title: Arashi

text: In December 2011, it was announced that Arashi topped four categories in the 2011 "Oricon" yearly rankings. "Beautiful World" sold a total of 908,000 copies, making it the top-selling album of 2011 in Japan. This marks the third consecutive year that Arashi has topped the "Oricon" yearly album chart, being the first artist to do so in twenty years. This year's ranking also marks the third consecutive year that Arashi has topped the music DVD charts as "Arashi 10–11 Tour "Scene": Kimi to Boku no Miteiru Fūkei – Stadium" sold 793,000 copies, making it the best selling music DVD in "Oricon" DVD ranking history. The second best selling music DVD for 2011 was Arashi's "Arashi 10–11 Tour "Scene": Kimi to Boku no Miteiru Fūkei – Dome+", which sold 673,000 copies. The group was the 2nd artist by total sales revenue in Japan in 2011, with ¥15.369 billion.


title: Arashi

text: On March 7, 2012, Arashi released their 37th single, "Wild at Heart". "Wild at Heart" was the theme song for Matsumoto's drama "Lucky Seven". The single sold 550,000 copies in the first week, making it the group's third highest first week sales after Hatenai Sora and Arashi (This position later became fourth highest after the 2013 release of Calling/Breathless"). Later in March, Arashi revealed their second single for 2012 and 38th in total, "Face Down". The single was released on May 9 and was the theme song for Ohno's drama "Kagi no Kakatta Heya".


title: Arashi

text: On July 20, 2012, Arashi announced a concert titled "Ara-fes" which was held at the National Olympic Stadium in Tokyo on September 20 and 21 of the same year. This marked the fifth consecutive year in which the group has performed at the National Olympic Stadium. It was announced that the group would also perform there in 2013. Proposed by the Arashi members themselves, the concept of "Arafes" is that the set list was determined by fan voting, from a total of 240 songs including singles, couplings, and album tracks. A total of 44 tracks were chosen to be performed.


title: Arashi

text: On October 31, Arashi released their 11th studio album, "Popcorn". The album sold over 750,000 copies and was certified for a Triple Platinum by the RIAJ. The Popcorn Live Tour ran through December into January and was reported as of December 15 to have attracted 730,000 people with 16 shows. Arashi hosted the "63rd NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen" on New Year's Eve for their third consecutive year with actress Maki Horikita. Ninomiya declared, "I want to win this year." Sakurai added, "We want to do something new as artists."


title: Arashi

text: On January 11, Arashi announced that their 40th single "Calling/Breathless" would be released on March 6. The double A-side single features the themes for Aiba Masaki's Fuji TV drama "Last Hope" and Ninomiya Kazunari's feature film "Platina Data" (プラチナデータ). The first video preview for "Calling" was unveiled on February 5 with an introduction by Aiba referring to his drama as "medical suspense entertainment".


title: Arashi

text: Arashi's live DVD "Arafes", released on December 26, 2012, reportedly sold over 624,000 copies and as of the end of January remains in the leading position of the Oricon charts, entering the fifth week in this position. The succeeding DVD concert was revealed on March 16, titled after the 2012 album of same name "Arashi Live Tour: Popcorn".


title: Arashi

text: After the release of the double sided single "Calling/Breathless", it was soon announced by Oricon that the single had sold a record number of copies in its first week, at approximately 756,000. This sales record makes their 40th single the most successful in terms of first week sales. The single later went on to sell over 853,467 copies. Arashi announced their 41st single, "Endless Game" on April 9 during a press conference for drama "Kazoku Game" which was attended by star of the aforementioned, member Sakurai Sho. The single was announced for a May 29 release date.


title: Arashi

text: On September 21 and 22 Arashi once again held Arafes concerts in the National Olympic Stadium. This marked their sixth consecutive year of performing in the stadium. They also embarked on a dome tour which lasted from November 8 until December 22.


title: Arashi

text: On October 23, the group released their twelfth studio album, "Love". The album sold over 670,000 copies in its first week. The Love Live Tour ran from November to December 2013. Oricon awarded Arashi with six awards this year, including the highest total sales award.


title: Arashi

text: Arashi hosted the 64th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen on New Year's Eve for their 4th consecutive year with actress Haruka Ayase.


title: Arashi

text: Arashi released their 42nd single, "Bittersweet", on February 12, 2014. "Bittersweet" is the theme song for Matsumoto's drama, "Shitsuren Chocolatier". On April 30, 2014, Arashi released their new single, "Guts!", which was used as the theme song for Ninomiya's drama, "Yowakutemo Katemasu". In addition, Arashi released a live DVD/Blu-ray titled "Arashi Arafes '13 National Stadium 2013" on May 21, 2014. This featured the group's live performance from September 22 of the previous year at the National Olympic Stadium, and was the first time that their concert DVD was also released as a Blu-ray. Following that, Arashi released their 44th single, "Daremo Shiranai", on May 28, 2014. The song was used as the theme song for Ohno's drama "Shinigami-kun". The group's live DVD titled "Arashi Live Tour 2013 "Love"" was released on July 30, 2014.


title: Arashi

text: To celebrate their 15th anniversary, Arashi had concerts in Oahu, Hawaii, on September 19 and 20, 2014 titled "Arashi Blast in Hawaii". They also held the event "Arashi no Wakuwaku Gakko 2014 Deepening the Bonds of Friendship" in June with live viewing in Shanghai and Singapore. During this event, the members of Arashi announced that they would be releasing a new album in the fall and holding a 5-dome tour. There were 18 performances altogether, and an accumulated total of over 840,000 fans attending, making it their largest dome tour to date. Still to celebrate their anniversary, all five members of Arashi starred in a spin-off movie of the "Pikanchi" series, 10 years after the previous release. The spin-off is titled "Pikanchi Life is Hard Tabun Happy" (read as "Pikanchi Half"), and this marked the first time in seven years that the members starred in the same movie together, since "Kiiroi Namida", released in 2007.


title: Arashi

text: Arashi released their thirteenth studio album, "The Digitalian", in October 2014. It contained 16 tracks, including "Bittersweet" from Matsumoto's drama "Shitsuren Chocolatier", "Guts!" from Ninomiya's drama "Yowakutemo Katemasu", and "Daremo Shiranai" from Ohno's drama "Shinigami-kun". Arashi hosted the 65th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen on New Year's Eve for their fifth consecutive year with actress Yuriko Yoshitaka.


title: Arashi

text: It was announced by Oricon that the group is the artist with the highest total sales revenue in Japan for 2014, with ¥13.823 billion.


title: Arashi

text: Arashi's first single of 2015, titled "Sakura", was released on February 25. "Sakura" was the theme song for the drama "Ouroboros", starring actors Toma Ikuta and Shun Oguri. This marked the first time that Arashi provided a theme song for a drama that did not star one of its members. The single sold 465,000 copies in its first week and topped the Oricon weekly ranking. In addition, the DVD/Blu-ray of Arashi starring movie "Pikanchi Life is Hard Tabun Happy" was released on the same day. The DVD and Blu-ray sold 72,000 copies and 88,000 copies in its first week respectively and topped both the Oricon DVD and Blu-ray Disk weekly rankings. The first week sales of 88,000 copies is the highest record for any Japanese movie on Blu-ray.


title: Arashi

text: Arashi released a live DVD, "Arashi Blast in Hawaii" on April 15, 2015. On May 13, 2015, they released their 46th single titled "Aozora no Shita, Kimi no Tonari" which is the theme song for member Aiba Masaki's drama, "Yōkoso, Wagaya e". The single sold 501,010 copies in its first week and became Arashi's second chart-topping single of the year. Arashi released their 47th single on September 2, 2015, titled "Ai o Sakebe" which was used as the background song for the Recruit Zexy commercial. The single sold 463,000 copies in its first week and topped Oricon's weekly single ranking. This became their 36th consecutive single to top Oricon's weekly single ranking.


title: Arashi

text: On September 19, 20, 22 and 23, Arashi held a series of concerts titled "Arashi Blast in Miyagi" in Miyagi Stadium. The concerts were part of the second installment of "Arashi BLAST" which started in Hawaii the previous year. These concerts were meant to aid the reconstruction of the disaster area which was affected during the 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake. The concerts brought together an accumulated total of 208,000 fans, and marked the first time in eight years that the group performed in the Tōhoku region.


title: Arashi

text: On October 21, the group released their fourteenth studio album, "Japonism". It contained 20 tracks, including "Sakura" from the drama "Ouroboros", and "Aozora no Shita, Kimi no Tonari" from Aiba's drama "Yokoso, Wagaya E". The album sold over 950,000 copies and was certified for Million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan. To support the album, Arashi embarked on a dome tour hitting the 5 major domes, from November 6 until December 23. With the wrap up of the tour, Arashi had mobilized 10,163,000 of concerts attendees in their last 17 years, setting a record number of attendees in the shortest number of years. To celebrate their 17th anniversary, Arashi announced that they would continue the Japonism tour in 2016 with "Arashi 'Japonism Show' in Arena". This would be their first Arena concert tour for 9 years (their last being the 'Arashi Summer Tour 2007 Time -コトバノチカラ-').


title: Arashi

text: Arashi's album "Japonism" was the highest selling album of the year in Japan. They also topped the music DVD charts with their "Arashi Blast in Hawaii" concert film as well as the music Blu-ray charts with "Arashi Live Tour 2014 The Digitalian". "Aozora no Shita, Kimi no Tonari", "Sakura" and "Ai o Sakebe" ranked 9th, 11th and 12th respectively on the end of year singles ranking. Arashi attended the 66th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen as part of the white team, and hosted the Johnny's Countdown 2015–2016 concert.


title: Arashi

text: It was announced by Oricon that the group is the artist with the highest total sales revenue in Japan for 2015, with ¥14,328 billion.


title: Arashi

text: Arashi's first single of 2016, "Fukkatsu Love" was released on February 24. The single was composed by Tatsuro Yamashita and the lyrics were written by Mariya Takeuchi. The single was used as the background song for NTT Docomo d hits. The single sold 485,006 copies in its first week and topped the Oricon weekly ranking.


title: Arashi

text: On May 18, the group released their first double A-side single titled "I Seek/Daylight" since 2013's "Calling/Breathless". The single was used as the theme songs for "Sekai Ichi Muzukashii Koi" starring Ohno, and 99.9 Keiji Senmon Bengoshi starring Matsumoto. The single sold 737,951 in its first week and topped the Oricon single chart. It retained the number one position for the following week by selling an additional 48,420 copies. On September 14, Arashi released the single "Power of the Paradise". The title track was used as the theme song to NTV's coverage of the 2016 Olympics in Rio.


title: Arashi

text: On October 26, Arashi released their fifteenth studio album, "Are You Happy?" The album sold over 636,000 copies in its first week and topped the Oricon charts. To support the album, Arashi held a live tour from November 2016 to January 2017, performing at all the major dome stadiums in Japan. "Are You Happy?" went on to become the highest selling album of 2016 in Japan. It was also announced that Arashi had the highest total sales revenue in Japan for 2016, with ¥12.183 billion and topped the music Blu-Ray charts with "Arashi Live Tour 2015 Japonism" and "Arashi Blast in Miyagi". On December 31, Arashi attended the 67th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen as part of the white team, with group member Aiba hosting alongside Kasumi Arimura. For the first time, Arashi were chosen to be this year's "ootori", the act chosen to perform last and close the show.


title: Arashi

text: The group was awarded the 2016 Artist of the Year award by the RIAJ. They became the first artist to receive this award five times during their career.


title: Arashi

text: Arashi released their first single of 2017, "I'll Be There", on April 19, which served as the theme song for the drama "Kizoku Tantei" starring Masaki Aiba. In addition, the group released a live DVD, "ARASHI Live Tour 2016–2017 Are You Happy?" on May 31. The limited edition of this DVD also features their concert in Yokohama Arena in August 2016 from their "Arashi 'Japonism Show' in Arena" tour. It topped the Oricon charts, selling approximately 650,000 copies in its first week. On June 28, Arashi released their 52nd single titled "Tsunagu", which was used as the theme song for the film "Shinobi no Kuni". The single sold 389,000 copies in its first week and topped the Oricon weekly ranking. They also announced in July 2017 that they would embark on a five dome concert tour from November 17, 2017, to January 14, 2018.


title: Arashi

text: On October 18, Arashi released their sixteenth studio album, "Untitled". The regular edition contains 18 tracks, including 3 previously released singles, 4 unit songs, as well as Arashi's first attempt at a suite that incorporates melodies from various genres into a song of over 10 minutes and is said to represent the group's past, present, and future. The 53rd single will be released on November 8, 2017, titled . It will be used for Sho Sakurai's upcoming drama "Saki ni Umareta Dake no Boku". The single also included a song titled "NOW or NEVER" which used as the theme song for "Puzzle and Dragon" commercial.


title: Arashi

text: In 2018, the group started by announcing a new single titled "Find the Answer". The single was used as the theme song for the drama "99.9 Keiji Senmon Bengoshi – Season II" starring Jun Matsumoto. The coupling song included in the regular edition, , was used for Nippon Television Network's broadcast of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, which featured Sho Sakurai as the main newscaster.


title: Arashi

text: In November 2018, Arashi began their 20th Anniversary tour, the "Arashi Anniversary Tour 5x20". They performed a total of 18 shows at the five major domes in Japan. On December 23, they announced an additional 32 dates, bringing the total scheduled performances to 50. With an expected 2.43 million total concert attendees, it is the group's largest tour to date, and also the largest tour in Japanese history. In addition, their 20th anniversary album was released on June 26, 2019, featuring all the singles from the group's 20-year history and their new song, "5x20".


title: Arashi

text: On January 27, 2019, the group announced on their official fan club website that they would cease all group activities after December 31, 2020. The statement was published through a video where all five members of the group appeared together. The announcement trended on Twitter.


title: Arashi

text: In October 2019, an official YouTube channel was opened with 5 official music videos: "Happiness", "Love So Sweet", "Monster", "Truth" and the one that is their signature song "A-ra-shi", and later, live versions of the songs. In addition, on November 3, 2019, on their YouTube channel, they made a live announcement of the release of the official social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok and Weibo), as well as a new music video in their YouTube channel ("Turning up") and the international digital release for download and streaming of their musical catalogue.


title: Arashi

text: They also announced a 2-day Asia tour called "Jet Storm", visiting Taipei, Jakarta, Singapore and Bangkok on November 9 to 11, as well as concert in Beijing for Spring 2020, through their official Instagram account. One day before the tour, on November 9, Arashi appeared before the new Emperor and Empress, for the public celebration of his enthronement, participating in a congratulatory song called "Ray of water", singing the third part of it, "Journey to Harmony".


title: Arashi

text: Arashi appeared at the opening ceremony of the (New) National Stadium, along with group Dreams Come True, in the event called (National Stadium Opening Event: Hello, Our Stadium), on December 21. They announced that, after that, and before the Tokyo Olympics in 2020, they would hold two concerts there, scheduled for May 15 and 16.


title: Arashi

text: On December 13, Arashi announced a documentary about their career and their feelings as they approach the group's hiatus. The documentary, called "Arashi's Diary ~ Voyage ~", would be distributed on Netflix worldwide from December 31, 2019, being available for one year. On December 23 they had a surprise for the fans, as their YouTube channel revealed a teaser video for the song "", in collaboration with the anime "One Piece", which, as the band, also celebrated its 20th anniversary. The video has the 5 members of the band mingling with the crew from the anime, up until the moment when Arashi is to give a concert. The full video was released on January 4, 2020


title: Arashi

text: It was revealed on February 5, 2020, in their official site at Johnny's, that, on the 7th, they would be releasing all 16 albums (except for compilation and soundtrack albums) in digital form, in total, 256 songs.


title: Arashi

text: On February 17, 2020, an announcement was made at their official Johnny's site about the cancellation of the concert that they had planned for Beijing in Spring 2020. The cause referred to was the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The news was confirmed by the group via video shared in their official Weibo page, and later on covered by Sakurai Sho during his NTV's "News Zero" newscast.


title: Arashi

text: As of April 17, 2020, Arashi announced that Arafes 2020 would have to be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Arashi

text: On September 15, on the official page at Johnny's net, an announcement was made that Arafes 2020 at National Stadium would be held, pending more information. Additionally, Arashi announced that their first album since 3 years and also the last before their hiatus, titled "This Is Arashi", would be released on their 21st anniversary of their CD debut, November 3, 2020.


title: Arashi

text: A collaboration with singer-songwriter Bruno Mars was announced on their social media and official page. The result, "Whenever You Call", the first full English song for the group, was released September 18.


title: Arashi

text: On October 12, it was announced that Arafes 2020 would take place on November 3, Arashi's CD debut anniversary day. A special page opened for the event revealed that it would be an online concert, open to both fan club members and non-members. Several days later, an English page was opened, where audiences not belonging to the fan club could see the stream, also offering a choice of watching with English subtitles. The online concert was available in a repeat streaming from November 6 to 8. With this re-distribution, ticket sales were again open for people who had not bought on the original date, or for those that had bought from the Japanese site and had learned that the English site had English subtitles. As a result, an estimated 10 million people were able to watch the stream.


title: Arashi

text: In a message to members of the fan club, posted on November 12, 2020, they revealed they would have a concert on December 31. The live performance concert, called "This Is Arashi", similar to Arafes 2020, was held with no audience, but with online live streaming. On November 12, 2020, their participation in Fuji TV's music program "FNS Kayōsai" was announced. This year would represent their 22th appearance on the program, but the first to appear on both days.


title: Arashi

text: Arashi was active until the last day before the hiatus. They announced on their official fan club a live concert for the 31st, while NHK's "Kōhaku Uta Gassen" announced their appearance on the 71st edition, making it the 12th time for them there.


title: Arashi

text: Although Arashi is currently on hiatus starting from 2021, back in November 2020, they announced via their official fan club that the fan club would continue delivering content, and they continue to make releases, although primarily compilations of their musical activities prior to the hiatus. Apart from Ohno who wishes to be absent from public appearances, the remaining Arashi members are continuing activities but as individuals, whether through variety shows, acting or on YouTube.


title: Arashi

text: The Arashi concert film, "Arashi Anniversary Tour 5×20 Film: Record of Memories" had its world premiere at the 24th Shanghai International Film Festival on June 12, 2021. In a video message, member Jun Matsumoto said that due to the pandemic, many of their planned concerts could not take place and the film is a part of their gift of thanks to everyone who waited for them. They also released "Arafes 2020 at National Stadium" on Blu-ray and DVD on July 28, 2021. It topped the Oricon video chart with first-week sales of 647,783 copies.


title: Arashi

text: Arashi had success on the charts in 2021 with the release of the digital albums "Ura Ara Best (1999–2007, 2008–2011, 2012–2015, 2016–2020)" and "5×20 All the Best!! 1999–2019 (Special Edition)" on July 16. The five albums occupied the top five of the Oricon Weekly Digital Album Ranking chart in the week after release, making it the first time the band monopolized the top five on a Japanese chart.


title: Arashi

text: Arashi released "This Is Arashi Live 2020.12.31" on December 29, 2021. According to Oricon, it achieved first place in three video categories at the same time with first-week sales of 637,000 copies and with this, their works have had sales of more than 500,000 copies in the first week for nine consecutive years.


title: Arashi

text: Aside from their music careers, Arashi has also appeared in dramas and movies, done radio shows, commercials, and acted as the main hosts for events. A short Fuji TV drama called "V no Arashi" became one of the group's first activities together as it was broadcast just about a month after the announcement of their formation in Hawaii. Although it would not be until 2010 would the group act in another drama together titled "Saigo no Yakusoku", they have worked together on movies in 2002, 2004, and 2007.


title: Arashi

text: Since 2001, Arashi has hosted their own variety shows, starting with "Mayonaka no Arashi" on NTV. On NTV, the group was a regular late-night presence as they had a string of shows that aired around midnight: "C no Arashi", "D no Arashi", "G no Arashi", and "Arashi no Shukudai-kun". Before "VS Arashi" was moved from an afternoon timeslot to Golden Time in 2009, Arashi was also a regular afternoon presence on Fuji TV as they had a string of shows that aired around 1:00 p.m. (JST) since 2002: "", "Arashi no Waza-Ari", "Mago Mago Arashi" and "Golden Rush Arashi".


title: Arashi

text: Besides their NTV television specials that would air almost twice a year around 7:00 p.m. (JST), Arashi did not have any variety shows that aired during primetime until TBS gave the group their first primetime show titled "Himitsu no Arashi-chan" in 2008. In 2010, NTV began to broadcast another Arashi-hosted primetime show titled "Arashi ni Shiyagare", which airs every Saturday at 10:00 p.m JST. With the impending cease of activities closing in, NTV revealed that Arashi ni Shiyagare would stop airing by the end of 2020.


title: Arashi

text: Nearly every year, the group endorses products for different companies such as Coca-Cola, House Foods, and au by KDDI. Since 2008, Arashi has been appearing in au by KDDI's exclusive mobile phone commercials. In 2010, Arashi began to endorse for Nintendo by appearing in all of the "Wii Party" commercials to promote the game. After appearing in "Wii Party", the group also appeared in all of the "Mario Kart 7" commercials to promote the game in 2011. To promote the Nissan Serena in 2012, the group starred in a commercial with "Kakenukero!" (from "Popcorn") as the theme song. Most of Arashi's singles have been used as theme songs for dramas such as "Stand Up!!" and "Maō", movies such as "Hana Yori Dango Final" and "Yatterman", and commercials. To celebrate their 20th anniversary, Arashi made a collaboration with Japan Airlines; this collaboration includes commercial ads, as well as their portraits in a series of planes. The ad campaign is called and it started airing January 13, 2020, while JAL's official YouTube channel would release the main ad, as well as the "making of" video the following day.


title: Arashi

text: In 2004, "Hero" was used as the theme song for the 2004 Summer Olympics news coverage on NTV. In 2008, "Kaze no Mukō e" was used for the 2008 Summer Olympics on NTV. In 2010, their song "Yurase, Ima o" was used as the theme song for the 2010 Winter Olympics news coverage on NTV. For NTV's coverage of the 2012 Summer Olympics, the theme song is called "Akashi" from "Popcorn". For the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, Arashi collaborated with singer-songwriter Kenshi Yonezu on a new song titled "Kite." The song makes its official debut on the NHK year-end show Kōhaku Uta Gassen, and will serve as the network's support song for the games' broadcast, as well as their sports programs.


title: Arashi

text: On April 8, 2010, the Japan Tourism Agency appointed Arashi as the navigators for their "Japan Endless Discovery" national tourism campaign. Arashi appeared in commercials, which aired in East Asia, to encourage people from overseas to visit Japan.


title: Arashi

text: In December 2019, Arashi was appointed goodwill ambassador to China, to help promote cultural and sports exchanges with them, before the Olympics, from January 2020 until the end of the year. The Japanese Foreign Ministry explained that the group, selected based on their popularity in both countries, could play a key role in accelerating people-to-people exchanges between the countries. The Chinese Embassy in Tokyo congratulated Arashi via Twitter, while Arashi posted the information through their official Weibo page.


title: Arashi

text: In 2004, the group was appointed to be the main personality supporters for NTV's 27th annual telethon "24-Hour Television". With the theme being , it was broadcast live for about twenty-four hours from August 21 to 22. In 2008, Arashi was once again the main personality supporters for the telethon. The 31st annual "24-Hour Television" focused on the theme of , and it was broadcast live from August 30 to 31. The telethon raised ¥1,083,666,922 (approx. US$11,902,822.61) in donations, which is the second-highest amount of donations in "24-Hour Television" history to date. In 2012, Arashi was chosen to host the annual telethon, making it their third time being appointed as the main personality for the program. The program was focused on the theme and raised ¥1,168,471,704 (approx. US$14,000,394.26) in donations. In 2013, Arashi was once again chosen as the main personalities of the telethon, making them the first to take this role for two consecutive years and their fourth overall. The 36th annual "24-Hour Television" focuses on the theme of . In 2019, Arashi hosted 24-Hour Television for the 5th time (2004, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2019) ()


title: Arashi

text: On November 4, 2011, Arashi reportedly donated approximately 300 million yen to the disaster-stricken regions in northern Japan. The group split their donations between the Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures, with each one receiving about 100 million yen. About 50 million yen comprises the members’ total royalties received from the sale of the pocket edition of their book "Nippon no Arashi". The remaining amount comes from the publisher's revenues on the book and from the sale of goods at their charity event at Tokyo Dome in June.


title: Arashi

text: On February 22, 2012, Arashi visited the temporary houses in Shichigahama, Miyagi and spoke with victims of the disaster. They also held a mini concert for 500 people, singing 11 songs over a period of one hour and shaking hands with everyone who attended.


title: Arashi

text: On May 13, 2020, it was reported that Arashi and other Johnny's artists would be included in the temporary unit "Twenty★Twenty", as part of Johnny's charity project "Smile Up Project", to sing the song ""Smile"", written by Mr. Children's Kazutoshi Sakurai. The single was released in digital form on June 22, and on CD on August 12.


title: Arashi

text: After the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in March, Arashi considered canceling their "ARASHI LIVE TOUR Beautiful World" concerts scheduled from June 24 to 26, 2011, at Tokyo Dome. However, in April, they decided to use those three days to hold charity events instead. Part of the proceeds from a possible total audience of 225,000 were donated to charity. The release of a pocket-sized version of their book "Nippon no Arashi", which originally distributed to 40,000 schools in 2010, was also announced on May 19, 2011. All of the revenue was donated to charity.


title: Arashi

text: As part of that tour, Arashi started the "Waku-Waku School of Arashi" as a charity event, and repeated it every year since until 2019.


title: Arashi

text: In all of the events, one of the members would offer the "class" as teacher, while the rest of the members acted as students. Starting in 2015, other Johnny's groups' members would participate as students / assistants to Arashi.


title: Arashi

text: Until 2018, the "Waku-Waku School of Arashi" events raised over ¥2 billion (US$180 million) in donations.


title: Arashi

text: This year was to be considered the last of Arashi's participation in the "Waku-Waku School of Arashi" series, with the members hoping one of the Johnny's groups would take over. But in 2020, they would be moved to re-open it for the last time before going on hiatus, to help out the medical staff attending patients in the COVID-19 pandemic. In this occasion, fans from both the fan club and general public could get to see the Arashi sensei and students online, through a pay service established by Johnny's group's social service "Smile Up! Project". Fan club members would get to see it several days before the general audience.


title: Arashi

text: In 2009, "Oricon" declared Arashi the best-selling artist of the year and awarded them the "Artist Top Sales" (ATS) award with 14.46 billion yen (approx. US$172,875,357.81) worth of total sales in the singles, album, music DVD, and music Blu-ray categories. In 2010, Arashi became Japan's top-selling artist for the second year in a row, with more than 17.16 billion yen (approx. US$204,321,424) worth of sales in seven categories: total gross sales for an artist, total gross single sales for an artist, copies sold for an album, gross sales for an album, copies sold for a music DVD, gross sales for a music DVD, and total gross music DVD sales for an artist. In the "52nd Oricon Annual Ranking 2019", Arashi was awarded the prize for the highest in total sales by artist of the year, for their album "5×20 All the Best!! 1999–2019" and the video clip collection "5×20 All the BEST!! 1999–2019", which, combined, sold over 20.33 billion yen in the album, music DVD, and music Blu-ray categories. The album had become the first double million seller by September for both Arashi and Johnny's Office.


title: Arashi

text: The Billboard Japan Music Awards is an annual music awards ceremony established by "Billboard". Arashi has received eleven awards.


title: Arashi

text: Biggest-selling album worldwide is a yearly recognition by Guinness World Records, the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of top rankers and record breakers since 1955.


title: Arashi

text: The Global Top Album of the Year is an award established by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry in 2014.


title: Arashi

text: The Japan Gold Disc Awards is an annual music awards ceremony established by the Recording Industry Association of Japan in 1987. Arashi has received fifty-eight awards. They hold the record for the most wins in the Artist of the Year category with seven wins.


title: Arashi

text: The Japan Record Awards is a major music awards show held annually in Japan by the Japan Composer's Association. Arashi's agency, Johnny & Associates, have declined nominations to the Japan Record Awards since 1990, however, at the 2020 ceremony, Arashi was honored with the newly created Special Honor Award, an award that recognizes prominent figures who have garnered widespread support throughout the years and contributed greatly to the development of music as culture.


title: Arashi

text: The Television Drama Academy Awards is a quarterly Japanese drama awards ceremony held by the magazine "The Television". Arashi has received fifteen awards from twenty-eight nominations.


title: High King of Ireland

text: High King of Ireland ( ) was a royal title in Gaelic Ireland held by those who had, or who are claimed to have had, lordship over all of Ireland. The title was held by historical kings and later sometimes assigned anachronously or to legendary figures.


title: High King of Ireland

text: Medieval and early modern Irish literature portrays an almost unbroken line of High Kings, ruling from the Hill of Tara over a hierarchy of lesser kings, stretching back thousands of years. Modern historians believe this scheme was crafted in the 8th century from the various genealogical traditions of powerful dynasties, and intended to justify their status by projecting it far into the past. John T. Koch explains: "Although the kingship of Tara was a special kingship whose occupants had aspirations towards supremacy among the kings of Ireland, in political terms it is unlikely that any king had sufficient authority to dominate the whole island before the 9th century".


title: High King of Ireland

text: The concept of national kingship is first articulated in the 7th century, but only became a political reality in the Viking Age, and even then not a consistent one. While the High Kings' degree of control varied, they never ruled Ireland as a politically unified state, as the High King was conceived of as an overlord exercising suzerainty over, and receiving tribute from, the independent kingdoms beneath him.


title: High King of Ireland

text: Early Irish kingship was sacred in character. In some early Irish sources, High Kings can gain their power through a marriage to, or sexual relationship with, a sovereignty goddess. The High King is free from blemish, enforces symbolic "buada" (prerogatives) and avoids symbolic "geasa" (taboos).


title: High King of Ireland

text: According to 7th- and 8th-century law tracts, a hierarchy of kingship and clientship progressed from the "rí tuaithe" (king of a single petty kingdom) through the "ruiri" (a "rí" who was overking of several petty kingdoms) to a "rí ruirech" (a "rí" who was a provincial overking). (See Rí.)


title: High King of Ireland

text: Each king ruled directly only within the bounds of his own petty kingdom and was responsible for ensuring good government by exercising "fír flaithemon" (rulers' truth). His responsibilities included convening its "óenach" (popular assembly), collecting taxes, building public works, external relations, defence, emergency legislation, law enforcement, and promulgating legal judgment.


title: High King of Ireland

text: The lands in a petty kingdom were held allodially by various "fine" (agnatic kingroups) of freemen. The king occupied the apex of a pyramid of clientship within the petty kingdom. This pyramid progressed from the unfree population at its base up to the heads of noble "fine" held in immediate clientship by the king. Thus the king was drawn from the dominant "fine" within the "cenél" (a wider kingroup encompassing the noble "fine" of the petty kingdom).


title: High King of Ireland

text: The kings of the Ulster Cycle are kings in this sacred sense, but it is clear that the old concept of kingship coexisted alongside Christianity for several generations. Diarmait mac Cerbaill, king of Tara in the middle of the 6th century, may have been the last king to have "married" the land. Diarmait died at the hands of Áed Dub mac Suibni; some accounts from the following century state that he died by the mythic Threefold death appropriate to a sacral king. Adomnán's "Life" tells how Saint Columba forecast the same death for Áed Dub. The same Threefold Death is said in a late poem to have befallen Diarmait's predecessor, Muirchertach macc Ercae, and even the usually reliable Annals of Ulster record Muirchertach's death by drowning in a vat of wine.


title: High King of Ireland

text: A second sign that sacred kingship did not disappear with the arrival of Christianity is the supposed lawsuit between Congal Cáech, king of the Ulaid, and Domnall mac Áedo. Congal was supposedly blinded in one eye by Domnall's bees, from whence his byname Cáech (half-blind or squinting), this injury rendering him imperfect and unable to remain High King. The enmity between Domnall and Congal can more prosaically be laid at the door of the rivalry between the Uí Néill and the kings of Ulaid, but that a king had to be whole in body appears to have been accepted at this time.


title: High King of Ireland

text: The business of Irish succession is rather complicated because of the nature of kingship in Ireland before the Norman take-over of 1171. Ireland was divided into a multiplicity of kingdoms, with some kings owing allegiance to others from time to time, and succession rules (insofar as they existed) varied. Kings were often succeeded by their sons, but often other branches of the dynasty took a turn—whether by agreement or by force of arms is rarely clear. Unfortunately, the king-lists and other early sources reveal little about how and why a particular person became king.


title: High King of Ireland

text: To add to the uncertainty, genealogies were often edited many generations later to improve an ancestor's standing within a kingdom, or to insert him into a more powerful kindred. The uncertain practices in local kingship cause similar problems when interpreting the succession to the high kingship.


title: High King of Ireland

text: The High King of Ireland was essentially a ceremonial, pseudo-federal overlord (where his over-lordship was even recognised), who exercised actual power only within the realm of which he was actually king. In the case of the southern branch of the Uí Néill, this would have been the Kingdom of Meath (now the counties of Meath, Westmeath and part of County Dublin). High Kings from the northern branch ruled various kingdoms in what eventually became the province of Ulster.


title: High King of Ireland

text: In 1002, the high kingship of Ireland was wrested from Mael Sechnaill II of the southern Uí Néill by "Brian "Boruma" mac Cennédig" of the Kingdom of Munster. Some historians have called this a "usurpation" of the throne. Others have pointed out that no one had a strict legal right to the kingship and that Brian "had as much right to the high throne as any Uí Neill and... displayed an ability sadly lacking amongst most of the Uí Néill who had preceded him."


title: High King of Ireland

text: Brian was killed in the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. Mael Sechnaill II was restored to the High Kingship but he died in 1022. From 1022 through the Norman take-over of 1171, the High Kingship was held alongside "Kings with Opposition".


title: High King of Ireland

text: Even at the time the law tracts were being written, these petty kingdoms were being swept away by newly emerging dynasties of dynamic overkings. The most successful of these early dynasties were the Uí Néill (encompassing descendants of Niall of the Nine Hostages, such as the Cenél nEógain), who (as kings of Tara) had been conquering petty kingdoms, expelling their rulers, and agglomerating their territories under the direct rule of their expanding kindred since the fifth century.


title: High King of Ireland

text: Gaelic and foreign, pagan and Christian ideas were comingled to form a new idea of Irish kingship. The native idea of a sacred kingship was integrated with the Christian idea in the ceremony of coronation, the relationship of king to overking became one of "tigerna" (lord) to king and "imperium" (sovereignty) began to merge with "dominium" (ownership).


title: High King of Ireland

text: The Church was well disposed to the idea of a strong political authority. Its clerics developed the theory of a high kingship of Ireland and wrote tracts exhorting kings to rule rather than reign. In return, the "paruchiae" (monastic federations) of the Irish church received royal patronage in the form of shrines, building works, land, and protection.


title: High King of Ireland

text: The concept of a high king was occasionally recorded in various annals, such as an entry regarding the death of Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid in 862 in the Annals of Ulster, which lists him as


title: High King of Ireland

text: "rí Érenn uile" (king of all Ireland), a title which his successor Aed Finliath apparently never was granted. It is unclear what political reality was behind this title.


title: High King of Ireland

text: By the twelfth century, the dual process of agglomeration of territory and consolidation of kingship saw the handful of remaining provincial kings abandoning the traditional royal sites for the cities, employing ministers and governors, receiving advice from an "oireacht" (a body of noble counsellors), presiding at reforming synods, and maintaining standing armies.


title: High King of Ireland

text: Early royal succession had been by alternation between collateral branches of the wider dynasty, but succession was now confined to a series of father/son, brother/brother and uncle/nephew successions within a small royal "fine" marked by an exclusive surname.


title: High King of Ireland

text: These compact families (the Uí Briain of Munster, the Meic Lochlainn of the North, the Uí Conchubhair of Connacht) intermarried and competed against each other on a national basis so that on the eve of the Anglo-Norman incursion of 1169 the agglomeration/consolidation process was complete and their provincial kingdoms divided, dismembered and transformed into fiefdoms held from (or in rebellion against) one of their number acting as king of Ireland.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: The first half of the millennium is dominated by the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Babylonia. The alphabet develops.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: At the center of the millennium, a new order emerges with Mycenaean Greek dominance of the Aegean and the rise of the Hittite Empire. The end of the millennium sees the Bronze Age collapse and the transition to the Iron Age.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: Other regions of the world are still in the prehistoric period. In Europe, the Beaker culture introduces the Bronze Age, presumably associated with Indo-European expansion. The Indo-Iranian expansion reaches the Iranian plateau and onto the Indian subcontinent (Vedic India), propagating the use of the chariot. Mesoamerica enters the Pre-Classic (Olmec) period. North America is in the late Archaic stage. In Maritime Southeast Asia, the Austronesian expansion reaches Micronesia. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Bantu expansion begins.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: See the article on chronology of the ancient Near East for a discussion regarding the accuracy and resolution of dates for events of the 2nd millennium BC in the Near East.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: Spending much of their energies in trying to recuperate from the chaotic situation that existed at the turn of the millennium, the most powerful civilizations of the time, Egypt and Mesopotamia, turned their attention to more modest goals. The Pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and their contemporary Kings of Babylon, of Amorite origin, brought good governance without much tyranny, and favoured elegant art and architecture. Farther east, the Indus Valley civilization was in a period of decline, possibly as a result of intense, ruinous flooding.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: Egypt and Babylonia's military tactics were still based on foot soldiers transporting their equipment on donkeys. Combined with a weak economy and difficulty in maintaining order, this was a fragile situation that crumbled under the pressure of external forces they could not oppose.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: About a century before the middle of the millennium, bands of Indo-European invaders came from the Central Asian plains and swept through Western Asia and Northeast Africa. They were riding fast two-wheeled chariots powered by horses, a system of weaponry developed earlier in the context of plains warfare. This tool of war was unknown among the classical civilizations. Egypt and Babylonia's foot soldiers were unable to defend against the invaders: in 1630 BC, the Hyksos swept into the Nile Delta, and in 1595 BC, the Hittites swept into Mesopotamia.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: The people in place were quick to adapt to the new tactics, and a new international situation resulted from the change. Though during most of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC several regional powers competed relentlessly for hegemony, many developments occurred: there was new emphasis on grandiose architecture, new clothing fashions, vivid diplomatic correspondence on clay tablets, renewed economic exchanges, and the New Kingdom of Egypt played the role of the main superpower. Among the great states of the time, only Babylon refrained from taking part in battles, mainly due to its new position as the world's religious and intellectual capital.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: The Bronze Age civilization at its final period of time, displayed all its characteristic social traits: low level of urbanization, small cities centered on temples or royal palaces, strict separation of classes between an illiterate mass of peasants and craftsmen, and a powerful military elite, knowledge of writing and education reserved to a tiny minority of scribes, and pronounced aristocratic life.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: Near the end of the 2nd millennium BC, new waves of barbarians, this time riding on horseback, wholly destroyed the Bronze Age world, and were to be followed by waves of social changes that marked the beginning of different times. Also contributing to the changes were the Sea Peoples, ship-faring raiders of the Mediterranean.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: Europe is still entirely within the prehistoric era; much of Europe enters the Bronze Age early in the 2nd millennium.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: The desiccation of the Sahara is complete. Neolithisation of Sub-Saharan Africa is initiated via expansion from the dried Sahara, reaching West and East Africa. Later in the 2nd millennium, pastoralism and iron metallurgy spread to Central Africa via the Bantu migration.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: In the history of the Egyptian language, the early 2nd millennium saw a transition from Old Egyptian to Middle Egyptian. As the most used written form of the Ancient Egyptian language, it is frequently (incorrectly) referred to simply as "Hieroglyphics".


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: The earliest attested Indo-European language, the Hittite language, first appears in cuneiform in the 16th century BC (Anitta text), before disappearing from records in the 13th century BC. Hittite is the best known and the most studied language of the extinct Anatolian branch of Indo-European languages.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: The first Northwest Semitic language, Ugaritic, is attested in the 14th century BC. The first fully phonemic script Proto-Canaanite developed from Egyptian hieroglyphs, becoming the Phoenician alphabet by 1200 BC. The Phoenician alphabet was spread throughout the Mediterranean by Phoenician maritime traders and became one of the most widely used writing systems in the world, and the parent of virtually all alphabetic writing systems. The Phoenician language is also the first Canaanite language, the Northwest Semitic languages spoken by the ancient peoples of the Canaan region: the Israelites, Phoenicians, Amorites, Ammonites, Moabites and Edomites.


title: 2nd millennium BC

text: Mycenaean Greek, the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, was used on the Greek mainland, Crete and Cyprus in the Mycenaean period.


title: Thats What I Want

text: "Thats What I Want" is a song by American rapper and singer Lil Nas X, released through Columbia Records on September 18, 2021, as the fourth single from his debut studio album "Montero" (2021). It is a pop rock song with elements of power pop, while the artist is singing about wanting love. It was written by Lil Nas X and the song's producers, Omer Fedi, Blake Slatkin, Ryan Tedder, and KBeaZy.


title: Thats What I Want

text: It received favorable reviews, with critics comparing it to Sum 41's work, especially to their 2007 single "Underclass Hero". The song's release was accompanied by a Stillz-directed music video featuring the rapper falling in love with a football player. It contains a cameo from Billy Porter and an homage to the 2005 film "Brokeback Mountain". Lil Nas X performed this song for the first time on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge. It became a top ten hit in 10 countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom.


title: Thats What I Want

text: "Thats What I Want" was written by Lil Nas X, and song's producers: Omer Fedi, Blake Slatkin, Ryan Tedder, and KBeaZy. It is a pop rock song backed-up by acoustic guitar, "breezy" rhythm, "acoustic strums and hand claps and raindrop-bloopy synth notes." The song was compared by the critics to Sum 41's "Underclass Hero" (2007), Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off" (2014) and the Kid Laroi and Justin Bieber's "Stay" (2021). The track begins with the rapper stating "Need a boy who can cuddle with me all night." The song's chorus is accompanied by "power pop" background choir and it sees Lil Nas X singing that he wants to have a lover.


title: Thats What I Want

text: Lil Nas X first previewed the song on TikTok on February 14, 2021. On August 26, 2021, Lil Nas X published another "Montero" announcement in a form of news, with "Thats What I Want" playing in the background. Hours before the album's release, the rapper uploaded a video on his YouTube channel entitled "The Montero Show", where he presents his music videos from the least to the most favorite, but when he is about to announce the "Thats What I Want" video his water breaks. Deryck Whibley and Jason McCaslin talks about the Underclass Hero single of the song from the video. With the album's release, the song has been announced as its fourth single. On the same day it received airplay premiere on Australian mainstream radio station The Music Network and British BBC Radio 1. It impacted pop radios in Italy and the United States on September 24 and 28 respectively. Later it was sent to the US rhythmic contemporary stations on October 5. He debuted this song live on September 22, 2021, for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.


title: Thats What I Want

text: Carl Wilson from "Slate" stated that "Thats What I Want" is a "fantastic" song and an "anthem of same-sex longing"; while Mike Wass of "Variety" called it "toe-tapper with massive radio appeal". Its chorus has been described as "indelible" by "The Guardian"s Alexis Petridis, "snappy" by Gil Kaufman of "Billboard", and "stirring" in an article published on "Entertainment Weekly" by Maura Johnston. Calling its beat "infectious", David Smyth of "Evening Standard" said that Lil Nas X could have made the pronouns ambiguous for "mass appeal", but opposing to that he made the song "[ring] completely true". Writing for "Rolling Stone", Jon Dolan assigned to the song adjectives such as "playful", "hopeful", "sweet", and "proud"; while "New Statesman"s Emily Bootle described it as an "innocent, emotive love song". Zoya Raza-Sheikh from "Gay Times" said it is a "soaring track packed with unapologetic queer heartache that builds the record's momentum". In an article published by "Billboard" in late September 2021, the song was described as "designed to be a charts favorite" by Stephen Daw, while Jason Lipshutz said that it "functions as a spiritual sequel to 'Montero (Call Me by Your Name)' (2021)".


title: Thats What I Want

text: "Thats What I Want" debuted at number 10 on "Billboard" Hot 100 on the chart issued October 2, 2021, giving Lil Nas X his third top ten debut and fifth top ten hit. It later peaked at number eight on the chart issued April 2, 2022. It charted within the top ten with the album's previous singles "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" and "Industry Baby", giving the rapper his first time where three of his songs were simultaneously within top ten. It also appeared at number 5 on Streaming Songs chart with 24.2 million streams. Additionally, "Thats What I Want" debuted on the Mainstream Top 40 chart at number 34 and reached number one on the chart dated February 19, 2022, becoming Lil Nas X's third consecutive number one single on the chart. The song also went on to become his first multi-week chart topper on the Pop Airplay chart, retaining the top spot for 4 non-consecutive weeks.


title: Thats What I Want

text: It also debuted on "Billboard"s global charts, at number 4 on the main chart, while logging at number 8 on Excluding US chart with 39.6 million streams from outside the US.


title: Thats What I Want

text: Elsewhere, "Thats What I Want" became highest debut in UK Singles Chart on chart issue September 30, 2021, logging at number 10. It was also placed at number 7 on ARIA Singles Chart.


title: Thats What I Want

text: The music video for "Thats What I Want" was directed by STILLZ and produced by Esteban Zuluaga, Malcolm Duncan, and Fabien Colas which premiered on September 17, 2021. During a football game at the fictional Montero University, whose players wear pink uniforms, Lil Nas X falls from the sky to crash on the field, causing him to injure his knee. As he is taken off the field, he meets the eyes of another player, played by Yai Ariza. The two of them meet alone in the locker room, where they begin to kiss. Later they are seen in a passionate sex scene in the shower, with Lil Nas X opening a Durex condom package.


title: Thats What I Want

text: In the second verse, the pair are seen next to a campfire in cowboy outfits as well as being intimate in a tent; the scene is a homage to "Brokeback Mountain" (2005). Next, Lil Nas X goes to the other man's house with flowers, only to discover he is married to a woman and has a child. Lil Nas X drives home in anguish, gets drunk, and eventually passes out. At the end of the video, Lil Nas X enters a church wearing a white wedding gown and walks down the aisle in tears. At the altar a priest, played by Billy Porter, gives him an electric guitar, on which Lil Nas X plays a solo.


title: Thats What I Want

text: Kaufman described the video as "steamy, drama-filled", adding that it is "fittingly high drama visual for an album that has already given us some other iconic videos for 'Industry Baby' and 'Montero (Call Me by Your Name)'." Writing for "The Fader", Shaad D'Souza described it as "raunchy" and "cinematic". Wilson said that it is "tour de force performance of in-your-face queerness".


title: Ramsay Hunt syndrome

text: Three different neurological syndromes carry the name of Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Their only connection is that they were all first documented by the famous neurologist James Ramsay Hunt (1872–1937).


title: Love Island (franchise)

text: Love Island is a dating reality show that originated in the United Kingdom in 2005 as "Celebrity Love Island". Created by ITV Studios, it has spawned a second British version in 2015 as well as several international versions.


title: Love Island (franchise)

text: The show features a group of "single" contestants, known as "islanders" who live together in a specially constructed villa that is isolated from the outside world, in an attempt to find love. The islanders are continuously monitored during their stay in the house by live television cameras as well as personal audio microphones. Throughout the series, the contestants "couple up" to avoid being dumped from the villa. Additionally, the public will vote for their favourite islanders to stay in the villa at points in the series. As old islanders are dumped, new islanders enter the villa. At the end of the season, the public vote one final time to determine the winning couple.


title: Love Island (franchise)

text: On 11 September 2017, a German version of "Love Island" premiered on RTL II. An Australian version was commissioned by the Nine Network for its secondary channel 9Go! and internationally it airs on ITVBe and 3e with international streaming available on Hulu. On 8 August 2018, CBS ordered an American version of the show.


title: Love Island (franchise)

text: The Dutch-Flemish version was cancelled after one season in 2019, alongside "Temptation Island" and "Free Love Paradise", as a result of a sexual assault scandal in one of RTL's other reality series "De Villa".


title: Love Island (franchise)

text: On 21 September 2020, it was announced by ITV Studios that a Spanish version of the show and a Nigerian version of the show were both in pre-production. The Nigerian version was commissioned by Digital Play Networks and will air on TVC and 9 Vision Media in Nigeria. The Spanish version was commissioned by Atresmedia and will air on Neox in Spain.


title: Love Island (franchise)

text: On 6 November 2020, South African TV Network M-Net ordered a South African version of the show which premiered on 28 February 2021.


title: Love Island (franchise)

text: On October 20, 2021, the Telemundo television network announced the Latin version of the program, which premiered on November 17, 2021.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: Gorky Park is a 1983 American mystery thriller film based on the book of the same name by Martin Cruz Smith. The film was directed by Michael Apted.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: The film stars William Hurt as Arkady Renko, Lee Marvin as Jack Osborne, Joanna Pacula as Irina Asanova, Rikki Fulton as Major Pribluda, Brian Dennehy as William Kirwill, Ian McDiarmid as Professor Andreev, Michael Elphick as Pasha and Ian Bannen as Prosecutor Iamskoy. The plot follows Renko, a Moscow police investigator, on the trail of a gruesome triple murder that leads him into a web of government corruption.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: Upon release, "Gorky Park" was a box office disappointment, barely earning back its $15 million budget, but received positive reviews from critics. Pacuła was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture and Elphick for a BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor. Dennis Potter won a 1984 Edgar Award for his screenplay for the film.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: Moscow "militsiya" officer Arkady Renko is called to the site of three dead bodies – two men and one woman – in a secluded clearing near the Gorky Park ice rink. All have been shot in the chest and their faces and finger tips removed; the two men were also shot in the mouth. Renko becomes anxious when the KGB refuses to take over the investigation. Renko traces the woman's skates to a movie set worker, Irina Asanova, who claims that they were stolen. Based on the forensics, the pathologist identifies one young man as a foreigner, likely an American. Renko asks Professor Levi Andreev to reconstruct the faces of the woman and the American man.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: At the dacha of Chief Prosecutor Iamskoy, Renko makes the acquaintance of American sable importer Jack Osborne, who is accompanied by Asanova. Renko also crosses paths with William Kirwill, a New York detective who is investigating the disappearance of his brother James.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: Renko eventually identifies the victims: James Kirwill and two friends of Asanova. He discovers that they were constructing a chest for Osborne. Renko's suspicion of Osborne mounts following several polite but tense conversations in social settings. When a KGB officer attempts to kill Asanova with an injected overdose, Renko saves her. Nursing her, they become involved romantically although she doesn't entirely trust him. Kirwill finally finds out about Osborne's chest. It was designed to smuggle out six live sables and break the Soviet monopoly, potentially earning Osborne millions. Osborne had promised Asanova's friends to smuggle them out of the Soviet Union; he tells Asanova her friend is in Manhattan.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: Renko confronts Asanova with Prof. Andreev's reconstructed head of her female friend, forcing her to accept they have been murdered. She confesses to the plot and flees. Renko and Kirwill go to retrieve the second reconstructed head, but a KGB agent emerges with it. They follow him to Iamskoy's dacha and watch as Osborne and Iamskoy supervise the head's destruction. To Kirwill's horror, it is his brother's head, but they overhear a deal between Osborne and Iamskoy. Renko confronts Iamskoy in a bath house and Iamskoy admits that he kept Renko on the case to force Osborne to pay a larger bribe to smuggle out the sables. He offers to cut Renko in, but Renko reveals that he has recorded their conversation. Iamskoy wrestles Renko for his gun, which goes off and kills Iamskoy.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: Osborne flees to Stockholm. The KGB allows Renko to travel to supervise an exchange. He is to receive the sables from Osborne and kill them and Osborne. Renko meets Osborne at his apartment and finds Asanova there. She confesses that she fled to Osborne, who has included her freedom in the deal, and promises Renko that his freedom can also be included. She reveals that Osborne is planning a double cross as he has 12 sables, not just six. Renko meets with Kirwill and they predict that, following the exchange, the KGB will kill Asanova, Renko and Osborne. Kirwill agrees to be at the exchange to help Renko and Asanova.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: The next morning, Renko and three KGB agents meet Osborne at a farm. They come across Kirwill's body tied to a tree with his intestines hanging out. Osborne announces that he gutted Kirwill after Kirwill killed his dogs. Osborne produces six dead sables and asks the men to lower their weapons. Renko realizes that neither side will let the other live. When Osborne shoots a KGB agent, Renko grabs Asanova and runs for the woods. KGB Major Pribluda then kills the other KGB agent before Osborne kills Pribluda.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: Osborne tries to shoot Renko, who finds live sables in cages. Asanova emerges from the woods and Osborne threatens to kill her if Renko does not surrender. When Renko emerges to give up, Asanova shoots Osborne. Renko, too, shoots Osborne before Asanova kills Osborne. She asks Renko to go away with her, but Renko reveals he agreed to kill Osborne in return for her safety and freedom from the Soviet Union, and that they would both be killed if Renko did not return. Renko returns to his job in Moscow.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: Renko ends up freeing the sables, which run off into the woods as Asanova's voice repeats Renko's promise that they will meet again one day.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: Gene Kirkwood and Howard W. ("Hawk") Koch Jr. purchased the film rights to "Gorky Park" in 1981 for $250,000"." Production was delayed for several years because of scheduling conflicts with the director John Schlesinger, who would eventually be replaced with Michael Apted. Dustin Hoffman and Al Pacino were both considered for the role of Arkady Renko before Hurt's casting, while Cary Grant and Burt Lancaster were considered for the role of Jack Osborne and Roman Polanski was considered for the role of Prof. Andreev. The Soviet Communist Party condemned the film as anti-Communist and anti-Russian and denied the crew access to shoot in Moscow. "Gorky Park" was filmed in Helsinki and Stockholm. The Kaisaniemi public park in the Helsinki centre was set as the Gorky amusement park.


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on reviews from 27 critics, with an average rating of 6.6/10. On Metacritic the film has a score of 60% based on reviews from 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: Janet Maslin called it "a taut, clever thriller throughout, with Mr. Apted's direction establishing its intensity immediately and sustaining it well. Ralf G. Bode's cinematography and James Horner's score go a long way toward setting a hauntingly bleak mood, and the supporting players, particularly Brian Dennehy and Ian Bannen, are excellent". Though she found it odd that Hurt would affect an English accent, she found his performance "rivetingly strange".


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: Roger Ebert found the depiction of Soviet society to be the most interesting aspect of the film, and he credited Apted's direction for never letting the procedural lag. Ebert also praised the casting, even if it relied on typecasting an actor like Marvin. "He uses actors who are able to bring fully realized characters to the screen, so we don't have to stand around waiting for introductions".


title: Gorky Park (film)

text: "Gorky Park" was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on April 1, 2003, as a Region 1 widescreen DVD and to Blu-ray Disc by Kino Lorber (under license from MGM) on October 21, 2014.


title: Act of God

text: In legal usage in the English-speaking world, an act of God is a natural hazard outside human control, such as an earthquake or tsunami, for which no person can be held responsible. An act of God may amount to an exception to liability in contracts (as under the Hague–Visby Rules) or it may be an "insured peril" in an insurance policy. In Scots law the equivalent term is "damnum fatale".


title: Act of God

text: In the law of contracts, an act of God may be interpreted as an implied defense under the rule of impossibility or impracticability. If so, the promise is discharged because of unforeseen occurrences, which were unavoidable and would result in insurmountable delay, expense, or other material breach.


title: Act of God

text: Under the English common law, contractual obligations were deemed sacrosanct, so failure to honour a contract could lead to an order for specific performance or internment in a debtor's prison. In 1863, this harsh rule was softened by the case of "Taylor v Caldwell" which introduced the doctrine of frustration of contract, which provided that "where a contract becomes impossible to perform and neither party is at fault, both parties may be excused their obligations". In this case, a music hall was burned down by act of God before a contract of hire could be fulfilled, and the court deemed the contract frustrated.


title: Act of God

text: In other contracts, such as indemnification, an act of God may be no excuse, and in fact may be the central risk assumed by the promisor—e.g."," flood insurance or crop insurance—the only variables being the timing and extent of the damage. In many cases, failure by way of ignoring obvious risks due to "natural phenomena" will not be sufficient to excuse performance of the obligation, even if the events are relatively rare: e.g."," the year 2000 problem in computers. Under the Uniform Commercial Code, 2-615, failure to deliver goods sold may be excused by an "act of God" if the absence of such act was a "basic assumption" of the contract, and the act has made the delivery "commercially impracticable".


title: Act of God

text: Recently, human activities have been claimed to be the root causes of some events previously considered natural disasters. In particular:


title: Act of God

text: As a general principle of act of God, epidemic can be classified as an act of God if the epidemic was unforeseeable and renders the promise discharged if the promisor cannot avoid the effect of the epidemic by exercise of reasonable prudence, diligence and care, or by the use of those means which the situation renders reasonable to employ.


title: Act of God

text: An act of God is an unforeseeable natural phenomenon. Explained by Lord Hobhouse in "Transco plc v Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council" as describing an event:


title: Act of God

text: In "Tennant v Earl of Glasgow" (1864 2 M (HL) 22) Lord Chancellor Westbury described a case as: "what is denominated in the law of Scotland "damnum fatale" — occurrences and circumstances which no human foresight can provide against, and of which human prudence is not bound to recognize the possibility; and which, when they do occur, therefore, are calamities that do not involve the obligation of paying for the consequences that may result from them."


title: Act of God

text: In the law of torts, an "act of God" may be asserted as a type of intervening cause, the lack of which would have avoided the cause or diminished the result of liability (e.g., but for the earthquake, the old, poorly constructed building would be standing). However, foreseeable results of unforeseeable causes may still raise liability. For example, a bolt of lightning strikes a ship carrying volatile compressed gas, resulting in the expected explosion. Liability may be found if the carrier did not use reasonable care to protect against sparks—regardless of their origins. Similarly, strict liability could defeat a defense for an "act of God" where the defendant has created the conditions under which any accident would result in harm. For example, a long-haul truck driver takes a shortcut on a back road and the load is lost when the road is destroyed in an unforeseen flood. Other cases find that a common carrier is not liable for the unforeseeable forces of nature. See Memphis & Charlestown RR Co. v. Reeves, 77 U.S. 176 (1870).


title: Act of God

text: One example is that of "rainmaker" Charles Hatfield, who was hired in 1915 by the city of San Diego to fill the Morena reservoir to capacity with rainwater for $10,000. The region was soon flooded by heavy rains, nearly bursting the reservoir's dam, killing nearly 20 people, destroying 110 bridges (leaving 2), knocking out telephone and telegraph lines, and causing an estimated $3.5 million in damage in total. When the city refused to pay him (he had forgotten to sign the contract), he sued the city. The floods were ruled an act of God, excluding him from liability but also from payment.


title: My Bodyguard

text: My Bodyguard is a 1980 American family comedy drama film directed by Tony Bill (his directorial debut), and written by Alan Ormsby. The film stars Chris Makepeace, Adam Baldwin (in his first film role), Matt Dillon, Martin Mull, and Ruth Gordon.


title: My Bodyguard

text: The film was the debut of both Baldwin and an uncredited Jennifer Beals and was Joan Cusack's first major film.


title: My Bodyguard

text: Clifford Peache lives in an upscale Chicago luxury hotel with his father, the hotel manager, and his grandmother. He is a new student at Lake View High School, where he arrives each day in a hotel limousine.


title: My Bodyguard

text: Clifford quickly becomes a target of abuse from a gang of bullies, led by Melvin Moody. They regularly extort money from students, allegedly to protect them from another student, Ricky Linderman. According to school legend, Linderman has killed several people, including his own little brother. Not believing the stories, Clifford consults a teacher who claims that the only violence she's aware of from Ricky's past occurred when his nine-year-old brother died accidentally while playing alone with a gun. Ricky was the first to find the body.


title: My Bodyguard

text: Despite the rumors, Clifford approaches Ricky and asks him to be his bodyguard. He refuses, but the boys become friends after Ricky saves him from a beating by Moody and his gang. He has emotional issues over the death of his brother, and although he's slow to trust Clifford, Ricky shows him a cherished motorcycle that he has been rebuilding. The friendship between them is strengthened as Clifford successfully helps Ricky search junkyards for a hard-to-find cylinder for the motorcycle's engine.


title: My Bodyguard

text: Through Clifford's friendship, Ricky comes out of his shell, proving to a few classmates that he's not the killer the school rumors allege. As Clifford, Ricky, and a few other friends from school eat lunch in Lincoln Park, Moody and his gang approach. Moody has enlisted older bodybuilder Mike to be "his" bodyguard. He intimidates and physically abuses Ricky, who refuses to fight. Mike vandalizes his motorcycle before Moody pushes it into the lagoon. Ricky runs away, ashamed and angry.


title: My Bodyguard

text: Ricky later appears at Clifford's hotel, asking for money before leaving again. Clifford follows him and they argue before Ricky finally reveals that it was "he" who accidentally shot his brother while playing with their father's gun, and lied about finding his brother after the fact. As a result, he is overwhelmed with guilt and remorse, leaving Clifford behind as he takes a subway train into the night.


title: My Bodyguard

text: Moody and Mike return to the park to continue bullying the other children. Ricky is also there retrieving his motorcycle from the lagoon. Moody notices, demanding the motorcycle, which Ricky silently refuses. Moody summons Mike, the bodybuilder intimidates him, they engage in a long fistfight, which Ricky ultimately wins.


title: My Bodyguard

text: Moody and Clifford have split off into their own fistfight, when Moody tried to unfairly intervene in the fight between Ricky and Mike. Ricky urges Clifford to fight him while coaching him. Clifford initially fights incompetently, taunted by the overconfident bully, but finally lands several solid punches, the last of which knocks Moody down, breaking his nose. Moody sits on the ground, bleeding and whining, showing to be a coward. Ricky retrieves his motorcycle, and jokingly asks Clifford to be "his" bodyguard as they leave with their friends.


title: My Bodyguard

text: The film was shot on location in Chicago with Lake View High School providing the setting for the film's fictional Fleer H.S. The hotel that Clifford lives in and which is managed by his father is the real life Ambassador East (now known as the Ambassador Hotel) at 1301 North State Parkway.


title: My Bodyguard

text: "My Bodyguard" opened on July 11, 1980, in limited release, and wide release on August 15, 1980. In its limited weekend, the film opened at #3 with $178,641 and went on to gross $22,482,953 in the United States.


title: My Bodyguard

text: The film was named as one of the top ten films of 1980 by National Board of Review. It was also nominated by the Writers Guild of America for Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen, and in his analysis of the 53rd Academy Awards, Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" wrote that "My Bodyguard" was unfairly snubbed when it failed to receive an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay.


title: My Bodyguard

text: The film received generally positive reviews; on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 79% of 34 critics gave the film a positive review (with an average rating of 6.8/10) and the site's critics' consensus reading, "T. Bill debuts as an affectionate director, keenly aware of growing pains."


title: My Bodyguard

text: The film was released on DVD on January 29, 2002 and also was released on Blu-ray on September 6, 2016.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: The Czech Republic's official formal and short names at the United Nations are and in Czech, and the Czech Republic and Czechia in English. All these names derive from the name of the Czechs, the West Slavic ethnolinguistic group native to the Czech lands. "Czechia" (), the official English short name specified by the Czech government, is used by many international organisations and attested as early as 1841. However, most English speakers use "[the] Czech Republic" in all contexts. Other languages generally have greater official use of a short form analogous to "Česko" or "Czechia" (such as French , or Russian ""/"Chekhiya", or Korean /"Chesŭkko" or /"Chekho") although forms equivalent to "Czech Republic" are not uncommon.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: The Czech name is from the same root but means Bohemia, the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands and the modern Czech Republic. The name "Bohemia" is an exonym derived from the Boii, a Celtic tribe inhabiting the area before the early Slavs arrived. The Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1348–1918) were part of the Holy Roman Empire; often called "the Czech lands", they sometimes extended further, to all of Silesia, Lusatia, and various smaller territories. The Czech adjective means both "Czech" and "Bohemian".


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: The Czech Republic's official formal and short names in Czech were decided at its creation after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: The country is named after the Czechs (), a Slavic tribe residing in central Bohemia that subdued the surrounding tribes in the late 9th century and created the Czech/Bohemian state. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown. According to legend, it comes from their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards Čech as a derivative of the root "čel-" (member of the people, kinsman).


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: Several variants of the name have been used over the centuries, due to the evolution of the Czech language. The digraph "cž" was used from the time of the 16th-century "Bible of Kralice" until the reform of 1842, being eventually replaced by "č" (changing "Cžechy" to "Čechy"). In the late 19th century the suffix for the names of countries changed from -y to -sko (e.g. "Rakousy" → "Rakousko" for Austria, "Uhry" → "Uhersko" for Hungary). While the notion of "Česko" appears for the first time in 1704, it only came into official use in 1918 as the first part of the name of the newly independent Czechoslovakia ("Česko-Slovensko" or "Československo") . Within that state, the Czech Socialist Republic ("Česká socialistická republika", "ČSR") was created on 1 January 1969. On 6 March 1990 the Czech Socialist Republic was renamed the Czech Republic ("Česká republika", "ČR"). When Czechoslovakia broke up in 1993, the Czech part of the name was intended to serve as the name of the Czech state. The decision started a dispute as many perceived the "new" word "Česko", which before had been only rarely used alone, as harsh sounding or as a remnant of "Československo". The older term "Čechy" was rejected by many because it was primarily associated with Bohemia proper and to use it for the whole country was seen as inappropriate. This feeling was especially prominent among the inhabitants of Moravia.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: The use of the word "Česko" within the country itself has increased in recent years. During the 1990s, "Česko" was rarely used and viewed as controversial. Some Czech politicians and public figures (e.g. media magnate Vladimír Železný) expressed concern about the non-use of "Česko" and "Czechia". Václav Havel claimed that "Slugs crawl on me a little whenever I read or hear the word [Česko]." Miroslav Zikmund associated it with Hitler's Nuremberg rallies. Minister Alexandr Vondra also strongly opposed using these forms. In 1997, the Civic Initiative Czechia was formed by linguists and geographers in Brno to promote the use of Czechia. The following year, a conference of professionals aimed at encouraging the use of the name was held at Charles University in Prague. The Czech Senate held a session on the issue in 2004.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: The historical English name of the country is Bohemia. This name derives from the Celtic tribe of Boii, who inhabited the area from the 4th century BC. "Boiohaemum", as it was originally known in Latin, comes from the Germanic "Boi-haima", meaning "home of the Boii". The name survived all the later migrations affecting the area, including the arrival of the Slavs and the creation of the Czech state. In the 9th century, the country became officially known as the Duchy of Bohemia, changing to the Kingdom of Bohemia in the 11th century, and the Crown of Bohemia in the 14th century. A number of other names for the country have been used, including Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian Crown, the lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas and others. The Bohemian state included the three historical lands: Bohemia proper ("Čechy"), Moravia ("Morava") and Silesia ("Slezsko"). From the 14th century until 1635 it also included Upper and Lower Lusatia. The higher hierarchical status of the Bohemian region led to that name being used for the larger country (a linguistic device called "pars pro toto"), and the people and language of that country were referred to as Bohemian in English until the early 20th century.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: The first known usage of the word Czechia in English comes from a book of 1841 by Henry and Thomas Rose, "A New General Biographical Dictionary Projected and Partly Arranged".


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: Shortly before the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian empire, there were proposals to use the traditional name Bohemia for the newly formed state. However, out of consideration for Slovak national aspirations, the name "Czecho-Slovakia" (later "Czechoslovakia") was adopted instead.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: After the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the name "Czechia" appeared in English, alongside the official name, as a reference to all the Czech lands and to differentiate between the Czech and Slovak parts of the state. It was used at least as early as 4 January 1925; appearing in the article "Literary History of the Czechs", published by "The New York Times". The name was used in the Anglophone press before the German occupation of the Czech lands in 1939.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: The current English ethnonym "Czech" comes from the Polish ethnonym associated with the area, which ultimately comes from the Czech word "Čech". The words "Czechian", "Czechish", "Czechic" and later "Czech" (using antiquated Czech spelling) have appeared in English-language texts since the 17th century. During the 19th-century national revival, the word "Czech" was also used to distinguish between the Czech- and German-speaking peoples living in the country. The term "Czechia" is attested as early as 1569 in Latin and 1841 in English ("Poselkynie starych Przjbiehuw Czeskych – Messenger of the old Fates of Czechia"). There were other early mentions in 1856 and in an 1866 report on the Austro-Prussian War.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: In accordance with Resolution No. 4 I. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Geneva 1967) and Resolution No. 2 III. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Athens 1977), the Terminological Committee of the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping, and Cadaster in cooperation with the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs standardized "Czechia" as the English translation of "Česko" in early 1993.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: Other names suggested in the 1990s included "Czechomoravia" or "Czechlands". However, by 2000 a short name had still not been fully adopted by the Czech authorities. At that time, Giles Portman, the Second Secretary, Press and Politics, at the British Embassy in Prague, showed a willingness to accept the name "Czechia". Portman said in 2000, "Czechs still use the name "Česká republika" rather than "Česko", and the English equivalent, "the Czech Republic", rather than "Czechia". Were that pattern to change, we would have no problem at all with adapting accordingly. But we feel that the initiative for that change must come from the Czech side and not from us."


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: In 2013, Czech president Miloš Zeman recommended the wider official use of "Czechia", and on 14 April 2016 the government agreed to make "Czechia" the official short name. The new name was approved by the Czech cabinet on 2 May 2016 and registered on 5 July 2016. In November 2016 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented recommendations on how to use the short name "Czechia" in international contexts. On 1 June 2017, the geography department of the Faculty of Sciences of Charles University in Prague organised a special conference to assess the progress of the name's proliferation.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: The new short name was published in the United Nations UNTERM and UNGEGN country name databases on 17 May 2016; and is now used on name plates at the United Nations. In September 2016, the British Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) recommended the use of "Czechia" and added it as the sole form of the country name to their list of country names. On 26 September 2016, the International Organization for Standardization included the short name "Czechia" in the official ISO 3166 country codes list. The name "Czechia" and its respective translations are also included in the interinstitutional style guide of the European Union and of the Council of Europe.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: Multinational technology companies that adopted the name "Czechia" include Google, Apple, and Microsoft with Bing Maps. The business network LinkedIn updated its locations to "Czechia" in October 2020. Microsoft updated its Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central to "Czechia" in January 2021.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: The International Ice Hockey Federation updated to "Czechia" in December 2021. On 28 April 2022, a conference of all sports associations was held under the patronage of the Foreign Ministry at the Czernin Palace. Following basketball, ice hockey, baseball, rugby, and association football, which started to use the short name, all remaining sports agreed to transition to the short name "Czechia" shortly. The Czech Football Association announced the adoption of the names "Česko" and "Czechia" on 24 May 2022. FIBA switched to "Czechia" in June 2022.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: AP Stylebook updated on 1 July 2022 online entry with the following statement: "Czechia, the Czech Republic.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: Both are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is preferred by the Czech government. If using Czechia, clarify in the story that the country is more widely known in English as the Czech Republic."


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: In August 2022, the United Nations list of member states was updated to "Czechia" and the exception of keeping the formal name on the country plates was dropped.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: In September 2022, the UEFA website was updated to "Czechia". NATO, the World Bank, FIFA and the Universal Postal Union switched to Czechia in October 2022.


title: Name of the Czech Republic

text: The Czech Olympic Committee decided to ask the International Olympic Committee to enter the name Czechia in the database of countries for sports competitions in November 2022.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: Cygnus X-1 (abbreviated Cyg X-1) is a galactic X-ray source in the constellation Cygnus and was the first such source widely accepted to be a black hole. It was discovered in 1964 during a rocket flight and is one of the strongest X-ray sources detectable from Earth, producing a peak X-ray flux density of (). It remains among the most studied astronomical objects in its class. The compact object is now estimated to have a mass about 21.2 times the mass of the Sun and has been shown to be too small to be any known kind of normal star or other likely object besides a black hole. If so, the radius of its event horizon has "as upper bound to the linear dimension of the source region" of occasional X-ray bursts lasting only for about 1 ms.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: Cygnus X-1 belongs to a high-mass X-ray binary system, located about 2.22 kiloparsecs from the Sun, that includes a blue supergiant variable star designated HDE 226868, which it orbits at about 0.2 AU, or 20% of the distance from Earth to the Sun. A stellar wind from the star provides material for an accretion disk around the X-ray source. Matter in the inner disk is heated to millions of degrees, generating the observed X-rays. A pair of relativistic jets, arranged perpendicularly to the disk, are carrying part of the energy of the infalling material away into interstellar space.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: This system may belong to a stellar association called Cygnus OB3, which would mean that Cygnus X-1 is about 5 million years old and formed from a progenitor star that had more than . The majority of the star's mass was shed, most likely as a stellar wind. If this star had then exploded as a supernova, the resulting force would most likely have ejected the remnant from the system. Hence the star may have instead collapsed directly into a black hole.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: Cygnus X-1 was the subject of a friendly scientific wager between physicists Stephen Hawking and Kip Thorne in 1975, with Hawking betting that it was not a black hole. He conceded the bet in 1990 after observational data had strengthened the case that there was indeed a black hole in the system. This hypothesis lacks direct empirical evidence but has generally been accepted from indirect evidence.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: Observation of X-ray emissions allows astronomers to study celestial phenomena involving gas with temperatures in the millions of degrees. However, because X-ray emissions are blocked by Earth's atmosphere, observation of celestial X-ray sources is not possible without lifting instruments to altitudes where the X-rays can penetrate. Cygnus X-1 was discovered using X-ray instruments that were carried aloft by a sounding rocket launched from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. As part of an ongoing effort to map these sources, a survey was conducted in 1964 using two Aerobee suborbital rockets. The rockets carried Geiger counters to measure X-ray emission in wavelength range 1– across an 8.4° section of the sky. These instruments swept across the sky as the rockets rotated, producing a map of closely spaced scans.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: As a result of these surveys, eight new sources of cosmic X-rays were discovered, including Cyg XR-1 (later Cyg X-1) in the constellation Cygnus. The celestial coordinates of this source were estimated as right ascension 1953 and declination 34.6°. It was not associated with any especially prominent radio or optical source at that position.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: Seeing a need for longer-duration studies, in 1963 Riccardo Giacconi and Herb Gursky proposed the first orbital satellite to study X-ray sources. NASA launched their Uhuru satellite in 1970, which led to the discovery of 300 new X-ray sources. Extended Uhuru observations of Cygnus X-1 showed fluctuations in the X-ray intensity that occurs several times a second. This rapid variation meant that the energy generation must take place over a relatively small region of roughly , as the speed of light restricts communication between more distant regions. For a size comparison, the diameter of the Sun is about .


title: Cygnus X-1

text: In April–May 1971, Luc Braes and George K. Miley from Leiden Observatory, and independently Robert M. Hjellming and Campbell Wade at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, detected radio emission from Cygnus X-1, and their accurate radio position pinpointed the X-ray source to the star AGK2 +35 1910 = HDE 226868. On the celestial sphere, this star lies about half a degree from the 4th-magnitude star Eta Cygni. It is a supergiant star that is by itself incapable of emitting the observed quantities of X-rays. Hence, the star must have a companion that could heat gas to the millions of degrees needed to produce the radiation source for Cygnus X-1.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: Louise Webster and Paul Murdin, at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and Charles Thomas Bolton, working independently at the University of Toronto's David Dunlap Observatory, announced the discovery of a massive hidden companion to HDE 226868 in 1972. Measurements of the Doppler shift of the star's spectrum demonstrated the companion's presence and allowed its mass to be estimated from the orbital parameters. Based on the high predicted mass of the object, they surmised that it may be a black hole, as the largest possible neutron star cannot exceed three times the mass of the Sun.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: With further observations strengthening the evidence, by the end of 1973 the astronomical community generally conceded that Cygnus X-1 was most likely a black hole. More precise measurements of Cygnus X-1 demonstrated variability down to a single millisecond. This interval is consistent with turbulence in a disk of accreted matter surrounding a black hole—the accretion disk. X-ray bursts that last for about a third of a second match the expected time frame of matter falling toward a black hole.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: Cygnus X-1 has since been studied extensively using observations by orbiting and ground-based instruments. The similarities between the emissions of X-ray binaries such as HDE 226868/Cygnus X-1 and active galactic nuclei suggests a common mechanism of energy generation involving a black hole, an orbiting accretion disk and associated jets. For this reason, Cygnus X-1 is identified among a class of objects called microquasars; an analog of the quasars, or quasi-stellar radio sources, now known to be distant active galactic nuclei. Scientific studies of binary systems such as HDE 226868/Cygnus X-1 may lead to further insights into the mechanics of active galaxies.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: The compact object and blue supergiant star form a binary system in which they orbit around their center of mass every 5.599829 days. From the perspective of Earth, the compact object never goes behind the other star; in other words, the system does not eclipse. However, the inclination of the orbital plane to the line of sight from Earth remains uncertain, with predictions ranging from 27° to 65°. A 2007 study estimated the inclination as , which would mean that the semi-major axis is about , or 20% of the distance from Earth to the Sun. The orbital eccentricity is thought to be only , meaning a nearly circular orbit. Earth's distance to this system is about .


title: Cygnus X-1

text: The HDE 226868/Cygnus X-1 system shares a common motion through space with an association of massive stars named Cygnus OB3, which is located at roughly 2000 parsecs from the Sun. This implies that HDE 226868, Cygnus X-1 and this OB association may have formed at the same time and location. If so, then the age of the system is about . The motion of HDE 226868 with respect to Cygnus OB3 is , a typical value for random motion within a stellar association. HDE 226868 is about from the center of the association and could have reached that separation in about —which roughly agrees with estimated age of the association.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: With a galactic latitude of 4° and galactic longitude 71°, this system lies inward along the same Orion Spur, in which the Sun is located within the Milky Way, near where the spur approaches the Sagittarius Arm. Cygnus X-1 has been described as belonging to the Sagittarius Arm, though the structure of the Milky Way is not well established.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: From various techniques, the mass of the compact object appears to be greater than the maximum mass for a neutron star. Stellar evolutionary models suggest a mass of , while other techniques resulted in 10 solar masses. Measuring periodicities in the X-ray emission near the object yielded a more precise value of . In all cases, the object is most likely a black hole—a region of space with a gravitational field that is strong enough to prevent the escape of electromagnetic radiation from the interior. The boundary of this region is called the event horizon and has an effective radius called the Schwarzschild radius, which is about for Cygnus X-1. Anything (including matter and photons) that passes through this boundary is unable to escape. New measurements published in 2021 yielded an estimated mass of .


title: Cygnus X-1

text: Evidence of just such an event horizon may have been detected in 1992 using ultraviolet (UV) observations with the High Speed Photometer on the Hubble Space Telescope. As self-luminous clumps of matter spiral into a black hole, their radiation is emitted in a series of pulses that are subject to gravitational redshift as the material approaches the horizon. That is, the wavelengths of the radiation steadily increase, as predicted by general relativity. Matter hitting a solid, compact object would emit a final burst of energy, whereas material passing through an event horizon would not. Two such "dying pulse trains" were observed, which is consistent with the existence of a black hole.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: The spin of the compact object is not yet well determined. Past analysis of data from the space-based Chandra X-ray Observatory suggested that Cygnus X-1 was not rotating to any significant degree. However, evidence announced in 2011 suggests that it is rotating extremely rapidly, approximately 790 times per second.


title: Cygnus X-1

text: The largest star in the Cygnus OB3 association has a mass 40 times that of the Sun. As more massive stars evolve more rapidly, this implies that the progenitor star for Cygnus X-1 had more than 40 solar masses. Given the current estimated mass of the black hole, the progenitor star must have lost over 30 solar masses of material. Part of this mass may have been lost to HDE 226868, while the remainder was most likely expelled by a strong stellar wind. The helium enrichment of HDE 226868's outer atmosphere may be evidence for this mass transfer. Possibly the progenitor may have evolved into a Wolf–Rayet star, which ejects a substantial proportion of its atmosphere using just such a powerful stellar wind.