title: Aaron Finch

text: Finch has played for a variety of teams in the Indian Premier League (IPL). He was first selected by Rajasthan Royals in 2010 before going on to play the next two seasons for Delhi Daredevils. 2013 saw him play for Pune Warriors India, 2014 for Sunrisers Hyderabad and 2015 for Mumbai Indians, although his opportunities for the side were limited due to injury. In 2016 he was bought by Gujarat Lions, playing for the side for two seasons, before being bought by Kings XI Punjab in the 2018 IPL Auction. He was released by KXIP at the end of the season and opted out of 2019 IPL season in order to prepare for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. He was bought by Royal Challengers Bangalore ahead of the 2020 season. In 2022, Finch was signed by the Kolkata Knight Riders as a replacement for Alex Hales for the 2022 Indian Premier League.


title: Aaron Finch

text: Finch made his international debut for Australia in a T20I against England in January 2011. Two years later he made his One Day International (ODI) debut against Sri Lanka. In August 2013, Finch set a new record for the highest individual score in a Twenty20 international, scoring 156 runs from 63 balls against England at the Rose Bowl, Southampton. Finch's innings included 14 sixes (also a record) and 11 fours. He was the first player to score 150 runs in a T20I innings. He was awarded the Men's T20I Player of the Year at the Allan Border Medal ceremony by Cricket Australia in 2014.


title: Aaron Finch

text: Finch was selected as part of Australia's 2015 Cricket World Cup squad. In Australia's first group match against England he top scored with 135 runs, helping Australia to a 111 run win. Despite being the top rated T20I batsman, he was dropped for the first two matches of Australia's campaign in the 2016 ICC World T20 before being reinstated for the last two matches of the campaign.


title: Aaron Finch

text: In January 2017, Finch was named as stand-in captain for the first ODI against New Zealand in Australia's tour of New Zealand after Matthew Wade was withdrew from the side with an injury. Before the second ODI of that series Wade was ruled out of series due to a back injury and Finch continued to captain in the remaining matches.


title: Aaron Finch

text: In April 2018, he was awarded a national contract by Cricket Australia for the 2018–19 season and in July scored 172 against Zimbabwe, a new record T20I individual score. He hit 10 sixes in the innings during a world record T20I opening stand of 223 runs with D'Arcy Short which ended in the final over of the innings. The partnership was the second highest for any wicket in a T20I.


title: Aaron Finch

text: In September 2018, he was named in Australia's Test match squad for their series against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates, making his Test debut on 7 October. He had his baggy green cap presented to him by Allan Border before going on to score 62 and 49 runs in his two innings in the match.


title: Aaron Finch

text: In April 2019, Finch was named the captain of Australia's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 16 July 2020, Finch was named in a 26-man preliminary squad of players to begin training ahead of a possible tour to England following the COVID-19 pandemic. On 14 August 2020, Cricket Australia confirmed that the fixtures would be taking place, with Finch included in the touring party.


title: Aaron Finch

text: On 5 March 2021, Finch became the leading run-getter for Australia in T20I format going past David Warner against New Zealand. In August 2021, Finch was named as the captain of Australia's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. Finch would then captain Australia to win their maiden T20 World Cup, defeating New Zealand in the final by eight wickets. And in his captaincy Australia won their maiden T20 World Cup.


title: Aaron Finch

text: On 10 September 2022, Finch announced his retirement from ODI cricket ahead of the third ODI against New Zealand, but still plans to play in T20Is. He will continue to captain Australia's Twenty20 side and will lead it in defence of its world title when the T20 World Cup is played in October and November 2022 in Australia.


title: Aaron Finch

text: During his career Finch has scored 19 centuries in international cricket 17 in One Day Internationals and two in Twenty20 International


title: Aaron Finch

text: Finch married Amy Griffith in 2018; the couple have a daughter. He is a supporter of the Australian Football League team Geelong Cats.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: The Walt Disney Company India Private Limited, known simply as Disney India, is the Indian subsidiary of the Indo Pacific region of the American media and entertainment conglomerate The Walt Disney Company and headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: In March 2019, after the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney, which included Indian TV giant Star India, Disney India became India's biggest television broadcaster.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: Walt Disney India was formed in August 1993 with a licensing agreement as a joint venture partnership between The Walt Disney Company and Modi Enterprises. Disney filed in October 2001 with the Foreign Investment Promotion Board to create a wholly owned subsidiary company to launch the Disney Channel in India. The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion granted Disney an initial approval for the subsidiary but with Modi protesting because of similarities to their joint venture. When the 10 year licensing agreement ended, Modi and Disney could not come to a new agreement, thus ending the joint venture agreement in August 2003.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: Walt Disney Television International (Asia Pacific) took over distribution of content in September 2003 via Star Movies, AXN and HBO plus 29 hours of children's programmes per week via DD Metro, Eenadu, SET, Star Plus and Star World.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: The Walt Disney Company (India) Private Limited started operations in July 2004 based in Mumbai. On 17 December 2004, Walt Disney Television International India launched the Disney Channel and Toon Disney channel with five language feeds (English, Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil languages). The channels were to be distributed by the Star Group. Disney India planned to focus initially on its channel operations before expanding in to other areas. In the long term, a Disney theme park in India is possible as land has been reportedly found on the outskirts of Delhi. Also in December, with Indiagames as a partner, the Walt Disney Internet Group released Disney games, wallpapers and ringtones in the market which is also available on AirTel. In 2005, Disney Consumer Products (DCP) began working with various Indian retail outlets to establish Disney Corners within the outlets to sell licensed merchandise. In August, Funskool India and Disney entered in a contract for Funskool to sell Disney Princess products in India.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: Disney India and Yash Raj Films agreed to co-produce and co-finance a yearly animated film for the India market in January 2007. Both companies would also work together on merchandising and games for the films.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: In July 2006, Disney India acquired a controlling stake in Hungama TV from UTV Software Communications Limited while also taking a 14.9% share in UTV. In 2008, the company took an additional 17.5% share in UTV.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: On 26 September 2006, the Disney Jeans brand was launched under license to Indus Clothing, which planned to open 30 Disney Jean stores by the end of 2007. In October, DCP franchised to Ravi Jaipuria Corporation the rights for five years to set up 150 Disney Artist brand stores and wholesale under the Disney Artist brand Disney character branded greeting cards, stationery, arts, crafts and party products in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Maldives.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: Disney Publishing Worldwide, a division of Walt Disney India, announced a licensing agreement in April 2009 with local publisher Junior Diamond to publish Disney comic books, in both English and Hindi. Jetix/Toon Disney was switched over in India to Disney XD on 14 November.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: In May 2011, Disney and UTV agreed to co-produce Disney branded family films with both handling creative function and UTV producing, marketing and distributing the films. Walt Disney Company (South East Asia) Pvt Ltd. in July 2011 offered to purchase the public shareholders' stakes with approval given by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs for them to increase their ownership. In February 2012, Disney announced the completion of the acquisition of UTV with UTV Chief Executive Officer Ronnie Screwvala becoming Managing Director of TWDC India replacing Mahesh Samat, who joined the company in 2007 from Johnson & Johnson.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: In October 2012, Disney launched Disney Junior India, an ad-free channel for preschool kids. Earlier it was a one and a half hour programming block on Disney Channel India. Disney India launched its Live Entertainment operations in 2015 with the production of a "Beauty and the Beast" musical to be shown from October to December in Mumbai and Delhi.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: Disney India indicated in August 2016 that it was shutting down UTV Pictures, its Hindi film production unit, and focusing only on distribution of its Hollywood films. Disney India managing director Siddharth Roy Kapur also indicated he would let his contract lapse on 1 January 2017. On 28 November 2016, Mahesh Samat was to return as managing director, four years after he left the company.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: On 12 September 2017, Walt Disney International announced a restructuring of its business in Asia, and that Mahesh Samat is to lead the new Disney South Asia division, combining India, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: On 5 October 2017, The Walt Disney Company India officially announced the launch of Disney International HD on 29 October 2017. The channel was to be the exclusive home to live action Disney Channel original content. The channel will not have any animation content, and will be replacing Bindass Play.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: Disney launched its second HD channel UTV HD on 21 October 2018, showing Bollywood and Hollywood films in Hindi. It premieres a new movie every Friday.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: On 7 November 2017, Disney announced the promotion of Abhishek Maheshwari as country head for India. He was to report to Mahesh Samat, Walt Disney International South Asia managing director. On 14 December 2017, The Walt Disney Company announced the acquisition of 21st Century Fox, which includes Star India.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: Consumers Products licensed DLF Brands for Disney & Me stores that opened in April 2018. The Live Entertainment divisions' second musical, "Aladdin", premiered on 20 April 2018.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: On 13 December 2018, Disney announced Uday Shankar, who serves as president of Fox Asia and chairman of the Star India, will lead Disney's Asian Pacific region and chairman of Disney India after the acquisition of 21st Century Fox, including Star India closes. On 1 April 2019, Uday Shankar, president Disney Asia Pacific, announced the restructuring of the complete entity of Star India and Disney. Sanjay Gupta will lead the Indian businesses and head the Disney Studios India, Fox Star Studios and UTV Motion Pictures in India, directly reporting to Uday Shankar who is also Chairman of Star and Disney India. Gupta resigned as country head in November 2019.


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: Disney XD was replaced with Marvel HQ channel on 20 January 2019 at noon. Star India networks took over distribution of Disney channels in July 2019. Disney Channel, Hungama TV, Marvel HQ and Disney Junior became part of "Disney Kids Pack" while Bindass and Disney International HD became part of "Star Value Pack".


title: The Walt Disney Company India

text: On 30 December 2020, Disney announced that the Star branding will be replaced with Utsav from 1 February in Netherlands.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: The Husqvarna Group () is a Swedish manufacturer of outdoor power products including robotic lawn-mowers chainsaws, trimmers, brushcutters, cultivators, and garden tractors. Founded as a firearms manufacturer in 1689, it is one of the oldest continuously running companies in the world. Headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, the group also produces consumer watering products, cutting equipment and diamond tools for the construction and stone industries.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: Husqvarna Group sponsors the Swedish ice hockey club HV71 and several local community engagement projects around the world.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: The drilling work at the waterfalls in Husqvarna, southern Sweden, was the first large plant. The state-owned rifle factory had some 1,000 employees at the beginning of the 18th century. The company was spun off from Husqvarna Vapenfabriks Aktiebolag in 1959. Shotguns were produced for 300 years, the last in 1989.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: When demand declined, it turned out that the machinery for production of rifles was well-suited for producing sewing machines.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: Husqvarna started a foundry to produce details for sewing machines, a large part being the base frames. Soon the assortment was broadened to include such products as kitchen equipment in cast iron and later on stoves and ovens.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: Bicycle production began in the Huskvarna factory. Several patents were registered. The last bicycle was produced in 1962.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: The first motorcycle, which could reach the impressive speed of 4–5 km/hour, was produced in 1903. Starting in the 1930s, Husqvarna's lightweight engines helped make some successful track racing and motocross bikes. Husqvarna's first titles in Motocross World Championship came in 1959 and 1960. The operation was divested in 1987 and is since 2013 part of the KTM family.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: When Husqvarna acquired Norrahammars Bruk in 1918, the product range expanded to heating boilers and lawn mowers. The first test with a lawn mower powered by an engine was done in 1947.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: As demand for bicycles, mopeds and motorcycles declined, forestry became increasingly important. The expertise in engines was utilized in new areas and the first chainsaw was produced in 1959.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: A saw rebuilt to a power cutter in 1968 was the starting point of what today is the business area Husqvarna Construction.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: The world's first solar powered robotic lawn mower was launched. Sales of robotic mowers did not flourish until 15 years later.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: The Husqvarna-branded sewing machines were sold to the VSM Group and later became part of SVP Worldwide.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: The acquisition of Gardena in 2007 made the Husqvarna Group the European leader in consumer watering products.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: The acquisition of Jenn Feng and the construction of a new plant for chainsaws and other handheld products gave expanded presence in Asia.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: Husqvarna developed and sold snowblowers, which were unable to reach "automated robot" status in comparison to the robotic lawnmower line.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: Acquired HTC Sweden AB, the leading manufacturer of floor grinding machines and related diamond tooling, along with its France, Germany, UK and USA subsidiaries.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: the Puello family (former executive of "Haibike") and Stefan Pierer, CEO of KTM Industries AG (KTM motorcycles). Include motors by Shimano.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: Husqvarna group are celebrating 330 years of innovation, as well as 60 years as a chainsaw manufacturer.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: Acquired Blastrac, manufacturer of floor grinding machines and related diamond tooling, along with its European subsidiaries.


title: Husqvarna Group

text: Over the years, Husqvarna has manufactured products for retailers, including Sears. Most of these products have a model number that begins with "917".


title: Lisa Kelly (trucker)

text: Lisa Kelly (born December 8, 1980) is an American trucker who has been featured on the History channel reality television series "Ice Road Truckers" and its spinoff series "". From Seasons 3–5 and 7–11. Ice Road Truckers has followed Kelly and her fellow drivers as they make their way along the icy Dalton Highway from Fairbanks to Prudhoe Bay, frequently hauling "oversized" loads. Kelly has also made appearances in Seasons 1–2 of "IRT: Deadliest Roads". Kelly was notable as the only female trucker featured in the series until Maya Sieber joined in Season 5, and Stephanie "Steph" Custance in season 10. Originally from Grand Rapids, Michigan, she now resides in Wasilla, Alaska.


title: Lisa Kelly (trucker)

text: Kelly was born on December 8, 1980, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Her family moved to a mini farm in Sterling, Alaska, when she was six years old. She returned to Grand Rapids for college, attending Cornerstone University for one semester before deciding it was not for her.


title: Lisa Kelly (trucker)

text: Prior to her appointment as an Ice Road Trucker, Kelly worked as a school bus driver and motocross rider. She also worked at gas stations, and a pizza company and was a state freestyle motocross champion. After these ventures, she decided to settle on a long term-career and trained as a trucker because it 'looked interesting'. She subsequently got a job driving for Carlile Transportation, an Alaskan haulage company. Being a woman, Kelly says this was a difficult achievement. "I had to work twice as hard. I had to pull my weight and everybody else's and get the job done as fast, or faster."


title: Lisa Kelly (trucker)

text: Kelly is one of the truckers for the History Channel's "Ice Road Truckers". She first appeared in season 3 (Seasons 1 and 2 had been set in Canada) in 2009, as the only woman. She subsequently took part in season 4 (in 2010) and season 5 and 7.


title: Lisa Kelly (trucker)

text: She also took part in the History Channel's "Ice Road Truckers: Deadliest Roads" along with Rick Yemm, Dave Redmon and Alex Debogorski trucking in the Himalayas in India; in a later season, she drove in Bolivia and Peru.


title: Lisa Kelly (trucker)

text: Journalist Kaye O'Hara claims that Kelly was offered a contract to return to the show for season six, but she declined it. According to show's producer Kelly was taking a year off. Kelly returned in season 7, and on season 9, she was working in Darrell Ward's new company before his death following season 10. She appeared in season 11, the final season for "Ice Road Truckers".


title: Lisa Kelly (trucker)

text: In 2008, Lisa married Traves Kelly, after dating him for four years. He is full Aleut Native Alaskan and an avid dirtbiker. They have no children. Her hobbies include motocross, horse riding, skydiving, hang gliding and snowboarding. She owns a miniature horse, named Rocky and a cat named Tanzi.


title: Lara Roxx

text: Lara Roxx is a Canadian woman who, in March 2004, became the first of three known individuals in four years to contract HIV while making a U.S. pornographic video.


title: Lara Roxx

text: Roxx became famous in 2004 at age 21, after being exposed to HIV while doing a pornographic scene with Darren James. She allegedly contracted the virus just two months after doing her first scene, a double anal. Roxx said previously that she relied on the industry's HIV standards to ensure her safety.


title: Lara Roxx

text: James and Roxx have been banned from any further porn production in the US. At the end of April 2004, it was confirmed that Jessica Dee and Miss Arroyo, after having worked with James, also tested positive for HIV.


title: Lara Roxx

text: Roxx, upon learning about James' being HIV-positive, said, "It totally made me realize how I trusted this system that wasn't to be trusted at all, because it obviously doesn't work," and "I thought porn people were the cleanest people in the world."


title: Lara Roxx

text: She is the subject of the Canadian documentary film "Inside Lara Roxx", directed by Canadian filmmaker and photographer Mia Donovan, which explores Roxx's 2004 HIV infection and her life since the media coverage of this incident subsided.


title: I2P

text: The Invisible Internet Project (I2P) is an anonymous network layer (implemented as a mix network) that allows for censorship-resistant, peer-to-peer communication. Anonymous connections are achieved by encrypting the user's traffic (by using end-to-end encryption), and sending it through a volunteer-run network of roughly 55,000 computers distributed around the world. Given the high number of possible paths the traffic can transit, a third party watching a full connection is unlikely. The software that implements this layer is called an "I2P router", and a computer running I2P is called an "I2P node". I2P is free and open sourced, and is published under multiple licenses.


title: I2P

text: I2P is beta software since 2003, when it started as a fork of Freenet. The software's developers emphasize that bugs are likely to occur in the beta version and that peer review has been insufficient to date. However, they believe the code is now reasonably stable and well-developed, and more exposure can help the development of I2P.


title: I2P

text: The network is strictly message-based, like IP, but a library is available to allow reliable streaming communication on top of it (similar to TCP, although from version 0.6, a new UDP-based SSU transport is used). All communication is end-to-end encrypted (in total, four layers of encryption are used when sending a message) through garlic routing, and even the end points ("destinations") are cryptographic identifiers (essentially a pair of public keys), so that neither senders nor recipients of messages need to reveal their IP address to the other side or to third-party observers.


title: I2P

text: Although many developers had been a part of the Invisible IRC Project (IIP) and Freenet communities, significant differences exist between their designs and concepts. IIP was an anonymous centralized IRC server. Freenet is a censorship-resistant distributed data store. I2P is an anonymous peer-to-peer distributed communication layer designed to run "any" traditional internet service (e.g. Usenet, email, IRC, file sharing, Web hosting and HTTP, or Telnet), as well as more traditional distributed applications (e.g. a distributed data store, a web proxy network using Squid, or DNS).


title: I2P

text: Many developers of I2P are known only under pseudonyms. While the previous main developer, "jrandom", is currently on hiatus, others, such as "zzz", "killyourtv", and "Complication" have continued to lead development efforts, and are assisted by numerous contributors.


title: I2P

text: I2P has had a stable release every six to eight weeks. Updates are distributed via I2P torrents and are signed by the release manager (generally "zzz" or "str4d").


title: I2P

text: On the website it states, that "funding for I2P comes entirely from donations". Admins and managers of the project said, that "the core project itself doesn't take donations". These should instead should go to secondary applications or be spent on hiring others, to work on I2P. Support for the onboarding for I2P came from the "Open Technology Fund". In contrast to "The Tor Project", I2p has "not the financial or legal infrastructure to support a network of exit nodes". The reseed servers, a sort of bootstrap nodes, which connect the user with the initial set of peers to join the I2P-network, should be run by volunteers.


title: I2P

text: Since I2P is an anonymizing network layer, it is designed so other software can use it for anonymous communication. As such, there are a variety of tools currently available for I2P or in development.


title: I2P

text: The I2P router is controlled through the router console, which is a web frontend accessed through a web browser.


title: I2P

text: Currently, Vuze and BiglyBT are the torrent clients that make clearnet (connections not through I2P) torrents available on I2P and vice versa. Depending on the client settings, torrents from the internet can be made available on I2P (via announcements to I2P's DHT network) and torrents from I2P can be made available to the internet. For this reason, torrents previously published only on I2P can be made available to the entire Internet, and users of I2P can often download popular content from the Internet while maintaining the anonymity of I2P. As of August 2022 the default outproxy is exit.stormycloud.i2p which is run by StormyCloud Inc


title: I2P

text: The Privacy Solutions project, a new organization that develops and maintains I2P software, launched several new development efforts designed to enhance the privacy, security, and anonymity for users, based on I2P protocols and technology.


title: I2P

text: The code repository and download sections for the i2pd and Abscond project is available for the public to review and download.


title: I2P

text: Denial of service attacks are possible against websites hosted on the network, though a site operator may secure their site against certain versions of this type of attack to some extent.


title: I2P

text: A zero-day vulnerability was discovered for I2P in 2014, and was exploited to de-anonymize at least 30,000 users. This included users of the operating system Tails. This vulnerability was later patched.


title: I2P

text: A 2017 study examining how forensic investigators might exploit vulnerabilities in I2P software to gather useful evidence indicated that a seized machine which had been running I2P router software may hold unencrypted local data that could be useful to law enforcement. Records of which eepsites a user of a later-seized machine was interested in may also be inferred. The study identified a "trusted" I2P domain registrar ("NO.i2p") which appeared to have been abandoned by its administrator, and which the study identified as a potential target for law enforcement takeover. It alternatively suggested waiting for NO.i2p's server to fail, only to social engineer the I2P community into moving to a phony replacement. Another suggestion the study proposed was to register a mirror version of a target website under an identical domain.


title: I2P

text: From the first I2P convention was held in Toronto, Ontario. The conference was hosted by a local hackerspace, Hacklab. The conference featured presentations from I2P developers and security researchers.


title: Craig Morgan

text: Craig Morgan Greer (born July 17, 1964) is an American country music artist. A veteran of the United States Army as a forward observer, Morgan began his musical career in 2000 on Atlantic Records, releasing his self-titled debut album for that label before the closure of its Nashville division in 2000. In 2002, Morgan signed to the independent Broken Bow Records, on which he released three studio albums: 2003's "I Love It", 2005's "My Kind of Livin'", and 2006's "Little Bit of Life". These produced several chart hits, including "That's What I Love About Sunday", which spent four weeks at the top of the "Billboard" country charts while also holding the No. 1 position on that year's "Billboard" Year-End chart for the country format. A greatest hits package followed in mid-2008 before Morgan signed to BNA Records and released "That's Why" later that same year. After exiting BNA, Morgan signed with Black River Entertainment and released "This Ole Boy" in 2012, followed by "A Whole Lot More to Me" in 2016.


title: Craig Morgan

text: Morgan has charted seventeen times on the "Billboard" country charts. Besides "That's What I Love About Sunday", six more of his singles have reached that chart's top ten: "Almost Home", "Redneck Yacht Club", "Little Bit of Life", "International Harvester", "Love Remembers", and "Bonfire".


title: Craig Morgan

text: Craig Morgan Greer was born in Kingston Springs, Tennessee, on July 17, 1964. He became an emergency medical technician at age 18. He served on active duty for nine and a half years in the US Army as a member of the 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions and remained in the reserves for another six and a half years.


title: Craig Morgan

text: Upon his return home to Tennessee, he worked various jobs to support his family, including as a construction worker, a security guard and a Wal-Mart employee. He would later land a job in Nashville singing demos for other songwriters and publishing companies. The demos led to releasing his first album with Atlantic Records, the self-titled "Craig Morgan" in 2000. It produced three singles including "Something to Write Home About", which reached number 39 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. The album was produced by Buddy Cannon and Norro Wilson, with co-writing credits from Cannon, Bill Anderson and Harley Allen among others. The album's final track, "I Wish I Could See Bakersfield", included a recitation from Merle Haggard. "Country Standard Time" critic Jon Weisberger gave the album a mixed review, saying that Morgan had a strong singing voice but that most of the songs were "by-the-numbers". Jim Patterson of "The Ledger" said that lead-off single "Something to Write Home About" was "pedestrian", but that the rest of the album was "an uncommonly assured hard-country effort". Late in the year, Morgan charted a Christmas single entitled "The Kid in Me". Morgan left Atlantic Records in early 2001 when the label closed its Nashville branch, but said that he was not afraid of his musical future because he still had a publishing contract at the time.


title: Craig Morgan

text: In 2002, Morgan signed with Broken Bow Records. The label released his second album, "I Love It", in March 2003. Leading off this album was "God, Family and Country", a song dedicated to former Nashville session drummer Randy Hardison, with backing vocals from the group 4 Runner. It peaked at number 49 on the country charts. Following this song was Morgan's second Top 40 hit, "Almost Home". The song originally fell off the Hot Country Songs charts from a peak position of number 33. However, it experienced an unexpected increase in airplay after falling off the charts, so it was reinstated at the number 25 position three weeks later. After re-entering the charts, the song went on to a new peak position of number six on Hot Country Songs, also reaching number 59 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In addition, it won Morgan and co-writer Kerry Kurt Phillips a Song of the Year award from Broadcast Music Incorporated. The album's next two singles, "Every Friday Afternoon" and "Look at Us", both reached the country top 30. By 2004, the album had sold more than 300,000 copies, and its success was cited by "Billboard" as the beginning of a new wave of commercial success among independently signed country music artists. Rick Cohoon of Allmusic gave "I Love It" four stars out of five, saying that Morgan's songwriting was "well-crafted" and that his service in the Army justified the patriotic themes of "God, Family and Country". Jeffrey B. Remz of "Country Standard Time" commended the album for maintaining a neotraditionalist country sound, but said that the ballads were "generic".


title: Craig Morgan

text: Morgan released his third album, "My Kind of Livin'", in 2004. It included eight songs that he co-wrote, and guest vocals from John Conlee and Brad Paisley on "Blame Me". The first single release, "That's What I Love About Sunday", became his only No. 1 on the country charts, spending four weeks in that position while also reaching No. 51 on the Hot 100. It was also the first No. 1 single for the Broken Bow label, as well as the first independently distributed single to top the country charts in five years, and the first such single to spend multiple weeks at that position since The Kendalls' "Heaven's Just a Sin Away" in 1977. "That's What I Love About Sunday" also placed at No. 1 on that year's Billboard Year-End charts for the country format.


title: Craig Morgan

text: The album's next single, "Redneck Yacht Club", reached No. 2 on the country charts and accounted for his highest peak on the Hot 100, where it went to 45. After it came "I Got You". Morgan wrote this song while on tour with Keith Urban, with the intention of having Urban record it, but decided to keep it for himself after recording a demo of it. "My Kind of Livin" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping 500,000 copies, and "Redneck Yacht Club" received a gold single certification for 500,000 music downloads. Chris Willman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a B rating, saying in his review that "Morgan's is an idealized Kind of Americana, to be sure. But at least he provides enough writerly detail to avoid setting off smarm alarms." "Country Standard Time" reviewer Jeffrey B. Remz was generally favorable in his review, saying that Morgan has "a strong voice" and "a number of quality songs", but his review criticized the album's "big and clean" production.


title: Craig Morgan

text: His third and final album for Broken Bow, "Little Bit of Life", was issued in 2006. Morgan and O'Donnell co-produced the album with Keith Stegall, a record producer known for his work with Alan Jackson, and Morgan co-wrote four of its eleven songs. The label shipped more than 200,000 copies of the album in its first week, and made special exclusive releases for retailers such as Target and Walmart. Three singles were issued: the title track, "Tough", and "International Harvester", all of which made the Hot Country Songs charts. Kevin Oliver of "Country Standard Time" commended the album's neotraditionalist sound and called Morgan "a classic country singer" but said that, beyond the title track and "Tough", "the traditional sound is mostly wasted." "Billboard" reviewer Deborah Evans Price gave "Tough" a positive review, praising Morgan's "strong, warm voice" and calling the song "yet another gem" from the album. A greatest hits package followed in February 2008, shortly before his departure from Broken Bow.


title: Craig Morgan

text: On September 18, 2008, Morgan was invited by John Conlee to become a member of the Grand Ole Opry. Conlee formally inducted him as a member during the October 25, 2008, edition of the Opry. Although it had been first announced that Morgan would sign to Big Machine Records' sister label Valory Music Group, he instead signed to BNA Records, a division of Sony BMG Nashville. His first album for the label, "That's Why", was released in October 2008. Its first single, "Love Remembers", became his sixth top ten hit by early 2009, but follow-up "God Must Really Love Me" peaked at number 26. BNA re-issued the album in May 2009, replacing two of its tracks with the newly recorded "Bonfire" and "This Ain't Nothin'". The former was released that month as the album's third single, also reaching top ten. In October 2009, the music video for "God Must Really Love Me" won Video of the Year from the Inspirational Country Music Awards. In early 2010, "This Ain't Nothin'" was released as the album's fourth single. It became a top 20 country hit by year's end. Stephen Thomas Erlewine criticized the album for having "uninspired" material, but praised Morgan's "cured country croon". In a more favorable review, "Country Standard Time" wrote that the songs were "simple but profoundly observant" and compared Morgan's singing voice to Randy Travis. Morgan's last single for BNA, "Still a Little Chicken Left on That Bone", was released in October 2010. The song peaked at number 37 on the country music charts in January 2011. A month later, he left the label.


title: Craig Morgan

text: On April 1, 2011, Morgan signed with Black River Entertainment. Two months later, he sang guest vocals on Colt Ford's single "She Likes to Ride in Trucks". Morgan's first release for Black River was "This Ole Boy", a song co-written by The Peach Pickers (Rhett Akins, Dallas Davidson, and Ben Hayslip) that also appears on Joe Nichols' 2011 album "It's All Good". The song is the title track to Morgan's first Black River album, "This Ole Boy", which was released on February 28, 2012. The title track was a Top 20 hit for Morgan on the Hot Country Songs chart. After it, "Corn Star" failed to make Top 40, while "More Trucks Than Cars" reached top 30. In July 2013, Morgan released "Wake Up Lovin' You", the first single from his second compilation album "The Journey (Livin' Hits)". Morgan canceled several shows in May 2014 due to surgical complications for torn tendons in his shoulders.


title: Craig Morgan

text: The lead single to Morgan's third album for Black River Entertainment, "When I'm Gone", was released to digital retailers on September 18, 2015, and to radio on September 21, 2015. The song peaked at number 48 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart. The album, "A Whole Lot More to Me", was released on June 3, 2016.


title: Craig Morgan

text: In 2019, Morgan released a new single called "The Father, My Son, and the Holy Ghost," written about the grief he experiences after his son Jerry's death at the age of 19. Upon hearing the song, Blake Shelton started a campaign on Twitter to help boost the song's chart position. Following this song's release, Morgan was re-signed to Broken Bow for distribution of the single.


title: Craig Morgan

text: Morgan is married to wife Karen with whom he has five children: daughters Marisa and Alexandra and sons Kyle, Jerry, and Wyatt. He and his family currently reside in Dickson, Tennessee. In February 2011, Morgan rescued two young children from a burning house in Dickson, Tennessee, and helped put out the fire using a fire hose. On April 23, 2011, Morgan became an honorary initiate of the Delta Theta chapter of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. On July 10, 2016, Morgan's son, Jerry Greer, went missing after falling off an inner tube in Kentucky Lake on the Tennessee River. His body was recovered one day later. He was 19 years old.


title: Craig Morgan

text: Morgan frequently performs at military bases both in the U.S. and abroad and on USO tours. He was awarded the 2006 USO Merit Award for his tireless support of US soldiers and their families. Having served in the military, Morgan told American Songwriter Magazine, "Because I have been there, I can appreciate that and have the ability to communicate with them a little differently." Morgan has been active in raising money for the Special operations warrior foundation. Morgan has an annual two-day charity (Craig Morgan Charity Fund) for Billy's Place. The most recent, and fifth one, was held in Dickson, Tennessee on August 6–7, 2011. The event raised more than $95,000. Morgan came up with the idea for Billy's Place while serving as an assistant Dickson County sheriff's deputy from 1995 to 1996. Through the Craig Morgan Charity Fund, Morgan plans to provide lasting funding to the home.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Silvia Pinal Hidalgo (born 12 September 1931) is a Mexican actress. She began her career in the theater, venturing into cinema in 1949. Her film work and popularity in her native country led her to work in Europe (Spain and Italy). Pinal achieved international recognition by starring in a famous film trilogy by director Luis Buñuel: "Viridiana" (1961), "El ángel exterminador" (1962) and "Simón del desierto" (1965).


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In addition to her film career, she has also excelled in other areas. She was a pioneer of musical theatre in Mexico, ventured into television, and held some political office charges.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Silvia Pinal Hidalgo was born in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, on 12 September 1931. Her parents were María Luisa Hidalgo Aguilar and Moisés Pasquel. Pasquel was an orchestra conductor at the Mexican radio station XEW. Pinal's mother became pregnant with Pasquel when she was only 15 years old. Her father did not recognize her and Pinal did not know him until she was 11 years old. On the part of her biological father, Pinal had three more brothers: Eugenio, Moisés and Virginia. however, Pinal never spent time with the Pasquel family. Pinal spent her first years behind the counter of a seafood restaurant located near the XEW where her mother worked. When Pinal was five years old, her mother married Luis G. Pinal, whom they called "El Caballero Pinal", a journalist, military man and politician twenty years older than her. Pinal adopted Silvia as his daughter, and in later interviews she has asserted him as her only father. Mr. Pinal had three more daughters from a previous marriage: Mercedes, Beatriz and Eugenia. Her adoptive father held several public positions in Mexico. He was municipal president of Tequisquiapan, Querétaro. The family lived in several cities of Mexico as Querétaro, Acapulco, Monterrey, Chilpancingo, Cuernavaca and Puebla, finally settled in Mexico City.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal was fascinated by show business since she was a child. In addition to film and music, she liked to write and recite poems. She studied first at Pestalozzi College in Cuernavaca, and then at the Washington Institute in Mexico City. Despite her artistic aspirations, her father conditioned her to study "something useful" and therefore she learned typing. At age 14 she started working at Kodak as a secretary.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal wanted to study opera. She began to prepare taking classes with a private teacher and then with Professor Reyes Retana. Her first step towards fame occurred when she was invited to participate in a beauty pageant. In this contest Pinal obtained the title of Student Princess of Mexico. In her coronation she met the actors Rubén Rojo and Manolo Fábregas, with whom she became close friends. While studying bel canto, Pinal went to work as a secretary in the pharmaceutical laboratories Carlos Stein. At the music academy, Pinal auditioned for a role in the opera La Traviata. However, this hearing was a failure. Then her teacher encouraged her to take acting courses in the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. In that academy, she was a classmate of figures such as Carlos Pellicer, Salvador Novo and Xavier Villaurrutia. She debuted as an extra in a performance of "A Midsummer Night's Dream" by William Shakespeare.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal continued working in the pharmaceutical products firm, in her advertising department. Her boss, knowing that she was studying acting, gave her the opportunity to participate in the recording of some radio comedies in the XEQ. She debuted in the comedy "Dos pesos la dejada".


title: Silvia Pinal

text: At the radio station, she met some publicists, who invited her to be part of an experimental company. She made her debut in that company with a role in the play "Los Caprichos de Goya". The director of this work was the Mexican actor and director, of Cuban origin Rafael Banquells, with whom Pinal began an employment relationship and a close friendship that led to romance. Rafael Banquells got the master Carlos Laverne to allow them to use the Ideal Theater of Mexico City for their productions. Laverne chose Pinal to participate in a montage with the company of the Ideal Theater, directed by the Spanish actress Isabelita Blanch. The work was called "Nuestra Natacha". Pinal acted in numerous works for this company. Her first star work was "Un sueño de cristal".


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Just fifteen days after she debuted in the theater, Pinal made her debut in the cinema with a brief role in the film "Bamba" (1949), starring Carmen Montejo and directed by Miguel Contreras Torres. Contreras Torres had seen her work at the Ideal Theatre and invited her to take part in the project. Contreras Torres was a tough and strict director who made Pinal suffer for her inexperience. Eventually, in that same year, she performed in the film "El pecado de Laura", directed by Julián Soler and starring Meche Barba. In that film she worked for the first time in cinema with Rafael Banquells, who at that time was already her husband. Immediately she made another small role in the film "Escuela para casadas", by Miguel Zacarías. Pinal met and worked for the first time with the popular actor and singer Pedro Infante in the film "La mujer que yo perdí". The actor and comedian Cantinflas (her wedding godfather), chose Pinal as his co-star in the film "The Doorman" (1950), which was a very big step for the young and new actress. But her first solid step towards popularity was her participation in the comedy "El rey del barrio" (1949), where she formed a great comedic pair with Germán Valdés "Tin-Tán", directed by Gilberto Martínez Solares. Pinal and Tin Tán acted together in two more films: "La marca del zorrillo" (1950) and "Me traes de un ala " (1952).


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal received her first major recognition, her first Silver Ariel Award as a co-starring actress, for her performance in the film "Un rincón cerca del cielo" (1952), where she worked again with Pedro Infante. In 1952, she performed with Joaquín Pardavé in the comedies "Doña Mariquita de mi corazón]" and "El casto Susano".


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In 1953, Pinal signed a contract with the FILMEX studios of Gregorio Walerstein, who gave her first stellar works in the films "Reventa de esclavas" (1953) and "Yo soy muy macho" (1953). In that same year, she made her first musical work with the film "Mis tres viudas alegres", where she shared credits with Lilia del Valle and the Cuban rumbera Amalia Aguilar. The success of the film led the three actresses to star, that same year, in the comedy "Las cariñosas". In that same year , she acted with Libertad Lamarque in "Si volvieras a mí".


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal achieved success and recognition in 1954, after participating in the film "Un extraño en la escalera", directed by Tulio Demicheli, and starring opposite Arturo de Córdova. De Córdova wanted as his co-stars the Italian actress Gina Lollobrigida or the Cuban rumbera Rosa Carmina, because he distrusted Pinal due to her youth. With the support of the producer Gregorio Walerstein, Pinal made a change of image, highlighting her sex appeal, which helped her to be approved by De Cordova for the film. The film was filmed in Havana, Cuba and it was a remarkable blockbuster, which consecrates Pinal as the first figure in the cinema.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Another director who knew how to make the most of Pinal's histrionic abilities was Alberto Gout. Under the baton of Gout, Pinal made the film "La sospechosa" (1954). Another outstanding movie in which Pinal participates is "Historia de un abrigo de mink" (1954),an episodic film that Pinal co-stars with the actresses María Elena Marqués, Columba Domínguez and Irasema Dilián. With Tito Davison as director, Pinal also filmed the Mexican-Spanish-Chilean co-production "Cabo de Hornos" (1955), along with the actor Jorge Mistral. Pinal worked again with Pedro Infante, this time as his co-star in the famous comedy "El inocente" (1955).


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal starred in several films by Tulio Demicheli. Among the most outstanding is "Locura pasional" (1955), which would bring her first Silver Ariel award as best actress. The second was thanks to her role in the film "La dulce enemiga" (1957), directed by Tito Davison.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In 1956, Pinal starred in the film "Una cita de amor" (1956), where she worked for the first and only time under the direction of the director Emilio Fernández.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: The popularity and success of Pinal in Mexico opened the doors for her to work in Europe following the advice of Tulio Demicheli. Her first work in the Old Continent is in the Spanish-Mexican co-production "Las locuras de Bárbara" (1958), directed by Demicheli. From the hand of Demicheli Silvia starred in Spain the musical film "Charleston".


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Given the success of her films in Europe, Pinal was invited to work in Italy, where she also served as producer of the film "Uomini e Nobiluomini" (1959), which she starred next to Vittorio de Sica and Elke Sommer.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Under the direction of José María Forqué, Pinal starred in Spain in the film "Maribel y la extraña familia" (1960). In 1961 she filmed the Spanish musical film "Adiós, Mimí Pompom", next to Fernando Fernán Gómez.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal achieved international acclaim through a trilogy of films that marked the end of the Mexican era of the Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel. Pinal had her first contact with Buñuel through Mexican actor Ernesto Alonso, with the firm intention of starring in the film version of the novel "Tristana". However, the little commercial success of Buñuel's films prevented the producers from financing the project, which ended up collapsing (Buñuel filmed the film years later in Spain with Catherine Deneuve).


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Years later, Pinal, with the help of her second husband, producer Gustavo Alatriste, looked for Buñuel in Spain and convinced him to film "Viridiana" (1961). This, without a doubt, is her most famous film. She was co-starred by Francisco Rabal and Fernando Rey, and was the winner of the Palme d'Or at the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Despite the success and prestige enjoyed by the film, it was at the time, rejected by the Spanish censorship and the Vatican, accusing it of blasphemy. The Spanish government ordered its destruction. Through the intervention of Pinal, who fled with a copy to Mexico, the film was saved. In Mexico, Vatican censorship had also resonated. However, with the help of Salvador Novo, the film premiered in some rooms.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Her second film with Buñuel was "El ángel exterminador" (1962), which Pinal starred in with a choral cast. The film also received critical acclaim worldwide. In 2004, the "New York Times" recognized it among the best films of all time.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Her third and last project with Buñuel was "Simón del desierto" (1964). The film, misrepresented as a medium-length film, was originally conceived to be an episodic film. Pinal and Gustavo Alatriste looked for Federico Fellini to direct a second episode, but Fellini accepted with the condition that his wife, Giulietta Masina, starred in it. Jules Dassin was then sought, who likewise accepted on the condition that it was starred by his wife Melina Mercouri. Pinal also rejected this request. The idea was that Pinal starred in all the episodes of the film, so the project ended up filming only with Buñuel. In the film Pinal also made the first nude appearance of her career, something still rare in Mexican cinema and also the first naked scenes of Buñuel's cinema.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal was also on the verge of starring with Buñuel in the film "Diary of a Chambermaid", in France. Pinal learned French and was willing to charge nothing for her participation. However, the French producer Serge Silberman ended up choosing Jeanne Moreau. Even so, Pinal (along with Lilia Prado), who is the actress with whom Buñuel worked with the most, made a total of three classic films. Pinal was also going to shoot with Buñuel in Spain on "Divinas palabras", but there were problems with copyrights. Years later, Pinal was finally able to do it in Mexico with another director.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: After her work with Buñuel, Pinal returned to the cinema with the comedy "Buenas noches, Año Nuevo" (1965), where she alternated with Ricardo Montalbán. In 1966 she made the mythical film "La soldadera", directed by José Bolaños and inspired by the events of the Mexican Revolution. In that same year she participated in the Mexican-Brazilian co-production "Juego peligroso", directed by Luis Alcoriza and based on a script by Gabriel García Márquez. She also appeared in the Franco-Italian-Mexican co-production "La bataille de san sebastian", along with Anthony Quinn and Charles Bronson. In 1967 Pinal films "Shark!", together with Burt Reynolds and directed by Samuel Fuller, making this the only Hollywood production in which Pinal has appeared.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal achieved a huge blockbuster with the film "María Isabel" (1968), based on a popular cartoon by Yolanda Vargas Dulché.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Between the late 1960s and early 1970s, Pinal mainly made comic films directed by the filmmaker René Cardona Jr. In 1976, Pinal starred in "Las mariposas disecadas", a thriller of psychological suspense. In 1977 she finally starred in the controversial film "Divinas palabras" (1977), directed by Juan Ibáñez, a film where she made an integral nude scene.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: At the end of the seventies and the beginning of the eighties, Pinal filmed some films in Spain, Italy and Argentina as part of a project by Televisa to unify the Spanish and Latin American markets.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: After ten years of absence in the cinema, Pinal returned in 1992 with the tape "Modelo antiguo", directed by Raúl Araiza. The decline of Mexican cinema and the activity of Pinal on television and other media (such as politics), made her practically withdraw from the big screen. In recent years, her film appearances are limited to films "Ya no los hacen como antes" (2002), and a brief special appearance on the movie "Tercera llamada" (2013).


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal made her debut at the theater in the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. Eventually she did experimental plays, to then work at the Ideal Theater in Mexico City, in the company of the Spanish actress Isabelita Blanch, where she was directed in numerous productions by Rafael Banquells.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Outside of this company, in 1950 participates in the play "Celos del aire", with Manolo Fábregas and Carmen Montejo. In that same year she represented "Doña Inés" in "Don Juan Tenorio", next to Jorge Mistral. Of her most outstanding plays from the beginning of her career stand out "The Madwoman of Chaillot", next to Prudencia Griffel and "El cuadrante de la soledad", by José Revueltas, with sets by the artist Diego Rivera. In 1954, Pinal participates in the play "La Sed", with Ernesto Alonso and the Argentinean actor Pedro López Lagar. In 1955 she obtained the recognition in the theater scene in the assembly "Anna Christie", along with Wolf Ruvinskis. In 1957 Pinal staged the play "Desnúdate, Lucrecia", in Chile, next to Jorge Mistral, who eventually starred in the cinema in Mexico.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In 1958, Pinal was responsible for producing in Mexico the first Musical comedy "Bells Are Ringing", directed by Luis de Llano Palmer. For this work, Pinal had an offer to work on Broadway with the manager of Judy Holliday, but Pinal refused to cut her career in Mexico.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In 1964 she made the Mexican version of the musical "Irma La Douce", alongside Julio Alemán and directed by Enrique Rambal. José Luis Ibáñez will end up becoming her head theater director. Under the baton of Ibañez, Pinal starred in the work "Vidas privadas". One of her most memorable works in musical comedy, was the Mexican version of "Mame", successful Broadway musical, which thanks to her success, Pinal rode three times (1972, 1985 and 1989). In 1976 he also starred in the musical "Annie Get Your Gun".


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In 1977, to commemorate her twenty-five year career, Pinal set up her own cabaret show entitled "¡Felicidades Silvia!". The show was presented with great success, first at the nightclub El Patio, and then at the Teatro de la Ciudad in Mexico City.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In 1978, she starred in the musical "Plaza Suite". The death of her daughter Viridiana, truncated the theatrical project "Agnes of God", which starred together in 1982. In 1983, Pinal starred in and produced the Mexican montage of the work "La señorita de Tacna", based on the work of Mario Vargas Llosa. In 1985, while serving as First Lady of the state of Tlaxcala, Pinal remodeled the Xicohténcatl Theater, which reopened with the assembly "The memories of the Divine Sarah". In 1986, Pinal starred in the work "Anna Karenina", which despite the success obtained, was not to the liking of the actress, and the assembly only reached 100 performances.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In 1988, in association with Margarita López Portillo, Pinal acquired the Cine Estadio, located in Colonia Roma in Mexico City, transforming it into its own theatrical venue, the Silvia Pinal Theater, a space dedicated mainly to musical comedy. which Pinal was free to set up her own productions. The theater was inaugurated in 1989 with the third representation of the musical "Mame", with Pinal at the head of the cast.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In 1992, Pinal acquired the former Cine Versalles, located in Colonia Juárez in Mexico City and turned it into his second theater, the Diego Rivera Theater. The Diego Rivera Theater was inaugurated in 1991 with the assembly "Lettice and Lovage".


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In 1996, Pinal returned to the musical theater with the second Mexican version of "Hello, Dolly!", opposite Ignacio López Tarso. The last work that Pinal starred in her previous theater was "Gypsy" (1998), starring alongside her daughter, the singer Alejandra Guzmán.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: As a producer, she was responsible for making the Mexican versions of the musicals "A Chorus Line" (1989), "Cats" (1991) and "La Cage aux Folles" (1992). Unfortunately, several problems caused Pinal to close the Silvia Pinal Theater, which stopped functioning in 2000 to become a religious temple.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal returned to the theater in 2002 with the play "Debiera haber obispas". In recent dates she has also participated in productions such as "Adorables enemigas" (2008) and "Amor, dolor y lo que puesto" (2012). In 2014, the Diego Rivera Theater changed its name to become the new Silvia Pinal Theatre.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal dabbled in television since its appearance in Mexico in the early 1950s. In 1952, she participated in her television show titled "Con los brazos abiertos". Eventually she participates in numerous telecasts, produced by Luis de Llano Palmer. That's where Pinal first introduced the use of playback on Mexican television.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In the mid-sixties, Pinal staged her own comic-musical show on Televisa entitled "Los especiales de Silvia Pinal". When Silvia married the actor and singer Enrique Guzmán, both produced and starred in the variety show "Silvia y Enrique" (a comedy-musical program in the style of "The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour"), which presented during four years (1968–1972) with a great success. Once separated from Guzmán, Silvia continued with her variety show titled "¡Ahora Silvia!!.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In 1985, she became a producer and presenter of the TV show "Mujer, casos de la vida real". Initially, the show was created to respond to cases and needs of the public focused on locating victims of the 1985 earthquake in Mexico City. With the passage of time, the show evolved to present current issues and daily life that included from domestic violence to legal issues and public health. This production was a success and lasted more than 20 years transmitting in Mexico, Spain, Italy and several countries in Latin America. The program was canceled in 2007.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In 1968, Pinal makes his debut in telenovelas with the historical telenovela "Los caudillos", inspired by the events of the War of Independence of Mexico. The telenovela was produced by Ernesto Alonso. Her second foray into the genre was with the telenovela "¿Quién?" (1973), produced by Guillermo Diazayas and based on a cartoon by Yolanda Vargas Dulché.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Eventually, Pinal decided to produce her own telenovelas, her first hit being "Mañana es primavera" (1982), the last acting work of her daughter Viridiana, before dying. In 1985 he also produced and starred in "Eclipse".


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Her last works in television have been in special participations in various telenovelas and television series. The most relevant ones are "Carita de ángel" (2000), in which she went on to replace the actress Libertad Lamarque, who at the time of her death left her character unfinished in this childhood melodrama), "Fuego en la sangre" (2008), "Soy tu dueña" (2010) and "Mi marido tiene familia" (2017).


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In addition to the aforementioned telenovelas that she starred, Pinal also produced the melodramas "Cuando los hijos van" (1983) and "Tiempo de amar" (1987).


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal dabbled in the world of politics as a result of her fourth marriage, with the politician Tulio Hernández Gómez, who was governor of the State of Tlaxcala. Between 1981 and 1987, Pinal was the First Lady of that state. Eventually she became a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party and was elected to federal deputy in 1991. Later, she became a senator and member of the Asamblea de Representantes del Federal District.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In these positions, Pinal had some achievements. Among the most outstanding are to achieve that the Cinematographic Law contemplate the right of interpreter, worked on the Law of Condominiums and the Law of Tourism, did tasks in favor of ecology, promoted the dissemination of theater books and fought for the Ministry of Finance to lower taxes on the theater.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Since the fifties, Pinal actively participated in trade union movements of the actors of his country. She was part of the group "Rosa Mexicano" , founded by Dolores del Río. Between 1988 and 1995, Pinal became a leader of the National Association of Interpreters (A.N.D.I.) of Mexico.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal had problems with justice in the year 2000 due to problems in her management as leader of the Association of Theater Producers (Protea) in the early 1990s. For this reason the actress lived some time in Miami, United States. After eleven months, the actress was declared innocent and returned to her country.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Between 2010 and 2014, Pinal also served as General Secretary of the Screen Actors Guild of México (ANDA) of Mexico.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In an attempt to protect the mature actors, she became the founder of the "Asociación Rafael Banquells", in charge of providing non-profit help to the interpreters. As president of the association, Pinal is in charge of the delivery of the Bravo Awards to the highlights in music, film, theater, radio, television, dubbing and commercial realization during the year. The awards are given annually since 1991.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Pinal has been married four times. Her first marriage was with the actor and director Rafael Banquells, who was her first formal boyfriend. Pinal married Banquells in 1947. Pinal acknowledges that her marriage at such an early age was partly due to escape from her father's repression: ""I changed my father for a softer one that stimulated me in my career."" The couple divorced in 1952, a year after the birth of their daughter, Sylvia Pasquel, who later had an outstanding career as an actress.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Her second marriage was with the businessman and film producer Gustavo Alatriste. Pinal has revealed on numerous occasions that Alatriste was the love of her life, a husband with whom she could have stayed forever. Pinal met Alatriste at a meeting at Ernesto Alonso's house when he was about to divorce the actress Ariadne Welter. It was thanks to Alatriste that Pinal was able to make her film projects with Luis Buñuel. The marriage ended in 1967 due to Alatriste's infidelities and business problems between the couple. From her relationship with Alatriste, she had a daughter, actress Viridiana Alatriste (1963-1982). Unfortunately, Viridiana died tragically in a car accident in Mexico City in 1982, only 19 years old.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Her third marriage was with the popular singer and idol of Rock and roll Enrique Guzmán. Pinal and Guzmán met when he came as a guest on the Pinal's television show "¡Ahora Silvia!". Pinal and Guzmán were married in 1967 despite some resistance from Pinal being 11 years older than her husband. Their marriage lasted nine years. They worked together and procreated two children: the popular singer Alejandra Guzmán (born in 1968) and the musician and composer Luis Enrique Guzmán (born in 1970).


title: Silvia Pinal

text: Her last marriage was with the politician, and then governor of the state of Tlaxcala, Tulio Hernández Gómez. The couple married in 1982. It was through Hernández that Pinal entered the world of politics. Pinal and Hernandez divorced in 1995.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: In addition to her marriages, at various times in her life, Pinal held various romances. In 1954, when filming "Un extraño en la escalera", Pinal fell in love with her co-star, the actor Arturo de Córdova. Others of her romances were with the Mexican businessman Emilio Azcárraga Milmo, the Egyptian actor Omar Sharif and with the American businessman Conrad Nicholson Hilton, Jr.


title: Silvia Pinal

text: With the passage of time, Pinal has become the head of one of the most famous artistic dynasties in Latin America. Her daughters Sylvia and Viridiana followed in her footsteps as an actress. The youngest of her daughters, Alejandra, is one of the most popular singers in Mexico. Alejandra's daughter Frida Sofía is also a model, currently living in Miami Fl. In addition, her granddaughter Stephanie Salas (daughter of Sylvia) has also forged a career as an actress and singer. Stephanie's daughters, Michelle Salas and Camila Valero, are both models and actresses.


title: Henry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel

text: Henry Miles Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel (born 3 December 1987), also known as Henry Arundel, is a British aristocrat, businessman and former racing driver. He is the heir apparent to the Dukedom of Norfolk, and the family seat is Arundel Castle. He was called Lord Maltravers from birth until his father succeeded to the dukedom in 2002, at which point he became known by the courtesy title of Earl of Arundel.


title: Henry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel

text: Lord Arundel is the eldest son of Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, and his ex-wife Georgina Gore. From 2007 to 2010, he studied at the University of Bristol and graduated with an Honours Bachelor of Science degree in economics.


title: Henry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel

text: Between 2010 and 2019, he worked in various private equity and corporate finance roles in London at NM Rothschild, Evercore Partners and then Inflexion Private Equity. In 2019, he co-founded Noble Insurance Group, where he serves as a managing director.


title: Henry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel

text: In 2006, under the name Henry Arundel, he competed in the Formula BMW UK Championship, driving for Fortec Motorsport and winning the Rookie Cup. He was elected to the Motor Sports Association Race Elite Scheme in April 2007, along with five other drivers in various British series. He remained with the Fortec Motorsport team during the 2007 Formula BMW UK season and placed third overall.


title: Henry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel

text: In 2008, he raced for Räikkönen Robertson Racing in the British Formula 3 Championship. He scored 21 points and finished 15th in the standings. He raced for Carlin Motorsport during the 2009 British Formula 3 season. He scored 90 points and finished 9th in the standings.


title: Henry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel

text: He married Cecilia Mary Elizabeth "dei Conti" (of the Counts) Colacicchi, "Nobile" di Anagni (born 1988) at Arundel Cathedral on 16 July 2016. They have two daughters, Lady Flora Mary Isabella Fitzalan-Howard (born 10 November 2018) and Lady Eliza Rachel Marie Fitzalan-Howard (born 12 May 2020).


title: Henry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel

text: Cecilia is the daughter of Count William Colacicchi, descendant of Odoardo Colacicchi and of Clare Elizabeth Vivienne Clutterbuck; through her mother she is a descendant of the Somers-Cocks, Barons Somers, the Clutterbucks and the Hardings, both belonging to the landed gentry.


title: Odo of France

text: Odo (; c. 857 – 1 January 898) was the elected King of West Francia from 888 to 898. He was the first king from the Robertian dynasty. Before assuming the kingship, Odo was the count of Paris. His reign marked the definitive separation of West Francia from the Carolingian Empire, which would never reunite.


title: Odo of France

text: Odo was the eldest son of Robert the Strong, who was Duke of the Franks, Margrave of Neustria, and Count of Anjou. After his father's death at the Battle of Brissarthe in 866, Odo inherited the Margraviate of Neustria. Odo lost this title in 868 when King Charles the Bald appointed Hugh the Abbot to the title. Odo regained it following the death of Hugh in 886. After 882 he was the count of Paris. Odo was also the lay abbot of St. Martin of Tours.


title: Odo of France

text: In 882 or 883 Odo married Théodrate of Troyes. The eleventh-century chronicler Adémar de Chabannes wrote that they had a son, Arnoul (c.882–898), who died shortly after his father. Guy is named as one of the couple's children in an Alan I's charter dated 28 August 903, but genealogist Christian Settipani has argued that the document is false.


title: Odo of France

text: The genealogical work Europäische Stammtafeln refers to Raoul as a son of Odo by Théodrate, but its primary source is not known.


title: Odo of France

text: For his skill and bravery in resisting the attacks of Vikings during the 885–886 Siege of Paris, Odo was chosen by the western Frankish nobles to be their king following the overthrow of Emperor Charles the Fat. He was crowned at Compiègne in February 888 by Walter, Archbishop of Sens.


title: Odo of France

text: Odo continued to battle against the Vikings and defeated them at Montfaucon, but was soon involved in a struggle with powerful Frankish nobles who supported the claim of Charles the Simple to the throne.


title: Odo of France

text: In 890 Odo granted special privileges to the County of Manresa in Osona. Because of its position on the front line against the Moorish aggression, Manresa was given the right to build towers of defence known as "manresanas" or "manresanes". This privilege was responsible for giving Manresa its unique character, distinct from the rest of Osona, for the next two centuries.


title: Odo of France

text: To gain prestige and support, Odo paid homage to the East Francia's King Arnulf in 888. Despite this, in 894 Arnulf declared his support for Charles the Simple, and after a conflict which lasted three years, Odo was compelled to come to terms with his rival and surrender a district north of the Seine to him. Odo died in La Fère on 1 January 898.


title: Odo of France

text: A character named "Count Odo" is portrayed by Owen Roe in the History Channel's 2013 hit TV series "Vikings". This fictional Odo actually saves Paris from a Viking attack, but is killed before ever succeeding in becoming king.


title: Odo of France

text: Count Odo appears in "The Siege of Paris", the second expansion to the 2020 video game "Assassin's Creed Valhalla".


title: Odo of France

text: Odo appears in the game "Crusader Kings III" as a bookmarked character. Players can play as him from the year 867, when he is ten years old, and may gain an achievement for leading his dynasty to rule the Kingdom of France.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: The 2021–22 Coupe de France was the 105th season of the main football cup competition of France. The competition was organised by the French Football Federation (FFF) and was open to all clubs in French football, as well as clubs from the overseas departments and territories (Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Tahiti, Réunion, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon).


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: The competition returned largely to the format of 2019–20 after the changes last season due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France. However, on 21 October 2021 it was announced that New Caledonia would not be represented in the competition due to the situation in that territory.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: Paris Saint-Germain were the defending champions, but were knocked out in the round of 16 by Nice on penalties. In the final on 7 May, Nantes beat Nice 1–0 to claim their fourth Coupe de France title.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: Dates for the first two qualifying round, and any preliminaries required, were set by the individual Regional leagues. From round three, the FFF defined the calendar, with rounds up to and including the round of 32 being scheduled for weekends. The later rounds up to, but not including, the final, taking place on midweek evenings. The final was originally scheduled for Saturday 8 May 2022, but moved to 7 May 2022.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: After gaining a second seventh-round spot last season, Mayotte lost it this season, due to the FFF ruling that there were no stadia in the territory of the standard required to host a seventh-round match. The single qualifying team from Mayotte would therefore play its seventh-round match in mainland France.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: After a "DNCG" ruling excluding Niort from the 2021–22 competition, only 19 Ligue 2 teams entered at the seventh-round stage.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: The number of teams qualifying from each region returned to those of the 2019–20 competition, with adjustments to account for the above two points, i.e. 146 rather than 144 mainland teams qualified for the seventh round.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: On 21 October 2021, it was announced that no team from New Caledonia would be present in the seventh round, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia, and the imposition of lockdown until 31 October 2021.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: On 31 December 2021, due to the rising number of COVID-19 cases, the FFF suspended the competition rule which mandated that teams must field seven players who participated in one of the last two matches, in order to avoid potential postponements. From the Round of 32, teams may field any number of players from their reserve or youth teams.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: The first six rounds, and any preliminaries required, were organised by the Regional Leagues and the Overseas Territories, who allowed teams from within their league structure to enter at any point up to the third round. Teams from Championnat National 3 entered at the third round, those from Championnat National 2 entered at the fourth round and those from Championnat National entered at the fifth round.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: The 146 qualifiers from the Regional Leagues were joined by the 10 qualifiers from the Overseas Territories and 19 eligible 2021–22 Ligue 2 teams. The qualifiers from Réunion, Martinique, Guadeloupe and French Guiana play off in internal matches.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: The winners of the seventh round matches in Guadeloupe and Martinique played their eighth round matches at home against teams from mainland France. Should the team from Tahiti win their seventh round match, they would also play a home game against a team from mainland France. On 2 November 2021 a draw took place to prioritise the list of National, National 2 and National 3 clubs who had put themselves forward as candidates for overseas travel. The highest prioritised team which qualifies for the eighth round will travel to Guadeloupe, the second highest will travel to Martinique and the third highest will travel to Tahiti if required.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: The 44 qualifying teams from Round 8 were joined by the 20 2021–22 Ligue 1 teams. 32 ties were drawn in regional groups.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: Due to there being no New Caledeonia team in the seventh round draw, a mainland team were awarded a bye to the eighth round.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: The main draw was carried out on 3 November 2021. Ties will be played on 12, 13 and 14 November 2021. Several ties were played at alternate stadia due to the stadium of the home clubs not being of sufficient standard.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: The eighth round draw was pre-determined at the same time as the seventh-round draw. Groupings were carried forward from the seventh round, with the mainland teams travelling for overseas ties replaced by overseas teams that were travelling to the mainland.


title: 2021–22 Coupe de France

text: The round of 64 draw was made on 29 November 2021, with teams divided into four groups by geography and to ensure the groups were balanced in terms of the levels of the teams.


title: Paul Westphal

text: Paul Douglas Westphal (November 30, 1950 – January 2, 2021) was an American basketball player, head coach, and commentator.


title: Paul Westphal

text: Westphal played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1972 to 1984. Playing the guard position, he won an NBA championship with the Boston Celtics in 1974. Westphal played in the NBA Finals again in 1976 as a member of the Phoenix Suns. His NBA career also included stints with the Seattle SuperSonics and the New York Knicks. In addition to being a five-time All-Star selection, Westphal earned three All-NBA First Team selections and one Second Team honor.


title: Paul Westphal

text: After his playing career ended, Westphal coached for Southwestern Baptist Bible College (now Arizona Christian University), Grand Canyon University, and Pepperdine University, and served also as head coach of the Phoenix Suns, Seattle SuperSonics, and Sacramento Kings in the NBA. Westphal coached the Suns to the NBA Finals in 1993.


title: Paul Westphal

text: Born in Torrance, California, Westphal went to Aviation High School in Redondo Beach from 1966 to 1969. He attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles and played college basketball for the Trojans at guard.


title: Paul Westphal

text: USC had a record in 1971, setting a Trojans record for winning percentage. In that era, the Pac-8 Conference sent only one team (champion UCLA) to the 25-team NCAA tournament and none to the 16-team National Invitation Tournament (NIT).


title: Paul Westphal

text: Westphal was an All-American team captain in 1972. Playing for USC from 1970 to 1972, he averaged 16.9 points per game and led the Trojans with 20.3 points per game in 1972.


title: Paul Westphal

text: The Boston Celtics selected Westphal tenth overall in the 1972 NBA draft. After three seasons in Boston, including a championship in 1974, the Celtics traded Westphal and two second round draft picks to the Phoenix Suns for Charlie Scott.


title: Paul Westphal

text: In his first season with in Phoenix, Westphal helped the Suns reach their first NBA Finals, against the Celtics. In Game 5 of that series, often called "the greatest game ever played" in NBA history, he made several critical plays that pushed the game into triple overtime before Boston prevailed. Notably, Westphal exploited a loophole within NBA rules that effectively allowed the Suns to cede a point to get the ball at half-court with two seconds remaining at the end of the second overtime; the Suns tied the game thanks to the loophole.


title: Paul Westphal

text: Westphal was sixth in the NBA in scoring average for the season at 25.2 points per game, and was also the first NBA All-Star Weekend H-O-R-S-E Competition champion. The following season, he was seventh in scoring average with 24.0 points per game.


title: Paul Westphal

text: After the 1979–80 season in early June, the Suns traded Westphal to the Seattle SuperSonics for Dennis Johnson, He played 36 games in the 1980–81 season, limited by a stress fracture in his right foot. He was a free agent after the season, but Seattle held the right of first refusal. He was unable to come to terms with the Sonics.


title: Paul Westphal

text: After missing most of the 1981–82 season, Westphal signed with the New York Knicks in late February 1982 after Seattle declined to match the offer. He was named the NBA Comeback Player of the Year in 1982–83, when he averaged 10 points and 5.5 assists and helped the Knicks qualify for the playoffs.


title: Paul Westphal

text: He signed a two-year contract with Phoenix in September 1983, and the Suns waived him in October 1984.


title: Paul Westphal

text: In his NBA career, Westphal scored a total of 12,809 points for an average of 15.6 points per game, with 3,591 assists for an average of 4.4 assists per game. He also had 1,580 rebounds, for an average of 1.9 per game. Westphal was a five-time All-Star, a three-time All-NBA first team selection, and a one-time second team All-NBA selection. He is Phoenix's fifth all-time leading scorer (9,564), averaging 20.6 points in six seasons (1975–80, 1983–84). His No. 44 was retired by the Suns, and he is a member of their Ring of Honor. Westphal was also inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame as a player on September 6, 2019.


title: Paul Westphal

text: Westphal's coaching career started in 1985 at Southwestern Baptist Bible College (now Arizona Christian University), located in Phoenix. After compiling a 21–9 record in his lone season there, he moved on to Grand Canyon College, also in Phoenix, and after two seasons led them to the NAIA national title in 1988.


title: Paul Westphal

text: In 1988, after three years in the college ranks, Westphal became an assistant coach with the Phoenix Suns under head coach Cotton Fitzsimmons, and in 1992, he succeeded Fitzsimmons as head coach of the Suns. With players such as Kevin Johnson, Dan Majerle, rookie Richard Dumas, Charles Barkley, and Danny Ainge, the Suns made it to the NBA Finals in Westphal's first season as a coach, but lost to the Chicago Bulls in six games. While the Suns made the playoffs during each of Westphal's seasons as coach, they did not return to the Finals, and Westphal was let go during the 1995–96 season. He served as an assistant coach for a high school team in Arizona for two years before he returned to the NBA as a coach with the SuperSonics for the 1998–99 season. He coached in Seattle until he was fired 15 games into the 2000–01 season.


title: Paul Westphal

text: Westphal returned to the college ranks in April 2001 at Pepperdine University. In his first season, Westphal led the Waves to a 22–9 record and tied the nationally ranked Gonzaga Bulldogs for the WCC title. The team received an at-large berth to the NCAA tournament, but lost 83–74 to Wake Forest in the first round, played at ARCO Arena in Sacramento. This was the only postseason berth during the rest of Westphal's five-year tenure and he finished with an overall record of 74–72. After a 7–20 season in 2005–06, Westphal was fired on March 15, 2006.


title: Paul Westphal

text: On June 28, 2007, the Dallas Mavericks announced they had hired Westphal as an assistant coach under head coach Avery Johnson. When Johnson was replaced by Rick Carlisle, Westphal left coaching to become executive vice-president of basketball operations (under Donnie Nelson) for the Mavericks in October 2008. On June 10, 2009, Westphal was named head coach of the Sacramento Kings. Westphal was fired from the Kings on January 5, 2012.


title: Paul Westphal

text: For the 2014–15 season, Westphal was hired by the Brooklyn Nets as an assistant to new head coach Lionel Hollins. Hollins had previously served as Westphal's assistant coach in Phoenix. When the Nets fired Hollins in January 2016, Westphal left the team.


title: Paul Westphal

text: Westphal also worked as a studio analyst for Fox Sports Net West/Prime Ticket for Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers games, first joining them during the Clippers' run in the 2006 NBA Playoffs.


title: Paul Westphal

text: In August 2020, ESPN reported that he was diagnosed with brain cancer which he succumbed to in Scottsdale, Arizona on January 2, 2021, at age 70.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen therapy, also known as supplemental oxygen, is the use of oxygen as medical treatment. Acute indications for therapy include hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels), carbon monoxide toxicity and cluster headache. It may also be prophylactically given to maintain blood oxygen levels during the induction of anesthesia. Oxygen therapy is often useful in chronic hypoxemia caused by conditions such as severe COPD or cystic fibrosis. Oxygen can be delivered via nasal cannula or face mask, or via high pressure conditions such as in endotracheal intubation or hyperbaric chamber. It can also be given through bypassing the airway, such as in ECMO therapy.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen is required for normal cellular metabolism. However, excessively high concentrations can result in oxygen toxicity, leading to lung damage and respiratory failure. Higher oxygen concentrations can also increase the risk of airway fires, particularly while smoking. Oxygen therapy can also dry out the nasal mucosa without humidification. In most conditions, an oxygen saturation of 94–96% is adequate, while in those at risk of carbon dioxide retention, saturations of 88–92% are preferred. In cases of carbon monoxide toxicity or cardiac arrest, saturations should be as high as possible. While air is typically 21% oxygen by volume, oxygen therapy can increase O content of air up to 100%.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: The medical use of oxygen first became common around 1917, and is the most common hospital treatment in the developed world. It is currently on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Home oxygen can be provided either by oxygen tanks or oxygen concentrator.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen is widely used by hospitals, EMS, and first-aid providers in a variety of conditions and settings. A few indications frequently requiring high-flow oxygen include resuscitation, major trauma, anaphylaxis, major bleeding, shock, active convulsions, and hypothermia.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: In context of acute hypoxemia, oxygen therapy should be titrated to a target level based on pulse oximetry (94–96% in most patients, or 88–92% in people with COPD). This can be performed by increasing oxygen delivery, described as F(fraction of inspired oxygen). In 2018, the British Medical Journal recommended that oxygen therapy be stopped for saturations greater than 96% and not started for saturations above 90 to 93%. This may be due to an association between excessive oxygenation in the acutely ill and increased mortality. Exceptions to these recommendations include carbon monoxide poisoning, cluster headaches, sickle cell crisis, and pneumothorax.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen therapy has also been used as emergency treatment for decompression sickness for years. Recompression in a hyperbaric chamber with 100% oxygen is the standard treatment for decompression illness. The success of recompression therapy is greatest if given within four hours after resurfacing, with earlier treatment associated with a decreased number of recompression treatments required for resolution. It has been suggested in literature that heliox may be a better alternative to oxygen therapy.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: In the context of stroke, oxygen therapy may be beneficial as long as hyperoxic environments are avoided.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: People receiving outpatient oxygen therapy for hypoxemia following acute illness or hospitalization should be re-assessed by a physician prior to prescription renewal to gauge the necessity of ongoing oxygen therapy. If the initial hypoxemia has resolved, additional treatment may be an unnecessary use of resources.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Common conditions which may require a baseline of supplementary oxygen include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Patients may also require additional oxygen during acute exacerbations. Oxygen may also be prescribed for breathlessness, end-stage cardiac failure, respiratory failure, advanced cancer, or neurodegenerative disease in spite of relatively normal blood oxygen levels. Physiologically, it may be indicated in people with arterial oxygen partial pressure Pa ≤ 55mmHg (7.3kPa) or arterial oxygen saturation Sa ≤ 88%.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Careful titration of oxygen therapy should be considered in patients with chronic conditions predisposing them to carbon dioxide retention (e.g., COPD, emphysema). In these instances, oxygen therapy may decrease respiratory drive, leading to accumulation of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia), acidemia, and increased mortality secondary to respiratory failure. Improved outcomes have been observed with titrated oxygen treatment largely due to gradual improvement of the ventilation/perfusion ratio. The risks associated with loss of respiratory drive are far outweighed by the risks of withholding emergency oxygen, so emergency administration of oxygen is never contraindicated. Transfer from the field to definitive care with titrated oxygen typically occurs long before significant reductions to the respiratory drive are observed.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: There are certain situations in which oxygen therapy has been shown to negatively impact a person's condition.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Some practitioners of alternative medicine have promoted "oxygen therapy" as a cure for many human ailments including AIDS, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that putting oxygen-releasing chemicals into a person's body is effective in treating cancer", and some of these treatments can be dangerous.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen supplementation has a variety of physiologic effects on the human body. Whether or not these effects are adverse to a patient is dependent upon clinical context. Cases in which an excess amount of oxygen is available to organs is known as hyperoxia. While the following effects may observed with noninvasive high-dose oxygen therapy (i.e., not ECMO), delivery of oxygen at higher pressures is associated with exacerbation of the following associated effects.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: It has been theorized that oxygen therapy may promote accelerated development of atelectasis (partial or complete lung collapse), as well as denitrogenation of gas cavities (e.g., pneumothorax, pneumocephalus). This concept is based on the idea that oxygen is more quickly absorbed compared to nitrogen within the body, leading oxygen-rich areas that are poorly ventilated to be rapidly absorbed, leading to atelectasis. It is thought that higher fractions of inhaled oxygen ("F"O) is associated with increasing rates of atelectasis in the clinical scenario. In clinically healthy adults, it is believed that absorption atelectasis typically does not have any significant implications when managed properly.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: In regard to the airway, both tracheobronchitis and mucositis have been observed with high levels of oxygen delivery (typically >40% O2). Within the lungs, these elevated concentrations of oxygen have been associated with increased alveolar toxicity (coined the Lorrain-Smith effect). Mucosal damage is observed to increase with elevated atmospheric pressure and oxygen concentrations, which may result in the development of ARDS and possibly death.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Decreased cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure (ICP) have been reported in hyperoxic conditions, with mixed results regarding impact on cognition. Hyperoxia as also been associated with seizures, cataract formation, and reversible myopia.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Among retainers, excess exposure to oxygen in context of the Haldane effect causes decreased binding of deoxyhemoglobin to in the blood. This unloading of may contribute to the development of acid-base disorders due to the associated increase in PaCO2 (hypercapnea). Patients with underlying lung disease such as COPD may not be able to adequately clear the additional produced by this effect, worsening their condition. In addition, oxygen therapy has also been shown to decrease respiratory drive, further contributing to possible hypercapnea.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Hyperoxic environments have been observed to decrease granulocyte rolling and diapedesis in specific circumstances in humans. In regard to anaerobic infections, cases of necrotizing fasciitis have been observed to require fewer debridement operations and have improvement in regard to mortality in patients treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This may stem from oxygen intolerance of otherwise anaerobic microorganisms.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Sustained exposure to oxygen may overwhelm the body's capacity to deal with oxidative stress.  Rates of oxidative stress appears to be influenced by both oxygen concentration and length of exposure, with general toxicity observed to occur within hours in certain hyperoxic conditions.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Hyperoxia is observed to result in a serum reduction in erythropoietin, resulting in reduced stimulus for erythropoiesis. Hyperoxia at normobaric environments does not appear to be able to halt erythropoiesis completely.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Within the lungs, hypoxia is observed to be a potent pulmonary vasoconstrictor, due to inhibition of an outward potassium current and activation of inward sodium current leading to pulmonary vascular muscular contraction. However, the effects of hyperoxia do not seem to have a particularly strong vasodilatory effect from the few studies that have been performed on patients with pulmonary hypertension. As a result, an effect appears to be present but minor.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: In the systemic vasculature, oxygen serves as a vasoconstrictor, leading to mildly increased blood pressure and decreased cardiac output and heart rate. Hyperbaric conditions do not seem to have a significant impact on these overall physiologic effects. Clinically, this may lead to increased left-to-right shunting in certain patient populations, such as those with atrial septal defect. While the mechanism of the vasoconstriction is unknown, one proposed theory is that increased reactive oxygen species from oxygen therapy accelerates the degradation of endothelial nitric oxide, a vasodilator. These vasoconstrictive effects are thought to be the underlying mechanism helping to abort cluster headaches.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Dissolved oxygen in hyperoxic conditions may make also a significant contribution to total gas transport.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Oxygen can be separated by a number of methods (e.g., chemical reaction, fractional distillation) to enable immediate or future use. The main methods utilized for oxygen therapy include:


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Highly concentrated sources of oxygen also increase risk for rapid combustion. Oxygen itself is not flammable, but the addition of concentrated oxygen to a fire greatly increases its intensity, and can aid the combustion of materials that are relatively inert under normal conditions. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought together in close proximity, although an ignition event (e.g., heat or spark) is needed to trigger combustion.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Concentrated oxygen will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically. Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel; and therefore the design and manufacture of oxygen systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized. Highly concentrated oxygen in a high-pressure environment can spontaneously ignite hydrocarbons such as oil and grease, resulting in a fire or explosion. The heat caused by rapid pressurization serves as the ignition source. For this reason, storage vessels, regulators, piping and any other equipment used with highly concentrated oxygen must be "oxygen-clean" prior to use to ensure the absence of potential fuels. This does not only apply to pure oxygen; any concentration significantly higher than atmospheric (approximately 21%) carries a potential ignition risk.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Some hospitals have instituted "no-smoking" policies which can help keep ignition sources away from medically piped oxygen. These policies do not eliminate the risk of injury among patients with portable oxygen systems, especially among smokers. Other potential sources of ignition include candles, aromatherapy, medical equipment, cooking, and deliberate vandalism.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Various devices are used for oxygen administration. In most cases, the oxygen will first pass through a pressure regulator, used to control the high pressure of oxygen delivered from a cylinder (or other source) to a lower pressure. This lower pressure is then controlled by a flowmeter (which may be preset or selectable) which controls the flow at a measured rate (e.g., litres per minute [LPM]). The typical flowmeter range for medical oxygen is between 0 and 15 LPM with some units capable of obtaining up to 25 LPM. Many wall flowmeters using a Thorpe tube design are able to be dialed to "flush" oxygen which is beneficial in emergency situations.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: Many people only require slight increases in inhaled oxygen, rather than pure or near-pure oxygen. These requirements can be met through a number of devices dependent on situation, flow requirements, and personal preference.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: A nasal cannula (NC) is a thin tube with two small nozzles inserted into a person's nostrils. It can provide oxygen at low flow rates, 1–6 litres per minute (LPM), delivering an oxygen concentration of 24–40%.


title: Oxygen therapy

text: There are also a number of face mask options, such as the simple face mask, often used at between 5 and 10 LPM, capable of delivering oxygen concentrations between 35% and 55%. This is closely related to the more controlled air-entrainment masks, also known as Venturi masks, which can accurately deliver a predetermined oxygen concentration from 24 to 50%.