title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles and Ulrika Eleonora were very different. He enjoyed hunting and riding, while she enjoyed reading and art, and is best remembered for her great charitable activity. She was also limited by ill-health and numerous pregnancies. Charles was very active and busy and while Charles was away inspecting his troops or pursuing his pastimes, she was often lonely and sad. The marriage itself, however, is considered a success, with the King and Queen being very fond of each other. As queen, Ulrika Eleonora had little political involvement and was placed in the shadow of her mother-in-law. During "The Great Reversion" to the crown of counties, baronies and large lordships from the nobility, Ulrika tried to speak on the behalf of the people whose property was confiscated by the crown. But the king told her that the reason he had married her was not because he wanted her political advice. Instead, she helped people whose property had been confiscated by secretly compensating them economically from her own budget. However Charles XI's confidence in her grew over time: in 1690, he named her future Regent, should his son succeed him still a minor. Instead Ulrika Eleonora predeceased him by almost four years. At the time of her death she was personally supporting 17,000 people.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: It is said that on his death bed, Charles XI admitted to his mother that he hadn't been happy since Ulrika Eleonora's death.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Ulrika Eleonora (the elder) was sickly, and the many child births eventually broke her. When she became seriously ill, in 1693, Charles finally dedicated his time and care to her. Her death in July that year shook him deeply and he never fully recovered. Her infant son Ulric (1684–1685) had been given Ulriksdal Palace, which was renamed for him ("Ulric's Dale").


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles XI had complained of stomach pains since 1694. In the summer of 1696, he asked his doctors for an opinion on the pain as it had continuously become worse, but they had no viable cure or treatment for it. He continued to perform his duties as usual, but, in February 1697, the pains became too severe for him to cope and he returned to Stockholm where the doctors discovered he had a large, hard lump in his stomach. At this point there was little the doctors could do except alleviate the King's pain as best they could. Charles XI died on 5 April 1697, in his forty-first year. An autopsy showed that the King had developed cancer and that it had spread through his entire abdominal cavity.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles XI has sometimes been described in Sweden as the greatest of all the Swedish kings, except for Gustavus II Adolphus, unduly eclipsed by his father and his son. In the first half of the 20th century, the view of him changed and he was regarded as dependent, uncertain, and easily influenced by others. In the most recent book, Rystad's biography from 2003, the king is again characterized as a strong-willed shaper of Sweden through economic reforms and achievement of financial and military stability and strength.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles XI was commemorated on the previous 500-kronor bill. His portrait is taken from one of Ehrenstrahl's paintings, possibly the one displayed on this page. The king is pictured on the bill since the Bank of Sweden was founded in 1668, during Charles' reign.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: The fortified town of Carlsburg near Bremen, at the site of modern Bremerhaven, was named after Charles XI. The Swedish town of Karlskrona, built during his reign to host the primary navy base in southern Sweden, which it remains to this day, is also named after him.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles's Church in Tallinn, Estonia, is dedicated to Charles XI. The recognition of his sores and corpse didn't show the incorruptibility that medieval hagiographers believed to be a sign of Christian sainthood. In 1697 the same belief caused Charles's subjects to ask if "God had put the illness inside the king...to punish the people or Charles." Two years later, the course of events that highlighted the crisis was of the absolutism itself.


title: Traitors (TV series)

text: Traitors is a British television drama miniseries created by Bathsheba Doran and broadcast by Channel 4 and Netflix in 2019. Set in 1945 London after the end of World War Two, "Traitors" follows a young woman recruited by the American Office of Strategic Services to identify a Soviet spy in the Cabinet Office.


title: Traitors (TV series)

text: The series begins and each episode ends, with a recording of the Pete Seeger song "There Is Mean Things Happening in This Land", recorded for the purpose by Graham Coxon. In Episode 1, 'Lady Nade' appears singing 'Don't Fence Me In' (performing as Ella Fitzgerald). Lady Nade won Song Of The Year at the UK Americana Awards 2022 and was named one of Bristol's Most Influential Women in 2022.


title: Gianduja (chocolate)

text: Gianduia or gianduja (; ) is a homogeneous blend of chocolate with 30% hazelnut paste, invented in Turin during Napoleon's regency (1796–1814). It can be consumed in the form of bars or as a filling for chocolates. Chocolate spreads are also notably made from gianduja.


title: Gianduja (chocolate)

text: Gianduja is made in both plain and milk versions. It may also contain other nuts, such as almond. As a bar, gianduja resembles regular chocolate, excepting the fact that it is significantly softer due to the presence of hazelnut oil.


title: Gianduja (chocolate)

text: The Continental System, imposed by Napoleon in 1806, prevented British goods from entering European ports under French control, putting a strain on cocoa supplies. A chocolatier in Turin named Michele Prochet extended the little chocolate he had by mixing it with hazelnuts from the Langhe hills south of Turin. From a base of gianduja, Turin-based chocolate manufacturer Caffarel invented gianduiotto in 1852.


title: Gianduja (chocolate)

text: It takes its name from "Gianduja", a Carnival and marionette character who represents the archetypal Piedmontese, natives of the Italian region where hazelnut confectionery is common.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: In computer science, a queue is a collection of entities that are maintained in a sequence and can be modified by the addition of entities at one end of the sequence and the removal of entities from the other end of the sequence. By convention, the end of the sequence at which elements are added is called the back, tail, or rear of the queue, and the end at which elements are removed is called the head or front of the queue, analogously to the words used when people line up to wait for goods or services.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: The operation of adding an element to the rear of the queue is known as "enqueue", and the operation of removing an element from the front is known as "dequeue". Other operations may also be allowed, often including a "peek" or "front" operation that returns the value of the next element to be dequeued without dequeuing it.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: The operations of a queue make it a first-in-first-out (FIFO) data structure. In a FIFO data structure, the first element added to the queue will be the first one to be removed. This is equivalent to the requirement that once a new element is added, all elements that were added before have to be removed before the new element can be removed. A queue is an example of a linear data structure, or more abstractly a sequential collection.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: Queues are common in computer programs, where they are implemented as data structures coupled with access routines, as an abstract data structure or in object-oriented languages as classes. Common implementations are circular buffers and linked lists.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: Queues provide services in computer science, transport, and operations research where various entities such as data, objects, persons, or events are stored and held to be processed later. In these contexts, the queue performs the function of a buffer.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: Theoretically, one characteristic of a queue is that it does not have a specific capacity. Regardless of how many elements are already contained, a new element can always be added. It can also be empty, at which point removing an element will be impossible until a new element has been added again.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: Fixed-length arrays are limited in capacity, but it is not true that items need to be copied towards the head of the queue. The simple trick of turning the array into a closed circle and letting the head and tail drift around endlessly in that circle makes it unnecessary to ever move items stored in the array. If n is the size of the array, then computing indices modulo n will turn the array into a circle. This is still the conceptually simplest way to construct a queue in a high-level language, but it does admittedly slow things down a little, because the array indices must be compared to zero and the array size, which is comparable to the time taken to check whether an array index is out of bounds, which some languages do, but this will certainly be the method of choice for a quick and dirty implementation, or for any high-level language that does not have pointer syntax. The array size must be declared ahead of time, but some implementations simply double the declared array size when overflow occurs. Most modern languages with objects or pointers can implement or come with libraries for dynamic lists. Such data structures may have not specified a fixed capacity limit besides memory constraints. Queue "overflow" results from trying to add an element onto a full queue and queue "underflow" happens when trying to remove an element from an empty queue.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: There are several efficient implementations of FIFO queues. An efficient implementation is one that can perform the operations—en-queuing and de-queuing—in O(1) time.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: Queues may be implemented as a separate data type, or maybe considered a special case of a double-ended queue (deque) and not implemented separately. For example, Perl and Ruby allow pushing and popping an array from both ends, so one can use push and shift functions to enqueue and dequeue a list (or, in reverse, one can use unshift and pop), although in some cases these operations are not efficient.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: C++'s Standard Template Library provides a "codice_1" templated class which is restricted to only push/pop operations. Since J2SE5.0, Java's library contains a interface that specifies queue operations; implementing classes include and (since J2SE 1.6) . PHP has an SplQueue class and third party libraries like beanstalk'd and Gearman.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: Queues can also be implemented as a purely functional data structure. There are two implementations. The first one only achieves formula_1 per operation "on average". That is, the amortized time is formula_1, but individual operations can take formula_3 where "n" is the number of elements in the queue. The second implementation is called a real-time queue and it allows the queue to be persistent with operations in O(1) worst-case time. It is a more complex implementation and requires lazy lists with memoization.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: This queue's data is stored in two singly-linked lists named formula_4 and formula_5. The list formula_4 holds the front part of the queue. The list formula_5 holds the remaining elements (a.k.a., the rear of the queue) "in reverse order". It is easy to insert into the front of the queue by adding a node at the head of formula_4. And, if formula_5 is not empty, it is easy to remove from the end of the queue by removing the node at the head of formula_5. When formula_5 is empty, the list formula_4 is reversed and assigned to formula_5 and then the head of formula_5 is removed.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: The insert ("enqueue") always takes formula_1 time. The removal ("dequeue") takes formula_1 when the list formula_5 is not empty. When formula_5 is empty, the reverse takes formula_3 where formula_20 is the number of elements in formula_4. But, we can say it is formula_1 amortized time, because every element in formula_4 had to be inserted and we can assign a constant cost for each element in the reverse to when it was inserted.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: The real-time queue achieves formula_1 time for all operations, without amortization. This discussion will be technical, so recall that, for formula_25 a list, formula_26 denotes its length, that "NIL" represents an empty list and formula_27 represents the list whose head is "h" and whose tail is "t".


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: The data structure used to implement our queues consists of three singly-linked lists formula_28 where "f" is the front of the queue, "r" is the rear of the queue in reverse order. The invariant of the structure is that "s" is the rear of "f" without its formula_29 first elements, that is formula_30. The tail of the queue formula_31 is then almost formula_28 and


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: inserting an element "x" to formula_28 is almost formula_34. It is said almost, because in both of those results, formula_35. An auxiliary function formula_36 must then be called for the invariant to be satisfied. Two cases must be considered, depending on whether formula_37 is the empty list, in which case formula_38, or not. The formal definition is formula_39 and formula_40 where formula_41 is "f" followed by "r" reversed.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: Let us call formula_42 the function which returns "f" followed by "r" reversed. Let us furthermore assume that formula_38, since it is the case when this function is called. More precisely, we define a lazy function formula_44 which takes as input three list such that formula_38, and return the concatenation of "f", of "r" reversed and of "a". Then formula_46.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: The inductive definition of rotate is formula_47 and formula_48. Its running time is formula_49, but, since lazy evaluation is used, the computation is delayed until the results is forced by the computation.


title: Queue (abstract data type)

text: The list "s" in the data structure has two purposes. This list serves as a counter for formula_50, indeed, formula_51 if and only if "s" is the empty list. This counter allows us to ensure that the rear is never longer than the front list. Furthermore, using "s", which is a tail of "f", forces the computation of a part of the (lazy) list "f" during each "tail" and "insert" operation. Therefore, when formula_51, the list "f" is totally forced. If it was not the case, the internal representation of "f" could be some append of append of... of append, and forcing would not be a constant time operation anymore.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: The Seoul Metropolitan Subway is a metropolitan railway system consisting of 23 rapid transit, light metro, commuter rail and people mover lines located in northwest South Korea. The system serves most of the Seoul Metropolitan Area including the Incheon metropolis and satellite cities in Gyeonggi province. Some regional lines in the network stretch out beyond the Seoul Metropolitan Area to rural areas in northern Chungnam province and western Gangwon province, that lie over 100 km away from the capital.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: The network consists of multiple systems that form a larger, coherent system. These being the Seoul Metro proper, consisting of Seoul Metro lines 1 through 9 and certain light rail lines, that serves Seoul city proper and its surroundings; Korail regional rail lines, which serve the greater metropolitan region and beyond; Incheon Metro lines, operated by Incheon Transit Corporation, that serve Incheon city proper; and miscellaneous light rail lines, such as Gimpo Goldline and Yongin Everline, that connect corners of their respective cities to the rest of the network. Most of the system is operated by three companies – Seoul Metro, Korail (Korea Railroad Corporation), and Incheon Metro - with the rest being operated by an assortment of local municipal corporations and private rail companies.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: Its first metro line, Line 1, started construction in 1971 and began operations in 1974, with through-operation to Korail's suburban railways. As of 2022, the network has of track on lines 1–9 alone.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: The first line of the Seoul Subway network started construction in 1971. The first section of subway was built using the cheaper cut and cover construction method. Initial lines relied heavily on Japanese technology, and subsequent lines procured technological imports from Japan and the United Kingdom. For example, Line 1 opened in 1974 with through services joining surrounding Korail suburban railway lines influenced by the Tokyo subway. Today, many of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway's lines are operated by Korail, South Korea's national rail operator.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: It has been described as the world's longest multi-operator metro system by route length. The subway has free WiFi accessible in all stations and trains. Nearly all stations have platform screen doors installed; only some minor Korail-operated stations remain with open platforms. By 2017, Korail will completely install screen doors in every station and platform. The world's first virtual mart for smartphone users opened at Seolleung station in 2011.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: All directional signs in the system are written in Korean using Hangul, as well as English and Katakana/Chinese characters for Japanese and Mandarin Chinese. In trains there are in addition many LCD screens giving service announcements, upcoming stop names, YTN news, stock prices and animated shorts. There are also prerecorded voice announcements that give the upcoming station, any possible line transfer, and the exiting side in Korean, followed by English. At major stations, this is followed by Japanese, then Mandarin Chinese, as well.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: Seoul Subway uses full-color LCD screens at all stations to display real-time subway arrival times, which are also available on apps for smartphones. Most trains have digital TV screens, and all of them have air conditioning and climate controlled seats installed that are automatically heated in the winter. In 2014, it became the world's first metro operator to use transparent displays for ads when it installed 48 transparent displays on major stations of Line 2 in Gangnam District.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: All lines use the T-money smart payment system using RFID and NFC technology for automatic payment by T-money smart cards, smartphones, or credit cards and one can transfer to any of the other line within the system for free.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: Trains on numbered lines and light rail lines generally run on the right-hand track, while trains on the named heavy-rail lines (e.g. Shinbundang Line, Bundang Line, and AREX) run on the left-hand track. The exceptions are the trains on Line 1, as well as those on Line 4 south of Namtaeryeong station. These lines run on the left-hand track because these rail lines are government-owned or through-run to government own lines and follow a different standard to the metro, one that is followed by all national rail lines with the exception of the Ilsan Line.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: Line 1, from Seongbuk station to Incheon station and Suwon station, opened on 15 August 1974. On 9 December 1978, the Yongsan-Cheongnyangni line via Wangsipni (now part of the Jungang Line) was added to Line 1. Line 2 opened on 10 October 1980. In 1985, the fare system changed from charging by distance to zone and the Edmondson railway ticket changed to a magnetic paper ticket. Line 4 opened on 20 April 1985, and


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: Line 3 on 12 July. On 1 April 1994, the Indeogwon-Namtaeryeong extension of Line 4 opened. The Bundang Line, from Suseo station to Ori station, opened on 1 September. On 15 November 1995, Line 5 opened. The Jichuk-Daehwa extension of Line 3 opened on 30 January 1996. On 20 March, the Kkachisan-Sindorim extension of Line 2 opened. Line 7 opened on 11 October, and Line 8 on 23 November. On 6 October 1999, Incheon Subway Line 1 opened.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: Seoul Subway Line 6 opened on 7 August 2000. In 2004 the fare system reverted to charging by distance, and free bus transfers were introduced. The Byeongjeom-Cheonan extension of Line 1 opened on 20 January 2005. On 16 December, the Jungang Line from Yongsan station to Deokso station opened. The Uijeongbu-Soyosan extension of Line 1 opened and shuttle service from Yongsan station to Gwangmyeong station began (with the route now shortened from Yeongdeungpo to Gwangmyeong) on 15 December 2006. On 23 March 2007, AREX opened. The Deokso-Paldang extension of the Jungang Line opened on 27 December. On 15 December 2008, the Cheonan-Sinchang extension of Line 1 opened. The magnetic paper ticket changed to an RFID-based card on 1 May 2009. On 1 July the Gyeongui Line from Seoul Station to Munsan station opened, and on 24 July Line 9 from Gaehwa station to Sinnonhyeon station opened.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: The Byeongjeom-Seodongtan extension of Line 1 opened on 26 February 2010, and the Gyeongchun Line opened on 21 December. On 28 October 2011, the Shinbundang Line from Gangnam station to Jeongja station opened. The Suin Line, from Oido station to Songdo station, opened on 30 June 2012. The U Line opened on 1 July, the Onsu-Bupyeong-gu Office extension of Line 7 on 27 October and the Gongdeok-Gajwa extension of the Gyeongui Line on 15 December, and on 26 April, 2013, EverLine opened. On 27 December 2014, the Gyeongui Line was extended to Yongsan and started through running to the Jungang Line, forming the Gyeongui·Jungang Line. The Sinnonhyeon-Sports Complex extension of Line 9 opened on 28 March 2015. On 30 January 2016 the Jeongja-Gwanggyo extension of the Shinbundang Line opened, followed by the Songdo-Incheon extension of the Suin Line on 27 February. Incheon Subway Line 2 opened on 30 July, and the Gyeonggang Line on 24 September. The Gyeongui-Jungang Line is extended one station east to Jipyeong station on 21 January 2017, with 4 round trips to Jipyeong station. On 16 June 2018 the Seohae Line opened. Magongnaru station on Line 9 became an interchange station with AREX on 29 September 2018. Bundang line was extended northeastward to Cheongnyangni station, allowing for connections to the Gyeongchun Line and regional rail services on 31 December 2018. On 28 September 2019, the Gimpo Goldline opened. On 12 September 2020, the Suin Line extension between Hanyang Univ. at Ansan and Suwon, beginning the interlining with Line 4 between Oido and Hanyang Univ. at Ansan, as well as through-running with the Bundang Line to form the Suin–Bundang Line. On May 24 2022, the Sillim Line opened, becoming the newest addition to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: The system is organized such that numbered lines, with some exceptions, are considered as urban rapid transit lines located within the Seoul National Capital Area (SNCA), whereas wide-area commuter lines operated by Korail provide a metro-like commuter rail service that usually extends far beyond the boundaries of the SNCA, rather similar to the RER in Paris. The AREX is an airport rail link that links Incheon International Airport and Gimpo Airport to central Seoul, and offers both express service directly to Incheon International Airport and all-stop commuter service for people living along the vicinity of the line. While operating hours may vary depending on the line in question, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway generally operates from 5.30 a.m. until 1 a.m. on weekdays, and from 5.30 a.m. until midnight on weekends.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: The Seoul Metropolitan Subway system operates on a unified transportation fare system, meaning that subways and buses in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi-do are treated as one system when it comes to fares. For example, a subway rider can transfer to any other line for free (with the exception of Shinbundang Line, EverLine and U Line, the latter two adding a flat charge of 200 and 300 won respectively). One can also transfer to any Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi-do, or some Chungcheongnam-do city buses for free and get discounted fares on the more expensive express buses.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: In the case of Shinbundang Line, charges vary depending on the section used. The Sinsa - Gangnam section always charges 500 won, while the Gangnam - Jeongja section or the Jeongja - Gwanggyo section charges 1000 won when used alone, and 1400 altogether when used in conjunction with another. In total, the maximum added fee one can be charged is 1900 won, which can be achieved by using all three sections.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: Fare payments in Seoul are mainly handled by T-money and Cash Bee, which can also be used on buses, convenience stores and many other popular retail places. Riders must touch in a phone, card or other metro card and enabled device at the entry gates. Popular methods of payments are using NFC-enabled Android smartphones (topped up or billed to the owner's credit/debit card via the T-money app) or credit or check (debit) cards with built-in RFID technology issued by the bank or card company.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: The current single-use ticket is a credit card-sized plastic card with RFID technology, which can be obtained from automated machines in every subway station. A 500 won deposit fee is included in the price, and is refunded when the ticket is returned at any station. Multiple use cards are sold in convenience stores and the functionality is included in many credit/debit cards.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: Fares (except for single-use tickets) are currently 1,250 won for a trip up to 10 km, with 100 won added for each subsequent 5 km. Once 50 km has been passed, 100 won will be added every 8 km. Single-use ticket users must pay RFID deposit 500 won plus 100 won surcharge to fare.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: Half-priced children's tickets are available. The city government also uses Seoul Citypass as a transportation card. Senior citizens and disabled people qualify for free transit and can get a free ticket or enter and exit using side gates rather than turnstiles.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: International travelers can also use a Metropolitan Pass (MPASS) which provides up to 20 trips per day during the prepaid duration of 1 day to 7 days. Depending on where you purchase the card, the service is limited to the Seoul metropolitan area or Jeju Island and does not work in taxis or certain convenience stores.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: The following lines have not started construction, but are considered to be approved after their plans and their financing have been finalized. Most of these lines are scheduled to start construction in the next couple of years.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: The Seoul Metropolitan government published a ten-year plan for expansion of the subway with the following projects under consideration.


title: Seoul Metropolitan Subway

text: The Incheon Metropolitan government is working on the Second Incheon Metro Network Construction Plan that inherits the Incheon Metro Network Construction Plan published in 2016. It includes the construction of five new tram lines. The draft is expected to be released in October 2020.


title: Coloboma

text: A coloboma (from the Greek , meaning defect) is a hole in one of the structures of the eye, such as the iris, retina, choroid, or optic disc. The hole is present from birth and can be caused when a gap called the choroid fissure, which is present during early stages of prenatal development, fails to close up completely before a child is born. Ocular coloboma is relatively uncommon, affecting less than one in every 10,000 births.


title: Coloboma

text: The classical description in medical literature is of a keyhole-shaped defect. A coloboma can occur in one eye (unilateral) or both eyes (bilateral). Most cases of coloboma affect only the iris. The level of vision impairment of those with a coloboma can range from having no vision problems to being able to see only light or dark, depending on the position and extent of the coloboma (or colobomata if more than one is present).


title: Coloboma

text: Visual effects may be mild to more severe depending on the size and location of the coloboma. If, for example, only a small part of the iris is missing, the vision may be normal; when a large part of the retina or (especially) optic nerve is missing, the vision may be poor. Commonly posterior colobomata affect the inferior retina, with resultant deficit in the superior visual field. Other conditions can be associated with a coloboma. Sometimes, the eye may be reduced in size, a condition called microphthalmia. Glaucoma, nystagmus, scotoma, or strabismus may also occur.


title: Coloboma

text: Typically a coloboma appears oval- or comet-shaped with round end towards the centre. There may be a few vessels (retinal or choroidal) at the edges. The surface may have irregular depression.


title: Coloboma

text: Coloboma of the iris may be treated in a number of ways. A simple cosmetic solution is a specialized cosmetic contact lens with an artificial pupil aperture. Surgical repair of the iris defect is also possible. Surgeons can close the defect by stitching in some cases.


title: Coloboma

text: Vision can be improved with glasses, contact lenses or even laser eye surgery but may be limited if the retina is affected or there is amblyopia.


title: Coloboma

text: Notable people with coloboma include actor John Ritter, model/actress Karolina Wydra, "The New York Times" columnist Andrew Ross Sorkin, tennis player Arnaud Clément, pop singer songwriter Lachi, and George Soros. Madeleine McCann, a young girl who went missing in Portugal in 2007, does not have the condition. She has a freckle under her pupil. Her unique eye was a large part of her parents media appeal to find her.


title: Point Grey Pictures

text: Point Grey (PGP) is an American independent film and television production company founded in 2011 by Canadian comedians and filmmakers, Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg.


title: Point Grey Pictures

text: Founded by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg in February 12, 2011, the company was named after Vancouver's Point Grey Secondary School, where Rogen and Goldberg met. On September 24, 2013, it produced their first animated feature "Sausage Party". On February 6, 2014, the company had developed its first TV project "Preacher" on AMC. On March 5, 2014, the company entered a pact with movie studio Good Universe in order to develop movie comedies.


title: Point Grey Pictures

text: In 2018, the duo were in talks with the film studio Lionsgate. The talks were finalised the next year.


title: Vicki Gunvalson

text: Victoria Gunvalson (née Steinmetz; formerly Wolfsmith) is an American reality television personality and businesswoman best known for a starring role as a housewife in the Bravo reality television series "The Real Housewives of Orange County" for fourteen seasons. She is the founder of Coto Insurance.


title: Vicki Gunvalson

text: She is one of the original cast members of Bravo's reality television show "The Real Housewives of Orange County." In January 2020, Gunvalson was fired from the franchise.


title: Vicki Gunvalson

text: In 2020, she hosted a podcast titled "Whoop It Up with Vicki". Gunvalson is a successful insurance agent in Coto de Caza, California.


title: Vicki Gunvalson

text: Gunvalson is one of five children. Her father owned a construction company and her mother was a housewife. She married her first husband Michael J. Wolfsmith at the age of 21 and they had two children, Michael Wolfsmith (b. 1986) and Briana Culberson (née Wolfsmith, b. 1987). At the age of 29, they divorced and she began a part-time job at her father's construction company.


title: Vicki Gunvalson

text: In 1991, after her father's death from Alzheimer's disease, she joined the health insurance business.


title: Vicki Gunvalson

text: In 1994, she married Donn Gunvalson and founded Coto Insurance and Financial Services, after obtaining her insurance license in California. Vicki and Donn divorced in 2014. Vicki was engaged to Steve Lodge, brother of Roger Lodge, from April 2019 until September of 2021.


title: Vicki Gunvalson

text: During the tenth season of "The Real Housewives of Orange County", Gunvalson dated Brooks Ayers. It was revealed that Ayers' claim that he had cancer, which was a story line throughout the season, was untrue, and that Gunvalson lied about it. In 2015, Ayers admitted that he had fabricated "documents to 'prove' to the world that I, in fact, have cancer."


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: In mathematics, the conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for the numerical solution of particular systems of linear equations, namely those whose matrix is positive-definite. The conjugate gradient method is often implemented as an iterative algorithm, applicable to sparse systems that are too large to be handled by a direct implementation or other direct methods such as the Cholesky decomposition. Large sparse systems often arise when numerically solving partial differential equations or optimization problems.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The conjugate gradient method can also be used to solve unconstrained optimization problems such as energy minimization. It is commonly attributed to Magnus Hestenes and Eduard Stiefel, who programmed it on the Z4, and extensively researched it.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The biconjugate gradient method provides a generalization to non-symmetric matrices. Various nonlinear conjugate gradient methods seek minima of nonlinear optimization problems.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: for the vector formula_2, where the known formula_3 matrix formula_4 is symmetric (i.e., A = A), positive-definite (i.e. xAx > 0 for all non-zero vectors formula_2 in R), and real, and formula_6 is known as well. We denote the unique solution of this system by formula_7.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The conjugate gradient method can be derived from several different perspectives, including specialization of the conjugate direction method for optimization, and variation of the Arnoldi/Lanczos iteration for eigenvalue problems. Despite differences in their approaches, these derivations share a common topic—proving the orthogonality of the residuals and conjugacy of the search directions. These two properties are crucial to developing the well-known succinct formulation of the method.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: Two vectors are conjugate if and only if they are orthogonal with respect to this inner product. Being conjugate is a symmetric relation: if formula_12 is conjugate to formula_13, then formula_13 is conjugate to formula_12. Suppose that


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: is a set of formula_17 mutually conjugate vectors with respect to formula_4, i.e. formula_19 for all formula_20.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: Then formula_21 forms a basis for formula_22, and we may express the solution formula_7 of formula_24 in this basis:


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: This gives the following method for solving the equation : find a sequence of formula_17 conjugate directions, and then compute the coefficients formula_30.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: If we choose the conjugate vectors formula_31 carefully, then we may not need all of them to obtain a good approximation to the solution formula_7. So, we want to regard the conjugate gradient method as an iterative method. This also allows us to approximately solve systems where "n" is so large that the direct method would take too much time.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: We denote the initial guess for by (we can assume without loss of generality that , otherwise consider the system Az = b − Ax instead). Starting with x we search for the solution and in each iteration we need a metric to tell us whether we are closer to the solution (that is unknown to us). This metric comes from the fact that the solution is also the unique minimizer of the following quadratic function


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The existence of a unique minimizer is apparent as its Hessian matrix of second derivatives is symmetric positive-definite


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: and that the minimizer (use D"f"(x)=0) solves the initial problem is obvious from its first derivative


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: This suggests taking the first basis vector p to be the negative of the gradient of "f" at x = x. The gradient of "f" equals . Starting with an initial guess x, this means we take p = b − Ax. The other vectors in the basis will be conjugate to the gradient, hence the name "conjugate gradient method". Note that p is also the residual provided by this initial step of the algorithm.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: As observed above, formula_37 is the negative gradient of formula_38 at formula_39, so the gradient descent method would require to move in the direction r. Here, however, we insist that the directions formula_31 must be conjugate to each other. A practical way to enforce this is by requiring that the next search direction be built out of the current residual and all previous search directions. The conjugation constraint is an orthonormal-type constraint and hence the algorithm can be viewed as an example of Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization. This gives the following expression:


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: (see the picture at the top of the article for the effect of the conjugacy constraint on convergence). Following this direction, the next optimal location is given by


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The expression for formula_45 can be derived if one substitutes the expression for x into "f" and minimizing it w.r.t. formula_45


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The above algorithm gives the most straightforward explanation of the conjugate gradient method. Seemingly, the algorithm as stated requires storage of all previous searching directions and residue vectors, as well as many matrix–vector multiplications, and thus can be computationally expensive. However, a closer analysis of the algorithm shows that formula_48 is orthogonal to formula_49, i.e. formula_50 , for i ≠ j. And formula_51is formula_4-orthogonal to formula_53 , i.e. formula_54 , for formula_20. This can be regarded that as the algorithm progresses, formula_51 and formula_48 span the same Krylov subspace. Where formula_48 form the orthogonal basis with respect to the standard inner product, and formula_51 form the orthogonal basis with respect to the inner product induced by formula_4. Therefore, formula_39 can be regarded as the projection of formula_2 on the Krylov subspace.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The algorithm is detailed below for solving Ax = b where formula_4 is a real, symmetric, positive-definite matrix. The input vector formula_64 can be an approximate initial solution or 0. It is a different formulation of the exact procedure described above.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: This is the most commonly used algorithm. The same formula for is also used in the Fletcher–Reeves nonlinear conjugate gradient method.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: We note that formula_66 is computed by the gradient descent method applied to formula_67. Setting formula_68 would similarly make formula_69 computed by the gradient descent method from formula_70, i.e., can be used as a simple implementation of a restart of the conjugate gradient iterations. Restarts could slow down convergence, but may improve stability if the conjugate gradient method misbehaves, e.g., due to round-off error.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The formulas formula_71 and formula_72, which both hold in exact arithmetic, make the formulas formula_73 and formula_74 mathematically equivalent. The former is used in the algorithm to avoid an extra multiplication by formula_4 since the vector formula_76 is already computed to evaluate formula_30. The latter may be more accurate, substituting the explicit calculation formula_74 for the implicit one by the recursion subject to round-off error accumulation, and is thus recommended for an occasional evaluation.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: A norm of the residual is typically used for stopping criteria. The norm of the explicit residual formula_74 provides a guaranteed level of accuracy both in exact arithmetic and in the presence of the rounding errors, where convergence naturally stagnates. In contrast, the implicit residual formula_73 is known to keep getting smaller in amplitude well below the level of rounding errors and thus cannot be used to determine the stagnation of convergence.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: In the algorithm, is chosen such that formula_81 is orthogonal to formula_82. The denominator is simplified from


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: using that the search directions p are conjugated and again that the residuals are orthogonal. This gives the in the algorithm after cancelling .


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: Our first step is to calculate the residual vector r associated with x. This residual is computed from the formula r = b - Ax, and in our case is equal to


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: Since this is the first iteration, we will use the residual vector r as our initial search direction p; the method of selecting p will change in further iterations.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: This result completes the first iteration, the result being an "improved" approximate solution to the system, x. We may now move on and compute the next residual vector r using the formula


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: Our next step in the process is to compute the scalar that will eventually be used to determine the next search direction p.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The result, x, is a "better" approximation to the system's solution than x and x. If exact arithmetic were to be used in this example instead of limited-precision, then the exact solution would theoretically have been reached after "n" = 2 iterations ("n" being the order of the system).


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The conjugate gradient method can theoretically be viewed as a direct method, as in the absence of round-off error it produces the exact solution after a finite number of iterations, which is not larger than the size of the matrix. In practice, the exact solution is never obtained since the conjugate gradient method is unstable with respect to even small perturbations, e.g., most directions are not in practice conjugate, due to a degenerative nature of generating the Krylov subspaces.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: As an iterative method, the conjugate gradient method monotonically (in the energy norm) improves approximations formula_70 to the exact solution and may reach the required tolerance after a relatively small (compared to the problem size) number of iterations. The improvement is typically linear and its speed is determined by the condition number formula_106 of the system matrix formula_107: the larger formula_106 is, the slower the improvement.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: If formula_106 is large, preconditioning is commonly used to replace the original system formula_110 with formula_111 such that formula_112 is smaller than formula_113, see below.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: Let formula_117 be the iterative approximations of the exact solution formula_118, and define the errors as formula_119.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: This limit shows a faster convergence rate compared to the iterative methods of Jacobi or Gauss–Seidel which scale as formula_126.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: No round-off error is assumed in the convergence theorem, but the convergence bound is commonly valid in practice as theoretically explained by Anne Greenbaum.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: If initialized randomly, the first stage of iterations is often the fastest, as the error is eliminated within the Krylov subspace that initially reflects a smaller effective condition number. The second stage of convergence is typically well defined by the theoretical convergence bound with formula_127, but may be super-linear, depending on a distribution of the spectrum of the matrix formula_107 and the spectral distribution of the error. In the last stage, the smallest attainable accuracy is reached and the convergence stalls or the method may even start diverging. In typical scientific computing applications in double-precision floating-point format for matrices of large sizes, the conjugate gradient method uses a stopping criteria with a tolerance that terminates the iterations during the first or second stage.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: In most cases, preconditioning is necessary to ensure fast convergence of the conjugate gradient method. If formula_129 is symmetric positive-definite and formula_130 has a better condition number formula_4, a preconditioned conjugate gradient method can be used. It takes the following form:


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The above formulation is equivalent to applying the regular conjugate gradient method to the preconditioned system


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The Cholesky decomposition of the preconditioner must be used to keep the symmetry (and positive definiteness) of the system. However, this decomposition does not need to be computed, and it is sufficient to know formula_129. It can be shown that formula_146 has the same spectrum as formula_130.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The preconditioner matrix M has to be symmetric positive-definite and fixed, i.e., cannot change from iteration to iteration.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: If any of these assumptions on the preconditioner is violated, the behavior of the preconditioned conjugate gradient method may become unpredictable.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: In numerically challenging applications, sophisticated preconditioners are used, which may lead to variable preconditioning, changing between iterations. Even if the preconditioner is symmetric positive-definite on every iteration, the fact that it may change makes the arguments above invalid, and in practical tests leads to a significant slow down of the convergence of the algorithm presented above. Using the Polak–Ribière formula


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: may dramatically improve the convergence in this case. This version of the preconditioned conjugate gradient method can be called flexible, as it allows for variable preconditioning.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The flexible version is also shown to be robust even if the preconditioner is not symmetric positive definite (SPD).


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The implementation of the flexible version requires storing an extra vector. For a fixed SPD preconditioner, formula_150 so both formulas for are equivalent in exact arithmetic, i.e., without the round-off error.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The mathematical explanation of the better convergence behavior of the method with the Polak–Ribière formula is that the method is locally optimal in this case, in particular, it does not converge slower than the locally optimal steepest descent method.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: In both the original and the preconditioned conjugate gradient methods one only needs to set formula_151 in order to make them locally optimal, using the line search, steepest descent methods. With this substitution, vectors are always the same as vectors , so there is no need to store vectors . Thus, every iteration of these steepest descent methods is a bit cheaper compared to that for the conjugate gradient methods. However, the latter converge faster, unless a (highly) variable and/or non-SPD preconditioner is used, see above.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The conjugate gradient method can also be derived using optimal control theory. In this approach, the conjugate gradient method falls out as an optimal feedback controller,formula_152 for the double integrator system,formula_153 The quantities formula_154 and formula_155 are variable feedback gains.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The conjugate gradient method can be applied to an arbitrary "n"-by-"m" matrix by applying it to normal equations AA and right-hand side vector Ab, since AA is a symmetric positive-semidefinite matrix for any A. The result is conjugate gradient on the normal equations (CGNR).


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: As an iterative method, it is not necessary to form AA explicitly in memory but only to perform the matrix–vector and transpose matrix–vector multiplications. Therefore, CGNR is particularly useful when "A" is a sparse matrix since these operations are usually extremely efficient. However the downside of forming the normal equations is that the condition number κ(AA) is equal to κ(A) and so the rate of convergence of CGNR may be slow and the quality of the approximate solution may be sensitive to roundoff errors. Finding a good preconditioner is often an important part of using the CGNR method.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: Several algorithms have been proposed (e.g., CGLS, LSQR). The LSQR algorithm purportedly has the best numerical stability when A is ill-conditioned, i.e., A has a large condition number.


title: Conjugate gradient method

text: The conjugate gradient method with a trivial modification is extendable to solving, given complex-valued matrix A and vector b, the system of linear equations formula_156 for the complex-valued vector x, where A is Hermitian (i.e., A' = A) and positive-definite matrix, and the symbol ' denotes the conjugate transpose using the MATLAB/GNU Octave style. The trivial modification is simply substituting the conjugate transpose for the real transpose everywhere. This substitution is backward compatible, since conjugate transpose turns into real transpose on real-valued vectors and matrices. The provided above Example code in MATLAB/GNU Octave thus already works for complex Hermitian matrices needed no modification.


title: Bala (actor)

text: Bala Kumar is an Indian actor and director, who works in Malayalam and Tamil cinema. He made his debut in the Telugu film "2 Much" (2002). He is well known for his supporting roles; in films such as "Big B" (2007), "Sound of Boot" (2008), "Puthiya Mukham" (2009), "Hero" (2012), "Veeram" (2014), "Ennu Ninte Moideen" (2015), "Pulimurugan" (2016), "Aanakkallan" (2018), "Lucifer" (2019), and "Thambi" (2019).


title: Bala (actor)

text: Bala was born into a family closely associated with the film industry, with his grandfather being the owner of the Arunachala Studios. His father, Jeyakumar, directed over 350 films and documentaries, while his brother Siva has worked as a director and cinematographer in south Indian films.


title: Bala (actor)

text: He made his debut in the Tamil film "Anbu" (2003). Since then he acted and found success in a number of Malayalam films. He received appreciation for his role in the 2009 film "Puthiya Mukham". He made a comeback to Tamil cinema in 2014 with the Ajith Kumar-starrer "Veeram". The film, directed by his brother Siva, the film was a critical and commercial success.


title: Bala (actor)

text: Bala made his directorial debut with the 2012 Malayalam action film "The Hitlist", in which he played the leading role. In 2015 and 2016, he performed notable supporting roles in the period romantic drama "Ennu Ninte Moideen" and the action film "Pulimurugan", and "Lucifer" in 2019, all three were the highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time.


title: Bala (actor)

text: On 27 August 2010, he married "Idea Star Singer"-fame Malayali singer Amrutha Suresh. They have a daughter, Avantika, born in September 2012. The couple divorced in 2019 after living separately for three years.


title: Bala (actor)

text: On 5 September 2021, he married Elizabeth Udayan, who is reportedly a doctor by profession.. He is under treatment.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: The Mitsubishi A5M, formal Japanese Navy designation , experimental Navy designation Mitsubishi Navy Experimental 9-"Shi" Carrier Fighter, company designation Mitsubishi "Ka"-14, was a Japanese carrier-based fighter aircraft. It was the world's first low-wing monoplane shipboard fighter to enter service and the predecessor to the famous Mitsubishi A6M "Zero". The Allied reporting name was Claude.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: In 1934, the Imperial Japanese Navy prepared a specification for an advanced fighter, requiring a maximum speed of at and able to climb to in 6.5 minutes. This 9-"shi" (1934) specification produced designs from both Mitsubishi and Nakajima.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: Mitsubishi assigned the task of designing the new fighter to a team led by Jiro Horikoshi (original creator of the similar but unsuccessful Mitsubishi 1MF10, and later responsible for the famous A6M Zero). The resulting design, designated Ka-14 by Mitsubishi, was an all-metal low-wing fighter, with a thin elliptical inverted gull wing and a fixed undercarriage, which was chosen as the increase in performance (estimated as 10% in drag, but only a mere 3% increase in maximum speed) arising from use of a retractable undercarriage was not felt to justify the extra weight. The first prototype, powered by a 447 kW (600 hp) Nakajima Kotobuki 5 radial engine, flew on 4 February 1935. The aircraft far exceeded the requirements of the specification, with a maximum speed of being reached. The second prototype was fitted with a revised, ungulled wing, and after various changes to maximize maneuverability and reduce drag, was ordered into production as the A5M.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: With the Ka-14 demonstrating excellent performance, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force ordered a single modified prototype for evaluation as the Ki-18. While this demonstrated similar performance to the Navy aircraft and hence was far faster than the IJAAF's current fighter, the Kawasaki Ki-10 biplane, the type was rejected by the army owing to its reduced maneuverability. The Army then produced a specification for an improved advanced fighter to replace the Ki-10. Mitsubishi, busy turning the Ka-14 into the A5M, submitted a minimally changed aircraft as the Ki-33, this being defeated by Nakajima's competing aircraft, which was ordered into service as the Ki-27.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: The aircraft entered service in early 1937, and soon saw action in aerial battles at the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, including air-to-air battles with the Republic of China Air Force's Boeing P-26C Model 281 "Peashooters" in the world's first aerial dogfighting and kills between monoplane fighters built of mostly metal.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: Chinese Nationalist pilots, primarily flying the Curtiss Hawk III, fought against the Japanese, but the A5M was the better of almost every fighter aircraft it encountered. Though armed with only a pair of machine-guns, the new fighter proved effective and damage-tolerant, with excellent manoeuvrability and robust construction. Later on A5M's also provided much-needed escorts for the then-modern but vulnerable Mitsubishi G3M bombers.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: The Mitsubishi team continued to improve the A5M, working through versions until the final A5M4, which carried an external underside drop tank to provide fuel for extended range.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: The A5M's most competitive adversary in the air was the Polikarpov I-16, a fast and heavily armed fighter flown by both Chinese Air Force regulars and Soviet volunteers. Air battles in 1938, especially on 18 February and 29 April, ranked among the largest air battles ever fought at the time. The battle of 29 April saw 67 Polikarpov fighters (31 I-16s and 36 I-15 bis) against 18 G3Ms escorted by 27 A5Ms. Each side claimed victory: the Chinese/Soviet side claimed 21 Japanese aircraft (11 fighters and 10 bombers) shot down with 50 Japanese airmen killed and two captured having bailed out while losing 12 aircraft and 5 pilots killed; the Japanese claimed they lost only two G3Ms and two A5Ms shot down with over 40 Chinese aircraft shot down.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: 104 A5M aircraft were modified to accommodate a two-seater cockpit. This version, used for pilot training, was dubbed the A5M4-K. K version aircraft continued to be used for pilot training long after standard A5Ms left front-line service.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: Almost all A5Ms had open cockpits. A closed cockpit was tried but found little favor among Navy aviators. All had fixed, non-retractable undercarriage. Wheel spats were a feature of standard fighters but not training aircraft.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: The Flying Tigers encountered the Type 96, although not officially, and one was shot down at Mingaladon airfield, Burma on 29 January 1942.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: Some A5Ms remained in service at the end of 1941 when the United States entered World War II in the Pacific. US intelligence sources believed the A5M still served as Japan's primary Navy fighter, when in fact the A6M 'Zero' had replaced it on first-line aircraft carriers and with the Tainan Kōkūtai in Taiwan. Other Japanese carriers and Kōkūtai (air groups) continued to use the A5M until production of the Zero caught up with demand. On 1 February 1942, the US carrier "USS Enterprise" launched air-strikes at Japanese air & naval bases on Roi and Kwajalein Atolls in the Marshall Islands. During these actions, Mitsubishi A5Ms shot down three Douglas SBD dive-bombers, including the aircraft of Lt-Cdr Halstead Hopping, CO of VS-6 Squadron. The last combat actions with the A5M as a fighter took place at the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7 May 1942, when two A5Ms and four A6Ms of the Japanese carrier fought against US aircraft that sank their carrier.


title: Mitsubishi A5M

text: No restored or flightworthy A5Ms are known to be in existence. The one A5M known to exist is a disassembled one underwater in the sunken ship "Fujikawa Maru" in Chuuk Lagoon in Micronesia, along with a number of disassembled Mitsubishi A6M Zeros.


title: Vasundhara Das

text: Vasundhara's films include "Hey Ram" (Tamil/Hindi), "Monsoon Wedding" (English), "Citizen" (Tamil), "Ravana Prabhu" (Malayalam), "Lankesh Patrike" (Kannada) and several others.


title: Vasundhara Das

text: She was born into a Hebbar Iyengar family on 27 October 1977 in Bangalore, Karnataka to Kishen Das and Nirmala Das. She studied at Cluny Convent High School, Bangalore, Sri Vidya Mandir, Bangalore and Mount Carmel College, Bangalore, graduating in economics, Statistics and Mathematics.


title: Vasundhara Das

text: She began training in Hindustani classical music at the age of six under her grandmother Indira Das, who ran a music school on the top of their house. She then joined the Lalit Kala Academy, and later studied under Pandit Parameshwar Hegde, her Guru. In her college days, she was a lead singer of a girl band and was soprano in the college choir. In an interview, she states that – "I got booed off the first time I sang on stage". She speaks Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, English, Malayalam, Hindi and Spanish.


title: Vasundhara Das

text: In 1999, Vasundhara debuted as an actor with Kamal Haasan in the film "Hey Ram". She played the lead actress alongside Mohanlal in the Malayalam movie "Raavanaprabhu" (2001), with Ajith Kumar in the Tamil movie "Citizen" (2001) and with Darshan in the Kannada movie "Lankesh Patrike". She also starred in Mira Nair's movie "Monsoon Wedding" (2001).


title: Vasundhara Das

text: She worked with playback singing career with A. R. Rahman's Tamil film "Mudhalvan", for which she sang the song "Shakalaka Baby", which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil 2001.


title: Vasundhara Das

text: She was a founding member of "Arya", a world music band that performed in Europe and America, and broke up in 2004. She has composed music at her Bangalore-based studio, "The Active". She has also been involved in several independent projects such as Channel V Jammin', BBC's HIV awareness anthem for India "Har Kadam", Mission Ustaad, Global Rhythms, Nylon Soundz, and "The Shah Hussain Project", a collaborative album with Sufi singer Mir Mukhtiyar Ali.


title: Vasundhara Das

text: She has a French single out in France called "L'ete Indien" in collaboration with Paris-based Agrumes Studio.


title: Vasundhara Das

text: In 2013, she initiated an event, "Community Drumjam" at the MG Road metro station, Bangalore. It has since been run monthly by the Rangoli Metro Art Center, and Drumjam, a Western music company she co-founded and is running with her husband.


title: Vasundhara Das

text: In 2016, she conducted a drum jam session for the India national cricket team for their team building exercise initiative.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: Friday the 13th: The Series is a fantasy horror television series that ran for three seasons, from October 3, 1987, to May 26, 1990, in first-run syndication. The series follows Micki and Ryan, inherited owners of an antiques store, which they learn is cursed from Jack Marshak only after they have sold all of the cursed antiques. The trio then work together to try and recover them to put them back into the safety of the shop's vault.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: Originally, the series was to be titled "The 13th Hour", but producer Frank Mancuso Jr. thought this would turn away viewers and instead took the name "Friday the 13th" to deliberately draw in audiences. Despite this title, the series has no story connections to the film series of the same title, as Jason Voorhees does not make an appearance, nor does any character connected to the films.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: The series and the films have several cast and crew ties, however. The show's producer, Frank Mancuso Jr., was producer of the film series from "Friday the 13th Part 2" (1981) until the final installment distributed by Paramount ("" in 1989, a year before the TV series ended). One of the show's stars, John D. LeMay, went on to star in "", guest star John Shepherd played Tommy Jarvis in "", and episode director David Cronenberg appeared in "Jason X". Fred Mollin, Rob Hedden, and Tom McLoughlin worked behind the scenes of both series.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: An antique dealer named Lewis Vendredi (played by R.G. Armstrong; "Vendredi" means "Friday" in French) has made a deal with the Devil to sell cursed antiques out of his shop, "Vendredi's Antiques", in exchange for wealth, magic powers, and immortality. In the show's first episode ("The Inheritance"), tired of being merely an obedient puppet for the Devil, Lewis rebels against the Devil and breaks the deal, thus being killed and having his soul claimed by the Devil for it.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: After Lewis' death, his shop is inherited by his niece, Micki Foster (played by Louise Robey, credited without her first name, as "Robey") and her cousin by marriage, Ryan Dallion (played by John D. LeMay). They decide not to keep the store, and sell off many of the cursed antiques before being stopped by Jack Marshak (played by Chris Wiggins). Jack was Lewis' friend, a retired world-traveller and occultist who originally collected many of the antiques for Vendredi before they became cursed.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: The series follows the protagonists as they hunt down the cursed antiques, which are usually in the possession of people who have discovered their magic powers and are unwilling to give them up. In some cases the object is in the possession of the one who originally discovers its magic power ("The Inheritance", "What a Mother Wouldn't Do"), while in others (e. g. "Tales of the Undead", "A Cup of Time", "Vanity's Mirror", "Read my Lips", "The Mephisto Ring", "The Prisoner") another person has learned of the object's power and obtained it before the object is recovered. Since the cursed antiques are completely indestructible, they must be locked away in a vault beneath "Curious Goods" (the rechristened antique store) that is designed to magically render the objects inert. A manifest, written by Lewis, holds the records of all the cursed objects sold by him.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: Most of the stories in the series deal with people using the cursed objects' magic for personal gain or for revenge. To use the objects' magic powers, a human sacrifice is required, and the victim must be killed by the object itself or in some particular manner related to the object's history. In many episodes, the benefits are only temporary and owner is forced to keep using the object to regain or retain them ("A Cup of Time", "Master of Disguise", "Spirit of Television", "Face of Evil", "Better Off Dead", "The Sweetest Sting"). In some cases, attempting to abandon the object subjects the owner to some unendurable or fatal affliction ("Stick It in Your Ear", "Read My Lips"). Some objects are sentient and intelligent, such as the doll ("The Inheritance") and the radio ("And Now the News"). Others do not actually speak but demonstrate intelligence and awareness in other ways ("Spirit of Television", "The Playhouse") or confer intelligence on other inanimate things ("Read My Lips", "Double Exposure", "Wax Magic"), or summon intelligent, malevolent entities ("The Pirate's Promise", "Femme Fatale", "Shadow Boxer", "Demon Hunter"). Still others function without intelligence, mechanically dispensing a certain benefit in response to human sacrifice ("Root of All Evil", "The Mephisto Ring", "The Prisoner", "Brain Drain"). Occasionally, there would be an object-free episode in which the trio would confront their uncle's spirit or some other Satanic evildoer ("The Prophecy", "Hellowe'en", "Wedding in Black").


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: Like other sci-fi/horror shows in syndication in the late 1980s (such as "War of the Worlds" and "Freddy's Nightmares"), "Friday the 13th: The Series" pushed the limits of "acceptable content", featuring violence on par with that of the R-rated horror movies of the time. Certain episodes such as "Night Prey" also depicted a level of sexuality that was taboo for network television.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: The second season saw the introduction of Johnny Ventura (played by Steve Monarque). He helps recover the relics and eventually replaces Ryan permanently in the third season. A romantic interest between Johnny and Micki is hinted at, but not realized.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: "Friday the 13th: The Series" was created by Frank Mancuso Jr. and Larry B. Williams originally under the title of "The 13th Hour"; the series ran for 72 episodes. Mancuso Jr. never intended to link the television show directly to the "Friday the 13th" film series, but utilize "the idea of "Friday the 13th", which is that it symbolizes bad luck and curses". The creators wanted to tie-in Jason's trademark hockey mask to the series, but the idea was discarded so that the show could have a chance to exist on its own. Mancuso Jr. was afraid that mentioning any events from the films would take the audience away from "the new world that we were trying to create". The decision to name the show "Friday the 13th", over the original title, was made because Mancuso Jr. believed a ""Friday the 13th"" moniker would better help to sell the show to networks. Filming took place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. "Friday the 13th: The Series" aired in first-run syndication, initially in a late-night spot; the success of the series as a late-night show prompted some broadcasting stations to move it to prime time. Produced on a budget estimated below $500,000 per episode, the first season placed second in the male 18- to 49-year-old demographic, just behind Paramount's "". In addition, the first season placed fifth in the female 18- to 49-year-old demographic.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: The first two seasons had 26 episodes apiece. However the third season was cut short due to the abrupt decision to cancel the show. The cast and crew were informed about the ending of the series while they were filming the 20th episode of the third season, which ended up being the series finale. The cancellation was so sudden that they were unable to film more episodes or more scenes that would provide some kind of closure.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: The series was broadcast on Tele 5 in Spain in 1991 under the title of "Misterio para tres". In Greece, the series was broadcast on ANT1 and Makedonia TV under the title "To mystirio tis Paraskevis" (The mystery of Friday) and in Germany under the title "Erben des Fluchs" (Heirs to the Curse). It was also broadcast in Indonesia on TVRI from 1990 to 1991 every Thursday night and on RCTI from 1992 to 1996 every Friday night. In Finland, the series was known as "Aaveita ja kummituksia" (Ghosts and Ghoulies) and broadcast by MTV3.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: All three seasons have been issued on DVD in the US (CBS/Paramount, region 1, later repackaged and reissued as "The Complete Series"), Germany (CBS/Paramount, region 2) and Australia (Umbrella Entertainment, region 4). The first season has also been issued as a Spanish bootleg DVD set (Resen, regions 1-6).


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: "Friday the 13th: The Series" was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 1988 and 1989 for Visual and Graphic Effects. The series won two silver plaques in Chicago for the episodes "Scarlet Cinema" and "The Sweetest Sting". In 1990 the series was nominated by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films as Best Series. The series was nominated twelve times for writing, editing, directing, production design, acting, sound and music by the Gemini Awards in Canada.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: There is a popular rumor that the last episode was to unite the movie and television franchises by having the final item recovered be the hockey mask belonging to Jason Voorhees. This remains unfounded and while there was talk about having a hockey mask on one of the sets as an in-joke, there was never any serious intention to mix the film series into the television series.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: The series, about a group of individuals rooting out evil supernatural occurrences, created a mold which many later series fit into. "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Angel", and "The X-Files" all have many episodes which revolve around the team recovering cursed artifacts. The 2009 Syfy original series "Warehouse 13" has been accused of "borrowing" much from "Friday the 13th: The Series." The show stars two agents, Myka Bering (Joanne Kelly) and Peter Lattimer (Eddie McClintock), led by older, wiser Arthur "Artie" Nielsen (Saul Rubinek) as they collect artifacts, powerful items which are "imbued with human energy" and have supernatural powers. These artifacts are stored in the warehouse, safely hidden from both the public and those who would make use of the artifacts for evil or selfish purposes. However, the artifacts featured in the "Warehouse 13" series are not evil by nature nor cursed, do not require a human sacrifice in order for them to function, and can be destroyed.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: "Curious Goods: Behind the Scenes of Friday the 13th: The Series" by Alyse Wax, a retrospective focusing on the television series, was released in October 2015 by BearManor Media.


title: Velle (film)

text: Velle () is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language crime comedy film directed by Deven Munjal, written in an adaptation by Pankaj Kumar on the basis of a story by first assistant director Harish Dinkar, and produced by Aarushi Malhotra, Nandini Sharma and Rajnish Khanuja under Intercut Entertainment, with Ajay Devgn FFilms as presenter. A remake of the 2019 Telugu film "Brochevarevarura", the film stars Abhay Deol, Mouni Roy, Karan Deol, debutantes Savant Singh Premi and Visshesh Tiwari, Anya Singh, Mahesh Thakur, Zakir Hussain, and Rajesh Kumar in pivotal roles, and follows a plot involving a script narration on one end and four immature kids trying to correct a plan gone wrong on the other. The film was released on 10 December 2021.


title: Velle (film)

text: Riya, a school principal's daughter and her gang of high school friends, Rahul, Rambo, and Raju, lead carefree lives full of mischief. However, when she's warned away from the others by her father, the group decides to teach him a lesson. Elsewhere, Rishi, a writer, plans to narrate a film to budding actress Rohini, who develops an attraction towards him.


title: Velle (film)

text: Filming started from 10 July 2021 in Gautam Budh Nagar UP. A majority of filming took place in Greater Noida and Noida and the shoot was completed in August 2021.


title: Velle (film)

text: The music was composed by Rochak Kohli, Jasleen Royal, JAM8, and Yug Bhusal. Lyrics were written by Siddharth–Garima, Bipin Das, Vayu, and Aditya Sharma.


title: Velle (film)

text: Hiren Kotwani from The Times of India gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and summed up saying, "The first half seems to be taking the film’s title too seriously and is a little too ‘chilled out’ and meandering. It’s only at the interval point when more things happen, and the movie moves into higher gear. And the second half more than makes up for the ‘vellapanti’-filled first and also keeps you glued to the screen proceedings even though you half-anticipate them."


title: Marvel Rising

text: Marvel Rising is an American media franchise which was produced by Marvel Animation from 2018 to 2019, based on characters from Marvel Comics. The franchise focused on the Secret Warriors, a diverse team of teenage superheroes who must band together to defend the world from powerful threats.


title: Marvel Rising

text: The franchise was first announced in December 2017 and consists of a television film, a series of shorts and Marvel Comics books to be announced later with additional television specials scheduled to follow.


title: Marvel Rising

text: The franchise was launched with a series of comic books, beginning in April 2018 with "Marvel Rising" No. 0 for free, with following monthly issues starting in June. A series of six four-minute shorts, titled "Marvel Rising: Initiation", were released on August 13, 2018 in advance of the television film, "", which premiered on September 30, 2018. On August 23, 2018, the film's theme song, "Born Ready", was released on Walt Disney Records' YouTube channel.


title: Marvel Rising

text: Following the premiere of "Secret Warriors", on October 2, 2018, Marvel announced two new "Marvel Rising" specials, "Chasing Ghosts" and "Heart of Iron", for future release. March 2019 saw the release of the next short film series, "Marvel Rising Ultimate Comics" and a self titled comic book mini-series for the franchise. At the March 2019 WonderCon, Marvel announced three additional specials, "Battle of the Bands", "Operation Shuri", and "Playing With Fire", to be streamed on Marvel HQ YouTube channel later in the year.


title: Marvel Rising

text: A series of six four-minute shorts, titled "Marvel Rising: Initiation", were released in advance of the film. The shorts focus on Ghost-Spider, who is on the run after being framed for the murder of her friend Kevin while Quake and Patriot, as well as Ms. Marvel and Squirrel Girl, attempt to bring her in. Written by Mairghread Scott, "Initiation" aired on August 13, 2018, on Disney XD. The episodes are grouped into three arcs: a Gwen Stacy solo, a Ms. Marvel/Squirrel Girl team-up, and a S.H.I.E.L.D. pursuit.


title: Marvel Rising

text: The main entry in the franchise, "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors", was announced alongside the franchise in December 2017. The film tells the story of how the Secret Warriors are initially drawn together following a string of Inhuman-related violence, and must work together to stop Hala the Accuser and her Kree forces.


title: Marvel Rising

text: The movie was first announced on December 7, 2017, and aired on September 30, 2018. Joe Quesada, Dan Buckley, Cort Lane, and Eric Radomski executive produce the film, with Stan Lee, Sana Amanat, and Marsha Griffin credited as co-executive producers. It was written by Mairghread Scott, with Alfred Gimeno as supervising director.


title: Marvel Rising

text: The first two specials "Chasing Ghosts" and "Heart of Iron" were announced by Marvel on October 2, 2018, following the premiere of "Secret Warriors"; these specials revolve around the Secret Warriors settling unfinished business with their enemies from the film.


title: Marvel Rising

text: The next three specials, "Battle of the Bands", "Operation Shuri", and "Playing With Fire", were later announced at the March 2019 WonderCon; these specials introduced new villains to the series.


title: Marvel Rising

text: Announced in February 2019, a series of six animated videos were released on the Marvel HQ YouTube channel from February 20, 2019 to March 27, 2019. The shorts are between six and seven minutes long and were released weekly. Titled "Marvel Rising Ultimate Comics", the videos combine comic book-style art with digital motion effects. The first is subtitled and features Ms. Marvel going up against Loki when he interrupted her field trip.


title: Marvel Rising

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 83%, with an average rating of 7.0/10, based on 6 reviews.


title: Marvel Rising

text: Meagan Damore of "CBR.com" called "Marvel Rising: Initiation" "full of charm and spunk," writing, ""Marvel Rising: Initiation" is a fun, approachable series filled with characters that will make viewers instantly fall in love. Existing fans will find a lot to like here, but even those unfamiliar with these characters will have no problem immersing themselves in this world. Like Cameron said in an earlier interview with CBR, the animated series truly has something for everybody. "Marvel Rising: Initiation" is a must for Marvel fans." Kevin Yeoman of "Screen Rant" described ""Marvel Rising: Initiation" as a "series of episodic shorts with an emphasis on inclusivity," stating, ""Initiation" lives up to its title, offering an entertaining beginning to a much larger story, one that puts a welcome emphasis on themes of inclusion and empowerment for a younger audience. But, like with Marvel’s other animated offerings, there’s still plenty for older viewers to enjoy as well. From the action-heavy storytelling to the obvious connection with the larger (animated) MCU, "Marvel Rising: Initiation" has a little something for everyone, from the hardcore Marvel-ites to those in search of heroes they can relate to."


title: Marvel Rising

text: Paige S. Allen of "IGN" gave "Marvel Rising: Initiation" a grade of 8 out of 10, stating, ""Marvel Rising: Initiation" shines as a promising introduction to Marvel’s next class of superheroes, which is made up by richly-characterized female leads. While some viewers might lament the series’ watered-down adaptation of its source material, or find that other shows have better mastered its themes, overall Marvel Rising: Initiation has enough enjoyable material to keep new and seasoned fans alike interested in the forthcoming Marvel Rising universe." Emily Ashby of "Common Sense Media" gave "Marvel Rising: Initiation" a grade of 4 out of 5 stars, complimented the depiction of positive messages and role models, citing diversity, thoughtfulness, and cleverness, asserting, " Most of the heroes introduced in this story are females, and the diversity that's evident in their personalities and physical appearances challenges the concept that TV superheroes must look and sound alike (i.e., be thin and shapely and fight crime in skimpy outfits)."


title: Marvel Rising

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 100%, with an average rating of 7.5/10, based on 7 reviews.


title: Marvel Rising

text: Kevin Yeoman of "Screen Rant" called "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors" an "entertaining animated film," saying, "The movie makes a good go of telling a larger story within the confines of a feature-length runtime. There are concessions to be made, however, and they mostly have to do with Kamala’s home life and the development of America Chavez, whose introduction and origin story feel too hasty for what the character deserves. With any luck this won’t be the last fans see of these "Secret Warriors", and Disney XD will have another chance to make these characters shine." Megan Damore of "CBR.com" described "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors" as a "fluid transition from the "Marvel Rising: Initiation" shorts," writing, "With vibrant characters, a heartwarming story and a killer soundtrack, "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors" is a joy to watch. In a post-"Avengers: Infinity War" world, "Secret Warriors" is like a shot in the arm, brimming with hope and heart. It's rare to find a project so genuine and candid these days, and "Secret Warriors" manages to pull this off without feeling cheesy or over-sentimental. Even when the credits roll on the feature, it doesn't feel like the end -- not even close. Instead, "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors" feels like the bold beginning of a new era for Marvel Animation."


title: Marvel Rising

text: Chelsea Steiner of "The Mary Sue" referred to "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors" as an "entertaining, warm-hearted celebration of diversity and inclusion," asserting "The story of a young superhero struggling to understand and master their powers is not a new one (we’ve had nearly a dozen Spider-Man films covering this terrain), but seeing two girls (one a woman of color) navigating the experience is refreshingly original. The film is packed with powerful female characters, but the story is centered on the friendship between Kamala and Doreen. Kamala’s hesitancy and reserve make her a great foil for the upbeat and wildly optimistic Doreen." Emily Ashby of "Common Sense Media" gave "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors" a grade of 4 out of 5 stars, praised the depiction of positive messages, citing teamwork and perseverance, and complimented the presence of role models, stating the film depict leading and inspiring female characters, while noting the diverse ethnicity across the characters, stating, "The characters' emotional evolution from insecure and standoffish teens to powerful gears in the Secret Warriors machine involves strong themes about self-identity, confidence, cooperation, and embracing one's own uniqueness. Another plus? This Marvel installation makes heroes of several female characters (yay!) who don't fit the archetypal physical template of traditional heroines and bring body type diversity to the mix (double yay!)."


title: Charlotte de Witte

text: Charlotte de Witte (born 21 July 1992) is a Belgian DJ and record producer, best known for her "dark and stripped-back" brand of minimal techno and acid techno music. She has previously performed under the alias Raving George. She is the founder of the label KNTXT.


title: Charlotte de Witte

text: de Witte was born in Ghent, Belgium on 21 July 1992. Around 2009, she started to explore Ghent's underground nightclub scene, where she was drawn to electronic music. She started DJing in 2010, mainly playing electro music; her production work commenced about two years later. Winning a Studio Brussel DJ contest in 2011, she subsequently performed at the Tomorrowland festival. She adopted the alias Raving George to avoid negative preconceptions against female DJs, releasing her debut EP in 2013. Following the release of a string of EPs on Bad Life and Crux Records, her 2015 single "You're Mine," which featured Oscar and the Wolf, became a hit.


title: Charlotte de Witte

text: In 2015, de Witte dropped her alias and started using her real name. Her debut EP under her name, "Weltschmerz", was released on the same year on Turbo Recordings. These were followed by a string of 2017 EPs, as well as 2018's "Heart of Mine" and "The Healer" EPs. de Witte has performed at various notable electronic music events, including Junction 2 Festival, Boiler Room and Printworks.


title: Charlotte de Witte

text: In 2019, she launched her own label, KNTXT. Artists such as Chris Liebing, Monoloc, Alignment have been welcomed to KNTXT.


title: Charlotte de Witte

text: On December 31, 2020, she performed at Tomorrowland, which was held online virtually due to COVID-19.


title: Charlotte de Witte

text: On February 5, 2021, she announced her engagement to Italian techno DJ and producer Enrico Sangiuliano via social media. On February 25, 2021, she performed online on open space at the ancient stadium of Messene, after being invited by the Onassis Foundation.


title: Charlotte de Witte

text: On April 29, 2021, she streamed in collaboration with Formula 1, from the Autodromo Internazionale del Mugello racetrack, ahead of her "Formula EP". de Witte is The World's No. 1 Techno DJ in DJ Mag's 100 DJs 2022 and No. 14 in 2022 main poll.


title: Bob Griese

text: Robert Allen Griese (pronounced ; born February 3, 1945) is a former American football quarterback who earned All-American honors with the Purdue Boilermakers before being drafted in 1967 by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins. Griese led the Dolphins to a then record three consecutive Super Bowl appearances, including two Super Bowl victories in VII and VIII. Griese was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1990. He later worked as a television commentator, calling NFL games for NBC Sports and college football for ESPN and ABC Sports. Griese is one of three quarterbacks from Purdue to win the Super Bowl (along with Len Dawson and Drew Brees).


title: Bob Griese

text: Griese was born in Evansville, Indiana to Ida (Ulrich) and Sylverious "Slick" Griese. Slick owned a plumbing company in Evansville and died in 1955 when Bob was ten years old. Bob played baseball primarily, and excelled as a pitcher. He also starred in basketball and football at Evansville's Rex Mundi High School. He earned 12 varsity letters for the Monarchs.


title: Bob Griese

text: In the summer of 1963, Griese led his American Legion Baseball team, Funkhouser Post #8 of Evansville, Indiana, to the American Legion Baseball World Series as the Region 5 champion. His team did not reach the finals, as the Arthur L. Peterson Post of Long Beach, California, won the title.


title: Bob Griese

text: He led the basketball team to the No. 1 ranking in Indiana during the 1962–63 season and a record of 19–3. He scored 900 points in his high school career and while being named All-Sectional, he could not lead the Monarchs past Evansville Bosse in the highly competitive Evansville IHSAA Sectional.


title: Bob Griese

text: The Monarchs were 15–5 during his Junior (9–1) and Senior (6–4) seasons, as he was named 1st Team All-City for three seasons. After being recruited by several colleges for football, Bob chose Purdue, where he majored in Management (Krannert School of Management) and became a three-sport star.


title: Bob Griese

text: Griese pitched for the Purdue baseball team, going 12–1 one season, played guard on the Purdue basketball team, and played quarterback, kicker, and punter for the Purdue football team. There are at least four football games in which Griese was in some way responsible for all of Purdue's points.


title: Bob Griese

text: As of the beginning of the 2016 NCAA football season, Griese ranks #10 in all-time scoring at Purdue; #5 in scoring among non-kickers and #4 among kickers. Griese's passing skills greatly improved under the tutelage of head coach Jack Mollenkopf and quarterback coach Bob DeMoss.


title: Bob Griese

text: In his junior year at Purdue in a game against the top-ranked Notre Dame, Griese completed 19 of 22 passes as he led the Boilermakers to an upset win.


title: Bob Griese

text: Griese was a two-time All-American at Purdue, finishing at No. 8 in the 1965 Heisman Trophy race and was the runner-up to Steve Spurrier for the 1966 Heisman Trophy. Purdue finished second in the Big Ten in 1966, and he led the school's first appearance in the Rose Bowl, where they defeated USC 14–13. He was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 1992. He was also awarded the Big Ten Medal of Honor for excellence in athletics and academics.


title: Bob Griese

text: Griese's achievements during his college career earned him induction into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1984. Purdue does not have a practice of retiring jersey numbers, but he was inducted as an inaugural member of the Purdue Intercollegiate Athletic Hall of Fame in 1994.


title: Bob Griese

text: On December 11, 2014, the Big Ten Network included Griese on "The Mount Rushmore of Purdue Football", as chosen by online fan voting. Griese was joined in the honor by Drew Brees, Rod Woodson and Leroy Keyes.


title: Bob Griese

text: Griese was selected by the AFL's Miami Dolphins as the fourth player in the 1967 Common Draft. Griese threw for 2,005 yards and 15 touchdowns his rookie year.


title: Bob Griese

text: Griese was an AFL All-Star his first two years with the Dolphins, and earned AFL All-Star or AFC-NFC Pro Bowl honors in six additional seasons. While he never put up huge numbers, his leadership played an important role in helping the Dolphins compete in three consecutive Super Bowls, winning the latter two contests.


title: Bob Griese

text: Griese started the season as the team's second-string quarterback behind John Stofa. When Stofa broke his ankle in the first quarter of the first game of the 1967 season, Griese stepped in and led the Dolphins to a 35–21 victory against the Denver Broncos. The 1967, 1968, and 1969 seasons were tough for the expansion Dolphins. After a difficult 1969 season that was worse than the 1968 season, coach George Wilson was fired.


title: Bob Griese

text: Dolphin owner Joe Robbie brought in Don Shula from the Baltimore Colts in 1970, and the team's personality and fortunes turned quickly. The Dolphins found a new discipline, and learned what it took to become a winning team. They went from a 3–10–1 record in 1969 to 10–4 in 1970, making the playoffs.


title: Bob Griese

text: In 1971 the Dolphins made it to the Super Bowl, losing 24–3 to the Dallas Cowboys. Griese was named the 1971 Newspaper Enterprise Association NFL Most Valuable Player award, and was awarded the Jim Thorpe Trophy.


title: Bob Griese

text: The 1972 season began with the Dolphins winning their first four games. In the fifth game of the season, Bob Griese was tackled hard by Deacon Jones and Ron East of the San Diego Chargers, and went down with a broken leg and dislocated ankle. Earl Morrall, fresh off the waiver wire from Shula's former team, the Baltimore Colts, guided the Dolphins through the rest of the regular season, and maintained an unbeaten record in the process. Morrall also led the NFL in five passing categories during this time, including passer rating. As the playoffs began, the Dolphins were not as strong as they needed to be to go deep into the postseason, barely winning against the Cleveland Browns, a team that they should have beaten easily. The second game of the playoffs the team got off to a slow start against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Shula asked Griese to relieve the ailing Morrall, simply asking Griese at halftime, “Are you ready?” Griese replied with, “Yes, I'm ready.” Griese took the field and completed 3 of 5 passes for 70 yards as the Dolphins beat the Steelers by a score of 21–17 to clinch their second straight Super Bowl appearance.


title: Bob Griese

text: Despite their unbeaten season, the Dolphins were listed as two point underdogs to the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl VII. Staying with the system that got them there, the Dolphins offense played a perfect ball control game. Griese connected on 8 of 11 passes for 88 yards and a touchdown, and Larry Csonka rushed for over 120 yards. Washington's only score was on a returned blocked field goal, and Miami won the game 14–7.


title: Bob Griese

text: In 1973 Griese led another strong Dolphins team, but they did not make it through the season undefeated. They reached the Super Bowl for the third consecutive season and defeated the Minnesota Vikings 24–7.


title: Bob Griese

text: In 1974, Griese and the Dolphins had an 11–3 regular-season record, but lost to the Oakland Raiders in the divisional round of the playoffs.


title: Bob Griese

text: In 1975, Griese and the Dolphins started strong, but late in the season in a game against the Baltimore Colts, Griese suffered a broken toe and was out for the rest of the season. The Dolphins finished a respectable 10–4, but missed out on the playoffs for the first time in the Shula era.


title: Bob Griese

text: In 1976, the Dolphins had many injuries, and the team finished the season at 6–8, the first time Don Shula ever suffered a losing season in his career.


title: Bob Griese

text: 1977 was a rebound year for both Griese and the Dolphins; he began to wear eyeglasses on the field. On Thanksgiving, 1977, Griese threw six touchdown passes in three quarters to defeat the St. Louis Cardinals 55–14. The Dolphins would set a franchise record for most points scored in one game with 55. Of note, the Dolphins would score eight touchdowns and accumulate 34 first downs. Bob again led the AFC in touchdown passes thrown but the Dolphins rebound to a 10–4 record was again not enough to get the team into the playoffs.


title: Bob Griese

text: The following year, Bob tore ligaments in his knee in a preseason game. However, when he came back, he was just as strong a passer as he had been the previous year. In one game against the Houston Oilers (nationally telecast as a marquee matchup on ABC's "Monday Night Football"), Griese dueled with Oiler running back Earl Campbell in an offensive slugfest. Griese threw for over 300 yards and Campbell rushed for nearly 200. The Oilers won the game 35–30. For the year, Griese completed a league-leading 63% of his passes, as the Dolphins went 11–5, losing again to the Oilers in the playoffs.


title: Bob Griese

text: In 1979, Bob suffered from some nagging leg injuries that affected his throwing. He was not as effective, and he began to hear some criticism. However, he was able to lead the Dolphins to a 10–6 record. The Dolphins then found themselves dominated by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Divisional round of the playoffs.


title: Bob Griese

text: In 1980, Griese had found that he had lost his starting spot in the roster to either Don Strock or rookie David Woodley. However, Griese came off the bench for several games in a row to lead comeback wins. Griese won back the starting spot in the fifth game of the season, but was tackled hard by Mike Ozdowski of the Baltimore Colts. The tackle tore up Bob's shoulder, and he was out for the rest of the year. The injury eventually led to Griese's decision to retire from the game at the age of 35. Bob was eventually elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1990.


title: Bob Griese

text: He had established his reputation as the “Thinking Man's Quarterback,” as he brilliantly called his own plays throughout his career. Dolphin owner Joe Robbie called him “the cornerstone of the franchise,” around whom the Miami Dolphins were built. Robbie elected to ask Griese to stay on for another year as assistant coach, which he did for the 1981 season, helping Strock and the young Woodley as they teamed to become the famous “Woodstrock.” Bob decided that he did not like the hours required to be an assistant coach, hoping to devote more time to his family, yet still enjoyed being part of the game. (Sources for Pro Football Career found in "Undefeated", by Bob Griese, 2000, and "The Winning Edge" by Don Shula, 1974.)


title: Bob Griese

text: The Miami Dolphins had the highest winning percentage in all professional sports in the 1970s, and Bob Griese was its starting quarterback throughout the decade, except when he was injured for several games in 1972, 1975, and 1978.


title: Bob Griese

text: In Griese's 14 pro seasons, he threw for 25,092 yards and 192 touchdowns. Griese also rushed for 994 yards and seven scores. Griese was a six-time Dolphins' MVP and was All-Pro in 1971 and 1977. He played in two AFL All-Star games and six Pro Bowls.


title: Bob Griese

text: The Dolphins retired his number 12 during a "Monday Night Football" game in 1985, telecast on ABC, the network which would prominently be featured in his post-football career.


title: Bob Griese

text: To stay in touch with the game, in 1982 Griese decided to take a job as an announcer for NBC Sports, teaming with Charlie Jones for NFL games. While there, he called Super Bowl XX.


title: Bob Griese

text: In 1987, Griese was hired by ABC Sports, where he began to provide color commentary for college football games.


title: Bob Griese

text: At ABC Griese had many opportunities to watch his son Brian Griese play for the Michigan Wolverines. ABC was at first reluctant to let Griese broadcast Michigan games, fearing a conflict of interest. But when they decided to give it a try, Bob remained as impartial and professional as he could be, even referring to his son as “Griese,” rather than Brian, and pointing out errors when he felt necessary.


title: Bob Griese

text: On January 1, 1998, Bob got to broadcast the Rose Bowl game, the last college game of his son's career. Brian was named MVP of the game, leading his Wolverines to an undefeated season and the national championship title with their Rose Bowl victory. Bob and Brian were emotional at that moment, as they thought of Bob's wife Judi, who had died from breast cancer in 1988 but whom they both felt was there at that special moment. Bob and Brian later wrote a book, entitled "Undefeated" (), which discussed not only their football connection, but also their love for Judi.