title: Goat cheese

text: Goat cheese is made like other cheeses. The milk is filtered to remove unwanted bacteria or deposits. A curdling starter agent is added, which can be rennet, or one or more starter bacteria that will affect the curds' size and eventually the cheese's consistency. Some examples of starters are "Lactococcus Lactis, Lactis, Lactococcus Lactis subsp. cremoris", and "Streptococcus thermophilus." Next, the cheese is molded and separated from the whey (the uncurdled liquid part of the milk). The curds are then molded, dried, flavored and cured. Any variations- the type of starter, the time or pressure of the draining, the temperature and duration of the curing process- will change the texture (soft, semi-hard, hard) and the flavor.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: The Miracle on the Han River refers to the period of rapid economic growth in South Korea, following the Korean War (1950–1953), during which South Korea transformed from a least developed country to a developed country. The rapid reconstruction and development of the South Korean economy during the latter half of the 20th century was accompanied by events such as the country's successful hosting of the 1988 Summer Olympics and its co-hosting of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, as well as the ascension of family-owned conglomerates known as chaebols, such as Samsung, LG, and Hyundai. This growth also encompassed declines in child mortality and increases in life expectancy. From 1961 to 1979, child mortality declined by 59%, the second fastest decrease in child mortality of any country with over 10 million inhabitants during the same period. South Korea during this period has been described as "corporatist" or as practicing state capitalism. This period of growth was overseen by the Democratic Republican Party (DRP), a conservative, broadly state capitalist and nationalist party.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: The term "Miracle on the Han River" was coined after the phrase "Miracle on the Rhine" was used to refer to the economic rebirth of West Germany after World War II. This analogy was incorporated by Chang Myon, prime minister of the Second Republic of South Korea, in his New Year's address of 1961, in which he encouraged South Koreans to bear difficulties in the hope of achieving a similar economic upturn. The resultant growth has been attributed to the hard work of the labor force. External factors include the enormous economic and technical assistance provided by foreign countries, particularly Japan (see: "Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea") and the United States, access to Western and Japanese markets, and the acquisition of foreign currency by Korean migrant workers in the early stages of economic growth.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: Following the Miracle on the Han River, South Korea has been held as an economic model for other developing countries and acceded to the G20 in November 2010, capping a successful sixty-some years of rebuilding and modernization.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: Between 1910 and 1945, Korea was annexed and became a part of the Japanese Empire. Partly as a result of Japanese capital investment, especially during the 1930s–1940s, it experienced a phase of moderate industrialization and economic growth. With the start of the Pacific War in 1941, the Korean economy declined when the Japanese mainland exploited Korea economically. By the end of the Pacific War, Korea was one of the poorest regions in the world.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: The division of territory as a result of the Korean War further damaged Korean property by 25% and resulted in the establishment of the First Republic of South Korea, ruled by the Syngman Rhee administration until 1960. At this time, the economy was largely agricultural. Through the Farmland Reform Act of 1950, the United States Army Military Government in Korea redistributed previously Japanese-owned land, allowing the generation of private funds.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: The Second Republic of South Korea existed for only one year, but had a great effect on economy and history of South Korea through ideology and policy. Prime Minister Chang Myon and the Democratic Party held a stance of extreme anti-communism (as did the First Republic), but also advocated an Economic First Policy with State-led Capitalism, promoting amity and economic cooperation with Japan.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: When a military coup in 1961 led by general Park Chung-hee overthrew the Democratic Party, the result was a military junta known as the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction (SCNR). During this time, the first national Five-Year Plan (1962–1966) was implemented, becoming an important factor in the Miracle on the Han River. It aimed to develop the nation's economy through expansion of agriculture and energy industries such as coal and electric power; development of basic industries such as chemical fertilizer, cement, oil refinery, iron, and steel; expansion of social overhead capital including roads, railways, and ports; full utilisation of idle resources including increased employment; conservation and utilisation of land; export promotion to improve the balance of payments; and promotion of science and technology. While this first Five-Year Plan did not bring about an immediately self-reliant economy, it brought a period of growth and modernization in preparation for long-term economic success and policy reform.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: Park's motto of "treating employees like family" has been credited with increasing productivity within the South Korean workforce and thus as contributing to the nation's economic success. Park's national reputation as a leader has met mixed receptions: while praised for his contributions to South Korea's economic recovery, contemporary commentators also criticize him for systematic disregard of human rights and media censorship (because of anti-communist sentiment) as part of a military dictatorship. In the one-party regime of the SCNR, the leading party answered to a small constituency of the ruling or military elite, and South Korea's economic restoration was prioritised at the expense of human rights as Park utilized the abundant supply of cheap labor.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: At the same time, morality laws established mandatory curfews and regulations on attire and music. In his program of Yushin Kaehyuk (Revitalizing Reforms), he caused Korean cinema to enter into a moribund period considered by many to be the lowest periods in the history of Korean cinema. Park had believed that South Korea was not ready to be a full democratic nation nor a free nation. As he stated, "Democracy cannot be realized without an economic revolution." Park argued that the poverty of the nation would make it vulnerable, and therefore an urgent task was to eliminate poverty rather than establish a democratic nation. During his presidency the Korean Central Intelligence Agency became a much feared institution and the government frequently imprisoned dissenters. Park Chung-hee's rule ended on October 26, 1979 when he was killed by his chief of security services, Kim Jae-gyu.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: During the Third Republic, South Korea received US$800 million from Japan under property claims, and was mostly dependent on foreign aid, largely from the U.S. in exchange for South Korea's involvement in the Vietnam War. The government used this money to accomplish a self-supporting economy, launching the Saemaeul movement in order to develop rural areas. The strong leadership of the government (though criticized as repressive and heavy-handed) as well as the effective use of cheap labor served as catalysts for the growth of the South Korean economy.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: During the Fourth Republic, with the government backing heavy industries, electronics and steel industries flourished. Another benefit of government backing was the freedom for leaders in the industrial sector to spend money without feeling constrained by a budget due to the government’s commitment to keep the business running. Money subsequently came pouring into the economy as consumer confidence in heavy industries grew.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: By the end of 1995, South Korea had established itself as the eleventh largest economy in the world, in contrast to the bleak economic landscape at the end of the war. However, systemic problems remained within its political and financial systems. Earlier, whenever problems arose that hindered economic development, the junta harassed the wealthy for funding. The junta also gathered a group of high earners, who had attained their wealth due to their corrupt relations with Syngman Rhee. These people were known as the "illicit profiteers".


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: Financial troubles mounted as Korea received short term relief from the United States when Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin and other senior officials agreed to a US$57 billion bailout package in exchange for drastic restructuring of Korea's markets. As the country came under pressure to restructure the financial sector and make it more transparent, market-oriented, and better supervised, its firms were obliged to restructure in a way that would allow international organizations to audit them.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: Around December 1996, President Kim Young-Sam announced that South Korea had gained recognition for its economy by joining the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, consisting of top industrial nations. President Kim then created a new labor law that retained the Federation of Korean Trade Unions, a large, state-controlled trade union, as the only officially approved labor organization for five more years, leaving the independent Korean Confederation of Trade Unions out in the cold.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: In 1997, South Korea faced widespread economic disaster in the form of the East Asian financial crisis. The country's reserves were severely limited at US$6 billion, the majority of which was allocated for spending in the upcoming term. Kim Young-sam, the first nonmilitary President in thirty years, failed to protect the economy at the time, and President Kim Dae-jung (1998–2003) took over the office with considerable damage to repair. The new President was openly opposed to the chaebol and the financial and governmental system of the time, and his election along with the efforts of the citizens and US$58 billion put together by the International Monetary Fund, the country paid its debts and surmounted the problem. Thus, South Korea's financial crisis was severe, but relatively brief compared to other countries which experienced similar situations.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: Chaebol refers to corporate groups in South Korea, mainly run by families, that exercise monopolist or oligopolist control over product lines and industries. They can be compared with conglomerates of the United States and the zaibatsu of Japan. During the industrialization period of South Korea, President Park Chung-hee supported the rise of chaebol groups, facilitating the growth of these groups in order to trigger economic growth. Inside the operations of chaebol groups, there are many branches that family members control and operate. Every Korean chaebol business was started by a family group and 70 percent of chaebol are still managed by family members, and in order for the power and standing of these groups to grow stronger, many chaebol form alliances through marriage, with examples including Samsung and Hyundai. Many political affiliations are formed within chaebol groups. One-third of chaebol occupy high-ranking offices in three branches of the government. The chaebol, tired of new generals coming in and seizing their property or directing them to invest in favored industries, moved in the same direction as the middle class—toward democratic elections and the rule of law.


title: Miracle on the Han River

text: According to George E. Ogle, ten chaebol families were responsible for 60 percent of the growth of the South Korean economy during the Miracle on the Han River. With the help of governmental help and associations, chaebols are still an enormous influence on the Korean economy, though they are also accused of inhibiting small businesses or independent entrepreneurship as unethical behavior and corrupt practices. The Kim Young-sam government (1993–98) attempted to assist small businesses by providing more loans, but this did not deter the expansion of the chaebols. In 1992, Korea received the maximum rating of 100 on both wage rates and tax burdens or lack thereof (with Spain the next highest at 71, and the United States third at 55). In other words, the Korean state still provides a relative capitalist haven for its large business conglomerates.


title: 2022–23 Primeira Liga

text: The 2022–23 Primeira Liga (also known as Liga Portugal Bwin for sponsorship reasons) is the 89th season of the Primeira Liga, the top professional league for Portuguese association football clubs, and the second season under the current Liga Portugal title. This is the sixth Primeira Liga season to use video assistant referee (VAR).


title: 2022–23 Primeira Liga

text: Porto are the defending champions, having won their 30th Primeira Liga at the previous season. Rio Ave, Casa Pia and Chaves joined as the promoted clubs from the 2021–22 Liga Portugal 2 replacing Moreirense, Tondela and B–SAD, which were relegated to 2022–23 Liga Portugal 2.


title: 2022–23 Primeira Liga

text: As the 2022 FIFA World Cup will be held between 20 November and 18 December 2022 due to the climatic conditions of the host country Qatar, the league will feature an extended pause during the season. As national team players must be released by their clubs on 14 November 2022, the last Primeira Liga matchday before the break is scheduled for 13 November (matchday 13). The league will resume nine weeks later on 28 December.


title: 2022–23 Primeira Liga

text: Rio Ave (promoted after a one-year absence), Casa Pia (promoted after a 83-year absence) and Chaves (promoted after a three-year absence) were promoted from the 2021–22 Liga Portugal 2 (finishing first, second and third places), replacing Moreirense (relegated after eight years), Tondela (relegated after seven years) and Belenenses SAD (never relegated before).


title: 2022–23 Primeira Liga

text: The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve chronological evolvements, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards.


title: Roberts Court

text: The Roberts Court is the time since 2005 during which the Supreme Court of the United States has been led by John Roberts as Chief Justice. It is generally considered to be more conservative than the preceding Rehnquist Court and the most conservative court since the Vinson Court of the 1940s and early 1950s. This is due to the retirement of moderate Justices Sandra Day O'Connor and Anthony Kennedy, the death of liberal Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and the confirmation of conservative Justices Samuel Alito, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett in their places, respectively.


title: Roberts Court

text: Since Barrett's confirmation, the Court has been generally regarded as having six conservative justices and three liberal justices. The conservative bloc is sometimes further split into a center-right wing reluctant to overrule precedent (Roberts, Kavanaugh, and Barrett), and a strict conservative wing generally willing to overrule precedent (Clarence Thomas, Alito, and Neil Gorsuch).


title: Roberts Court

text: Roberts was originally nominated by President George W. Bush as associate justice to succeed Sandra Day O'Connor, who had announced her retirement, effective with the confirmation of her successor. However, before the Senate could act upon the nomination, Chief Justice William Rehnquist died. President Bush quickly withdrew the initial nomination and resubmitted it as a nomination for Chief Justice; this second Roberts nomination was confirmed by the Senate on September 29, 2005, by a 78–22 vote. Roberts took the constitutional oath of office, administered by senior Associate Justice John Paul Stevens (who was the acting Chief Justice during the vacancy) at the White House on the same day as his confirmation. On October 3, Roberts took the judicial oath provided for by the Judiciary Act of 1789, prior to the first oral arguments of the 2005 term. The Roberts Court commenced with Roberts as Chief Justice and the final eight Associate Justices from the Rehnquist Court: Stevens, O'Connor, Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Stephen Breyer.


title: Roberts Court

text: President Bush's second nominee to replace O'Connor, Harriet Miers, withdrew before a vote; Bush's third nominee to replace O'Connor was Samuel Alito, who was confirmed in January 2006. In 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor to replace Souter; she was confirmed. In 2010, Obama nominated Elena Kagan to replace Stevens; she, too, was confirmed. In February 2016, Justice Scalia died; in the following month, Obama nominated Merrick Garland, but Garland's nomination was never considered by the Senate, and it expired when the 114th Congress ended and the 115th Congress began on January 3, 2017. On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Democrats in the Senate filibustered the Gorsuch nomination, which led to the Republicans exercising the "nuclear option". After that, Gorsuch was confirmed in April 2017. In 2018, Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to replace Kennedy; he was confirmed. In September 2020, Justice Ginsburg died; Trump nominated Amy Coney Barrett to succeed Ginsburg and she was confirmed on October 26, 2020, days before the 2020 election. In 2022, Breyer announced his retirement effective at the end of the Supreme Court term, assuming his successor was confirmed, in a letter to President Joe Biden. Biden nominated Ketanji Brown Jackson to succeed Breyer, and she was confirmed by the Senate. Breyer remained on the Supreme Court until it went into its summer recess on June 30, at which point Jackson was sworn in, becoming the first black woman and the first former federal public defender to serve on the Supreme Court.


title: Roberts Court

text: Presidents during this court have included George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joe Biden. Congresses included the 109th through the current 117th United States Congresses.


title: Roberts Court

text: The Roberts court has issued major rulings on incorporation of the Bill of Rights, gun control, affirmative action, campaign finance regulation, abortion, capital punishment, gay rights, unlawful search and seizure, and criminal sentencing. Major decisions of the Roberts Court include:


title: Roberts Court

text: The Roberts Court has been described as "conservative in most cases, liberal in some", with (prior to the death of Justice Scalia) five conservative-leaning justices and four liberal-leaning justices. Alito, Thomas, Kennedy, Roberts, and Scalia generally have taken more conservative positions, while Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan have generally taken more liberal positions. Souter and Stevens had also been part of the liberal bloc prior to their respective retirements. These two blocs of voters have lined up together in several major cases, though Justice Kennedy had often sided with the liberal bloc. Roberts has also served as a swing vote, often advocating for narrow rulings and compromise among the two blocs of Justices. Though the Court sometimes does divide along partisan lines, attorney and "SCOTUSblog" founder Tom Goldstein has noted that more cases are decided 9–0 and that the individual justices hold a wide array of views.


title: Roberts Court

text: The judicial philosophy of Roberts on the Supreme Court has been assessed by leading court commentators including Jeffrey Rosen and Marcia Coyle. Although Roberts is identified as having a conservative judicial philosophy, his vote in "National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius" (2012) upholding the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has caused reflection in the press concerning the comparative standing of his conservative judicial philosophy compared to other sitting justices of conservative orientation; he is seen as having a more moderate conservative orientation, particularly when his vote to uphold the ACA is compared to Rehnquist's vote in "Bush v. Gore".


title: Roberts Court

text: Regarding Roberts' contemporaneous peers on the bench, his judicial philosophy is seen as more moderate and conciliatory than that of Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas. Roberts has not indicated any particularly enhanced reading of originalism or framer's intentions as has been plainly evident in Scalia's speeches and writings. Roberts' strongest inclination on the Court has been to attempt to re-establish the centrist orientation of the Court as being party neutral, in contrast to his predecessor Rehnquist who had devoted significant effort to promote a states rights orientation for the Court. Roberts' voting pattern reflecting his conservative judicial philosophy is most closely aligned to Samuel Alito on the Court, the latter of whom has also become associated with libertarian trends in the conservative judicial philosophy.


title: Roberts Court

text: After Ginsburg was replaced by Barrett, several commentators wrote that Roberts was no longer the leading justice. As the five other conservative justices could outvote the rest, he supposedly could no longer preside over a moderately conservative course while respecting precedent. Some said this view was confirmed by the court's 2022 ruling in "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization", which overturned the landmark rulings "Roe v. Wade" and "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" of 1973 and 1992, respectively.


title: Roberts Court

text: In a July 2022 research paper entitled "The Supreme Court's Role in the Degradation of U.S. Democracy," the Campaign Legal Center, founded by Republican Trevor Potter, asserted that the Roberts Court "has turned on our democracy" and was on an "anti-democratic crusade" that had "accelerated and become increasingly


title: Type Ia supernova

text: A Type Ia supernova (read: "type one-A") is a type of supernova that occurs in binary systems (two stars orbiting one another) in which one of the stars is a white dwarf. The other star can be anything from a giant star to an even smaller white dwarf.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: Physically, carbon–oxygen white dwarfs with a low rate of rotation are limited to below 1.44 solar masses (). Beyond this "critical mass", they reignite and in some cases trigger a supernova explosion; this critical mass is often referred to as the Chandrasekhar mass, but is marginally different from the absolute Chandrasekhar limit, where electron degeneracy pressure is unable to prevent catastrophic collapse. If a white dwarf gradually accretes mass from a binary companion, or merges with a second white dwarf, the general hypothesis is that a white dwarf's core will reach the ignition temperature for carbon fusion as it approaches the Chandrasekhar mass. Within a few seconds of initiation of nuclear fusion, a substantial fraction of the matter in the white dwarf undergoes a runaway reaction, releasing enough energy (1–) to unbind the star in a supernova explosion.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: The Type Ia category of supernova produces a fairly consistent peak luminosity because of this fixed critical mass at which a white dwarf will explode. Their consistent peak luminosity allows these explosions to be used as standard candles to measure the distance to their host galaxies: the visual magnitude of a type Ia supernova, as observed from Earth, indicates its distance from Earth.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: In May 2015, NASA reported that the "Kepler" space observatory observed KSN 2011b, a Type Ia supernova in the process of exploding. Details of the pre-nova moments may help scientists better judge the quality of Type Ia supernovae as standard candles, which is an important link in the argument for dark energy.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: In September 2021, astronomers reported that the Hubble Space Telescope had taken three images of a Type Ia supernova through a gravitational lens. This supernova appeared at three different times in the evolution of its brightness due to the differing path length of the light in the three images; at −24, 92, and 107 days from peak luminosity. A fourth image will appear in 2037 allowing observation of the entire luminosity cycle of the supernova.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: The Type Ia supernova is a subcategory in the Minkowski–Zwicky supernova classification scheme, which was devised by German-American astronomer Rudolph Minkowski and Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky. There are several means by which a supernova of this type can form, but they share a common underlying mechanism. Theoretical astronomers long believed the progenitor star for this type of supernova is a white dwarf, and empirical evidence for this was found in 2014 when a Type Ia supernova was observed in the galaxy Messier 82. When a slowly-rotating carbon–oxygen white dwarf accretes matter from a companion, it can exceed the Chandrasekhar limit of about , beyond which it can no longer support its weight with electron degeneracy pressure. In the absence of a countervailing process, the white dwarf would collapse to form a neutron star, in an accretion-induced non-ejective process, as normally occurs in the case of a white dwarf that is primarily composed of magnesium, neon, and oxygen.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: The current view among astronomers who model Type Ia supernova explosions, however, is that this limit is never actually attained and collapse is never initiated. Instead, the increase in pressure and density due to the increasing weight raises the temperature of the core, and as the white dwarf approaches about 99% of the limit, a period of convection ensues, lasting approximately 1,000 years. At some point in this simmering phase, a deflagration flame front is born, powered by carbon fusion. The details of the ignition are still unknown, including the location and number of points where the flame begins. Oxygen fusion is initiated shortly thereafter, but this fuel is not consumed as completely as carbon.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: Once fusion begins, the temperature of the white dwarf increases. A main sequence star supported by thermal pressure can expand and cool which automatically regulates the increase in thermal energy. However, degeneracy pressure is independent of temperature; white dwarfs are unable to regulate temperature in the manner of normal stars, so they are vulnerable to runaway fusion reactions. The flare accelerates dramatically, in part due to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability and interactions with turbulence. It is still a matter of considerable debate whether this flare transforms into a supersonic detonation from a subsonic deflagration.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: Regardless of the exact details of how the supernova ignites, it is generally accepted that a substantial fraction of the carbon and oxygen in the white dwarf fuses into heavier elements within a period of only a few seconds, with the accompanying release of energy increasing the internal temperature to billions of degrees. The energy released (1–) is more than sufficient to unbind the star; that is, the individual particles making up the white dwarf gain enough kinetic energy to fly apart from each other. The star explodes violently and releases a shock wave in which matter is typically ejected at speeds on the order of , roughly 6% of the speed of light. The energy released in the explosion also causes an extreme increase in luminosity. The typical visual absolute magnitude of Type Ia supernovae is "M" = −19.3 (about 5 billion times brighter than the Sun), with little variation.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: The theory of this type of supernova is similar to that of novae, in which a white dwarf accretes matter more slowly and does not approach the Chandrasekhar limit. In the case of a nova, the infalling matter causes a hydrogen fusion surface explosion that does not disrupt the star.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: Type Ia supernovae differ from Type II supernovae, which are caused by the cataclysmic explosion of the outer layers of a massive star as its core collapses, powered by release of gravitational potential energy via neutrino emission.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: One model for the formation of this category of supernova is a close binary star system. The progenitor binary system consists of main sequence stars, with the primary possessing more mass than the secondary. Being greater in mass, the primary is the first of the pair to evolve onto the asymptotic giant branch, where the star's envelope expands considerably. If the two stars share a common envelope then the system can lose significant amounts of mass, reducing the angular momentum, orbital radius and period. After the primary has degenerated into a white dwarf, the secondary star later evolves into a red giant and the stage is set for mass accretion onto the primary. During this final shared-envelope phase, the two stars spiral in closer together as angular momentum is lost. The resulting orbit can have a period as brief as a few hours. If the accretion continues long enough, the white dwarf may eventually approach the Chandrasekhar limit.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: The white dwarf companion could also accrete matter from other types of companions, including a subgiant or (if the orbit is sufficiently close) even a main sequence star. The actual evolutionary process during this accretion stage remains uncertain, as it can depend both on the rate of accretion and the transfer of angular momentum to the white dwarf companion.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: It has been estimated that single degenerate progenitors account for no more than 20% of all Type Ia supernovae.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: A second possible mechanism for triggering a Type Ia supernova is the merger of two white dwarfs whose combined mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit. The resulting merger is called a super-Chandrasekhar mass white dwarf. In such a case, the total mass would not be constrained by the Chandrasekhar limit.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: Collisions of solitary stars within the Milky Way occur only once every to ; far less frequently than the appearance of novae. Collisions occur with greater frequency in the dense core regions of globular clusters ("cf." blue stragglers). A likely scenario is a collision with a binary star system, or between two binary systems containing white dwarfs. This collision can leave behind a close binary system of two white dwarfs. Their orbit decays and they merge through their shared envelope. A study based on SDSS spectra found 15 double systems of the 4,000 white dwarfs tested, implying a double white dwarf merger every 100 years in the Milky Way: this rate matches the number of Type Ia supernovae detected in our neighborhood.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: A double degenerate scenario is one of several explanations proposed for the anomalously massive () progenitor of SN 2003fg. It is the only possible explanation for SNR 0509-67.5, as all possible models with only one white dwarf have been ruled out. It has also been strongly suggested for SN 1006, given that no companion star remnant has been found there. Observations made with NASA's Swift space telescope ruled out existing supergiant or giant companion stars of every Type Ia supernova studied. The supergiant companion's blown out outer shell should emit X-rays, but this glow was not detected by Swift's XRT (X-ray telescope) in the 53 closest supernova remnants. For 12 Type Ia supernovae observed within 10 days of the explosion, the satellite's UVOT (ultraviolet/optical telescope) showed no ultraviolet radiation originating from the heated companion star's surface hit by the supernova shock wave, meaning there were no red giants or larger stars orbiting those supernova progenitors. In the case of SN 2011fe, the companion star must have been smaller than the Sun, if it existed. The Chandra X-ray Observatory revealed that the X-ray radiation of five elliptical galaxies and the bulge of the Andromeda Galaxy is 30–50 times fainter than expected. X-ray radiation should be emitted by the accretion discs of Type Ia supernova progenitors. The missing radiation indicates that few white dwarfs possess accretion discs, ruling out the common, accretion-based model of Ia supernovae. Inward spiraling white dwarf pairs are strongly-inferred candidate sources of gravitational waves, although they have not been directly observed.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: Double degenerate scenarios raise questions about the applicability of Type Ia supernovae as standard candles, since total mass of the two merging white dwarfs varies significantly, meaning luminosity also varies.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: It has been proposed that a group of sub-luminous supernovae that occur when helium accretes onto a white dwarf should be classified as Type Iax. This type of supernova may not always completely destroy the white dwarf progenitor, but instead leave behind a zombie star.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: Unlike the other types of supernovae, Type Ia supernovae generally occur in all types of galaxies, including ellipticals. They show no preference for regions of current stellar formation. As white dwarf stars form at the end of a star's main sequence evolutionary period, such a long-lived star system may have wandered far from the region where it originally formed. Thereafter a close binary system may spend another million years in the mass transfer stage (possibly forming persistent nova outbursts) before the conditions are ripe for a Type Ia supernova to occur.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: A long-standing problem in astronomy has been the identification of supernova progenitors. Direct observation of a progenitor would provide useful constraints on supernova models. As of 2006, the search for such a progenitor had been ongoing for longer than a century. Observation of the supernova SN 2011fe has provided useful constraints. Previous observations with the Hubble Space Telescope did not show a star at the position of the event, thereby excluding a red giant as the source. The expanding plasma from the explosion was found to contain carbon and oxygen, making it likely the progenitor was a white dwarf primarily composed of these elements.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: Similarly, observations of the nearby SN PTF 11kx, discovered January 16, 2011 (UT) by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF), lead to the conclusion that this explosion arises from single-degenerate progenitor, with a red giant companion, thus suggesting there is no single progenitor path to SN Ia. Direct observations of the progenitor of PTF 11kx were reported in the August 24 edition of Science and support this conclusion, and also show that the progenitor star experienced periodic nova eruptions before the supernova – another surprising discovery.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: However, later analysis revealed that the circumstellar material is too massive for the single-degenerate scenario, and fits better the core-degenerate scenario.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: Type Ia supernovae have a characteristic light curve, their graph of luminosity as a function of time after the explosion. Near the time of maximal luminosity, the spectrum contains lines of intermediate-mass elements from oxygen to calcium; these are the main constituents of the outer layers of the star. Months after the explosion, when the outer layers have expanded to the point of transparency, the spectrum is dominated by light emitted by material near the core of the star, heavy elements synthesized during the explosion; most prominently isotopes close to the mass of iron (iron-peak elements). The radioactive decay of nickel-56 through cobalt-56 to iron-56 produces high-energy photons, which dominate the energy output of the ejecta at intermediate to late times.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: The use of Type Ia supernovae to measure precise distances was pioneered by a collaboration of Chilean and US astronomers, the Calán/Tololo Supernova Survey. In a series of papers in the 1990s the survey showed that while Type Ia supernovae do not all reach the same peak luminosity, a single parameter measured from the light curve can be used to correct unreddened Type Ia supernovae to standard candle values. The original correction to standard candle value is known as the Phillips relationship


title: Type Ia supernova

text: and was shown by this group to be able to measure relative distances to 7% accuracy. The cause of this uniformity in peak brightness is related to the amount of nickel-56 produced in white dwarfs presumably exploding near the Chandrasekhar limit.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: The similarity in the absolute luminosity profiles of nearly all known Type Ia supernovae has led to their use as a secondary standard candle in extragalactic astronomy.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: Improved calibrations of the Cepheid variable distance scale and direct geometric distance measurements to NGC 4258 from the dynamics of maser emission


title: Type Ia supernova

text: when combined with the Hubble diagram of the Type Ia supernova distances have led to an improved value of the Hubble constant.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: In 1998, observations of distant Type Ia supernovae indicated the unexpected result that the universe seems to undergo an accelerating expansion.


title: Type Ia supernova

text: There is significant diversity within the class of Type Ia supernovae. Reflecting this, a plethora of sub-classes have been identified. Two prominent and well-studied examples include 1991T-likes, an overluminous formula_1 subclass that exhibits particularly strong iron absorption lines and abnormally small silicon features, and 1991bg-likes, an exceptionally dim formula_2 subclass characterized by strong early titanium absorption features and rapid photometric and spectral evolution. Despite their abnormal luminosities, members of both peculiar groups can be standardized by use of the Phillips relation to determine distance.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: Kunnisseri Veettil Raman Mani (1 January 1971 – 6 March 2016), better known by his stage name Kalabhavan Mani, was an Indian actor and singer. Mani started his career as a mimicry artist with the Kalabhavan comedy troupe. He had starred in over 250 films, including Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, and Telugu films, and was renowned for his humorous characters and villain roles.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: Mani won the National Film Award – Special Jury Award and Kerala State Film Award for his performance as Ramu in "Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum" (1999).


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: Kalabhavan Mani was born as Kunnisseri Veettil Raman Mani in Kerala to Chenathunad Kunnisseri Veettil Raman and Ammini at Chalakudy, Thrissur District on New Year's Day in 1971. He had an elder brother, Velayudan (deceased), younger brother, R. L. V. Ramakrishnan (dancer) and four sisters, Thankamani, Leela, Santha and Ammini Jr. He studied at GLPS East School Chalakudy till 4th grade and Government Boys School, Chalakudy till 10th grade.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: Mani married Nimmy on 22 September 1999 and has a daughter. He was once an autorickshaw driver from Chalakudy. His brother, R. L. V. Ramakrishnan acted in "Bamboo Boys" in a cameo role, starring alongside Cochin Haneefa, his brother, Harisree Ashokan and Salim Kumar.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: He started his career as a mimicry artist with the drama group Cochin Kalabhavan. He started his acting career in the Malayalam film "Aksharam" as an auto rickshaw driver. He got his first major breakthrough with the Lohithadas movie Sallapam (1996), which was a hit. After this, he acted in several movies in the comedy roles. He did some notable roles in movies such as Dilliwala Rajakumaran, Manthra Mothiram, Gajaraja Manthram, Katha Nayagan, Mayaponman and Kottappurathe Koottukudumbam. Mani's comic role as "Monayi" in the 1998 movie Summer in Bethlahem was appreciated among the audience. After portraying several comic characters, his true potential to do the character roles was revealed in the film "Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum". He did the role of a blind singer in it which earned him the Special Jury Award at both National Film Awards and Kerala State Film Awards. These awards helped Mani to do the character roles and villain roles in several movies while also doing comedy roles in numerous films. In Vakkalathu Narayanankutty (2001), he played the villain role. However his performance as villain was first noted in the movie Rakshasa Rajavu (2001), where he played the role of a crooked corrupt politician called "Gunasekharan". The Guard is unique film as it has only Mani as a star cast in it. His performance as a poor eccentric person called "Kuttan" in Karumadikuttan received high appreciation. Mani returned to his unique comical role with the Jayaram starrer One man show. Mani was praised for his performance in Valkannadi (2002). The revenge drama had Mani in the role of "Appunni", a blacksmith with the history of mental illness. He was also noted for his performance in the character role in Malayali Mamanu Vanakkam. After the comedy movies Kuberan and Bamboo Boys, both of them released in 2002, Mani almost shifted his complete focus on doing character and villain roles. Mani's notable movies in 2003 include Vellithira, Balettan, Pattalam and War and Love. He once again returned to do the comedy role with the 2004 Priyadarshan screwball comedy movie Vettam, which is probabily his last notable movie in a complete comic role. He also had a small appearance in "Magic Lamp". Mani's performance as "Chemban Gurukkal", the blind master martial artist, in Ananthabhadam (2005) received high appreciation. In Ben Johnson, he played the role of an action hero for the first time. It was one of the highest-grossing movies in 2005. The success of Ben Johnson saw Mani playing the similar hero roles in movies such as Lokanathan IAS, Chacko Randaman, Kisan, Payum Puli, Red Salute etc. He got a lot of praise for his performance as the villain in Chotta Mumbai (2007). In the movie, Mani played the character called "Nateshan", which is considered one of the biggest villain characters in Malayalam. Mani played the lead role in the family drama Aayirathil Oruvan (2009), which was critically acclaimed In 2010, Mani acted in several films in the lead roles such as "Orange", Pulliman, Black Stallion and Canvas. However, most of these were a huge failure at box office. In 2012, he acted in the multi-starrer crime drama film Bachelor Party. His performance as "Looyi Papan" in Amen (2013) was acclaimed by both the critics and audience. Mani's last Malayalam movie is "Poyi Maranju Parayathe," which was released in 2016 after his death.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: He grabbed everyone's attention in the Tamil film industry as the villain in the movie Gemini (2002), which featured Vikram in the lead role. He acted in more than 30 Tamil films along with numerous Kannada and Telugu films. His last Tamil film is "Pudhusa Naan Poranthen" released in 2016"."


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: Along with his acting career, Mani established a parallel industry of "Nadan Pattu" (folk songs), by selling a record number of releases. His first music album was "Kannimanga Prayathil". Most of his songs were written and composed by "Arumugan Venkidangu". He also released several religious songs and Mappila Pattukal.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: Mani is well known for providing humanitarian assistance to people in need. He was approached and was offered a seat in the 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election by LDF. He had openly told that he was a Leftist and used to Campaign for CPI(M) and left parties during elections. Mani is known for doing a lot of charity work for the poor people. Reportedly, on an average day, around 20 people from less privileged backgrounds used to come to visit him at his residence. As a fund-raiser and performer, he also had contributed money to the local festivals of the religious organisations and provided funds to the schools in his village.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: Kalabhavan Mani died at 7:15 pm on 6 March 2016, aged 45. The day before, he was admitted to Amrita Hospital, Kochi, with haematemesis (vomiting of blood) and was in the ICU. The police registered a case as unnatural death due to the presence of excessive methyl alcohol (a toxic chemical found in illicitly distilled liquor, Arrack) with acetaminophen in Kalabhavan Mani's body.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: On 8 March 2016, based on the initial autopsy report and statements of witnesses, the police said that serious alcoholic fatty liver illness along with alcohol consumption may have caused his death and it might have been a suicide attempt. Four months prior to his death, doctors had categorically warned him against drinking alcohol and he was counselled for severe depression. However, Mani in his phase of depression and informed of severe liver damage conditions, ignored the doctors' warnings and continued with alcoholism. Even on the day before he died, he was allegedly reported consuming alcohol (beer) with friends in the outhouse of his house.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: His unexpected death led to a case by his friends and family which has been filed for investigation through Kochi City Police. On 18 March 2016, based on the forensic test from the Regional Chemical Examiner's Laboratory, death cause was identified with high probability a highly poisonous chemical, Chlorpyrifos—usually used in insecticides, which is banned in many countries for residential use, it is considered a hazardous substance for general ecology. Presence of chlorpyrifos along with methyl and ethyl alcohol contents were found excessively in the test samples. The report suggests that Mani might have consumed the poison knowingly or unknowingly over the days before his death. Therefore, the Government of Kerala has ordered a comprehensive probe in the death of Mani. The police is rounding the case through whom Mani could have accessed this poisonous concoction for substance abuse. Under RLV Ramakrishnan's suspicion Mani's three close friends have been taken into custody for questioning to rule out activities of vested interest. On 11 June 2016, based on the recommendation of the state DGP, the Government of Kerala has decided the case to be investigated by CBI. In May 2017 CBI took over the case and submitted FIR in which it was stated that the death of Kalabhavan Mani was due to unusual reasons.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: His sudden demise led to emotional reactions from his fans and many of his co-stars in the Malayalam Film Industry along with the rest of the South Indian Film Industry. The Mollywood film fraternity and thousands of fans of late actor Kalabhavan Mani paid homage to the versatile artiste during a memorial service on 13 March 2016, at Carmel Higher Secondary School in Chalakudy organised by well-wishers. Tributes were celebrated through the media with 2–3 hours programme special. Mani was cremated with full state honours at his home premises on 7 March. The shopkeepers of Chalakudy paid homage to Mani by closing their shops on the same day.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: Chalakkudikkaran Changathi is a 2018 Malayalam film directed by Vinayan based on the life of Kalabhavan Mani.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: In an interview with journalist John Brittas, Mani stated that the State Government Award could easily have been bought off.


title: Kalabhavan Mani

text: On 14 May 2013, Mani has been accused of assaulting two forest officials during a routine inspection at Athirappilly. However, those who had claimed to be travelling with Mani in the same car, had filed a complaint against the forest officials for abusing them. The police have registered cases against both Mani and the injured forest officials. Later, Mani was arrested and charged when he surrendered to the police. He was granted bail by the High Court of Kerala with conditions on it. Mani and his friends had been on a trip to the tourist place when forest officials intervened and said they wanted to search his vehicle. It was alleged that the officials started having an argument with Mani, allegedly hit the actor, verbally assaulted his Other Backward Class caste and stated Kalabhavan Mani was a "Dalit" and misbehaved with his friends' wives on the car. T. P. Senkumar of then Kerala Police ADGP had said that Mani was unnecessarily harassed by the officials and the actual reason behind the assault case against Mani was that he belonged to a lower caste and that discrimination against the ordinary and lower class exists in the Kerala Police force. However, the High Court criticised ADGP regarding the statement. On the other hand, the officials had alleged that Mani was in a drunk condition and also a main accused in two other assault cases. During an interview at Kairali channel, Mani said that jealousy had caused the officials registering the false case against him and the police officer who beat him had a criminal background of four charges.


title: Johnny Juzang

text: Jonathan Anh Juzang (; born March 17, 2001) is an American professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA), on a two-way contract for the Salt Lake City Stars of the NBA G League. He began his college basketball career playing one season with the Kentucky Wildcats before transferring to the UCLA Bruins. A two-time all-conference selection in the Pac-12, Juzang earned third-team All-American honors as a junior in 2022. As a sophomore in 2021, the Bruins advanced to the Final Four of the 2021 NCAA tournament, and he was named to the All-Tournament Team.


title: Johnny Juzang

text: Juzang played high school basketball for Harvard-Westlake School in Los Angeles. In his freshman season, he averaged 16.2 points, 7.5 rebounds, and two assists per game and was teammates with Cassius Stanley. Harvard-Westlake won the CIF Southern Section (CIF-SS) Division 1A championship after Juzang recorded 21 points, 11 rebounds and four assists in the final. As a sophomore, he averaged 22.8 points, 9.5 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game, leading his team to a 22–6 record. In his junior season, Juzang averaged 23 points, 8.5 rebounds and 3.4 assists per game and was named the most valuable player of the Mission League. He helped lead Harvard-Westlake to their first league title since 2011 after scoring 25 points in the championship game against rival Loyola.


title: Johnny Juzang

text: After the season, Juzang reclassified from the 2020 class to the 2019 class, allowing him to play collegiately in the following season. He was a four-star recruit and one of the top small forwards in his class. On May 10, 2019, he committed to play college basketball for Kentucky over Virginia. He had also been interested in UCLA, but their coach, Steve Alford, was fired, and he did not have time to develop a relationship with their new coach, Mick Cronin, before choosing the Wildcats.


title: Johnny Juzang

text: As a freshman at the University of Kentucky, Juzang played behind Tyrese Maxey and Immanuel Quickley and was mostly restricted to catch-and-shoot opportunities in limited playing time. His defense was considered a weakness, and he did not shoot well enough to compel Wildcats coach John Calipari to play him more. On February 8, 2020, Juzang scored a season-high 13 points with three three-pointers in a 77–64 win over Tennessee. He averaged 2.9 points, shooting 37.7 percent from the field, in 12.4 minutes per game for the Wildcats. After the season, he announced that he was transferring from Kentucky. He had been lonely without his family, and the COVID-19 pandemic drove his desire to return home. Juzang decided to transfer to UCLA and play under Cronin, and he was granted a waiver to play immediately instead of the usual requirement to sit out a season.


title: Johnny Juzang

text: Juzang missed the first four games of the 2020–21 season with a stress reaction in his right foot. In his first game, he scored 10 points off the bench in a win over San Diego. He moved into the starting lineup in the following game against Marquette. On January 14, 2021, Juzang scored a then-career-high 17 points, leading the Bruins in scoring in a 91–61 blowout win over Washington State. On January 24, against Stanford, he scored 27 in a 73–72 loss in overtime, the Bruins' first conference defeat of the season. The game included a stretch where Juzang scored 21 straight points for the team, making eight consecutive shots to end the first half and begin the second. Against Washington, he scored a career-high 32 points in a 64–61 win. He was the first Bruin to score at least half of his team's points in a game since Reggie Miller 35 years earlier. The team's leading scorer, Juzang was a second-team All-Pac-12 selection.


title: Johnny Juzang

text: In the 2021 NCAA tournament, Juzang joined Miller and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, known in college as Lew Alcindor, to become the third player in UCLA history to score at least 20 points in their first two NCAA Tournament games. He scored 28 points in a 51–49 win over No. 1 seed Michigan, as UCLA advanced to their first Final Four since 2008. Eighteen of his points came in the first half, which included a run where he scored 12 consecutive for the Bruins. He became the first player to score at least half of his team's points in a regional finals win since Oscar Robertson in 1960. He was named the most outstanding player of the tournament's East Region. Juzang scored 29 points in the national semifinal against 1-seed Gonzaga, including a basket to tie the game with 3.3 seconds remaining in overtime, but the Bulldogs' Jalen Suggs made a buzzer beater to win 93–90 over the Bruins. Juzang averaged 22.8 points in six games in the tournament, and was named to the 2021 All-Tournament Team. He scored 137 total points, the second most by a UCLA player in NCAA Tournament history behind Gail Goodrich's 140 points in 1965. He scored 23 or more points four times in the tournament for a total of eight games with at least 20 during the season.


title: Johnny Juzang

text: During the offseason, Juzang declared for the NBA draft while maintaining his college eligibility. After making it into the first round of some mock drafts but also struggling in a few draft combine games, he decided to return to UCLA and contend for a national championship in 2021–22. Hoping to boost his draft stock, Juzang instead fought injuries, missing one game due to a sore hip from a scooter accident and two others with a sprained right ankle. He was also sidelined for two games after testing positive for COVID-19, and failed to significantly improve on defense during the season. Though he was the focus of opponents' defensive game plans, Juzang largely duplicated his statistics from a year before and remained as UCLA's leading scorer, helping lead the team to a No. 4 seed in the 2022 NCAA tournament. He was named a third-team All-American by the National Association of Basketball Coaches, and was voted to the All-Pac-12 first team. He was also listed on the final national ballot for the John R. Wooden Award, and was a finalist for the Jerry West Award, given to the top shooting guard in the nation. After failing to reach double figures in scoring in four out of six games, Juzang had his best game since his ankle injury with 14 points on 6-of-11 shooting along with eight rebounds in a 72–56 win over Saint Mary's in the second round of the NCAA Tournament. He scored 14 again in the Bruins' season-ending 73–66 loss to North Carolina in the Sweet Sixteen, but needed 13 shots and was only 2-of-8 shooting in the second half. After the season, he left UCLA to enter the NBA draft.


title: Johnny Juzang

text: Juzang went undrafted in the 2022 NBA draft. He played for the Utah Jazz in the 2022 NBA Summer League, although his debut was delayed after he suffered a concussion in a car crash days after he arrived in Utah. After the summer league, he signed a two-way contract with the Jazz.


title: Johnny Juzang

text: Juzang's older brother, Christian, played college basketball as a point guard for Harvard, and played in the Vietnam Basketball Association with the Saigon Heat. His father, Maxie, is Creole, and his mother, Hanh, is Vietnamese. He has a younger sister, Lauren.


title: Epilator

text: An epilator is an electrical device used to remove hair by mechanically grasping multiple hairs simultaneously and pulling them out. The way in which epilators pull out hair is similar to waxing, although unlike waxing, they do not remove cells from the epithelium of the epidermis. Epilators may use an electric motor or be manually powered with a spring. They may also come with various attachments, like a smaller head to help with epilation of hard-to-reach areas, or an exfoliation head that may help exfoliate the skin before and after epilation.


title: Epilator

text: Epilation can be painful to some people because, as with waxing, it involves pulling hair out of the roots. Because of the pain involved being particularly bad on the first epilation of an area, some people prefer to have the area professionally waxed first, then use epilation to remove regrowth. Pain from epilation is sometimes mitigated by reducing the speed of the device, relaxing the skin with a hot shower or bath, or using a numbing cream on the skin before epilation.


title: Epilator

text: The first type of epilator was the original "Epilady" released in Israel, and manufactured by Mepro in kibbutz HaGoshrim in 1986. The design incorporated a coil spring, which was bowed into a curve such that the coils on one side of the spring were squeezed tightly together while on the other side the coils were spread apart. The motor in the epilady rotated the spring, causing it to flex as it rotated. Moving the rotating spring across the skin caused the hairs to be caught up in the spring and pulled out through hair follicles.


title: Epilator

text: Because the springs flexed continuously, they were subject to occasional failure and were sold separately as a replacement part.


title: Epilator

text: Today, there are manual epilators designed for the face that do not use a power supply. This design consists simply of a coil spring with two handles. The spring is then bowed into a curve and placed upon the unwanted facial hair whilst turning the handles. This caused the hairs to be caught between the coils of the springs and pulled out from the roots.


title: Epilator

text: The Remington "Lady Remington Smooth and Silky" was designed to operate in a similar way to the spring type Epilady, except that a series of metal discs were used instead of a spring. It was the subject of extensive patent litigation in Europe due to a conceptual similarity to the spring type epilator. The UK patent infringement case is known as "Improver Corporation v Remington Consumer Product Limited [1990] F.S.R. 181".


title: Epilator

text: The rotating disc design has been refined such that, in modern designs, the plates are no longer complete discs. The "head" of a modern epilator incorporates a series of metal plates mounted in a plastic housing. The ends of the plates may be exposed at one or both sides of the housing. As the head rotates, the tips of the plates move together and apart once per revolution. This creates a tweezing effect, where the hair between the plates, when they close, is pulled as the plates rotate away from the skin, then released as the plates separate. This allows a continuous cycle of gripping, pulling, extracting and discarding the hair as the epilator is moved across the skin.


title: Epilator

text: Depending upon the strength and brittleness of the hair, some may snap off rather than being pulled out. Because those hairs snap off just above the skin surface, they can look somewhat like stubble from shaving, but are far more sparsely spread because the other hairs have been pulled out entirely. As with waxing, because of the phases of growth that occur with hair, there is not as much regrowth following the first epilation. Regular epilation of regrowth is less painful than the initial epilation and the number of broken off hairs diminishes with regular epilation.


title: Epilator

text: Many modern epilators have a built in rechargeable battery and are designed to be used either wet or dry. These types of devices are built to be used in or out of the shower or with an optional cream or gel. The use of a skin cream or gel is said to be helpful with reducing the pain and irritation associated with the dry use only devices.


title: Gerry Marsden

text: Gerard Marsden MBE (24 September 1942 – 3 January 2021) was an English singer-songwriter, musician and television personality, best known for being leader of the Merseybeat band Gerry and the Pacemakers. He was the younger brother of fellow band member Freddie Marsden.


title: Gerry Marsden

text: Gerry and the Pacemakers had the distinction of being the first act to have their first three recordings go to number 1 in the UK charts. Although they never had a number 1 in the United States, they were the second-most successful group from Liverpool, after the Beatles, to have hits on the United States pop charts. Their 1965 musical film "Ferry Cross the Mersey" was co-written by Tony Warren.


title: Gerry Marsden

text: Marsden was born at 8 Menzies Street, Toxteth, Liverpool, to Frederick Marsden and Mary McAlindin. His interest in music began at an early age. He remembered standing on top of an air-raid shelter singing "Ragtime Cowboy Joe", and getting a great reception from onlookers.


title: Gerry Marsden

text: Gerry and the Pacemakers formed in 1959. They were the second group signed by Brian Epstein, the first being the Beatles, and remained among his favourite artists. Their first single was 1963's "How Do You Do It?", recommended by George Martin after it was initially given to the Beatles. This was the first number one hit for the Pacemakers. It was recorded at Abbey Road Studios and was released on EMI's Columbia label.


title: Gerry Marsden

text: The group's second number one was "I Like It", followed by "You'll Never Walk Alone", both released later in 1963. The group's other singles included "It's Gonna Be Alright", "I'm the One", "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying", and "Ferry Cross the Mersey", all released in 1964. A musical film "Ferry Cross the Mersey", considered to be their version of the Beatles' "A Hard Day's Night", was co-written by "Coronation Street" creator and writer Tony Warren, and was released in 1965.


title: Gerry Marsden

text: The Pacemakers disbanded in October 1966. After leaving the group, Marsden maintained a low-key career on television, including a regular slot on children's television in "The Sooty Show". He also starred in the West End musical "Charlie Girl" alongside Derek Nimmo and Anna Neagle, replacing another pop singer, Joe Brown. A new song, "Liverpool", was added to the score to tie in with Marsden's Liverpool accent.


title: Gerry Marsden

text: Marsden returned to #1 in the charts twice during the 1980s with re-recordings of two of his old hits, with all profits going to charity. In 1985 after the Bradford Football Club stadium tragedy in which 56 were killed, he formed a group called the Crowd, which included other musicians, singers, and radio disc jockeys, to produce a new version of "You'll Never Walk Alone".


title: Gerry Marsden

text: On 18 April 1989, three days after the Hillsborough disaster in which 97 Liverpool F.C. fans died, he joined forces with Paul McCartney, the Christians, Holly Johnson, and his production trio Stock, Aitken & Waterman on a new version of "Ferry Cross the Mersey".


title: Gerry Marsden

text: In 1993 Marsden published his autobiography, "I'll Never Walk Alone", co-written with former "Melody Maker" editor Ray Coleman. In 1990, he recorded the song "Red White and Blue", with "The England Supporters Club", that also appears on the Euro 96 album "England's Glory".


title: Gerry Marsden

text: In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, he released a version of "You'll Never Walk Alone" in tribute to the National Health Service.


title: Gerry Marsden

text: Marsden had an older brother, Freddie, who co-founded and played drums in Gerry and the Pacemakers and who died in 2006.


title: Gerry Marsden

text: In September 2003, Marsden had triple bypass heart surgery at Broad Green Hospital in Liverpool. He had a second heart operation in 2016, and announced his retirement in November 2018, although he appeared with Take That at their concert at Anfield in June 2019.


title: Gerry Marsden

text: Marsden died on 3 January 2021 at Arrowe Park Hospital in Merseyside, after being diagnosed with a blood infection in his heart. He was 78 years old.


title: Gerry Marsden

text: In 2003, for his services supporting the victims of the Hillsborough disaster, Marsden was made Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: Cactus Flower is a 1969 American screwball comedy film directed by Gene Saks and starring Walter Matthau, Ingrid Bergman, and Goldie Hawn, who won an Academy Award for her performance. Along with Hello Dolly!, are the movies that end the Golden Age of Hollywood.[citation?]


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: The screenplay was adapted by I. A. L. Diamond from the 1965 Broadway play of the same name written by Abe Burrows, which in turn was based upon the French play "Fleur de cactus" by Pierre Barillet and Jean-Pierre Gredy. "Cactus Flower" was the ninth highest-grossing film of 1969.


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: Twenty-one-year-old Toni Simmons attempts to commit suicide by inhaling gas from her stove. Toni's neighbor, Igor Sullivan, smells the gas and rescues her by using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, which evolves into a kiss after Toni regains consciousness.


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: Toni's suicide attempt came after being stood up by her lover, Manhattan dentist Julian Winston. Julian had told Toni from the beginning of their relationship that he had a wife and three children. Unbeknownst to Toni, Julian is not married; and Toni hates lying above all other transgressions. Impressed that Toni had been willing to die over him, Julian decides to marry Toni. However, she is concerned for his wife's well-being, and insists on meeting her to ensure that she has agreed to divorce him and will be taken care of. Julian asks Stephanie Dickinson, his longtime nurse, to pose as his wife. At first unwilling, she ultimately relents, since she has long been in love with her employer.


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: When Toni and Stephanie first meet at the record store where Toni works, Toni senses Stephanie's feelings for Julian and asks Julian to help Stephanie find another man. Julian lies again, telling her that his wife already has a boyfriend. Toni immediately insists on meeting him, and Julian's friend Harvey is enlisted in the role of Stephanie's boyfriend. After a "coincidental" encounter with Stephanie and Harvey at a club, Harvey is swiftly chased off by Julian after his real girlfriend runs into the foursome and humiliates his supposed girlfriend.


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: Embracing her newfound confidence, Stephanie finally accepts the overtures of Julian's patient Señor Arturo Sánchez, a Latin diplomat. After attending a ball with him, she invites him to the club from the earlier night, where Toni, Julian, and Igor have also returned. Stephanie and Igor quickly hit it off, to the dismay and jealousy of both Julian and Toni. After dancing with gleeful abandon at the club with Igor, Stephanie arrives at work the next morning giddy and still wearing her evening gown from the night before. She happily shares a few vague details with Julian about her night spent on the beach. Stephanie then notices that the cactus on her desk has bloomed.


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: Moments later, Stephanie and Julian get into an argument and Stephanie quits. She visits Toni's apartment to come clean to her, telling her that she is actually Julian's nurse, and he has never been married. After she leaves, Julian arrives to tell Toni that his wife refuses to divorce him, but that he and Toni can continue their relationship. Toni is exasperated with his dishonesty, and decides to do a little lying of her own. She leaves him for Igor, but fools Julian into believing that she and Igor have been seeing each other all along.


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: Julian storms off and encounters Stephanie at the office the next morning. She has returned to pick up the cactus she keeps on her desk, which has flowered, like her. Julian tells her that he and Toni have split up and although he was initially devastated, he realized he was relieved he would not have to marry Toni. Stephanie is overjoyed and embraces him, just as he confesses he has fallen in love with her. They kiss.


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: The film premiered at two locations in New York City, the Paris Theater and Astor Theatre, on Monday, December 15, 1969.


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: Howard Thompson of "The New York Times" stated that "both the expansive scenario of I. A. L. Diamond and the flexible direction of Gene Saks open up and even ventilate the story". Roger Ebert gave the film 3½ stars out of four and declared that "the chemistry works" and "the movie is better than the play". Gene Siskel gave the film two stars out of four, writing, "This is a film in the old style, but not in the good old style. The lines are neither current nor witty." "Variety" wrote that the names of the stars "should pack some boxoffice punch. The film, however, drags, which is probably the [worst] thing that can be said of a light comedy. It's due to sloppy direction by Gene Saks and the miscasting of Matthau opposite Miss Bergman." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, ""Cactus Flower" was a successful Broadway comedy and it translates to the screen quite nicely ... It is a craftily contrived piece of silliness enacted by competent and attractive people: "Laugh In" Goldie Hawn, Walter Matthau and Ingrid Bergman in that order of laudability."


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: In her first major film role, Goldie Hawn, once described by "Time" as the "dizzy cream puff who is constantly blowing her lines [on "Laugh-In"]", was praised in that same magazine for being "a natural reactress; her timing is so canny that even her tears run amusingly". Hawn's performance in the film won her the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 85% based on 20 reviews, with an average score of 6.9/10. On Metacritic, the film received a score of 67 based on 5 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: The film score was composed, arranged and conducted by Quincy Jones and featured vocalists Sarah Vaughan and Johnny Wesley and the soundtrack album was released on the Bell label in 1969.


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: The Vinyl Factory stated, "The music Jones supplied for this trippy film is Quincy's nod to psychedelia and sunshine pop – covering the Monkees' 'I'm a Believer', and 'I Wonder What She's Doin' Tonight', which was penned by Boyce and Hart, also of Monkees fame. Sarah Vaughan adds some gravity with 'The Time for Love Is Anytime', and there's even a groovy version of 'To Sir, With Love'. A sweet cocktail." The score also contains a second Monkees cover, "She Hangs Out", written by Jeff Barry, another artist who had worked with the Monkees.


title: Cactus Flower (film)

text: The film has been remade several times. An unauthorized Hindi version titled "Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?", starring Salman Khan, Sushmita Sen and Katrina Kaif, was released in 2005. In 2007, it was remade in Kannada as "Sathyavan Savithri," starring Ramesh Aravind. An English language remake, "Just Go With It," starring Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston, was released in 2011. An Egyptian version titled "Nos Sa'a Gawaz" (Half-Hour Marriage), starring Rushdy Abaza, Shadia and Adel Imam, was released in 1969.


title: Primal therapy

text: Primal therapy is a trauma-based psychotherapy created by Arthur Janov, who argues that neurosis is caused by the repressed pain of childhood trauma. Janov argues that repressed pain can be sequentially brought to conscious awareness for resolution through re-experiencing specific incidents and fully expressing the resulting pain during therapy. Primal therapy was developed as a means of eliciting the repressed pain; the term "Pain" is capitalized in discussions of primal therapy when referring to any repressed emotional distress and its purported long-lasting psychological effects. Janov criticizes the talking therapies as they deal primarily with the cerebral cortex and higher-reasoning areas and do not access the source of Pain within the more basic parts of the central nervous system.


title: Primal therapy

text: Primal therapy is used to re-experience childhood pain—i.e., felt rather than conceptual memories—in an attempt to resolve the pain through complete processing and integration, becoming real. An intended objective of the therapy is to lessen or eliminate the hold early trauma exerts on adult behaviour.


title: Primal therapy

text: Primal therapy became very influential during a brief period in the early 1970s, after the publication of Janov's first book, "The Primal Scream". It inspired hundreds of spin-off clinics worldwide and served as an inspiration for many popular cultural icons. Singer-songwriter John Lennon, actor James Earl Jones, and pianist Roger Williams were prominent advocates of primal therapy. Primal therapy has since declined in popularity, partly because Janov had not demonstrated in research the outcomes necessary to convince research-oriented psychotherapists of its effectiveness. Proponents of the methodology continue to advocate and practice the therapy or variations of it.


title: Primal therapy

text: Janov states that neurosis is the result of suppressed pain, which is the result of trauma, usually trauma of childhood origin. According to Janov, the only way to reverse neurosis is for the neurotic to recall their trauma in a therapeutic setting. Janov contends that the neurotic can thereby re-experience their feelings in response to the original traumatic incidents but can now express the emotions that at that time were repressed, thereby resolving the trauma.


title: Primal therapy

text: Janov believes that there is only one source of mental illness (besides genetic defects): imprinted pain. He argues that this unitary source of neurosis implies that there can be only one effective cure: re-experiencing.


title: Primal therapy

text: Janov believes that much of the pain of childhood is the result of needs going unmet. Drawing from earlier psychologists, he described his take on the basic needs in his books. "Our first needs are solely physical ones for nourishment, safety and comfort. Later we have emotional needs for affection, understanding and respect for our feelings. Finally, intellectual needs to know and to understand emerge."


title: Primal therapy

text: "Need is a total state of the human being—and at birth we are almost nothing but need." Janov argues that for the helpless newborn, survival is at stake in nearly every second of existence.


title: Primal therapy

text: Janov asserts that when needs go unfulfilled for too long, pain is the result. (Janov capitalizes "Primal Pain" in his early work, although in later works, he dropped the capitalization.)


title: Primal therapy

text: In primal theory, "Primal Pain is deprivation or injury which threatens the developing child. A parent's warning is not necessarily a Primal Pain for the child. Utter humiliation is... An infant left to cry it out in the crib is in Pain... It is not hurt as such which defines Primal Pain but rather the context of the hurt or its meaning to the impressionable developing consciousness of the child."


title: Primal therapy

text: Janov describes "Pain" as the pain that does not hurt because, as soon as the person goes into it, it becomes simply feeling. Most of the suffering is in the blockage or repression, not the Pain itself.


title: Primal therapy

text: In primal theory, consciousness is not simply awareness but refers to a state of the entire organism, including the brain, in which there is "fluid access" between the parts. Using the triune brain work by Paul D. MacLean and adapting it to Primal Theory, three levels of consciousness are recognized in Primal Theory.


title: Primal therapy

text: The following table summarizes some of the fundamental ideas and terms Janov (J) has used as well as conventional terms used in general and scientific papers.


title: Primal therapy

text: According to Janov, Primal Pains are imprinted in the lower brain first, then later the limbic system, and still later intellectual defenses are formed by the cortex simply because this is the sequence of neurological development. The therapy therefore occurs in the reverse sequence: "There is no way to go deep without first going shallow." In primal therapy, medication is prescribed for some "overloaded" patients, so they do not overshoot into first-line pains that they are not ready to feel, thereby allowing them to feel the more recent pains first.


title: Primal therapy

text: Primal theory contends that many or most people suffer from some degree of neurosis. This neurosis begins very early in life (especially in the "critical period"—birth plus the first three years) as a result of needs not being met. There may be one or more isolated traumatic events, but more often, it is a case of daily neglect or abuse.


title: Primal therapy

text: Neurosis therefore may begin to develop at birth, or even before, with first-line Pains. Subsequent Pain is thought to be added on top of previous pain in what is called "compounding" the Pain.


title: Primal therapy

text: Throughout childhood, more elaborate "defenses" develop, as the early unmet needs keep pressing for satisfaction in symbolic, and therefore inevitably unsatisfying, ways.


title: Primal therapy

text: The overall strategy of primal therapy has hardly changed from the early days. The therapy begins with an intensive three weeks of fifteen open-ended sessions with one therapist. After this, the patient joins group meetings with other patients and therapists once or twice a week for as long as is needed. Private sessions are still available, though not every day. The length of time needed in formal therapy varies from person to person.


title: Primal therapy

text: A connected feeling, according to Janov, is a "conscious" experience that connects the present to the past and connects emotion to meaning—there may also be a connection to sensations in the case of a physically traumatic experience such as physical or sexual abuse or painful birth.


title: Primal therapy

text: As a noun or a verb, the word "primal" denotes the reliving of an early painful feeling. A complete primal has been found, according to Janov and Holden, to be marked by a "pre-primal" rise in vital signs such as pulse, core body temperature, and blood pressure leading up to the feeling experience and then a falling off of those vital signs to a more normal level than where they began. After the primal ("post-primal"), Janov claims the patient will be flooded with his own insights.


title: Primal therapy

text: Based on Janov's own in-house studies, Janov and Holden concluded that the pre-primal rise in vital signs indicates the person's neurotic defenses are being stretched by the ascending Pain to the point of producing an "acute anxiety attack" (the conventional description), and the fall to more normal levels than pre-primal levels indicates a degree of resolution of the Pain.


title: Primal therapy

text: Janov distinguishes the primal from emotional catharsis or abreaction, an abreaction being (according to Janov) a "pseudo-primal". A primal may be referred to as a "connected feeling", but a complete connected feeling will usually take months or even years to feel in many primals. "Abreaction" or "catharsis" as used by other psychologists does not mean a false or unconnected feeling. Psychiatrist Anthony Storr claimed that primal therapy techniques have much in common with abreaction.


title: Primal therapy

text: In "The Primal Scream" (published in January 1970), Janov wrote, "By the time someone has reached his eighth month he is generally well...Many patients finish before the eight months; some remain in therapy for ten or eleven months. It all depends on how sick they were to begin with."


title: Primal therapy

text: In an interview with the "Pittsburgh Press" in April 1971, Janov estimated an average of 11 months of therapy after the three-week intensive.


title: Primal therapy

text: A therapist working for Janov stated in 1973: "The need for therapy really never ends. Nobody is ever able to flush all the pain from his body." According to this source, there were patients who stayed in therapy for as long as two years.


title: Primal therapy

text: The only independent account on primal therapy studied 32 patients who entered therapy at The Primal Institute in 1975 and 1976. The study concluded, "The main result is that about 40% of the primal patients achieve a satisfactory result within 15 to 25 months."


title: Primal therapy

text: In "The New Primal Scream" (published in 1991), Janov wrote that after a year to a year and a half, patients are able to continue therapy on their own, with only sporadic follow-up necessary.


title: Primal therapy

text: Commenting on the "modest" claims John Lennon made about his own 1970 primal therapy experience, Janov said, "The therapy takes at least thirteen-fourteen-fifteen months...I worked with him from March through July—five months. That was when he was forced to leave."


title: Primal therapy

text: In "The Primal Scream" (Chapter 8), Janov wrote: "Primal therapy is much more economical than conventional insight therapy—not only in financial terms but also in the time involved. The total financial outlay is about one-fifth the cost of a psychoanalysis."


title: Primal therapy

text: In 1971, the three-week intensive (two to four daily hours) had a cost of $1,650 USD. In 1973, the cost—payable in advance—was US$6,000 for six months of therapy. In 1978, a year of primal therapy had a cost of US$6,600.


title: Primal therapy

text: Janov has frequently derided therapists who practice primal therapy outside of his clinic, whom he claims are practicing primal therapy incorrectly. Since his first book, Janov has often written about primal therapists who are not associated with his practice, whom he has referred to as "mock primal therapists" or simply "mock therapists" or "would-be practitioners". Unaffiliated groups espousing primal therapy have included the Atlantis commune established in Ireland in 1974.


title: Primal therapy

text: Over the decades since Janov's first book on the subject, there have been several reports and critiques relating to primal therapy in books and peer-reviewed journals.


title: Primal therapy

text: Janov initiated from the outset small-scale research using questionnaires and measures of EEG, body temperature, blood pressure and pulse from his patients. A 1971 "Pittsburgh Press" article cited a University of California at Irvine study on primal therapy patients that showed a slowing of brain waves. Janov claimed that primal therapy reduced, in some patients, the frequency and the amplitude of Alpha waves, core body temperature (as much as three degrees) and blood pressure (as much as 30 percent). Two Brain Research Institute (UCLA) scientists confirmed that there were brain-wave changes in primal patients.


title: Primal therapy

text: In 1993, Janov stated: "It is a therapy that has been investigated for over fifteen years by independent scientists, and the findings are consistent. Primal Therapy is able to reduce or eliminate a host of physical and psychic ailments in a relatively short period of time with lasting results." Janov lists research evidence at his webpage.


title: Primal therapy

text: Authors Prochaska and Norcross called the research by Janov "largely uncontrolled, non comparative and short term."


title: Primal therapy

text: In an early account of the results of primal therapy (published in book form, only in Sweden in English), Tomas Videgård reported on a study of a sample of 32 patients who entered therapy at The Primal Institute in 1975 and 1976.


title: Primal therapy

text: The outcome evaluation for the patients was 4 Very Good, 9 Good, 8 Medium, 6 Bad (including one suicide), 5 Unavailable for post-testing (left therapy prematurely). Patients who did not finish the therapy were excluded. (See "Duration" above.) Patients in the sample had been in therapy for between 15 and 32 months.


title: Primal therapy

text: Videgård himself went through the therapy. The evaluation was based on patients' answers to questions and some projective tests that require interpretation by the tester (Videgård himself). There was no control group.


title: Primal therapy

text: Videgård concluded that therapy at The Primal Institute was marginally better than the Tavistock Clinic and markedly better than the Menninger Foundation—the two psychotherapy clinics he used for comparison. Videgård wrote, "The outcome is about half as good as Janov claims the results of PT to be," calculating a 40 percent success rate, compared with a 98-100 percent success rate claimed by Janov.


title: Primal therapy

text: Primal therapy has not achieved broad acceptance in mainstream psychology. It has been frequently criticized as lacking outcome studies to substantiate its effectiveness. It is regarded as one of the least creditable forms of psychotherapy and has been classified in a 2006 APA Delphi poll as "discredited".


title: Primal therapy

text: Primal therapy has sometimes been dismissed as shallow, glib, simplistic, or trendy. It has also been criticized for not paying sufficient attention to transference. Some researchers have suggested that primal therapy's contention that adults can recall infantile experiences is empirically refuted. Primal therapy has also been rejected as dogmatic or overly reductionist.


title: Primal therapy

text: In the book "Let's Talk About Me", Anthony Clare criticizes primal therapy in several ways. He claims that Janov sees confirming evidence everywhere: "Everything is taken as evidence of [the truth of Janov's Pain Theory]." He claims that Janov has "no evidence" that childhood traumas cause adult neurosis, except for the "frenzied memories" of his patients.


title: Primal therapy

text: In a 1982 paper published in the journal "Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse", Ehebald and Werthmann report that, following a review of the scientific literature, they found "no on-going reports of primal therapy's therapeutic results, no statistical studies and no follow-up studies." Concluding that primal therapy is not a valid therapeutic technique, they stated that most psychotherapists in the Federal Republic of Germany believe it to be questionable in theory and dangerous in practice.


title: Primal therapy

text: Alice Miller initially endorsed primal therapy. Later, however, she stated that primal therapy could be dangerous when conducted by inadequately trained therapists, that there was "too much faith" in cathartic discharge, that the relief was sometimes temporary, that the structure of the initial three-week intensive could provide opportunities for unscrupulous therapists, and that clients could develop an "addictive dependency" to pain.


title: Primal therapy

text: According to Stanislav Grof, many patients stayed in primal therapy for years with no substantial progress. According to Grof, the clinical state of some patients actually worsened.


title: Primal therapy

text: In 1996, authors Starker and Pankratz published in "Psychological Reports" a study of 300 randomly sampled psychologists. Participants were asked for their views about the soundness of methods of mental health treatment. Primal therapy was identified as one of the approaches "most in question as to soundness."


title: Primal therapy

text: The 1996 book "Crazy Therapies" discusses Janov's claim to have discovered the one cure for neurosis: "Evidence that expressing angry, violent behaviour does not drain it away but increases the chances of its recurrence has been presented in the scientific psychology literature for years."


title: Primal therapy

text: In the 1998 book "Insane Therapy", sociologist Marybeth F. Ayella says that "what Frank (1974:424–25) describes as healing cults more closely resembles what I think occurs in Primal Therapy than does Janov's description."


title: Primal therapy

text: In the "Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology", Timothy Moore wrote: "Truth be known, primal therapy cannot be defended on scientifically established principles. This is not surprising considering its questionable theoretical rationale."


title: Primal therapy

text: Martin Gardner wrote a critical article called "Primal Therapy: A Persistent New Age Therapy" in the Skeptical Inquirer. Gardner discussed some of what he sees as the problems with primal therapy, and also details a protest over the publication of Janov's 2002 book "The Biology of Love".


title: Primal therapy

text: The National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF) Newsletter listed primal therapy, among other treatments, in the article "Dubious Mental Health".


title: Primal therapy

text: A 2015 article in the peer-reviewed APA journal "Psychology of Consciousness" suggested that primal therapy, as well as some other therapies, may have produced false memories, specifically those within the period of infantile amnesia in early infancy, and in memories for birth.


title: Primal therapy

text: In 1967, Janov had his pivotal session with Danny Wilson (pseudonym), a patient who recalled emotionally a Theatre of the Absurd function where Raphael Montañez Ortíz shouted "Mama!", inviting the audience to do the same. Janov encouraged Danny Wilson insistently to do the same. The patient finally fell to the floor in pain for half an hour. Janov taped the session and reheard it repeatedly. He did not understand its meaning until years later.


title: Primal therapy

text: In 1968, The Primal Institute was founded by Arthur Janov and his first wife, Vivian. In 1970, Arthur Janov published his first book, "The Primal Scream". In March, Arthur and Vivian started treating John Lennon and Yoko Ono.


title: Primal therapy

text: Starting in 1970, there was a dispute over Janov's trademark of the word "Primal", but "Primal Therapy" is now listed among genericized trademarks that became free to anyone to use.


title: Primal therapy

text: In 1971, two trainee primal therapists, Joseph Hart and Richard Corriere, abandoned Arthur Janov and started the Center for Feeling Therapy. Hart claimed: "When we left Janov, forty percent of the patients came with us...we found that most had been faking their primals."


title: Primal therapy

text: In 1973 a "birth simulator" was in use at the Primal Institute. The simulator was a 10-foot-long adjustable pressure vinyl tube. The patient was covered with a slick substance to simulate birth. Reports were made of bruises from obstetricians' fingers appearing on the skin of patients reliving their births.


title: Primal therapy

text: In 1982, Arthur Janov and his second wife, Dr. France D. Janov (married 1980), started to offer primal therapy in Paris through an organization called the European Primal Institute (EPI). According to the "UNADFI" and "Science et Vie", patients had to sign a contract "disengaging the Institute of all responsibility" until the Parisian operation closed down without previous warning in August 1985. According to these sources, some patients were "abandoned" ("abandonnés"), caught by the sudden closing of the EPI with their therapy unfinished. Janov wrote them a letter saying, "I can not live anymore in the midst of pain and misery; after 35 years seeing patients, it is time for me to live my own life."


title: Primal therapy

text: In June 1989, two fires caused an estimated $US475,000 damage at The Primal Institute in West Los Angeles. Authorities ruled the fires as arson.


title: Primal therapy

text: In 1989, Arthur Janov established the Janov Primal Center in Venice (later relocated to Santa Monica) with his second wife, France.


title: Primal therapy

text: Beatle John Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono, went through primal therapy in 1970. A copy of the just-released "The Primal Scream" arrived in the mail at Lennon's home, Tittenhurst Park (sources differ about who sent the book). Lennon was impressed, and he requested primal therapy to be started at Tittenhurst. Arthur Janov and his first wife, Vivian Janov, went to Tittenhurst in March 1970 to start the therapy, which continued in April in Los Angeles. Arthur Janov went to Tittenhurst after giving instructions in advance about the isolation period and giving instructions to Lennon to be separated from Ono. Lennon and Ono had three weeks of intensive treatment in England before Janov returned to Los Angeles, where they had four months of therapy.


title: Primal therapy

text: According to some sources, Lennon ended primal therapy after four months. Arthur Janov later said, "They cut the therapy off just as it started, really...We were just getting going...We had opened him up, and we didn't have time to put him back together again." Another source states that Lennon and Ono broke off treatment after continuous disputes between Ono and Janov. Lennon asked Janov for a primal therapist to be sent to Mexico, but Janov refused. The web page "John Lennon – Primal therapy" includes excerpts of interviews with John Lennon, Arthur Janov, and Vivian Janov.


title: Primal therapy

text: Lennon refused to be filmed in therapy by Arthur Janov, saying, "Who are you kidding Mr. Janov?" Lennon commented after therapy, "I still think that Janov's therapy is great, you know, but I do not want to make it a big Maharishi thing" and "I just know myself better, that's all. I can handle myself better. That Janov thing, the primal scream and so on, it does affect you, because you recognize yourself in there...It was very good for me. I am still 'primal' and it still works." and "I no longer have any need for drugs, the Maharishi or the Beatles. I am myself and I know why."


title: Primal therapy

text: Shortly after therapy, Lennon produced his album "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band". (Ono recorded a parallel album, "Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band", from her experiences; both albums were released on the same day on the Apple record label.) Lennon's album featured a number of songs that were directly affected by his experience in therapy, including "Remember", "I Found Out", "Isolation", "God", "Mother", "My Mummy's Dead", "Well Well Well," and "Working Class Hero", as were a number of songs from his "Imagine" album, including "How?", "Crippled Inside", and his rewriting of "Oh My Love".


title: Primal therapy

text: The Scottish rock band Primal Scream were named after the type of cry heard in primal therapy, and the British pop band Tears for Fears was directly inspired by Janov's writings.


title: Stephanie Pratt

text: Stephanie Lynn Pratt (born April 11, 1986) is an American television personality. In 2007, she came to prominence after being cast in a supporting role on the reality television series "The Hills". In 2010, the series saw Pratt become a primary cast member, joining Audrina Patridge, Lo Bosworth and Kristin Cavallari.


title: Stephanie Pratt

text: Stephanie Lynn Pratt is the younger sister of Spencer Pratt and the sister-in-law of Heidi Montag (both of whom appeared on "The Hills"). She attended Crossroads School alongside co-star Whitney Port. She took courses at Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising in Los Angeles but does not have a degree.


title: Stephanie Pratt

text: In 2006, MTV developed the reality television series "The Hills" as the spin-off of "". It originally chronicled the lives of Lauren Conrad, who appeared on its predecessor, her housemate Heidi Montag, and friends Audrina Patridge and Whitney Port. In 2007, Pratt's brother Spencer began dating and later moved into an apartment with Montag, which led to the deterioration of her friendship with Conrad.


title: Stephanie Pratt

text: During the third season, Conrad ended her friendship with Montag after she suspected that Spencer was responsible for rumors of a sex tape involving her and her former boyfriend Jason Wahler; the ensuing feud between the three carried through each subsequent season. During production of the third season, Stephanie first appeared on the series while angrily confronting Conrad at a club. However, upon the realization that they attend the same college, they became friends. Their relationship put a burden on Pratt's relationship with her brother and Montag, who reacted by beginning to alienate her.


title: Stephanie Pratt

text: The fourth season saw Pratt's role increased, with more emphasis placed on her personal life. During the fifth season, Pratt began an internship with Kelly Cutrone's PR firm, People's Revolution, though Lauren ended Pratt's internship, per Cutrone's orders, due to poor performance. Despite rumors of not returning after the fifth, Pratt returned and was featured as a main cast member in the sixth and final season.