boise, Idaho when he was three. His father Jeffrey Symmonds is a surgeon, and his mother Andrea is a teacher. Raised in Boise, Nick is a 2002 graduate of Bishop Kelly High School in that city. An avid outdoorsman, Nick earned his Eagle Scout award in high school. In high school he won state championships in the 800 meters (PR 1:53), 1600 meters (PR 4:20) and 3200 meters (PR 9:47) individual races and on the 4 × 400 m relay. He chose Willamette University in Salem, Oregon over other schools that could offer athletic scholarships. At Willamette, an NCAA Division III school, Symmonds earned a degree in biochemistry in 2006 and is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: While at Willamette, he won the 800 m NCAA championship race all four years and 1500 m NCAA championship race as a freshman, junior, and senior. Symmonds collegiate best in the 800m (1:45.83) currently ranks No. 1 in NCAA Division III history. His 1500m collegiate best (3:40.91) ranks No. 3 all-time in NCAA Division III. Though Symmonds is widely regarded as Willamette's most decorated athlete, his poor relationship with Head Coach Matt McGuirk have prevented wide celebration of his athletic achievements at his alma mater.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: After college Symmonds joined the Oregon Track Club Elite. A seven time outdoor track champion at the NCAA III level, he was runner-up at the AT&T USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in 2006 in the 800m race. In 2007, he won the 800m race at the Prefontaine Classic meet in Eugene, Oregon, with a then personal best time of 1:44.54, shocking the current Olympic champion Yuriy Borzakovskiy by beating him with his own come-from-behind strategy. See the video.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: In 2008, Symmonds won the United States Olympic Trials 800m final held in Eugene, Oregon with a personal best time of 1:44.10. He was the first of three Oregon associated athletes to finish at the top of this race before the home crowd, the other two being Andrew Wheating from the University of Oregon and Oregon Track Club training partner Christian Smith, an event referred to as the "Oregon sweep" and replayed many times in television coverage of the meet. This qualified all three men for the U.S. Olympic Team for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, for the 800 m race. At the Beijing Olympics, Symmonds won his first-round heat, then finished a non-qualifying fifth place in his semifinal heat with a time of 1:46.96, 0.73 seconds behind the winner of that heat.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Symmonds continued to improve in 2009, winning the USATF Championships over Khadevis Robinson, which qualified him to represent the United States at the World Championships. As part of his preparation for the championships, Symmonds ran a personal best of 1:43.83 on July 29, 2009, in Monaco. A few weeks later, Symmonds became the first American to qualify for the final of the men's 800m since 1997. He finished sixth in 1:45.71. In 2010, he lowered his personal record again, to 1:43.76, while finishing third behind David Rudisha's 1:41.01 world record at the IAAF World Challenge track and field meet in Rieti, Italy.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: On June 25, 2012, Symmonds returned to the 2012 United States Olympic Trials again on his home track in Eugene, Oregon. The race went out fast, with Charles Jock leading Duane Solomon through a sub-50 second first lap. Atypically, Symmonds was not far off that pace. As Jock faded, Solomon charged off to a big lead through the final turn. Symmonds ran around the field and sprinted past Solomon on the homestretch to make his second Olympic team.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: At the London Olympics, Symmonds was one of the two time qualifiers for the final of the 800m. He placed fifth in the final with a new personal best of 1:42.95; David Rudisha placed first in the world record time of 1:40.91., with Nijel Amos of Botswana second, Timothy Kitum of Kenya third, and Symmonds' teammate Duane Solomon fourth.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: In 2013, Symmonds achieved his highest placing at an international championship, winning a silver medal at the 2013 IAAF World Championships in Athletics by running a season's best of 1:43.55, 2nd only to Ethiopia's Mohammed Aman. At the time, this was the highest an American had ever finished in the men's 800 meters at the World Championships.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Symmonds was removed from the U.S. team at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics due to a sponsorship rights conflict between personal sponsor Brooks and U.S. sponsor Nike.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Symmonds had to forego racing the 2016 Olympic Trials due to an injured ankle. He retired after being eliminated in the heats of the 2017 US Championships.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: In 2014, Nick and his former coach, Sam Lapray, founded Run Gum, which markets a caffeinated chewing gum to athletes. In January 2016 Run Gum filed an antitrust lawsuit against USA Track and Field for rules that Symmonds feels suppress competition. In May, a federal judge dismissed the suit.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Symmonds often advertises Run Gum on his YouTube channel, through giving away Run Gum products as challenge prizes. There has also been several Run Gum social media accounts created, most prominently of which, a TikTok account with over 750 thousand followers and 38 million likes.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Symmonds' YouTube channel broke out in late 2019, and currently has over 1 million subscribers and 142 million views. In his YouTube videos he often refers to himself as "The Bison". His content focuses on challenges involving fitness and running. He is good friends with fellow YouTuber A.J. Lapray. Sometime in 2020 he signed a deal with Gymshark.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: In June–July 2020, Symmonds became a topic of controversy in the running community when he organized events ignoring social distancing guidance for his videos.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: In March 2020, one of Symmonds' YouTube videos led to the suspension of three NCAA college athletes from his alma mater, Willamette University, when he gifted them Run Gum prizes for participating in his video.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Beginning in 2020, Nick has started a second YouTube channel named 'Nick Symmonds Too', consisting of many reaction, tutorial and challenge videos of shorter length. As of 2022, the channel has 49.2 thousand subscribers, and 4.8 million views.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Symmonds has a pet rabbit named Mortimer, with whom he posed for a PETA ad campaign against animal testing.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: In 2017, Symmonds was hired by the newly formed Track Town Summer Series Professional Track & Field league to act as General Manager for the team representing San Francisco.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Symmonds opposes what he considers absurdly strict rules restricting athletes' ability to market themselves. For the 2012 season, he auctioned off space on his left shoulder for a temporary tattoo to advertise a sponsor. The winning bidder was a Milwaukee advertising agency, Hanson Dodge Creative, which paid $11,000 for the space to advertise their Twitter handle. During restricted competitions like the Olympic trials and the Olympics themselves, Symmonds is required to cover up the tattoo with white tape, which actually draws attention to the tattoo advertising underneath. Symmonds is not the first track athlete to do this; 2004 Olympic champion shot-putter Adam Nelson actively sold space on his shirt during the 2005 season (when he won the IAAF World Championships). The practice is also common in boxing.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: At the 2013 World Championships in Athletics in Moscow, Symmonds was a vocal critic of Russia's "anti-gay" laws. He dedicated his silver medal to his gay and lesbian friends.


title: Nick Symmonds

text: Symmonds published an article in the November 2013 issue of "Runner's World" magazine advocating that Congress should "[b]an assault rifles and handguns for everyone except police and military personnel."


title: Codeshare agreement

text: A codeshare agreement, also known simply as codeshare, is a business arrangement, common in the aviation industry, in which two or more airlines publish and market the same flight under their own airline designator and flight number (the "airline flight code") as part of their published timetable or schedule. Typically, a flight is operated by one airline (technically called an "administrating carrier" or "operating carrier") while seats are sold for the flight by all cooperating airlines using their own designator and flight number.


title: Codeshare agreement

text: The term "code" refers to the identifier used in a flight schedule, generally the two-character IATA airline designator code and flight number. Thus, XX224 (flight number 224 operated by the airline XX), might also be sold by airline YY as YY568 and by ZZ as ZZ9876. Airlines YY and ZZ are in this case called "marketing airlines" (sometimes abbreviated MKT CXR for "marketing carrier").


title: Codeshare agreement

text: Most of the major airlines today have code sharing partnerships with other airlines, and code sharing is a key feature of the major airline alliances. Typically, code-sharing agreements are also part of the commercial agreements between airlines in the same airline alliances.


title: Codeshare agreement

text: In 1967, Richard A. Henson joined with US Airways predecessor Allegheny Airlines in the nation's first codeshare relationship. The term "code sharing" or "codeshare" was coined in 1989 by Qantas and American Airlines, and in 1990 the two firms provided their first codeshare flights between an array of Australian cities and U.S. domestic cities. Code sharing has become widespread in the airline industry since then, particularly in the wake of the formation of large airline alliances. These alliances have extensive codesharing and networked frequent flyer programs.


title: Codeshare agreement

text: Under a code sharing agreement, the airline that administers the flight (the one holding the operational permissions, airport slots and planning/controlling the flight and responsible for the ground handling services) is commonly called the "operating carrier", often abbreviated OPE CXR, even though the IATA SSIM term "administrating carrier" is more precise. The reason for this is that a third carrier may be involved, typically in the case that the airline originally planning to operate the flight needs to hire a subcontractor to operate the flight on their behalf (typically a wet lease, meaning an aircraft is leased with crew and all facilities to fly, commonly due to capacity limitations, technical problems etc.) In this case, the airline carrying the passenger should be designated the operating carrier, since it is the one carrying the passengers/cargo.


title: Codeshare agreement

text: When a flight is sold under several designators and flight numbers as described above, the one published by the "Administrating carrier" is commonly called a "prime flight" (as opposed to a codeshare marketing flight).


title: Codeshare agreement

text: Under a code sharing agreement, participating airlines can present a common flight number for several reasons, including:


title: Codeshare agreement

text: Much competition in the airline industry revolves around ticket sales (also known as "seat booking") strategies (revenue management, variable pricing, and geo-marketing). Criticism has been leveled against code sharing by consumer organizations and national departments of trade since it is claimed it is confusing and not transparent to passengers.


title: Codeshare agreement

text: There are also code sharing arrangements between airlines and railway companies, formally known as air-rail alliances, and commonly marketed as "Rail & Fly" due to the popularity of the Deutsche Bahn codeshare with many airlines. They involve some integration of both types of transport, e.g., in finding the fastest connection and allowing the transfer between plane and train using a single ticket. This allows passengers to book a whole journey at the same time, often for a discounted price compared to separate tickets.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: The Group of Seven, once known as the Algonquin School, was a group of Canadian landscape painters from 1920 to 1933, originally consisting of Franklin Carmichael (1890–1945), Lawren Harris (1885–1970), A. Y. Jackson (1882–1974), Frank Johnston (1888–1949), Arthur Lismer (1885–1969), J. E. H. MacDonald (1873–1932), and Frederick Varley (1881–1969). Later, A. J. Casson (1898–1992) was invited to join in 1926, Edwin Holgate (1892–1977) became a member in 1930, and LeMoine FitzGerald (1890–1956) joined in 1932.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: Two artists commonly associated with the group are Tom Thomson (1877–1917) and Emily Carr (1871–1945). Although he died before its official formation, Thomson had a significant influence on the group. In his essay "The Story of the Group of Seven", Harris wrote that Thomson was "a part of the movement before we pinned a label on it"; Thomson's paintings "The West Wind" and "The Jack Pine" are two of the group's most iconic pieces.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: Believing that a distinct Canadian art could be developed through direct contact with nature, the Group of Seven is best known for its paintings inspired by the Canadian landscape, and initiated the first major Canadian national art movement. The Group was succeeded by the Canadian Group of Painters in 1933, which included members from the Beaver Hall Group who had a history of showing with the Group of Seven internationally.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: Large collections of work from the Group of Seven are located at the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto, the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa as well as the Ottawa Art Gallery (home to The Firestone Collection of Canadian Art) and the McMichael Canadian Art Collection in Kleinburg, Ontario. The National Gallery, under the directorship of Eric Brown, was an early institutional supporter of artists associated with the Group, purchasing art from some of their early exhibitions before they had identified themselves officially as the Group of Seven. The Art Gallery of Ontario, in its earlier incarnation as the Art Gallery of Toronto, was the site of their first exhibition as the Group of Seven in 1920. The McMichael Canadian Art Collection was founded by Robert and Signe McMichael, who began collecting paintings by the Group of Seven and their contemporaries in 1955.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: Tom Thomson, J. E. H. MacDonald, Arthur Lismer, Frederick Varley, Frank Johnston and Franklin Carmichael met as employees of the design firm Grip Ltd. in Toronto. In 1913, they were joined by A. Y. (Alexander Young) Jackson and Lawren Harris. They often met at the Arts and Letters Club of Toronto to discuss their opinions and share their art.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: This group received monetary support from Harris (heir to the Massey-Harris farm machinery fortune) and Dr. James MacCallum. Harris and MacCallum jointly built the Studio Building in 1914 in the Rosedale ravine to serve as a meeting and working place for the new Canadian art movement. MacCallum owned an island on Georgian Bay and Thomson worked as a guide in nearby Algonquin Park, both places where he and the other artists often travelled for inspiration.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: The informal group was temporarily split up during World War I, during which Jackson and Varley became official war artists. Jackson enlisted in June 1915 and served in France from November 1915 to 1917, at which point he was seriously injured. Harris enlisted in 1916 and taught musketry at Camp Borden. He was discharged in May 1918 after suffering a nervous breakdown. Carmichael, MacDonald, Thomson, Varley and Johnston remained in Toronto and struggled in the depressed wartime economy. A further blow to the group came in 1917 when Thomson died mysteriously while canoeing in Algonquin Park. The circumstances of his death remain unclear.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: The seven who formed the original group reunited after the war. They continued to travel throughout Ontario, especially the Muskoka and Algoma regions, sketching the landscape and developing techniques to represent it in art. In 1919, they decided to make themselves into a group devoted to a distinct Canadian form of art which did not exist yet, and began to call themselves the Group of Seven. It is unknown who specifically chose these seven men, but it is believed to have been Harris or Harris in combination with MacDonald. By 1920, they were ready for their first exhibition thanks to the constant support and encouragement of Eric Brown, the director of the National Gallery at that time. Reviews for the 1920 exhibition were mixed, but as the decade progressed the Group came to be recognized as pioneers of a new, Canadian, school of art.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: After Frank Johnston moved to Winnipeg in the fall of 1921, Percy James Robinson is claimed to have been invited to fill the open spot. Robinson participated in the group's 3rd exhibition at the Art Gallery of Ontario. In 1926, A. J. Casson was invited to join. Franklin Carmichael had taken a liking to him and had encouraged Casson to sketch and paint for many years.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: The Group's champions during its early years included Barker Fairley, a co-founder of "Canadian Forum magazine", and the warden of Hart House at the University of Toronto, J. Burgon Bickersteth.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: The members of the Group began to travel elsewhere in Canada for inspiration, including British Columbia, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and the Arctic. After Samuel Gurney Cresswell and other painters on Royal Navy expeditions, these were the first artists of European descent who depicted the Arctic. Soon, the Group made the decision that to be called a "national school of painters" there should be members from outside Toronto. As a result, in 1930 Edwin Holgate from Montreal, Quebec became a member, followed by LeMoine FitzGerald from Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1932.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: The Group's influence was so widespread by the end of 1931, and after J. E. H. MacDonald's death in 1932, they no longer found it necessary to continue as a group of painters. They announced that the Group had been disbanded and that a new association of painters would be formed, known as the Canadian Group of Painters. The Canadian Group—which eventually consisted of the majority of Canada's leading artists—held its first exhibition in 1933, and continued to hold exhibitions almost every year as a successful society until 1967.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: The Group of Seven has received criticism for its reinforcement of terra nullius presenting the region as pristine and untouched by humans when in fact the areas depicted have been lived in for many centuries. This sentiment was expressed by Jackson, who in his 1958 autobiography wrote,


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: In 1966, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario incorporated the McMichael Canadian Art Collection, an art gallery with an institutional focus on the Group of Seven, along with "their contemporaries and on the aboriginal peoples of Canada". In addition to housing a collection of works by the Group of Seven, the museum property also contains the burial ground for six members of the group, including A.Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer, Frederick Varley, Lawren Harris, Frank Johnston, and A.J. Casson; along with four of the artists' wives. The McMichael cemetery is situated in the small patch of consecrated land bordered by trees, with graves marked by large chunks of the Canadian Shield. The idea to use the property as a burial ground for the group was first proposed to the institution by Jackson in 1968.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: In 1995, the National Gallery of Canada compiled a Group of Seven retrospective show, for which they commissioned the Canadian rock band Rheostatics to write a musical score. That score was released on album as "Music Inspired by the Group of Seven".


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: When the Vancouver Art Gallery hosted the major travelling exhibition "The Group of Seven: Art for a Nation" in 1996, Vancouver-based Korean Canadian artist Jin-me Yoon intervened with a work of socially engaged art entitled "A Group of Sixty-Seven" (1996). She invited sixty-seven members of the Korean Canadian community—in reference to 1967, the year restrictions on Asian immigration to Canada were lifted—to have their picture taken. Yoon photographed each participant in front of famous landscapes by Group of Seven member Lawren S. Harris and West Coast artist Emily Carr, creating a collective portrait that addresses art history’s colonial perspectives and asserts diasporic presence in Canada.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: Around 2001, Cree artist Kent Monkman began recreating a series of paintings by Tom Thomson and Group of Seven artists such as Lawren S. Harris, including Thomson’s "The Jack Pine" (1916–17) and Harris’s "North Shore, Lake Superior" (1926). To counter the absence of Indigenous people in these representations of the Canadian landscape, Monkman inserted couplings between submissive cowboys and dominant “Indians” into the appropriated paintings, then overlaid the images with violent and racist texts borrowed from pulp Western novels and explicit narratives from gay erotic fiction. His intention was to use sexual power dynamics as a means of exploring larger issues of Christianity and colonization. In 2004, Monkman held a filmed performance entitled "Group of Seven Inches" at the McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Kleinburg.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: Contemporary painter Rae Johnson was inspired by Tom Thomson and the Group of Seven in the themes of some of her works and her choice of painting place, as were many other artists.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: Shows of Group of Seven members or single paintings in some combination are a perennial favorite of the Canadian exhibition world, particularly of the National Gallery of Canada. The Group still receives criticism, usually for what it left out of the narrative. In 2016, for instance, a publication criticized it for its paintings of empty landscapes which helped to forge a fictitious national identity that celebrated the land as open for ownership and extraction. This concept was explored by Canadian artist Will Kwan in his show, "Terra Economicus", of 2021, held at the Robert McLaughlin Gallery, Oshawa. Other omissions are noted. But usually the Group is simply regarded as part of Canadian art history and explored in depth, as, for instance, for the centenary, the Kelowna Art Gallery in 2020 organized "Northern Pine: Watercolours and Drawings by the Group of Seven from the McMichael Canadian Art Collection" curated by Ian M. Thom. For the centenary as well, the National Gallery's Philip Dombowsky of the Library and Archives at the Gallery organized a show titled "Group of Seven: Graphic Design".


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: "Magnetic North: Imagining Canada in Painting, 1910-1940", a show celebrating the Group of Seven and Emily Carr, among others, and shown in Frankfurt, was organized by the Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt in combination with the National Gallery of Canada and Art Gallery of Ontario in 2021 and the catalogue while acknowledging the 'bold composition, expressive brushwork, and powerful colour' of the extended Group of Seven also highlit the colonial attitude inscribed in their painting, their "mythical ideology of Canadian history and denial of responsibility for the exploitation of indigenous lands by expanding industrialism".


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: On September 18, 1970, Canada Post issued 'The Group of Seven', designed by Allan Robb Fleming and based on a painting, "Isles of Spruce" (1922), by Arthur Lismer and held in the Hart House Permanent Collection, University of Toronto. The 6¢ stamps are perforated 11, and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited.


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: On June 29, 1995, Canada Post issued 10 stamps, each based on a painting of a member of the group (7 original members and 3 additional members):


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: On May 7, 2020, Canada Post honoured the centennial of the Group's first exhibition, at the Art Gallery of Toronto (May 7, 1920), by issuing seven stamps, featuring paintings by each of the original members. The stamps were produced in a booklet of seven self-adhesives, and on a souvenir sheet of seven gummed stamps. First day ceremonies were cancelled, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, so designs were unveiled online on May 6, via the social media accounts of the postal service and several galleries across the country which own the works featured on the stamps:


title: Group of Seven (artists)

text: In 2012–2013, the Royal Canadian Mint issued seven pure silver one-ounce coins, collectively reproducing one painting by each original member:


title: Niti Taylor

text: Niti Taylor (born 8 November 1994) is an Indian actress known for her portrayal of Nandini Murthy in MTV India's "Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan", Shivani Mathur in "Ghulaam" and Mannat Kaur Khurana in "Ishqbaaz".


title: Niti Taylor

text: Taylor was born in Delhi on 8 November 1994 to a Gujarati father and a Bengali Christian mother from Kolkata.


title: Niti Taylor

text: At the age of 15, Taylor made her television debut with "Pyaar Ka Bandhan" in 2009. Her breakthrough came through her role of Nandini Murthy in MTV India's "Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan", opposite Parth Samthaan.


title: Niti Taylor

text: In 2019, Taylor portrayed the character of Mannat Kaur Khurana in "Ishqbaaz" . Same year she appeared in a Punjabi-language music video "Cappuccino".


title: Niti Taylor

text: In 2022, she participated in "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10" by pairing up with choreographer Akash Thapa, and finished at 7th place.


title: Niti Taylor

text: Taylor got engaged to her boyfriend Parikshit Bawa on 13 August 2019. They married on 13 August 2020.


title: Niti Taylor

text: In December 2015, Taylor was declared as the highest placed newcomer in the 50 Sexiest Asian Women list of the UK based newspaper "Eastern Eye".


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The OnePlus Nord is an Android-based smartphone manufactured by OnePlus, unveiled on 21 July 2020. It is the first device in the Nord series. It is the first mid-range smartphone from OnePlus since the 2015 OnePlus X. It is available in Europe, India, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. Android Police has suggested that the OnePlus Nord is only launching in countries where cheap smartphones that can be bought outright are more popular than expensive ones that consumers can only afford via monthly payments and carrier subsidies.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: There is a beta program in which OnePlus will give 50 people in the United States and Canada an OnePlus Nord for a review. Depending on the circumstances, the reviewers will keep the phone.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: When purchasing the phone, OnePlus offers three options: 6/64GB, 8/128GB, and 12/256GB. The 6/64GB variant is only available in India and will be available in September. Also, the Blue Marble 12 GB RAM / 256 GB storage variant of the phone was released on 6 August 2020 in India. Although the OnePlus Nord does not have an official IP rating, the co-founder Carl Pei in an interview with MKBHD stated that the phone could survive a 30 cm (one foot) drop in water for 30 seconds.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: On 7 December 2019, a render of a mid-range OnePlus phone was leaked. It looked like a Samsung Galaxy S20, with a hole-punch on the top-middle. There is also a SIM card slot on the top and two holes for the speaker on the bottom. The render appeared to have a laser for focusing. OnePlus Nord was previously rumored to be named the OnePlus 8 Lite or OnePlus Z. OnePlus officially confirmed the name Nord on 30 June 2020. The phone is codenamed Avicii, named after the stage name of Tim Bergling, a Swedish DJ.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: In an interview with MKBHD, co-founder Carl Pei revealed the design. The camera setup was detailed in a forum announcement. Prototypes were later shown in a teaser video posted on Instagram. According to Pei, Nord is derived from the word for north (According to OnePlus, north on a compass "points towards growth and success") in several European languages, representing the North Star. OnePlus revealed the device both online and via an AR app.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: At 18 August a documentary ("New Beginnings") about the OnePlus Nord realization came exclusive on Amazon Prime Video.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The Nord has a plastic frame with a metallic coat applied to the plastic to give the appearance of real metal. It also has a raised plastic frame around the display. The device measures and weighs . It is considered a premium flagship-like build with a polished chassis between the front, made of Gorilla Glass 5, aluminum buttons, and a gloss finish and iridescent back. The smooth glass design of the phone means that sometimes it can be slippery. On 27 July 2020, it was reported that the device chassis was susceptible to bending under pressure. The pressure caused cracks to appear near the volume and power button and the display to die in extreme situations.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The OnePlus Nord design is similar to the design of the Realme X50 Pro. There are rumors that the OnePlus Nord is just a rebadged Oppo Reno4 5G smartphone.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: In addition to the 6.44-inch (164 mm) touchscreen, it has a metallic power button located at the right side, the metallic alert slider just below it, metallic volume up/down button at the left side, and USB-C (USB 2.0) port, mono speaker and the plastic SIM card slot on the bottom. There is no 3.5mm headphone jack.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The OnePlus Nord does not sit flush because of a camera bump in the left corner, raising the phone a few millimeters from the surface.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The OnePlus Nord has two choices of colours: Blue Marble and Gray Onyx. There could be a third choice for future carrier launch, which is Gray Ash.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The OnePlus Nord uses the Qualcomm Snapdragon 765G processor (octa-core CPU with a 2.4 GHz Kryo 475 Prime core, a 2.2 GHz Kryo 475 Gold core, 6 1.8 GHz Kryo 475 Silver core and an Adreno 620 GPU), which has a 5G modem, making it the cheapest 5G smartphone. It is slower than the Qualcomm Snapdragon 865 used in OnePlus 8. This is one way OnePlus manages to lower the cost of the Nord.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The phone has a 6.44-inch 90 Hz (refresh rate) 20:9 aspect ratio, Fluid AMOLED, 2400 x 1080 pixels resolution (Full HD+ 2.592 megapixels at 408 ppi), HDR10/HDR10+/HLG, Gorilla Glass 5, and 180 Hz touch response rate display with sRGB and DCI-P3 support. The display has an in-display fingerprint sensor on the bottom and hole-punch at the top for the dual front camera system. The screen is similar but smaller than the OnePlus 8. The screen's maximum brightness is rated at 1000 nits of brightness with HDR, 700 nits in normal conditions, and can sustain close to 500 nits of brightness. Marques Brownlee reported that the screen has some minor rainbow and tint problems. Some owners complained that the OnePlus Nord has tinting problems at low brightness. Android Authority stated that the tinting problems at low brightness levels is common in OLED screens, across all smartphone or screen manufacturer.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: It also has an 8 MP ƒ/2.3 119° FOV ultrawide angle camera, a 5 MP ƒ/2.4 depth sensor and a 2 MP ƒ/2.4 macro camera. It can shoot video up to 4K/30fps, and slow-motion video up to 1080p/240fps.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: OnePlus Nord has a dual front camera system. One is the 32 MP Sony IMX616 ƒ/2.5 0.8 µm primary camera; the other one is an 8 MP ƒ/2.5 105° FOV ultrawide angle camera.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: It can shoot video up to 4K/60fps with the primary camera and 4K/30fps with the ultrawide angle camera. The front camera system as a whole cannot use Nightscape mode. In daylight, the main rear camera image quality is good and similar to the OnePlus 8. Low-light performance ranges from acceptable to good, though not flagship-like quality. The macro camera's quality is at best average, and at worst, poor. The portrait mode quality is mixed. The image quality is pretty good, but it has edge detection problems. Later, MKBHD stated that the portrait mode, even with the depth sensor covered up, works with similar quality. In terms of video quality, the video taken by OnePlus Nord is sharp and stable thanks to the stabilization.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The image quality taken with the front cameras ranges from poor to good. In low-light situations, the image quality is even worse.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The OnePlus Nord uses a non-removable 4115 mAh Li-Po battery. It has Warp Charge 30T support, which charges the phone from empty to 70% in half an hour. It has no wireless charging. Charging from empty to 50% takes 25 minutes, and charging from empty to 100% takes around an hour. For heavy use, the phone lasted a day, and under normal conditions could last two days. The screen-time ranges from around 5–10 hours (6 hours for heavy use).


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The OnePlus Nord has 5G connectivity, just like the OnePlus 8 and OnePlus 8 Pro, with five 5G bands. Despite early reports saying it might support millimeter-wave 5G, it only supports sub-6GHz 5G and does not support millimeter-wave 5G, which has faster speeds. Therefore, it won't work with carrier's that use the millimeter-wave 5G bands used by the Verizon Wireless in the US or Rogers in Canada as well as other 5G bands used by other carriers in North America (such as Band 71). It also supports dual band Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac standards and NFC.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: According to currently released info from GSMArena, the OnePlus Nord has a Hall effect sensor, an in-display fingerprint scanner, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a proximity sensor.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: At retail, the OnePlus Nord includes a clear silicone case, a red USB-C cable, and a Warp Charge (30W) charger. In France, an earphone is also included. Accessories for the OnePlus Nord include the OnePlus Buds, and the cases from OnePlus (2 Sandstone cases in different colors, a clear bumper case, and three creator case with a JerryRigEverything, Finsta, and Camilla Engström theme, respectively.)


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The OnePlus Nord is powered by Android, a Linux-based, open-source mobile operating system developed by Google and introduced commercially in 2008. Among other features, the software allows users to maintain customized home screens, which can contain shortcuts to applications and widgets for displaying information. Shortcuts to frequently used applications can be stored on a dock at the bottom of the screen; swiping anywhere on the home screen up opens the application drawer displaying a menu containing all of the apps installed on the device. A tray accessed by dragging from the top of the display or dragging down anywhere on the home screen allows users to view notifications received from other apps. It contains toggle switches for commonly used functions.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The OnePlus Nord ships with OxygenOS 10.5, which is based on Android 10. In terms of preinstalled software, OxygenOS only has preinstalled Google communications apps, such as Google Duo, Phone, and Message. OnePlus claims the phone receives two years of updates and three years of security updates.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: On 1 March 2021, OnePlus Nord started receiving first stable build for Android 11 via an OxygenOS 11 build.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: OnePlus Nord includes wallpapers with elements of the Scandinavian region, and ringtones inspired by famous Scandinavian electronic musicians. In India, the phone also gets special features, like app-by-app notification muting in profiles, and an app for wallpaper sharing.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: OxygenOS has an app locker, which secures the apps chosen by the user with a PIN or with fingerprint to avoid unwanted use, on-screen gestures to replace the standard three-button navigation button layout, off-screen gestures to launch essential apps quickly and to control music playback, Shelf which displays the weather, notes, and selected apps & contacts, Gaming mode to silence notifications except inbound calls & alarms and turn off automatic brightness adjusting, Fnatic mode to put all resources into a game, stop all non-essential process in the background, and block all notifications except alarms, Smart Boost feature to speed up loading times of a game, Zen mode to block all actions for 20 minutes except camera Andrew emergency calls, fingerprint gesture to open apps without unlocking the phone, Hidden Space to hide apparently they are interested in the institute of technology and Nutrition from the application drawer without uninstalling them, and parallel apps to create a second app with different profiles than the first one.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: There are many modes available, such as Portrait Mode, which makes the background blurry, Cine Aspect Ratio to record video in 21:9 (cinematic) aspect ratio, and Nightscape Mode, which is similar to other smartphones in its price range, which lets the user take brighter pictures at low light environments. There is a 2x zoom icon that, when pressed, zooms the images in by 2x (digital zoom), and if flicked, will reveal a wheel that scrolls up to 10x. The 2x zoom images look good outdoors; else, the image will be dark and have noise. The 10x zoom images have decent detail in outdoor lighting. There are problems with the time it takes to switch from one camera to another, and that Nightscape Mode doesn't work in the ultrawide camera. Android Authority reported that the denoising processing ruined all pictures captured with the phone. The OnePlus Nord tends to make skins brighter, smoother, and more yellow, which is common for OnePlus devices.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: On 22 July 2020, just one day after the phone's unveiling, an update was released that updated OxygenOS to OxygenOS 10.5.1. The update improved the depth effect, indoor picture quality, power efficiency when recording at 4K/60fps, and the overall camera experience. It also improved system stability and video calling quality.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: On 23 July 2020, an update was released that updated the firmware to 10.5.2 and patched security flaws. The update improved the pairing process of the OnePlus Buds, optimized a gesture to open the camera, and added 90 Hz support to Dailyhunt (India only), which is an Indian news app. The update also further optimized video calling performance and power efficiency when recording video at 4K/60fps, and fixed general issues.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: On 5 August 2020, a small update came out. The small update updated OxygenOS to 10.5.3 and improved the stability of the system.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: On 10 August 2020, an update that updated the firmware to 10.5.4 was released. The update includes display and camera improvements, shortened the launch time of the gallery app, and it fixes an issue with background music playing while using the front camera. The update also improves the video call quality, color accuracy, and white balance while in low-light situations for the front cameras and the color accuracy and saturation of the macro camera.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: On 7 September 2020, OxygenOS 10.5.7 rolled out, with improvements for/into 4K/60fps stabilization, image clarity for the macro camera, Bluetooth, voice call stability, the display, and power consumption.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: On 30 Sept 2020, OxygenOS 10.5.8 was released in a staggered fashion. This is a minor update, with increased stability for network, display, and camera OIS.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: On 02 March 2021, OnePlus Nord gets a stable OxygenOS 11 update. This update brings major changes to the interface (including dark mode) and even enables the Always On Display feature.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The OnePlus Nord received positive pre-release reviews from CNET reviewer Andrew Hoyle, citing the good specifications, 5G capability, and the affordability. They criticized the phone's lack of IP rating.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: TechRadar reviewer John McCann recommended the phone to those who want a flagship-like experience but at affordable prices, affordable 5G phone, and want flexibility when taking images. They discouraged purchase by those who want water resistance, get many notifications, and want a long-lasting phone that lasts two days without a charge.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: GSMArena rated the phone positive from initial impressions with the phone because of the flagship-like design and build, good screen, good performance, and bloatware-free OS. They criticized the lack of space for the notification bar, lack of IP rating, and lack of a headphone jack.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: OnePlus Nord received positive reviews from Tom's Guide reviewer Richard Priday, citing its many cameras, 90 Hz display, great design for a mid-range phone, and excellent battery life. They criticized the macro camera, the average performance, the lack of wireless charging, and the fact that OnePlus Nord won't be coming to the United States.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: The Verge reviewer Jon Porter recommended the phone to the vast majority of customers, with some minor caveats, like the mono, downward-firing, low bass, speaker, and the 90 Hz refresh rate screen not being fully utilized because of the not-quite-flagship processor.


title: OnePlus Nord

text: In India, Beebom recommended the phone to every customer except those who play resource-demanding games, citing its all-round specs, good display, design, and the main rear and front (both primary and ultrawide) cameras. He experienced issues with noise in the macro camera.


title: The Sound of Your Heart (TV series)

text: The Sound Of Your Heart () is a South Korean television series starring Lee Kwang-soo and Jung So-min. The sitcom is based on the webtoon of "the same name." The first 10 episodes were aired as a web series on November 7, 2016 through Naver TV Cast on Mondays at 6:00 (KST), and the remaining 10 episodes aired from December 2016. The web series hit 100 million views on Sohu TV and ranked No. 1 among Korean dramas on the site. On Naver TV Cast, the web series has more than 40 million views in South Korea as of February 2017. It is also now airing on Netflix.


title: The Sound of Your Heart (TV series)

text: Stories about Cho Seok's (Lee Kwang-soo) adventures with his family and his girlfriend Aebong (Jung So-min).


title: The Sound of Your Heart (TV series)

text: First script reading took place March 24, 2016 at KBS Annex Broadcasting Station in Yeouido, South Korea. The filming took 52 days, it began in March and ended in May.


title: Claudio Sanchez

text: Claudio Paul Sanchez III (born March 12, 1978) is an American writer and musician of Puerto Rican and Italian descent best known for being the lead singer, guitarist and primary lyricist for the alternative/progressive rock group Coheed and Cambria. He is the creator of the comic book series "The Amory Wars", as well as "Key of Z" and "Kill Audio", both co-written with his wife Chondra Echert. Sanchez co-authored the novel "Year of the Black Rainbow" with Peter David.


title: Claudio Sanchez

text: Sanchez primarily provides lead vocals and guitar in Coheed and Cambria. However, he has also used theremins, synthesizers and harmonicas in his side projects. Early in his career, Sanchez first performed with several different bands, all of which lasted a short period of time.


title: Claudio Sanchez

text: After breaking up with Beautiful Loser, Sanchez went on a trip to Paris, where he began writing a story, initially referred to as "The Bag.On.Line Adventures of Coheed and Cambria", named after a store near where Sanchez stayed while in Paris. Two characters named Coheed and Cambria Kilgannon live in a fictional foreign galaxy known as Heaven's Fence. In the original concept, Sanchez wrote a story about his girlfriend and himself traveling to a new, foreign place, but as the concept expanded the characters started to resemble his parents.


title: Claudio Sanchez

text: Sanchez was the lead singer and guitarist for Shabütie, which formed in Nyack, New York, in 1995. Shabutie released several EPs and wrote several songs which would eventually be released on "The Second Stage Turbine Blade". The band broke up after Nate Kelley walked out on a performance but was later reformed with Josh Eppard replacing Nate Kelley on drums. This new band was dubbed Coheed and Cambria, named after the characters Sanchez had written about in Paris. Coheed and Cambria achieved success on the East Coast after releasing and touring "The Second Stage Turbine Blade", and they gained mainstream success with the release of "" thanks to the single "A Favor House Atlantic".


title: Claudio Sanchez

text: Sanchez began producing comic books in 2000, beginning with "The Bag.On.Line Adventures". "The Bag.On.Line Adventures" lasted two issues due to problems with the artist, deadlines, and financial issues. Sanchez's next project was the graphic novel "". The graphic novel was released alongside the album of the same name, however, Sanchez has stated that the novel was incomplete due to financial issues.


title: Claudio Sanchez

text: Sanchez began anew in 2008 with the series "The Amory Wars", which chronicles events album by album. "The Second Stage Turbine Blade" was covered in two five-part comic book limited series. Alongside Peter David, Sanchez co-wrote the novel "The Amory Wars: Year of the Black Rainbow", chronicling the events of the "Year of the Black Rainbow" album. Sanchez also released a twelve-issue comic book series adapting "In Keeping Secrets of Silent Earth: 3" under the "Amory Wars" name. A forthcoming adaptation of the "Good Apollo 1" storyline was foreshadowed at the end of the twelfth issue.


title: Claudio Sanchez

text: Under the Evil Ink Comics label, he has also produced Kill Audio (2009), Key of Z (2011), and Translucid (2014) with Chondra Echert.


title: Claudio Sanchez

text: Sanchez also performs in a side project called The Prize Fighter Inferno. The band is a concept band based on the character Jesse, a boxer known as the Prize Fighter Inferno. The story focuses on The Blood Machine, a vicious contraption that murders its victims and takes their souls. Sanchez also released a two-song 7" vinyl album titled "The Beaver Records" EP, which is associated with Kill Audio and The Prize Fighter Inferno. On September 8, 2012, Sanchez released a six-song nonconceptual EP, "Half Measures", under his side project The Prize Fighter Inferno. On April 23, 2021, Sanchez released a new full-length album under The Prize Fighter Inferno entitled "The City Introvert".


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: The 2022 PDC Pro Tour is the next series of non-televised darts tournaments organised by the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). Players Championships and European Tour events are the events that make up the Pro Tour. There will be thirty Players Championship events and thirteen PDC European Tour events, and after the split format last year, the Challenge and Development Tours will return as one big tour, rather than a UK/European split tour.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: The prize money for the Players Championship events rose from 2021 levels, with each event having a prize fund of £100,000.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: 128 players are granted Tour Cards, which enables them to participate in all Players Championships events, the UK Open and qualifiers for all European Tour and select televised events.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: Afterwards, the playing field will be complemented by the highest qualified players from the Q-School Order of Merit until the maximum number of 128 Pro Tour Card players has been reached. In 2022, that means that a total of 24 additional players will qualify this way.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: The PDC Pro Tour Qualifying School (or Q-School) was split into a UK and European Q-School. Players that are not from Europe can choose which Q-School they want to compete in.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: Q-School will once again be split into two stages; with all players who lost their tour cards after the 2022 World Championship and the players who finished from second to fourth in the 2021 Challenge Tour and Development Tour Orders of Merit exempted to the final stage. The first stage consisted a block of three days, with the last eight players on each day qualifying into the final stage. A ranking of other players will also be produced with players qualifying via that ranking to produce a full list of 128 players for each final stage.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: Stage One took place between 9–11 January; with the Final Stage held between 12 and 15 January. The winner of each day's play in the Final Stage were given a PDC Tour Card.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: The UK Q-School was held at the Marshall Arena, Milton Keynes, England; with the European Q-School held at the H+ Hotel, Niedernhausen, Germany.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: An Order of Merit was created for each Q School. For every win after the Last 64, the players will be awarded 1 point.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: To complete the field of 128 Tour Card Holders, places were allocated down the final Q-School Order of Merits in proportion to the number of participants, with 13 cards going to the UK Q-School and 11 going to the European Q-School.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: Following the Super Series events in the last 18 months, the Players Championship events returned to normal in 2022 with 30 events taking place.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: The PDC European Tour returned to the pre-pandemic level of 13 events, having been reduced to four events in 2020, and just two in 2021. On 9 February 2022, the Belgian Darts Open, originally scheduled for 25–27 March was rescheduled to 23–25 September, owing to COVID-19 restrictions in Belgium.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: Following the split into UK and European Challenge Tours in 2021, the Challenge Tour will become one again in 2022, with 4 weekends of 5 events, and 1 weekend of 4 events. The top 2 players on the Order of Merit get a PDC Tour Card and a place at the 2023 PDC World Darts Championship, meanwhile the winner of the Order of Merit gets a spot at the 2022 Grand Slam of Darts as well.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: Following the split into UK and European Development Tours in 2021, the Development Tour became one again in 2022, with 4 weekends of 5 events, and 1 weekend of 4 events. The top 2 players on the Order of Merit get a PDC Tour Card and a place at the 2023 PDC World Darts Championship, meanwhile the winner of the Order of Merit gets a spot at the 2022 Grand Slam of Darts as well.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: The top two ranked players qualify for the 2023 PDC World Darts Championship, meanwhile the Order of Merit leader after all events qualifies for the 2022 Grand Slam of Darts as well. The top eight ranked players (after 12 events) qualified for the first edition of the Women's World Matchplay in 2022.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: On 26 November 2021, the PDCNB unveiled their 2022 calendar, which is set to include 5 weekends, incorporating 2 weekends in Denmark, and one weekend each in Sweden, Finland and Latvia, although the Sweden weekend will be purely held for European Tour qualifiers. The top two players on the Order of merit qualify for the 2023 PDC World Darts Championship.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: The Dartplayers Australia Tour was modified once again to reduce the amount of travel required within the context of the global pandemic. The original format was that every event would consist of five state round robin rounds. After which an online 32 player knockout round would be played. After the first event there were technical difficulties with the online knockout round. It was then decided that every state event would be played out with separate knockout stages. With the top 16 from every state after all 15 events qualifying for the Australasian Championships.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: Notably in the South Australian events, Kym Mitchell became the first female winner of a DPA event in the 20 year history of the organisation.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: On 17 July, the DPA hosted the ProTour Playoff.The tournament was won by Raymond Smith, who qualified for the 2023 PDC World Darts Championship.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: On 23 October, the DPA hosted the Oceanic Masters.The tournament was won by Mal Cuming, who qualified for the 2023 PDC World Darts Championship.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: The EuroAsian Darts Corporation was due to host 6 events over 2 weekends, however the second weekend was cancelled due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the EADC was suspended from hosting any darting events until further notice.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: The Championship Darts Corporation returned as one combined tour in 2022, after having split US and Canadian events in 2021. It hosted 12 events held over 4 weekends. The top players from the United States and Canada on the Tour Points List qualified for the 2023 PDC World Darts Championship, and they were and .


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: The CDC Continental Cup was held on 22 October. It featured the top sixteen players from the 2022 CDC Tour Points List (with the exception of and , due to their commitments on the PDC Pro Tour). The winner of the Continental Cup will earn entry into the 2023 US Darts Masters.


title: 2022 PDC Pro Tour

text: Amongst the World Championship qualifiers for the 2023 PDC World Darts Championship saw the guarantee of the first ever representative from Ukraine, following the suspension of the Eurasian Darts Corporation (EADC), due to the as-still ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: Picture (song)

text: "Picture" is a duet written by American music artists Kid Rock and Sheryl Crow, released on November 12, 2002, as the fourth single and ninth track from Kid Rock's 2001 album "Cocky". The original recording on the album is performed by the song's writers. Rock re-recorded the song for radio with alternative country singer Allison Moorer because Atlantic was initially unable to get the rights from Crow's label to release the album version as a single. When the Moorer version was released, some radio stations began playing the Crow version instead, leading "Billboard" to credit the song variously to Kid Rock featuring Sheryl Crow or Allison Moorer. The song was a commercial and critical success and was nominated for Vocal Event of The Year at the 2003 Country Music Association awards.


title: Picture (song)

text: Kid Rock's label, Atlantic Records, was unable to obtain permission from Crow's label, A&M Records, to release the original version as a single. Therefore, Atlantic Records decided to rework the song with country singer Allison Moorer (coincidentally signed to A&M's sister label Universal South Records) instead. Moorer re-recorded Crow’s vocals for the commercial release.


title: Picture (song)

text: Even though Atlantic Records was unable to obtain rights to release Crow's version as a single, mainstream, rock/alternative, and some country radio stations disregarded this and played the original version featuring Crow, while other country music radio stations played the radio edit featuring Allison Moorer instead. Because of this, "Billboard" credited the song on the charts as Kid Rock featuring Sheryl Crow or Allison Moorer. Each version of the song features a different guitar solo.


title: Picture (song)

text: The song is performed in the key of G major in common time with a tempo of 98 beats per minute. The verses of the song follow a chord progression of G–C–D–C–G, and the chorus follows an Em–G–D–C–G progression. The vocals span from G to B.


title: Picture (song)

text: Being the third Kid Rock single that entered "Billboard"'s Hot 100 chart, "Picture" remains his highest-charting single in the United States, peaking at 4 in April 2003. The song also charted on the Hot Country Songs chart, peaking at No. 21. Until 2008's "All Summer Long", it also marked his only Top 40 country hit. The song is also Sheryl Crow's second-most successful single in the United States, after her 1994 hit "All I Wanna Do" which reached No. 2.


title: Picture (song)

text: On the Hot Country Songs chart, the song was credited only to Kid Rock and Crow for 22 weeks. By then, the single had reached No. 33 on the charts. The following week, however, the song began to be credited to Kid Rock featuring Sheryl Crow or Allison Moorer. The song spent a total of 33 weeks on the country chart, reaching No. 21 in 2003.


title: Picture (song)

text: As of September 2017, "Picture" sold 836,300 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan.


title: Picture (song)

text: Even though Crow's label did not release licensing permissions for the original version, Crow was featured in the music video singing instead of Moorer. The video takes place in a studio showing Rock and Crow recording the song, accompanied by clips of the duo hanging out in the winter time. During the guitar solo, Rock is seen wearing a cowboy hat and winter jacket while walking alone in a field covered in snow. The video also features a few uses of the monochrome effect, while most of the video is in color. It was directed by JB Carlin.


title: Picture (song)

text: Kid Rock performed "Picture" with LeAnn Rimes on his 2003 Christmas TV special, "A Kid Rock Christmas".


title: Picture (song)

text: A live performance he had of the song with Gretchen Wilson was released as a track on his 2006 album "Live Trucker".


title: Picture (song)

text: He performed the song at a concert with Martina McBride for the 2009 TV special "CMA Music Festival: Country’s Night To Rock".


title: Picture (song)

text: Kid Rock has also sung the song live with female country singers Kellie Pickler, Miranda Lambert and Jessie James.


title: Picture (song)

text: When the song is performed live, the music pauses while Rock holds out the lyric “I was off to drink you away”, following the lyric “I was headed to church”.


title: Picture (song)

text: Fleet Foxes frontman Robin Pecknold covered the song with Joanna Newsom in 2010 when the former opened for the latter.


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: The United Nations categorizes Bangladesh as a moderate democratic Muslim country. Sunni Islam is the largest and dominant religion practiced in the country.


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: In the Constitution of Bangladesh, Islam is referred to twice in the introduction and Part I of the constitution. The document begins with the Islamic phrase "Basmala" (بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيْمِ) which in English is translated as "In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful" and article (2A) declares that :"Islam is the state religion of the republic".


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: In Bangladesh, there are four major religions; Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity. A few people also follow religions like Sikhism, Bahai Faith, Sarnaism, Animism and some other religions. Islam is the largest religion in all the districts of Bangladesh, except Rangamati where Muslims are 36% of the population.


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has stated that Bangladesh will be governed in line with the spirit of the Constitution of Medina. But at the same time, the Constitution of Bangladesh calls secularism one of the four fundamental principles of the original Constitution of Bangladesh. Despite having Islam as the state religion, Bangladesh is mostly governed by secular laws, set up during the times when the country was ruled by the British Crown.


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: The constitution also states that "the State shall ensure equal status and equal right in the practice of the Hindu, Buddhist, Christian and other faiths and religions".


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: "Freedom of religion" is its basic structure guaranteed by Bangladeshi constitution in which it calls for equal rights to all its citizens irrespective of their religious differences and it also bans discrimination on the grounds of religion in various platforms.


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: Bangladesh is one of the few secular Muslim-majority nations and "proselytizing" i.e. conversions from one religion to another are legally accepted and is legalized by law under article 41 of the constitution, subject to law, public order and morality.


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: The Muslim population in Bangladesh was over 150.36 million in 2022, which makes up 91.04 per cent percent of the population in the country. Estimation shows that over 1 million Rohingya Muslim refugees live in Bangladesh who have come here during the period of (2016–17) crisis. On 28 September 2018, at the 73rd United Nations General Assembly, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said there are 1.1-1.3 million Rohingya refugees now in Bangladesh. The Constitution of Bangladesh declares Islam as the state religion. Bangladesh is the fourth-largest Muslim-populated country. Muslims are the predominant community of the country and they form the majority of the population in all eight divisions of Bangladesh. The overwhelming majority of Bangladeshi Muslims are Bengali Muslims at 88 per cent, but a small segment about 2 per cent of them are Bihari Muslims. Most Muslims in Bangladesh are Sunnis, but there is a small Shia community. Most of those who are Shia reside in urban areas. Although these Shias are few in number, Shia observance commemorating the martyrdom of Muhammad's grandson, Husain ibn Ali, is widely observed by the nation's Sunnis. Muslims celebrate Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Muharram, Milad un Nabi, Shab-e-Barat and Chand Raat all across the country with much fanfare and grandeur. The annual Bishwa Ijtema is the largest and most notable congregation of Muslims in Bangladesh.


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: The Muslim community in the Bengal region i.e., Bangladesh and West Bengal, developed independently of the dominant Islamic trends in India. Features of Bangladeshi Hinduism, which differed in some respects from Hinduism in other parts of South Asia, influenced both the practices and the social structure of the Bangladeshi Muslim community. In spite of the general personal commitment to Islam by the Muslims of Bangladesh, observance of Islamic rituals and tenets varies according to social position, locale, and personal considerations. In rural regions, some beliefs and practices tend to incorporate elements that differ from and often conflict with orthodox Islam. According to Aziz Ahmad, Arabic Islamic scholars have considered the form of Islam followed in Bengal i.e. (Bangladesh, West Bengal) to have some elements of Crypto-Hinduism in it.


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: Hinduism is the second largest religious affiliation in Bangladesh, with around 13.1 million people identifying themselves as Hindus out of 165.16 million people and making up about 7.95 per cent of the total population as second largest minority according to the recent 2022 census. In terms of population, Bangladesh is the third largest Hindu populated country of the world, just after India and Nepal.


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: Bangladeshi Hindus are predominantly Bengali Hindus, but a distinct Hindu population also exists among the indigenous tribes like Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Santhal, Bishnupriya Manipuri, Tripuri, Munda, Oraon, Dhanuk etc.


title: Religion in Bangladesh

text: Hindus are evenly distributed throughout all regions of Bangladesh, with significant concentrations in northern, southwestern and northeastern parts of the country. In nature, Bangladeshi Hinduism closely resembles the rituals and customs of Hinduism practised in the neighbouring Indian state of West Bengal, with which Bangladesh (at one time known as East Bengal) was united until the partition of India in 1947. Hindu festivals of Durga Puja, Rath Yatra and Janmashtami witness jubilant celebrations across various cities, towns and villages of Bangladesh.