title: Borough

text: As part of a large-scale reform of local government in England and Wales in 1974, municipal boroughs were finally abolished (having become increasingly irrelevant). However, the civic traditions of many were continued by the grant of a charter to their successor district councils. As to smallest boroughs, a town council was formed for an alike zone, while charter trustees were formed for a few others. A successor body is allowed to use the regalia of the old corporation, and appoint ceremonial office holders such as sword and mace bearers as provided in their original charters. The council, or trustees, may apply for an Order in Council or Royal Licence to use the coat of arms.


title: Borough

text: From 1265, two burgesses from each borough were summoned to the Parliament of England, alongside two knights from each county. Thus parliamentary constituencies were derived from the ancient boroughs. Representation in the House of Commons was decided by the House itself, which resulted in boroughs being established in some small settlements for the purposes of parliamentary representation, despite their possessing no actual corporation.


title: Borough

text: After the 1832 Reform Act, which disenfranchised many of the rotten boroughs (boroughs that had declined in importance, had only a small population, and had only a handful of eligible voters), parliamentary constituencies began to diverge from the ancient boroughs. While many ancient boroughs remained as municipal boroughs, they were disenfranchised by the Reform Act.


title: Borough

text: The Local Government Act 1888 established a new sort of borough – the county borough. These were designed to be 'counties-to-themselves'; administrative divisions to sit alongside the new administrative counties. They allowed urban areas to be administered separately from the more rural areas. They, therefore, often contained pre-existing municipal boroughs, which thereafter became part of the second tier of local government, below the administrative counties and county boroughs.


title: Borough

text: The county boroughs were, like the municipal boroughs, abolished in 1974, being reabsorbed into their parent counties for administrative purposes.


title: Borough

text: In 1899, as part of a reform of local government in the County of London, the various parishes in London were reorganised as new entities, the 'metropolitan boroughs'. These were reorganised further when Greater London was formed out of Middlesex, parts of Surrey, Kent, Essex, Hertfordshire and the County of London in 1965. These council areas are now referred to as "London boroughs" rather than "metropolitan boroughs".


title: Borough

text: When the new metropolitan counties (Greater Manchester, Merseyside, South Yorkshire, Tyne and Wear, West Midlands, and West Yorkshire) were created in 1974, their sub-divisions also became metropolitan boroughs in many, but not all, cases; in many cases these metropolitan boroughs recapitulated abolished county boroughs (for example, Stockport). The metropolitan boroughs possessed slightly more autonomy from the metropolitan county councils than the shire county districts did from their county councils.


title: Borough

text: With the abolition of the metropolitan county councils in 1986, these metropolitan boroughs became independent, and continue to be so at present.


title: Borough

text: Elsewhere in England a number of districts and unitary authority areas are called "borough". Until 1974, this was a status that denoted towns with a certain type of local government (a municipal corporation, or a self-governing body). Since 1974, it has been a purely ceremonial style granted by royal charter to districts which may consist of a single town or may include a number of towns or rural areas. Borough status entitles the council chairman to bear the title of mayor. Districts may apply to the British Crown for the grant of borough status upon advice of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.


title: Borough

text: In Northern Ireland, local government was reorganised in 1973. Under the legislation that created the 26 districts of Northern Ireland, a district council whose area included an existing municipal borough could resolve to adopt the charter of the old municipality and thus continue to enjoy borough status. Districts that do not contain a former borough can apply for a charter in a similar manner to English districts.


title: Borough

text: In the United States, a borough is a unit of local government or other administrative division below the level of the state. The term is currently used in seven states.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: Lee Hong-gi (; born March 2, 1990), also known mononymously as Hongki, is a South Korean singer, actor, and media personality. He is best known as the front man of rock band F.T. Island. In 2015, Lee debuted as a solo artist with the releases of his first Korean extended play "FM302" and his first Japanese album, "AM302". As an actor, Lee started his career by starring in children drama "Magic Kid Masuri" (2002). He later successfully transitioned to adult role and participated in various television dramas, notably ""You're Beautiful"" (2009) and "A Korean Odyssey" (2017).


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: Before Lee Hong-gi debuted as a singer with the band F.T. Island, he was a child actor, making his acting debut in 2002 with KBS2 TV series "Magic Kid Masuri" as Masuri's friend Kim Ji-hoon. This children drama gained popularity among elementary school students during its run. He was also featured in EBS children drama "Kkangsooni", where he played the character of Eo Soo-bong, and sang for the drama's OST.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: In 2008, he was offered the lead role in "Master of Study", the Korean adaptation of Japanese drama "Dragon Zakura". "Master of Study" should have aired in the beginning of 2009 but due to preproduction difficulties, the drama was postponed to the beginning of 2010 which led FNC Entertainment to refuse Lee's role because of his busy schedule with the band.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: Lee then played Lysander in a Korean musical theatre version of "A Midsummer Night's Dream", where he showcased his singing, acting and dancing skills. In 2009, after a five-year break, he made his acting comeback and took the role of the quirky but loveable drummer Jeremy in "You're Beautiful". To promote the drama, he also contributed solo tracks to the OST, such as "Promise" and "Still/As Ever." He received a New Star Award at the 2009 SBS Drama Awards for his performance. "You're Beautiful" recorded modest ratings in South Korea, but it became an international success and with it, Lee's worldwide popularity increased.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: In April 2011, Lee starred in the TBS Japanese drama "Muscle Girl!" opposite Yui Ichikawa. This was followed by a 90-minute Korean-Japanese co-production titled "Noriko Goes to Seoul", in which he played a young aspiring singer who meets an older woman (Takashima Reiko) who inspires him through hardships to achieve his dream.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: In June 2013, he made his big screen debut in the movie "Rockin' on Heaven's Door" (Korean title: "Passionate Goodbye"), with Baek Jin-hee, in which Lee portrayed as a rebellious music star who is sent to work in a hospice.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: Lee began filming "Bride of the Century" with Yang Jin-sung. He went on a four-week rest after he dislocated his shoulder and suffered facial fractures during December 2013. He resumed shooting in January 2014, and the drama aired that February.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: Lee also starred in SBS "Modern Farmer" alongside Park Min-woo, Lee Ha-nui, and others. The drama aired from October 18, 2014 to December 21, 2014, at 20:40 on Saturdays and Sundays.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: Lee decided to pursue a career in singing after he starred in "Kkangsooni", for which he sang a song for the soundtrack. At the end of the drama, he performed the song live on stage. He was 13 years old at that time. Impressed by his powerful vocal ability, a few music agents approached him, not wishing to waste his talent for singing. Then-fledgling label company FNC Music signed Lee and fully trained him to become the lead singer of F.T. Island.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: In 2015, Lee announced through social media that he was working on both a Korean and Japanese album, which was released in November and December respectively. The mini Korean album was revealed to be FM302, and the album was released on November 18, 2015, while the Japanese album was revealed to be AM302, and it was released on December 9, 2015. 'FM302' combines the radio terminology frequency modulation (FM) with Lee's birthday which is on March 2, to create the effect of his own radio frequency that resonates his music across the world. The title song "Insensible" is a ballad track and it tells the sad story of a man who is unable to forget his previous love. The music video was published on November 18, 2015. The lead actress of the music video is actress "Park Shin-hye". Prior to his official music video release, a showcase was organised. Upon the release of FM302, it topped both Naver's real-time search chart, as well as Hanteo sales chart. The album still retained its position next week, selling more than 19,000 albums within two weeks. Moreover, six days after the release of the album, Lee won first place on SBS MTV's "The Show" for the first time. The album charted at No. 2 on Gaon Chart's national physical albums ranking, as well as No. 5 on the Gaon Social Chart in the 3rd week of November.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: On the other hand, the music video for the lead single of the Japanese album "AM302", "モノローグ (Monologue)", was published on November 11, 2015 on F.T. Island's Official Japanese YouTube channel. The Japanese album contained some tracks from the Korean album FM302, but was translated into Japanese. The album is also available in three different sets, namely, the original version, Primadonna version (for fans), and the limited edition DVD version. Upon release, it charted at #4 in the Oricon charts.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: On May 21, 2015, "Dal Shabet" official YouTube channel uploaded a video titled "Joker" in Rock Version. The video was a collaboration with Lee and Subin singing Joker in rock version. It was believed that the two decided on a collaboration when Lee and Subin met on Hello Counselor.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: In recent years, Lee has also begun composing music, contributing the songs "Black Chocolate" and "Orange Sky" to F.T. Island's Japanese album "Rated FT", as well as the title track "Memory" and the song "Always With You" on F.T. Island's Korean mini-album "Thanks To", "Siren" from their album "The Mood" and title song "Wind" from their album "Over 10 Years" . He also composed Japanese songs "On My Way", "Just Please" and "Born to be a Rock n Roller".


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: Lee started his own fashion brand 'Skullhong' in June 2014. He designs accessories, jewelry and various nail products. It was originally based in Seoul, but has since expanded its business to Hong Kong, and Tokyo, Japan.


title: Lee Hong-gi

text: On September 30, 2019, Lee began his mandatory military service, becoming the first F.T. Island member to enlist. Lee was discharged on April 18, 2021.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Gladiators is a British television sports entertainment game show. An adaptation of the American programme and its format, "American Gladiators", and was produced by LWT for ITV and broadcast from 10 October 1992 to 1 January 2000.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: The programme's format sees four contestants, two male and two female, compete in a series of physical events against the show's "Gladiators", eventually competing in one final event, with contestants aiming to secure a place in the grand final and be crowned champion for their respective series. There were no prizes awarded to the winner in any episode, until the final. The show was presented by Ulrika Jonsson throughout its original run, alongside John Fashanu (1992–96, 1999–2000) and Jeremy Guscott (1997–98), with John Sachs providing commentary on each event, and John Anderson refereeing the contests. A group of cheerleaders also accompanied the show, known as the "G-Force".


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: The success of the British series spawned further adaptations in Australia and other countries, while a children's version for the UK, entitled "", was also created and broadcast on CITV between September 1995 and March 1998. A revival of "Gladiators" was produced for Sky 1 and aired between May 2008 and October 2009. A second revival is set to be broadcast on BBC One and BBC iPlayer in 2023.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: The series involves contestants battling against a 'Gladiator' in a number of events to secure points for the final event, The Eliminator. Typically, four contenders would appear in each episode, two male (Red and Blue) and two female (Pink and Yellow), and each contender would compete in five or six events, depending on the series or time constraints.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: In each event, the contenders will score a number of points, usually ten for a win. Typically, both male and female contenders would compete in the same events; however, during series six, this format was removed, and female contenders would play easier games, whilst the male contenders would play more difficult games. Once all five or six games are played, the number of points is totalled and the contestant with the highest number of points gets a headstart in The Eliminator assault course with every point ahead of their competitor worth half a second. The winner of The Eliminator then goes on to compete in the next round.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: A typical series contains 15 episodes – eight heats, four quarter finals, two semi-finals and the grand final, apart from the first series, which consisted of nine episodes - six heats, two semi-finals and a grand final. Occasionally, a celebrity or charity special will be broadcast after the grand final. Mini series, such as the final season (series 8), would consist of three episodes - two heats and a grand final, whilst the two International series consisted of seven episodes - four heats, two semi-finals and a grand final.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Despite being made by London Weekend Television, all episodes of "Gladiators", "International Gladiators", the second series of "" and the first series of "" were recorded at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham, whose ITV provider was Central Television. The first series of "The Ashes" and "The Springbok Challenge II" were filmed at the locations of the Australian and South African series respectively.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: After series one, which had 6 events always in the same order; Atlaspheres, The Wall, Danger Zone, Swingshot, Hang Tough and Duel, the line-up changed from series to series, with new events being added every year and randomised. However 2 events never made it onto the televised show (Breakthrough & Conquer and Cyclotron). Over the years some were dropped due to safety reasons (Tilt, Joust, Pole-Axe and Pyramid) although the latter 2 returned with safety modifications and one just disappeared without any explanation despite being both popular with viewers and was not known to have caused any injuries (Pursuit).


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Over the course of the 8 domestic series, "Gladiators" had 3 main presenters. Former "TV-am" weather presenter Ulrika Jonsson was with the show from the first episode and in many ways was the main anchor due to her TV background. Despite having no hosting experience, footballer John Fashanu was given the role of male host of the series. For Series 6 and 7 he was replaced by rugby player Jeremy Guscott.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Both Cobra and Lightning were never originally intended to be Gladiators. Instead, they trained and entered as contestants, and it wasn't until hours before the first recording that it was decided two more Gladiators would be required for the series. This is the reason neither appear on the cover of the music CD that was released to accompany the series. They were both upgraded to full-time participants in show three, and both remained until the very end of the programme.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Applicants who wanted to take part in the show had to go through rigorous fitness tests before they were selected to take part. Footage of several of the tests was broadcast during behind-the-scenes segments during both the first and second series.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Notable competitors on the show include future British 400-metre hurdler Chris Rawlinson, Wales International Rugby Union winger Glen Webbe, female wrestler Non Evans (who appeared only once during the sixth series) and cage fighter Alex Reid during the seventh series.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Most competitors achieved brief local fame, but series three women's champion Eunice Huthart earned great recognition, and briefly presented late night television before becoming Angelina Jolie's stunt double in Hollywood films. Several competitors from the show's history later went on to appear on "Total Wipeout", the most notable being series seven contestants Colm Curran and Micah Hudson.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Series 5 winner Mark Mottram went on to become a professional stuntman and was Pierce Brosnan's stunt double in the James Bond films. He appeared in "Batman" (as Heath Ledger's double). He is married to Debbie Carpeter Mottram, who was a cheerleader he met on "Gladiators". Series 1 winner Weininger Irwin appeared in the BBC Two series "Back in Time for Brixton" in November 2016, in which a family experience 50 years of black British history; in one episode, he and his family watched his victory in the first series final.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: John Anderson has been the head official. Before every event he called: "Contender ready! Gladiator ready!. " similar to his American counterpart, Larry Thompson, but he added a countdown, "Three! Two! One!" before starting the game. During celebrity specials Anderson took a more light-hearted attitude to the show such as adapting his call to "Little contender ready!" when Willie Carson took part.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: John had an assistant on the show, known as the "Official Timekeeper". The role was predominately filled by Andrew Norgate, who was also an associate producer, from the second series on 18 September 1993 to the eighth series on 1 January 2000. Norgate was replaced by athlete Derek Redmond for series 3 (1994) and Eugene Gilkes for series 6 (1997) and also for the 1998 Springbok Challenge series; his arch-nemesis is male gladiator Wolf.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: In the late 1990s, when the popularity of the programme began to wane, a spin-off entitled "Gladiators: Train 2 Win" was produced and was broadcast on CITV in 1996, based on "Gladiators 2000", the children's version of "American Gladiators". The show featured two teams of children, each captained by a gladiator (varying each week) which sought to gain the most points. Some of the games differed from those on the parent show; for example, the "Eliminator" round was more similar to the "Pursuit" round (though it still featured the famous "Travelator").


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Season seven (1998) saw an overhaul; two new male Gladiators joined the team, Diesel and Vulcan. Vulcan was the "bad boy" of the Australian version of the show and was brought in to be a rival for Wolf. Behind the scenes aspects were added including clips of the contenders selections and training as well as clips showing the contenders choosing which Gladiator they would face on a certain game via coin toss. Three new games were introduced; Catapult, Dogfight and Vertigo. This was the most new events introduced in a single season since 1994. However, all three failed to go down well with viewers. As well as the three new games, three established events (Powerball, Pendulum and Gauntlet) had rule changes.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Another change was the Gladiators' costumes; the emblems (bow for Hunter, playing cards for Ace etc.) were removed and a standardised outfit was brought in: red for females and blue for males. The actual "cut" of each gladiator costume remained the same from the previous season. The basic design was part of the word "Gladiators" written in black on each outfit.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Despite the changes, viewing figures continued to drop and the series was axed on 11 February 1999. However, LWT agreed to film another four episodes for ONdigital, the recently launched digital terrestrial television platform. These episodes were filmed in spring 1999 and saw the return of original host John Fashanu. These consisted of a three-part mini-series which saw previous winners compete to be crowned "Supreme Gladiators Champion" and a one off special entitled "Battle of the Giants" where male gladiators competed against each other for the title of "Ultimate Gladiator". The honour went to Hunter (James Crossley).


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Similarly to the very first series, each episode more or less contained the same games - Powerball, The Wall (female contenders), Swingshot (male contenders), Gauntlet, Hang Tough and Duel, the only changes were that the male contenders played Atlaspheres instead of Swingshot in the second heat and Whiplash was played instead of Gauntlet in the Battle of the Giants special.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: The four episodes were first broadcast back-to-back on 29 May 1999 on First ONdigital, an exclusive free channel on the ONdigital platform for special events and programmes. The episodes were then shown nationally on the ITV network over the Christmas season, across four successive Saturday nights from 11 December 1999 to 1 January 2000. The ITV broadcast of the final episode on Millennium Day 2000 attracted just over six million viewers.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: For four years a series of 'live' shows were played in the Spring ahead of the recording of the televised series. These shows were used to roadtest new event concepts and new Gladiators.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: The first set of live shows was used to roadtest three new potential events ahead of the televised series. One of the events, Tilt, would be used in the televised series with little modification. Joust was also roadtested in this series with pugil sticks being used but the sybikes were much larger and lower to the ground than the events ultimate appearance in the televised series. A third new event taken from the American series, Breakthrough And Conquer, was also roadtested but would not be taken forward. An 'updated version' of Duel on a rocking suspension bridge using pugil sticks was also played and this format would be modified and played as a new game called Suspension Bridge in the 1993 televised series. Atlaspheres, The Wall and the Eliminator were also played.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Three new Gladiators, Bullit, Trojan and Zodiac were included in these shows. For unknown reasons Bullit did not appear in the televised series (though would finally appear in a Legends episode of the 2008 revival series). These shows would be the last to feature Flame, Phoenix and Hawk who were dropped before the 1993 televised series.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Some of the contenders from these shows went on to be in the televised shows. One of the contenders, Tammy Baker, would later become a Gladiator, Fox, from 1997 onwards.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Highlights from these shows were shown in a preview episode to the 1993 series and whilst footage of him playing was included, there was no specific reference to Bullit (or Flame, Phoenix and Hawk).


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: This set of live shows saw the entire 1993 team return. Cobra suffered an ankle injury during the shows and had to be sidelined. Only one new event was roadtested in this series, Cannonball Run, which was later used in the 1994 televised series under the name Hit & Run. Atlaspheres, The Wall, Powerball, Hang Tough, Duel and The Eliminator were also played.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Four new Gladiators were introduced in these shows over Easter 1995, with Raider, Rhino and Vogue going on to take part in The Ashes series in Brisbane shortly afterwards before taking part in the 1995 televised series. The third new Gladiator, Blaze, was the 1994 female champion and International Gladiators 1 champion Eunice Huthart. However following these shows, Huthart wanted to compete as a UK challenger for The Ashes series and stepped down as a Gladiator.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Unlike the other live shows, these shows took place in Sheffield Arena which was smaller than Wembley Arena. Pendulum had been intended to be roadtested in these shows but the arena was too small to fit the safety net. Instead Joust was played despite it being one of the least used events in the televised series and only making one appearance in the 1995 televised series before being axed. Powerball, Pyramid and Atlaspheres were also played, with Saracen injuring his knee during Powerball.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: The final set of live shows saw the introduction of Ace, Rebel and Rio as Gladiators – all of whom would go on to appear in that years televised series. Jet would suffer an injury during Pyramid in which she fell awkwardly trapping nerves in her neck and she retired from competition after this event. Amazon, who herself had picked up an injury on Pyramid to her knee, would quit between these shows and the 1996 televised series. Pyramid itself would be axed following both these injuries and a leg injury to Rhino during filming of the event on International Gladiators 2 the year before.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Sumo Ball was roadtested in these shows and would feature as the only new event of the 1996 televised series. Other events played were Atlaspheres, Powerball, Gauntlet, Hang Tough and the Eliminator.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: In 1997 and 1998 a short segment of Gladiators was introduced to the Royal Tournament event at Earls Court after London Weekend Television won the broadcasting rights from the BBC. Duel would feature in the 1997 Royal Tournament and Pursuit featured in the 1998 Royal Tournament despite it having been axed after the 1996 series. Hunter was the only gladiator to take part in the 1997 Royal Tournament (since Duel was his best event). For its Royal Tournament appearance, Pursuit saw a ten-second headstart (rather than three) for the contenders with the course being a sprint round a cone, web trap (over), low wall, web trap (under), hand ladder, high wall, sprint round a cone, spaghetti junction (used in the Eliminator in 1996) and sprint finish. The balance beam and wire bridge from the televised series course were not used. Fox, Rocket, Khan and Hunter took part in the shows despite Rocket and Khan not appearing in the 1998 series and the Gladiators (except Hunter) not having had chance to play Pursuit in the televised series.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: During the show's first three seasons, popular model makers Hornby made a selection of action figures and playsets based on the show.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: The first wave of figures consisted of Jet (B800), Shadow (B801), Wolf (B802), Saracen (B803), Cobra (B804), Warrior (B805) and generic figures of a Male Contender (B806) and Female Contender (B807). The first wave of playsets included Duel (B821, which contained American-style Ramrods), Atlasphere Attack (B822, which contained a yellow Atlasphere and a Wolf figure), Danger Zone (B823, with Warrior figure), Atlasphere Challenge (B824, blue and red Atlaspheres with Cobra and Male Contender figures), Super Duel (B825, with Shadow and Male Contender figures), and The Ultimate Challenge (B826, which contains all of the above). B823 was due to include a Hawk Action figure, but due to his departure from the show, a figure was never released.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: The second wave of figures included Trojan (B815), Hunter (B816), Zodiac (B817) and Panther (B818), as well as revised versions of Jet (B800) and Wolf (B802). A second wave of playsets included The Wall (B827).


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: A final wave of figures were released for the first International Gladiators series. These consisted of a revised version of Hunter, and figures of Hawk (United States), Terminator (Finland) and Dynamite (Russia). In 1995, McDonald's gave away an exclusive range of figures through a Happy Meal promotion. These consisted of new models of Trojan, Wolf, Jet, Lightning, and the previously unreleased Rhino. Notably, many of the moulds for the Hornby series were shipped over to Australia, and reused for a range of Australian Gladiators figures. While the Male Contender remained the same, Taipan has an identical head to Wolf, and Vulcan shares an identical head to Saracen. Figures of Tower, Commander, Condor and Hammer were also released, along with an identical 'Duel' playset.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: Along with these popular models and play sets everything from plates to clocks were released. Two CD and Audio Tape compilations were released during the early years of the show, containing tracks such as Holding Out for a Hero, We Are Family & The Boys Are Back in Town, as well as the instrumental music used during events and a 3 Minute version of the programme's opening theme song.


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: During the show's first four series, a number of VHSes were released by Clear Vision (with some released through their Silver Vision label). These contained episodes, specials or other material exclusive for home release. Many quickly sold out and are rare. The following VHS releases are available:


title: Gladiators (1992 British TV series)

text: In July 2022, it was reported that the BBC were in talks with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, who hold the rights to the original format, to relaunch the show on BBC One. According to sources the BBC plans to relaunch the series in 2023, with filming taking place in Sheffield, northern England. In August 2022, it was confirmed that the format would return to British television in 2023 and would be produced by Hungry Bear Media and MGM Television. In addition, this will be the second time the show has been rebooted since the first one was for Sky One in 2008.


title: Sicilian pizza

text: Sicilian pizza is pizza prepared in a manner that originated in Sicily, Italy. Sicilian pizza is also known as "sfincione" (; ) or focaccia with toppings.


title: Sicilian pizza

text: This type of pizza became a popular dish in western Sicily by the mid-19th century and was the type of pizza usually consumed in Sicily until the 1860s. It eventually reached North America in a slightly altered form, with thicker crust and a rectangular shape.


title: Sicilian pizza

text: Traditional Sicilian pizza is often thick crusted and rectangular, but can also be round and similar to the Neapolitan pizza. It is often topped with onions, anchovies, tomatoes, herbs and strong cheese such as caciocavallo and toma. Other versions do not include cheese.


title: Sicilian pizza

text: The Sicilian methods of making pizza are linked to local culture and country traditions, so there are differences in preparing pizza among the Sicilian regions of Palermo, Catania, Siracusa and Messina.


title: Sicilian pizza

text: The "sfincione" (or "sfinciuni" in Sicilian language) is a very common variety of pizza that originated in the province of Palermo. Unlike Neapolitan pizza, it is typically rectangular, with more dough, sauce and cheese. An authentic recipe often calls for herbs, onion, tomato sauce, strong cheese and anchovies. The sauce is sometimes placed on top of the toppings to prevent it from soaking into the thick dough.


title: Sicilian pizza

text: In the province of Siracusa, especially in Solarino and Sortino, the "pizzòlu" is a kind of round stuffed pizza.


title: Sicilian pizza

text: In the province of Catania the traditional "scacciata" is made in two different ways: a first layer made of dough covered, within the city, by a local cheese ("tuma") and anchovies or, in the region around Catania, by potatoes, sausages, broccoli, and tomato sauce. In both cases a second layer of dough brushed with eggs covers everything. Also in the region of Catania, in Zafferana Etnea and in Viagrande a typical "pizza siciliana" is a fried calzone stuffed with cheese and anchovies.


title: Sicilian pizza

text: In the province of Messina, the traditional "piduni" is a kind of calzone stuffed with endive, toma cheese, tomato and anchovies. There is also the "focaccia alla messinese", prepared with tomato sauce, toma cheese, vegetables and anchovies.


title: Sicilian pizza

text: In the United States, "Sicilian pizza" is used to describe a typically square variety of cheese pizza with dough over an inch thick, a crunchy base, and an airy interior. It is derived from the "sfinciuni" and was introduced in the United States by the first Italian (Sicilian) immigrants. Sicilian-style pizza is popular in Italian-American enclaves throughout the northeastern United States, including Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and also Michigan (which would influence Detroit-style pizza). In some parts of coastal Massachusetts and New Hampshire, it is also known as "beach pizza" because of its prevalence along the Route 1A corridor. A similar dish, perhaps often overlapping or confused with sfincione, is tomato pie.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: Gauntlet is a 1985 fantasy-themed hack-and-slash arcade game developed and released by Atari Games. It is noted as being one of the first multiplayer dungeon crawl arcade games. The core design of "Gauntlet" comes from 1983 Atari 8-bit dungeon crawl game "Dandy", which resulted in a threat of legal action. It also bears striking similarities to the action-adventure maze game "Time Bandit" (1983).


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: The arcade version of "Gauntlet" was released in November 1985 and was initially available only as a dedicated four-player cabinet. Atari distributed a total of 7,848 arcade units. In Japan, the game was released by Namco in February 1986. Atari later released a two-player cabinet variant in June 1986, aimed at operators who could not afford or did not have sufficient space for the four-player version.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: The game is set within a series of top-down, third-person, orthographic mazes where the object is to find and touch the designated exit in every level. An assortment of special items can be located in each level that increase the player's character's health, unlock doors, gain more points, and give magical potions that can destroy all of the enemies on screen.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: Each player controls one of four playable fantasy-based characters: Thor, a warrior; Merlin, a wizard; Thyra, a valkyrie; or Questor, an Elf. The characters are named on the cabinet artwork, but in-game they are referred only by the title of their classes. Each character has his or her own unique strengths and weaknesses. For example, the warrior is strongest in hand-to-hand combat, the wizard has the most powerful magic, the valkyrie has the best armor, and the Elf is the fastest in movement. The characters are assigned by control panel in the four-player version, whereas in the two-player version each player selects their own character at the start of the game or while joining during the middle of play.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: The enemies are an assortment of fantasy-based monsters, including ghosts, grunts, demons, lobbers, sorcerers, and thieves. Each enters the level through specific generators, which can be destroyed. While there are no bosses in the game, the most dangerous enemy is Death, who can only be destroyed by using a magic potion—otherwise Death will vanish automatically after it has drained a certain amount of health from the player.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: As the game progresses, higher levels of skill are needed to reach the exit, with success often depending on the willingness of the players to cooperate by sharing food and luring monsters into places where they can be engaged and slaughtered more conveniently. While contact with enemies reduces the player's health, health also slowly drains on its own, thus creating a time limit. When a character's health reaches zero, that character dies. The character can be revived in place with full health by spending a game credit—inserting a coin in the arcade—within a certain short time window after it died. This allows even the least proficient players to keep playing indefinitely, if they are willing to keep inserting coins. However, each player's final score will be divided by the amount of credits they used to play, resulting in an average.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: Aside from the ability to have up to four players at once, the game is also noted for the narrator's voice, which is produced by a Texas Instruments TMS5220C speech chip. The TMS5220C speech was encoded by Earl Vickers. The narrator (voiced by Ernie Fosselius) frequently makes statements repeating the game's rules, including: "Shots do not hurt other players, yet", "Remember, don't shoot food", "Elf shot the food", and "Warrior needs food, badly". The narrator occasionally comments on the battle by saying, "I've not seen such bravery" or "Let's see you get out of here". When a player's life force points fall below 200, the narrator states, "Your life force is running out", "Elf needs food", or "Valkyrie is about to die".


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: The control panel for the four-player cabinet is wider than other standard uprights in order to accommodate four people at the same time. Each player has an eight-way joystick and two buttons: one for "fire" (ranged attack) and one for "magic". The "magic" button also starts the game. After "Gauntlet"s release, other games started using this design, so it was a popular conversion target for newer games after it had its run.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: Originally called "Dungeons", the game was conceived by Atari game designer Ed Logg. He claimed inspiration from his son's interest in the paper-based game "Dungeons & Dragons" and from his own interest in the 1984 four-player dungeon crawl for the Atari 8-bit family, "Dandy".


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: The game's development spanned from 1983 to 1985, with a team being led by designers Ed Logg and Roger Zeigler. The working title became legally unavailable in April 1985, so it was renamed "Gauntlet" in May. Based upon some of the most elaborate hardware design in Atari's history to date, it is the company's first coin-operated game that features a voice synthesizer chip.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: Another game which "Gauntlet" bears a striking resemblance to is "Time Bandit" (1983), especially its Atari ST version released in 1985, which led to claims of one possibly being a "clone" of the other. However, "Time Bandit" designer Harry Lafnear stated that his game was based on Konami's earlier arcade game "Tutankham" (1982), and that he only found out about "Gauntlet" after the Atari ST version was completed in late 1985. He believes neither game copied each other, but that their similarities stem from being inspired by earlier "maze shoot 'em up" titles such as "Tutankham". In 2008, "Retro Gamer" magazine called "Tutankham" "an early "Gauntlet"".


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: Ed Logg, the co-creator of "Asteroids" and "Centipede", is credited with the original game design of "Gauntlet" in the arcade version, as well as the 1987 NES release. After its release, John Palevich threatened a lawsuit, asserting that the original concept for the game was from "Dandy", a game for the Atari 8-bit family written by Palevich and published in 1983. The conflict was settled without any suit being filed, with Atari Games doing business as Tengen allegedly awarding Palevich a "Gauntlet" game machine. While he is credited with "special thanks" through 1986, Logg is entirely removed from credits on later releases and as of 2007 Logg claims no involvement with the NES game. "Dandy" was later reworked by Atari Corporation and published for the Atari 2600, Atari 7800, and Atari 8-bit family as "Dark Chambers" in 1988.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: "Gauntlet" was ported to MS-DOS, Apple II, Macintosh, MSX, Nintendo Entertainment System, Apple IIGS, Sega Master System, Atari ST, Commodore 64, Atari 8-bit family, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum and the PlayStation 1 console as part of . A X68000 version was under development by M2, before being showcased to Tengen and released as "Gauntlet IV" for Sega Genesis.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: The NES version was developed and published by Tengen, Atari Games' consumer software publishing division, and was released in 1988, was the very first title to be developed in the United States for the NES.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: "Gauntlet: The Deeper Dungeons" is an expansion pack for the original computer ports of "Gauntlet" with 512 new levels. It was released in 1987 by the British company U.S. Gold in the UK and Europe, and Mindscape in the United States for the Amstrad CPC, MSX, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum ports of "Gauntlet". It was developed by Gremlin Graphics.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: Many of its levels were entries in a competition throughout Europe in which ten winners were awarded prizes, a "Gauntlet" T-shirt and a copy of the program for their computers. The contest was announced in the instructions of many of the ported games. The levels are presented randomly and its artwork is the side panel artwork of the arcade cabinet with only the main characters shown. The enemies were removed from the image and replaced with a pink background.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: Reviewers noted that the levels were much harder than those in the original game, although the consensus was that it was not quite as good as the first game or the newly released arcade sequel.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: The game was highly profitable upon its November 1985 launch in North America, reportedly earning one San Mateo, California arcade operator $15,000 in sixteen weeks and another Canadian operator US$4,500 in nine days. In the United States, it topped the monthly "RePlay" upright arcade cabinet chart in December 1985, and topped the "Play Meter" arcade video game charts from January 1986 to March 1986; after being displaced by Sega's "Hang-On" in April, "Gauntlet" returned to the top spot in May. "RePlay" listed it as the second highest-grossing arcade video game of 1986 in the United States, below "Hang-On", while AMOA listed it as the year's highest-earning dedicated arcade cabinet. Atari ultimately sold a total of 7,848 "Gauntlet" video game arcade cabinets.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: In Japan, "Gauntlet" was a commercial success for Namco. At a Japanese trade show in late 1985, the game drew large crowds and set record earnings for an Atari arcade cabinet. "" listed "Gauntlet" on their March 15, 1986 issue as being the second most-popular upright/cockpit arcade game for the previous two weeks, below Sega's "Space Harrier", before "Gauntlet" topped the chart in April. It went on to be Japan's third highest-grossing upright/cockpit arcade game during the first half of 1986 (below "Hang-On" and "Space Harrier"), and the sixth highest during the second half of the year. It was Japans's fourth highest-grossing upright/cockpit arcade game of 1986 (below "Hang-On", "Space Harrier" and "Pole Position II").


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: In the United Kingdom, the home computer conversions topped the UK sales chart in December 1986. It went on to sell more than 200,000 copies in the UK by 1987, and over 300,000 copies .


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: The arcade game received a positive review from Clare Edgeley of "Computer and Video Games" upon release. Yung Min Choi reviewed the home computer conversion of "Gauntlet" with "Demon Stalkers" for "Computer Gaming World", and stated that "in reality, players who crave this type of action will not be disappointed with either game". "Entertainment Weekly" picked the game as the 14th-greatest game available in 1991, saying: "There have been sequels to this game, but nothing matches the original "Gauntlet", an innovative, fast-playing mix of mazes, monsters, and magic spells".


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: The Macintosh version of the game was reviewed in 1989 in "Dragon" No. 150 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game four out of five stars. "Compute!" praised the Macintosh version's sound effects. "Computer and Video Games" praised the accuracy of the Amstrad version, and said that it had "great graphics, good sounds, and perfect playability". "Crash" praised the smooth and fast scrolling, and the longevity, with "Avenger" being listed as the only alternative. In their Master System review, "ACE" said that people of all ages could quickly master the controls and tasks. The Spectrum version was the biggest-selling game of 1986, and was voted number 38 in the "Your Sinclair" Readers' Top 100 Games of All Time.


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: More than a decade after release, the "Official UK PlayStation Magazine" noted that they "spent many a night hunched over a fag-stained "Gauntlet" machine", but said that the limitations had become apparent in the late 1990s. "Next Generation", while not including the game in their "Top 100 Games of All Time", noted in the intro that "for the record, "Gauntlet" was number 101". In 1995, Flux magazine rated the game 89th on their "Top 100 Video Games." In 1996, GamesMaster ranked Gauntlet 18th in its "Top 100 Games of All Time."


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: At the 1986 Golden Joystick Awards in London, "Gauntlet" won Game of the Year, and was runner-up in the category of Arcade Game of the Year. It also received a Smash Hit award from "ZX Computing" magazine. It also won "Best Audio Enhancement in a Video Game" and "Most Innovative Video Game" at the 1986 Amusement Players Association's Players Choice Awards; the overall Game of the Year award went to the arcade version of "Super Mario Bros."


title: Gauntlet (1985 video game)

text: The arcade original was followed by a 1986 sequel, "Gauntlet II", which was followed by further sequels on home platforms, including "", "", and "Gauntlet IV". The arcade series was revived with "Gauntlet Legends" in 1998, which itself saw the sequels "Gauntlet Dark Legacy" and "". The original "Gauntlet" arcade game is included in "Midway Arcade Treasures" (2003) for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows.


title: Hannah Reid

text: Hannah Felicity May Reid (born 30 December 1989) is the English lead singer, keyboardist and songwriter of the indie pop band London Grammar.


title: Hannah Reid

text: Reid grew up in Acton, and went to school in West London. She received vocal training, and wanted to pursue psychoanalysis as a career, working as a hairdresser and in a bar, before going to university. She was initially planning to pursue acting after earning a drama scholarship. Reid was studying art history and English at the University of Nottingham where she met guitarist Dan Rothman in a residence hall. Together with Rothman and Dominic 'Dot' Major, she started the band London Grammar in 2009.


title: Hannah Reid

text: Hannah's battle with stage fright has been widely reported; in an interview she said about being on stage “(...)sometimes the nerves don't lift at all, and I just feel horrible, and panicky throughout.” To help combat this phobia, she started practising Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT). She was caught in the middle of a Twitter polemic after the Radio 1 Breakfast Show sent out a sexist tweet about her appearance. Reid is also known for her expansive vocal range and emotive contralto voice.


title: Ted Healy

text: Ted Healy (born Charles Ernest Lee Nash; October 1, 1896 – December 21, 1937) was an American vaudeville performer, comedian, and actor. Though he is chiefly remembered as the creator of The Three Stooges and the style of slapstick comedy that they later made famous, he had a successful stage and film career of his own and was cited as a formative influence by several later comedy stars.


title: Ted Healy

text: Sources conflict on Healy's precise birth name and birthplace, but according to baptismal records, he was born Ernest (or Earnest) Lea Nash on October 1, 1896, in Kaufman, Texas, to Charles McKinney Nash and Mary Eugenia (McGinty) Nash. He attended Holy Innocents School in Houston before the family, including his elder sister, Elizabeth Marcia Nash (March 7, 1895 – October 31, 1972), who later appeared in two 1930s films in small roles under the stage name Marcia Healy ("The Sitter Downers" and "The Great Ziegfeld"), moved to New York in 1908. While in New York, he attended high school at De La Salle Institute. Nash initially intended to become a businessman but eventually decided on the stage.


title: Ted Healy

text: Nash made his first foray into show business in 1912 at the age of 15. Moses Horwitz (later known as Moe Howard) was his childhood friend and they joined the Annette Kellerman Diving Girls, a vaudeville act that included four boys. The act ended quickly after an accident on stage, and Nash and Howard went their separate ways. Nash developed a vaudeville act and adopted the stage name Ted Healy. Healy's act was a hit, and he soon expanded his role as a comedian and master of ceremonies. In the 1920s, he was the highest-paid performer in vaudeville, making $9000 a week. He added performers to his stage show, including his new wife, Betty Brown (Betty Braun), and his German shepherd dog.


title: Ted Healy

text: The Healys' revue toured, listed on the marquee as "Syncopated Toes", and when some of his acrobats quit in late 1923, Moe Howard answered the advertisement for replacements. Since Howard was not an acrobat, Healy cast his old friend as a stooge (a purported member of the audience who is picked, ostensibly at random, to come onstage). In the routine, Howard's appearance would end with Healy losing his trousers.


title: Ted Healy

text: Howard's brother Shemp joined the act as a heckler in early 1924, but both Howards temporarily retired from show business by mid 1925. Ted and Betty were hired in June 1925 to star in the Broadway revue "Earl Carroll Vanities of 1925." Ted brought some of the routines he developed with the Howard brothers, using three comics under contract to Carroll, (Dave Chasen, Kenneth Lackey, and Lou Warren). After a contract dispute whereby it was determined that Carroll was in the wrong, Ted and Betty left "Vanities" in October 1925 with Lou Warren and relaunched their "Syncopated Toes" revue, now retitled "Fun in the Healy Manner". By January 1926 Shemp Howard had returned, and they successfully toured the country through the summer of 1926. Ted and Betty received another Broadway opportunity, this time from the Shubert Brothers, who hired them for "The Passing Show of 1926", with Ted bringing Shemp and Lou along. "Passing" only enjoyed a preview tour and did not open on Broadway, but the Shuberts and Healy retooled the show into the successful "A Night in Spain", with Phil Baker joining the Healys as its stars. For "Spain", Ted utilized four stooges in some scenes: Shemp, Lou Warren, brother-in-law Sam "Moody" Braun, and Dick Hakins. Arriving on Broadway in May 1927 after four months of successful previews, Hakins fell ill and was replaced by comedy/specialty dancer Bobby Pinkus. In November 1927, "Spain" began a national tour with four months at Chicago's 4 Cohans Grand Opera House. Larry Fine, who had been working as the lead performer and house MC at Chicago's Rainbo Gardens nightclub and restaurant, was added to Healy's group of comics in late March 1928.


title: Ted Healy

text: The Shuberts hired Ted to star in their new show "A Night in Venice". Moe Howard returned to show business and joining Ted at his home in Connecticut to develop some comedy bits for the revue, which began rehearsals in January 1929. Shemp Howard also returned, but Larry Fine was in Atlantic City with his wife, waiting for the birth of his daughter. Healy hired comedy xylophonist Fred Sanborn in Fine's place. Circa mid February, Fine joined the "Venice" cast.


title: Ted Healy

text: During the run of "A Night in Spain", Ted and Betty performed a song-and-dance stage act in nightclubs and other theaters after the evening show; but the Healys split in 1928. Ted came up with the idea to spotlight his stooges in a new act, with the emphasis on comedy and slapstick humor. Concurrent with their performances in "Venice", Healy booked his troupe in additional shows as '"Ted Healy & His Southern Gentlemen" and later as "Ted Healy & His Racketeers". "A Night in Venice" had a brief road tour after Broadway and closed in March 1930.


title: Ted Healy

text: Fox Films hired Healy to costar in the film "Soup to Nuts" (filmed in July 1930), and Ted brought Moe, Shemp, Larry, and Fred Sanborn with him. In late August 1930, the Stooges and Healy parted ways after a dispute over a movie contract. Sanborn began a solo career, and the remaining trio began performing on their own, using such monikers as "The Three Lost Soles" and "Howard, Fine, and Howard," and often incorporated material from previous Healy shows. Healy attempted to sue the Stooges for using his material, but the copyright was held by the Shubert Theatre Corporation, for which the routines had been produced, and the Stooges had the Shuberts' permission to use it.


title: Ted Healy

text: Healy hired replacement stooges—Eddie Moran (soon replaced by Richard "Dick" Hakins), Jack Wolf (father of sportscaster Warner Wolf), and Paul "Mousie" Garner—in early 1931. This group appeared with Healy in two Broadway plays, "The Gang's All Here" and "Billy Rose's Crazy Quilt".


title: Ted Healy

text: Moe, Larry, and Shemp rejoined Healy's act in late July 1932, but Shemp left on August 19 to pursue a solo career and was replaced by his younger brother, Curly Howard. The switch from Shemp to Curly happened very quickly, and on August 27, 1932, only eight days after Shemp departed, "Ted Healy with Howard, Fine & Howard" premiered Curly at the RKO Palace in Cleveland, Ohio. The new lineup's personal appearances headlined many of the prime nightclubs and movie palaces nationally for the next several months. In late spring 1933, Ted was contracted by MGM, and the act once more headed to Hollywood, this time to stay. Over the next year, Ted's comedy team appeared in several MGM shorts and even supported stars like Clark Gable and Joan Crawford in features like "Dancing Lady". On his own, Healy was given major roles in MGM features such as "Bombshell" with Jean Harlow and "Operator 13" with Marion Davies and Gary Cooper. In March 1934, Fine and the Howards permanently and amicably parted professional ways with Ted Healy and began working at Columbia Studios as "The Three Stooges."


title: Ted Healy

text: Healy appeared in a succession of films for MGM from 1934 to 1937 and was also loaned to 20th Century-Fox and Warner Bros. for films by those companies, playing both dramatic and comedic roles. One of his films, "Mad Holiday" (1936), featured stooge Dick Hakins as his sidekick. In "San Francisco" (1936), a new lineup of "stooges" consisting of Jimmy Brewster, Red Pearson, and Sammy Glasser (Sammy Wolfe) filmed a scene with Healy, but it was omitted from the final release; a few production stills of them survive. Also, in the Technicolor short subject "La Fiesta de Santa Barbara (1935)", Jimmy Brewster briefly appears to 'stooge' with Healy. During this period, Healy took to wearing a toupée in public. His last film, "Hollywood Hotel" (1937), was released a few days after he died.


title: Ted Healy

text: Healy's first wife was dancer and singer Betty Brown (born Elizabeth Braun), whom he married in 1922, one week after they met. The couple worked together in vaudeville, then divorced in 1932 after Brown sued socialite Mary Brown Warburton (the granddaughter of business tycoon John Wanamaker) for "alienation of her husband's affections".


title: Ted Healy

text: Healy's second marriage was to UCLA coed Betty Hickman. After introducing himself, Healy proposed immediately, and the couple became engaged the following day. They were married in Yuma, Arizona, on May 15, 1936, after a midnight elopement by plane. Hickman was granted a divorce on October 7, 1936, which was nullified after a reconciliation. Their son, John Jacob, was born on December 17, 1937, four days before Healy's death.


title: Ted Healy

text: Healy died on December 21, 1937, at the age of 41, after an evening of celebration at the Trocadero nightclub on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles. He was reportedly celebrating the birth of his son, an event he had eagerly anticipated, according to Moe Howard. "He was nuts about kids", wrote Howard. "He used to visit our homes and envied the fact that we were all married and had children. Healy always loved kids and often gave Christmas parties for underprivileged youngsters and spent hundreds of dollars on toys."


title: Ted Healy

text: The circumstances surrounding his death remain a matter of some controversy. An MGM spokesman initially announced the cause as a heart attack, but the presence of recent wounds—a cut over his right eye and a "discolored" left eye—combined with reports of an altercation at the Trocadero gave rise to speculation that he died as a result of those injuries.


title: Ted Healy

text: Healy's friend, writer Henry Taylor, told Moe Howard that the fight was preceded by an argument between Healy and three men whom he identified as "college fellows". The younger men allegedly knocked Healy to the ground and kicked him in the head, ribs, and abdomen. The wrestler Man Mountain Dean reported that he was standing in front of the Plaza Hotel in Hollywood at 2:30 a.m. when Healy emerged, bleeding, from a taxi. He related an "incoherent story" of being attacked at the Trocadero but could not identify his assailant. Dean contacted a physician, Sydney Weinberg, who treated Healy at the hotel. Another friend, Joe Frisco, then drove him to his home. Wyantt LaMont, Healy's personal physician, was summoned to the home the following morning when Healy began experiencing convulsions. Despite the efforts of LaMont and a cardiologist, John Ruddock, Healy died later that day. Because of the circumstances, LaMont refused to sign Healy's death certificate.


title: Ted Healy

text: A later source alleged that the three assailants were not college boys but rather actor Wallace Beery, producer Albert R. Broccoli, and Broccoli's cousin, agent/producer Pat DiCicco. While there is no documentation in contemporaneous news reports that either Beery or DiCicco was present, Broccoli admitted that he was indeed involved in a fist fight with Healy at the Trocadero. He later modified his story, stating that a heavily intoxicated Healy had picked a fight with him and the two had briefly scuffled and then shook hands and parted ways. In other reports, Broccoli admitted to pushing Healy, but not striking him.


title: Ted Healy

text: Following an autopsy, the Los Angeles County coroner reported that Healy died of acute toxic nephritis secondary to acute and chronic alcoholism. Police closed their investigation, as there was no indication in the report that his death was caused by physical assault.


title: Ted Healy

text: Healy was a prodigious spender; despite a weekly salary of $1,700 (), he died in debt. He indulged in numerous personal luxuries and paid his assistant performers' salaries out of his own pocket. He was also financially generous to friends when they were out of work; for example, while unemployed, Frisco lived at an expensive hotel on Healy's tab. Betty was left responsible for a multitude of liabilities, including hospital bills related to the birth of her son and Healy's medical care. She remained hospitalized for some time after Healy died, leaving their house unattended; as a result, it was burglarized and looted of everything of value.


title: Ted Healy

text: A trust fund was organized by friends and colleagues to provide financial support for Betty and her child. A fundraiser was also held, including a $10-per-plate dinner () and an auction of the Hollywood Hotel's ledger with hundreds of famous signatures, but Betty later asserted that she never received any proceeds from the fundraiser.


title: Ted Healy

text: Ted Healy is interred at Calvary Cemetery in Los Angeles, California, along with his mother and sister.


title: Ted Healy

text: In the decades that followed, many comedy stars, including Milton Berle, Bob Hope, and Red Skelton, cited Healy as a mentor and significant influence on their careers. "Back in 1925, Ted Healy took me aside and gave me some wonderful advice," Berle told Walter Winchell, in 1955. "'Milton, always play to the public. Never mind playing to the theatrical crowd. Don't try to impress the trumpet player in the pit. Entertain the people and you'll get rich and famous.'" Alex Gard's caricature of Healy was the first of several hundred displayed at Sardi's restaurant in New York City's Theater District.


title: Anne Watanabe

text: Watanabe's first high-profile modeling season was spring/summer 2007, in which she was featured in runway shows for Anna Sui, Diane von Furstenberg, Tommy Hilfiger, and Vivienne Tam, among others. She also walked for Baby Phat, Imitation of Christ, Karl Lagerfeld, Lacoste, Marc by Marc Jacobs, and Thakoon in subsequent seasons.


title: Anne Watanabe

text: Watanabe has been featured in print advertisements for Anna Sui and NARS Cosmetics. She was the main visual model for Sui's Secret Wish Magic Romance fragrancefor both print and video.


title: Anne Watanabe

text: On 23 January 2020, "Shūkan Bunshun" revealed that Watanabe's husband had been having an extramarital affair with actress Erika Karata since 2017, when Watanabe was pregnant with their third child, which was later confirmed by Higashide's agency. On 1 August 2020, Watanabe finalized her divorce with Higashide, promising that they'll work together to take care of the children.


title: Edin Terzić (footballer)

text: Edin Terzić (; born 30 October 1982) is a German-Croatian professional football coach and former player, who is currently the head coach of German Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund.


title: Edin Terzić (footballer)

text: Terzić was born in 1982 in Menden, West Germany to a working-class family that immigrated from Yugoslavia. He is of paternal Bosniak and maternal Croatian descent and holds Croatian citizenship. Terzić played at the fourth level of professional leagues in Germany during his playing career. He is an alumnus of Ruhr University Bochum where he studied Sports Science.


title: Edin Terzić (footballer)

text: Between 2010 and 2013, Terzić worked as a scout and assistant coach in the youth academy of Borussia Dortmund, reporting to then first team manager Jürgen Klopp. His older brother Alen also works as a scout for Borussia Dortmund and served as caretaker manager of Borussia Dortmund II during the 2019–20 Regionalliga West season.


title: Edin Terzić (footballer)

text: Terzić was an assistant coach of Slaven Bilić at Beşiktaş between 2013 and 2015 and at West Ham United from 2015 to 2017. His collaboration with Bilić started in 2012, when Terzić drafted and delivered a pre-game opponent analysis for Croatia's group stage match against Republic of Ireland at Euro 2012. Satisfied with the analysis, Bilić offered him to join him as assistant coach at Lokomotiv Moscow, however, the deal eventually fell through. Bilić offered Terzić once again to join him at Beşiktaş and Terzić accepted the offer after consulting with Borussia Dortmund. He followed him to West Ham United in 2015, but left the club two years later when Bilić was sacked on 6 November 2017.


title: Edin Terzić (footballer)

text: Since 2018, Terzić has held UEFA Pro Licence qualification, after graduating from an 18-month long course of The Football Association in England.


title: Edin Terzić (footballer)

text: Terzić returned to Borussia Dortmund in 2018 as an assistant coach of the first team after the appointment of Lucien Favre as coach. He took charge of the team along with his colleague Manfred Stefes for the 2018–19 encounter against TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, as head coach Favre missed the match due to illness. After Favre was sacked following a 5–1 loss against VfB Stuttgart in December 2020, Terzić was appointed interim manager until the end of the 2020–21 season. On 13 May 2021, Terzić won the 2020–21 DFB-Pokal with Borussia Dortmund. He was succeeded on a permanent basis by Borussia Mönchengladbach manager Marco Rose.


title: Edin Terzić (footballer)

text: Instead of returning to his position as assistant manager for the 2021–22 season, Terzić moved to the newly created position as technical manager. After Borussia Dortmund and Rose mutually agreed to part ways after the season concluded, Terzić was reappointed manager on a permanent basis, signing a contract until 2025.


title: Matt Chamberlain

text: Matthew Chamberlain (born April 17, 1967) is an American session musician, drummer, producer and songwriter.


title: Matt Chamberlain

text: Chamberlain was born in San Pedro, California on April 17, 1967. He began learning how to play the drums at 15 years old, taking lessons with David Garibaldi from the band Tower of Power. He attended North Texas State's music program, leaving after less than a year. After leaving college, he moved to Dallas, Texas and played with multiple bands, often taking on small gigs.


title: Matt Chamberlain

text: While in Texas, he was hired to play drums on tour with Edie Brickell & New Bohemians, and he recorded two records with the band before they broke up in 1991. At the time of hiring, Chamberlain was living next door to their bass player, Brad Houser.


title: Matt Chamberlain

text: He was the second drummer of the band Pearl Jam and played with them for about three weeks in the summer of 1991. He was in their music video for their song "Alive."


title: Matt Chamberlain

text: He has played with David Bowie, Elton John, Brandi Carlile, Fiona Apple, The Wallflowers, Macy Gray, Natalie Merchant, Tori Amos, Garbage and others.


title: Matt Chamberlain

text: In 2016, 2019 and 2021 he won "Modern Drummer" magazine's readers poll in the Studio Musician category. In 2014 he filled in for drummer Matt Cameron in Soundgarden. He played over 51 shows with them through South America, Europe and a co-headlining tour with Nine Inch Nails in the United States.


title: Matt Chamberlain

text: Chamberlain joined Bob Dylan's Never Ending Tour in 2019 and played on his 2020 release "Rough and Rowdy Ways". He was succeeded by Charley Drayton when Dylan resumed touring at the end of 2021.


title: Matt Chamberlain

text: with Slow Music Project (Bill Rieflin, Robert Fripp, Peter Buck, Fred Chalenor, Hector Zazou, Matt Chamberlain)


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Francesco Daniele Quinn (March 22, 1963 – August 5, 2011) was an Italian-born American actor. The first son of Oscar-winner Anthony Quinn and Iolanda Addolori (Anthony Quinn's second wife), Francesco is perhaps best known for his breakout role as Rhah in Oliver Stone’s Academy Award-winning "Platoon" (1986). However, his first major role in television was in the 1985 prime-time television miniseries "Quo Vadis?". His final role was the voice of the Autobot Dino (Mirage) in "".


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Francesco Quinn was born in Rome, Italy, the son of Anthony Quinn and second wife Iolanda Addolori, a noted costume designer to whom Anthony Quinn was married for 31 years. Quinn had Mexican, Irish, and Italian ancestry.


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Quinn appeared in many feature films including the New York Independent Film Festival winner "Placebo Effect". He acted with his father in several films, including "A Star For Two" with Lauren Bacall. The two Quinns also had the opportunity to share the role of Santiago in the 1990 mini-series "The Old Man and the Sea", son and father playing the character as a young and old man.


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Quinn sometimes played moody, dangerous characters, such as vampire Vlad Tepes in the 2003 direct to video alt-historical thriller "Vlad", and wandering warrior Thane Le Mal in the short film "The Gnostic". Like his father, Quinn also appeared in historical dramas, playing such roles as Latino Captain Salamanca in Steven Spielberg’s mini-series "Into the West" (2005) and a lead role in TNT's "Rough Riders" (1997) (TV). One of Quinn's earliest roles was as Marcus Vinicius in the 1985 mini-series "Quo Vadis?", co-starring with some major film actors of the 1980s.


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Later examples of Quinn's work included "Park", which won the audience award at 2007 CineVegas, and the short film "Muertas", starring America Ferrera. In 2007, he appeared as Ruben Vega in the Academy Award-nominated short film "The Tonto Woman", adapted from the Elmore Leonard short story.


title: Francesco Quinn

text: From 1999 to 2001, Francesco appeared on the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless" as Nina Webster's boyfriend, Tomas del Cerro, and was nominated for an ALMA Award (an award reserved for Latino/a performers) as Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Soap Opera for his work as Tomas Del Cerro, an aloof writer from New York.


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Quinn also appeared extensively in television guest-star roles in crime and thriller dramas. He was lead guest star in an episode of "JAG" (1995). On CBS's "The Fugitive", Quinn played Victor Gutierrez, a DEA agent with an edge, and played the recurring role of Islamic terrorist Syed Ali on Fox's series "24". Other TV guest starring roles occurred in "Criminal Minds", "ER", "", "The Glades", "Navy NCIS", "Alias", "Crossing Jordan", "In the Heat of the Night", "Miami Vice", "Red Shoe Diaries", "The Handler", "Soldier of Fortune", "Good vs. Evil", "Vengeance Unlimited", and "The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones". Quinn also portrayed the final criminal/villain, Guillermo Beltran, in the long-running F/X series, "The Shield". In 2008, Quinn joined Luke Perry and C. Thomas Howell in the western film "A Gunfighter's Pledge".


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Quinn was one of the earlier working actors to branch out into contributing to video games with his role as a main character in "" (1999). In 2010–2011, he took part in the second season of the Italian TV series "Il commissario Manara".


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Francesco married Julie McCann and had two children; Massimiliano and Michela Quinn. The marriage ended in divorce in 2006. Before his death he was dating Valentina Castellani.


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Quinn has eight other surviving half siblings: Alex, Antonia, Catalina, Christina, Danny, Duncan, Ryan, Sean, and Valentina Quinn. His eldest sibling, Christopher, drowned in 1941, aged two.


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Quinn pursued sports such as skiing, snowboarding, windsurfing, free diving, road cycling, mountain biking, and actively raced motocross and street bikes. Quinn also was an avid motorcycler, and was a spokesman for The Motorcycle Industry Council and Honda. He was fluent in English, French, Spanish and Italian.


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Quinn was a contestant on "Ty Murray’s Celebrity Bull Riding Challenge" on CMT, until he was sidelined with a broken rib after being stomped on by a Level 2 bull.


title: Francesco Quinn

text: Quinn died on August 5, 2011, in Malibu, California after experiencing what was believed to be a heart attack while running up a street with his children near his home.


title: Raza Ali Khan

text: Raza Ali Khan was born in Bombay to Hindustani classical vocalist Ustad Munawar Ali Khan, who was the son of The Legendary Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan. He received his early training from his grandfather and then from his father. He also accompanied his father on concerts.


title: Raza Ali Khan

text: He gave his first solo performance at the Youth Festival in 1977 at the Eden Garden Stadium at Calcutta.


title: Raza Ali Khan

text: He has composed Ghazals for Ghulam Ali which were released by Venus, 'Moods and Emotions' and for Penaz Masani which was released by Polydor, 'Dharkan'. He remained the chief music director of Venus for four years. He also gave music in a Telefilm named Bindia which was produced by Doordarshan and was directed by Uma Vasudeva.


title: Yamaha MT-09

text: The Yamaha MT-09 is a street motorcycle of the MT series with an liquid-cooled four-stroke 12-valve DOHC inline-three engine with crossplane crankshaft and a lightweight cast alloy frame. For 2018, the bike is now designated MT-09 in all markets.


title: Yamaha MT-09

text: The MT-09 competes against the Triumph Street Triple, Kawasaki Z900, and MV Agusta Brutale 800. It is intended to restore Yamaha's fortunes, as the factory has in recent years lost its reputation for innovation. The MT-09's product manager, Shun Miyazawa, said Yamaha had considered parallel-twins, inline-threes, inline-fours, and V-twins, but that the inline-three gave the "best solution" of power, torque, and low weight. Comparing the MT-09 to the Street Triple, he said the Triumph was a streetfighter, but the Yamaha was a "roadster motard".


title: Yamaha MT-09

text: Both the frame and the double-sided swingarm are made of lightweight alloy, which are cast in two pieces. The frame castings are bolted together at the headstock and at the rear, but the swingarm parts are welded together. The MT-09 is the first Yamaha motorcycle since the XS750 and XS850 to be powered by inline-three engines. Both are shaft-driven motorcycles produced from 1976 to 1981.


title: Yamaha MT-09

text: In 2017, the MT-09 was updated with fully adjustable suspension, traction control, antilock brakes, slipper clutch, LED headlights, and updated styling.


title: Yamaha MT-09

text: The Tracer 900 (FJ-09 in North America) is a sport touring model introduced in 2015 based on the MT-09. From 2016, in Europe and the United Kingdom, the name changed to Tracer 900 from MT-09 Tracer. It differs from the MT-09 in a number of ways, including that it has a partial fairing, a larger fuel tank, ABS brakes, handguards, centerstand, a 12-volt power socket, traction control, revised fuel map, drive-by-wire throttle mapping with three selectable riding modes. The display is very similar to the XT1200Z Super Ténéré's. It also has LED headlights and taillight.


title: Yamaha MT-09

text: Shun Miyazawa said buyers are moving away from the supersport bikes, adding, "(Yamaha) aim to create an older and younger brother and cousins (to the MT-09) - maybe the same capacity, but a slightly different concept". This was translated into the creation of the MT-07 (FZ-07 in North America), the XSR700, the XSR900 and the MT-10 (FZ-10 in North America).


title: Yamaha MT-09

text: In "Motor Cycle News", Michael Neeves said, "The MT-09 starts an exciting new era for Yamaha" and "The MT-09 is a roadster for all occasions. It’s fun". However, the ride-by-wire throttle was criticised as "snatchy". "Cycle World"s Kevin Cameron describes the styling as "V-Max meets Transformers Robot", "like a Supermono" and "an up-to-the-minute streetfighter, no bland revival of a 1970s' UJM. Call it a new synthesis." "Cycle World" named the FZ-09 'Best Standard' of 2015.


title: Yamaha MT-09

text: In an MCN 5-bike group test in 2015, the testers felt that the MT-09 Tracer was a better bike and better value than its four competitors, namely: a Triumph Tiger 800XRx and a Tiger Sport, a Honda Crossrunner, and a Ducati Hyperstrada.


title: Polly Samson

text: Polly Samson (born 29 April 1962) is an English novelist, lyricist, and journalist. She is married to the musician David Gilmour and has written the lyrics to many of Gilmour's works, both as a solo artist and with the group Pink Floyd.


title: Polly Samson

text: Samson's father was Lance Samson (died 4 February 2013), a newspaper editor and diplomatic correspondent for the "Morning Star." Her mother was a writer of Chinese descent, Esther Cheo Ying, who wrote a memoir, "Black Country to Red China", about her time serving as a Major in Mao Zedong's Red Army. Samson's mother's second husband was the famous British journalist Alan Winnington.


title: Polly Samson

text: Following a troubled childhood, Samson joined the publishing industry, through which she met the writer Heathcote Williams with whom she became romantically involved during the publication of his "Whale Nation", Samson being responsible for publicising what she succeeded in turning into a best-selling volume despite its author's reluctance to promote his work. With Williams she had her first son, Charlie. Following his birth, Samson became homeless and was taken in for a period by the journalist Cassandra Jardine.


title: Polly Samson

text: After splitting from Williams, Samson met the Pink Floyd singer and guitarist David Gilmour, whom she married in 1994 during Pink Floyd's "Division Bell" tour. Her son Charlie was adopted by Gilmour and they have three other children: Joe, Gabriel, and Romany.


title: Polly Samson

text: Samson has written short stories for BBC Radio 4 and has had a collection published "Lying in Bed" (Virago 1999) and a novel, "Out of the Picture" (Virago 2000), as well as contributing pieces and stories to many other books and publications including "Gas and Air" (Bloomsbury 2003), "Girls Night In" (Harper Collins 2000), "A Day in the Life" (Black Swan 2003), and The Just When Stories (Beautiful Books 2010). Samson's collection of stories, "Perfect Lives", was published in November 2010 by Virago Press. Her novel, "The Kindness", was published in 2015.


title: Polly Samson

text: Samson is credited as a co-writer on seven of "The Division Bell"s 11 tracks, and, with the retrospective credit given to Clare Torry for her vocals on "The Great Gig in the Sky", she is one of only two female co-writers of any Pink Floyd songs. She also wrote lyrics for Gilmour's 2006 album, "On an Island", and made a guest appearance on piano and vocals. She contributed lyrics to "Louder than Words", the only track on Pink Floyd's 2014 release, "The Endless River", to contain any sung lyrics. Samson has also contributed lyrics to half of the tracks on Gilmour's latest album, "Rattle That Lock" (2015), some of which were inspired by "Paradise Lost", an epic poem by John Milton.


title: Polly Samson

text: Samson's novel, "A Theatre For Dreamers", was published on 2 April 2020 by Bloomsbury Circus. The novel entered the Sunday Times Bestsellers Chart at number two.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: Women in Nazi Germany were subject to doctrines of Nazism by the Nazi Party (NSDAP), which promoted exclusion of women from the political life of Germany as well as its executive body and executive committees. On the other hand, whether through sheer numbers, lack of local organization, or both, many German women did indeed become Nazi party members. In spite of this, the Nazi regime officially permitted and encouraged women to fill the roles of mother and wife only. Women were excluded from all positions of responsibility, notably in the political and academic spheres.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: The policies contrasted starkly with the evolution of women's rights and gender equality under the Weimar Republic, and is equally distinguishable from the mostly male-dominated and conservative attitude under the German Empire. The regimentation of women at the heart of satellite organizations of the Nazi Party, as the or the , had the ultimate goal of encouraging the cohesion of the "people's community" ().


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: The ideal woman in Nazi Germany did not have a career outside her home. Instead, she was a good wife (however her husband defined that), a careful and conscientious mother (taking special care to raise her children in accordance with Nazi philosophies and ideals), and skilled at doing all domestic chores such as cleaning and cooking. Women had a limited right to training of any kind; such training usually revolved around domestic tasks. Over time, Nazi-era German women were restricted from teaching in universities, working as medical professionals, and serving in political positions within the NSDAP. With the exception of "Reichsführerin" Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, women were not permitted to carry out official functions. However, there were some notable exceptions, either through their proximity to Adolf Hitler, such as Magda Goebbels, or by excelling in particular fields, such as filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl or aviator Hanna Reitsch. Many restrictions on women were lifted once wartime necessity required policy changes later in the regime.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: The historiography of "ordinary" German women in Nazi Germany has changed significantly over time; studies done just after World War II tended to see them as additional victims of Nazi oppression. However, during the late 20th century, historians began to argue that German women were able to influence the course of the regime and even the war. In addition, these studies found women's experiences during the Nazi regime varied by class, age and religion.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: While many women played an influential role at the heart of the Nazi system or filled official posts at the heart of the Nazi concentration camps, a few were engaged in the German resistance and paid with their lives, such as Libertas Schulze-Boysen or Sophie Scholl.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: Under the Weimar Republic, the status of women was one of the most progressive in Europe. The Weimar Constitution of January 19, 1919 proclaimed their right to vote (articles 17 and 22), equality of the sexes in civic matters (art. 109), non-discrimination against female bureaucrats. (art. 128), maternity rights (art. 19) and spousal equality within marriage (art. 119). Clara Zetkin, a prominent leader of the German feminist movement, was a Member of Parliament in the Reichstag from 1920 to 1933 and even presided over the assembly in the role of Dean. But Weimar did not represent a huge leap forward for women's liberation. Women remained under-represented in the parliament; motherhood continued to be promoted as women's most important social function; abortion was still prosecutable (§ 218 of the Criminal Code); and female workers did not achieve substantial economic progress such as equal salaries. With the emergence of consumerism, businesses and government had an increasing need for labour; although work became a route to emancipation for women, they were often restricted to clerical work as secretaries or sales staff, where they were generally paid 10 to 20% less than male employees, under various pretexts, such as the claim that their understanding of domestic tasks freed them from certain household expenses.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: While most of the other parties under the Weimar Republic ran female candidates during elections (and some were elected), the Nazi party did not. In 1933, Joseph Goebbels justified this position by explaining that "it is necessary to leave to men that which belongs to men ". Germany went from having 37 female Members of Parliament out of 577, to none, after the election of November 1933.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: Adolf Hitler's attaining power as Chancellor marked the end of numerous women's rights, even though Hitler had succeeded in his social rise in part thanks to the protection of influential women and female voters. Hitler's socializing within affluent circles, and with socialites such as Princess Elsa Bruckmann, wife of the editor Hugo Bruckmann, and Helene Bechstein, wife of industrialist Edwin Bechstein, early on brought the Nazi party significant new sources of financing. For example, Gertrud von Seidlitz, a widow of a noble family, donated 30,000 marks to the party in 1923; and Helene Bechstein, who had an estate on the Obersalzberg, facilitated Hitler's acquisition of the property Wachenfeld.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: In regards to the role played by women voters in Hitler's rise to power, Helen Boak notes that the "NSDAP had been gaining proportionately more support from women than from men from 1928 onwards, not because of any concerted effort on its part nor because of its leader's charisma nor because of one specific element of its propaganda. Women chose to vote NSDAP for the same reasons men voted for the party - out of self-interest, out of a belief that the party best represented their own idea of what German society should be, even if they may have disagreed with the party's stand on individual issues. The larger increase in the share of women's votes than in that of men's votes cast for the NSDAP from 1928 owes much to the party's growing prominence and respectability, as the party's dynamism, the contrast of its young leadership with the elder statesmen of the other parties, its growing strength, the disintegration of the liberal and local, conservative parties and the general disillusionment and dissatisfaction with what the [Weimar] Republic had brought or failed to bring all contributed to the reasons why German men and women turned to the NSDAP...Because of the preponderance of women in the electorate, the NSDAP received more votes from women than from men in some areas before 1932 and throughout the Reich in 1932. Claims that Hitler and his party held no attraction from women voters and that the NSDAP benefitted little from female suffrage cannot, therefore, be maintained. Historian Wendy Lower makes it clear that while "Women were not a majority of those who voted for Hitler...In the presidential election of March 1932...26.5% [of German women voted] for Hitler. In the 1931 September elections, 3 million women voted for NSDAP candidates, almost half of the total of 6.5 million votes cast for the NSDAP." In terms of voting patterns however, a higher proportion of male voters supported the Nazi party compared to female voters.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: In 1935, during a speech to the National-Socialist Women's Congress, Hitler declared, with regard to women's rights: The fact that Hitler was unmarried and that he represented a masculine ideal for many Germans led to his erotisation in the public imagination. In April 1923, an article appeared in the Münchener Post stating "women adore Hitler "; he was described as adapting his speeches to "the tastes of women who, since the beginning, count among his most fervent admirers". Women were also sometimes instrumental in bringing their husbands into the Nazi political fold, thus contributing to the recruitment of new NSDAP members.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: In a society that was beginning to consider women as men's equals, Nazi policies constituted a setback, forcing women from political life. The Nazis' policies pertaining to women were one aspect of their efforts to stem what they viewed as the decadence of the Weimar Republic. In their eyes, the Weimar regime, which they perceived as having a Jewish character, in effect appeared as feminized, as well as tolerant of homosexuality – the veritable antithesis of German virility.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: Officially, the status of women changed from "equal rights" () to an "equivalence" between men and women (). Historian points out that "this offensive offered the double advantage of pleasing their male colleagues worried by this competition, and returned to private life more than 100,000 people proud of their success, the majority of whom were voters who supported the political left". This policy created worry among the militants in the NSDAP, who were concerned that it would harm the number of female graduates, a reservoir needed for future party ranks.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: In 1933, school programmes for girls were changed, notably with the goal of discouraging them from pursuing university studies. The five years of Latin classes and three years of science were replaced by courses in German language and domestic skills training. This did not bear productive results; on the one hand, a significant number of girls enrolled in boys' schools, while on the other hand, the " enrollment restrictions " of 10% at the university level were generally ignored. Thus, the measures only decreased the enrollment in medical schools from 20% to 17%.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: Some women's associations, notably communist and socialist groups were banned, and in some rare cases members were arrested or assassinated. All associations were requested to turn in Jewish members, such as the Union of Protestant Women, the Association of Household and Countryside, the Women's German Colonial Society Union and the Union of Queen Louise. But rapidly, the majority of the associations disbanded or chose among themselves to disappear, such as the BDF (Bund Deutscher Frauenverein), established in 1894 and which disbanded in 1933 to avoid being controlled. Only one women's association persisted under the regime (the association of Gertrud Bäumer, Die Frau, or Woman), until 1944, but placed under the guardianship of the Reich Minister of People's Education and of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels. Rudolf Hess established the Deutsches Frauenwerk which, with the women's branch of the Nazi party, the NS-Frauenschaft, had the purpose of becoming a mass organization for the regime.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: In 1936, a law was passed banning certain high-level positions in the judicial system to women (notably judge and prosecutor, through Hitler's personal intervention) and the medical field. Female doctors were no longer allowed to practice, until their loss had a harmful effect on health needs and some were recalled to work; also dissolved was the Association of Medical Women, which was absorbed into its male counterpart. Under the Weimar Republic, only 1% of university posts were filled by women. On June 8, 1937, a decree stipulated that only men could be named to these posts, if it was not in a social field. Nonetheless, on February 21, 1938 " in an individual and exceptional capacity " following lobbying by Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, one female scientist Margarete Gussow obtained a post in astronomy. Mathematician Ruth Moufang was able to receive her doctorate, but could not obtain the right to teach and was forced to work for national industry. Emmy Noether, another mathematician, was terminated from her post by virtue of the "German law for the Restoration of the Public Service" of April 7, 1933, for having been active in the 1920s in the USPD and the SPD. Physics researcher Lise Meitner, who directed the Department of Physics at the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, was able to remain in her post until 1938, but this was only due to her Austrian nationality, which ended with the Anschluss); she then left for the Netherlands, and then Sweden. In the scientific field, there were almost no nominations of women; in 1942, a woman was not permitted to direct a scientific institute, despite the fact that no male candidate had applied. The exile of women from political life was total: they could not sit in either the Reichstag, the regional parliaments or municipal councils.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: There was no substantial resistance to this control. The bourgeois women's associations reasoned, as did many others, that the Nazi government was a vulgar phenomenon that would soon fade, and that through their participation they could still exert some influence. They thus deluded themselves into believing that they were obtaining an "acceptable arrangement", as they were accustomed to do under a patriarchal system. With respect to the widespread tendency to underestimate the threat that the regime presented, the historian Claudia Koonz highlights the popular proverb of the era: "The soup is never eaten as hot as it is cooked". Women who were the most resolute in their opposition either set their sights on emigration, or, if they took an active stance, risked being arrested and interned, and possibly executed, the same as male opponents of the regime.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: Noticing the need for women in certain professions and their usefulness in the country's economy, the anti-emancipation policy in terms of the workforce was rapidly blunted. Women were otherwise invited to adhere to Nazism and reassured with the idea that they could be a mother and be employed, Joseph Goebbels even attacking anti-lipstick propaganda campaigns in Völkischer Beobachter and attacking the most zealous ideologues.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: The Nazi woman had to conform to the German society desired by Adolf Hitler (Volksgemeinschaft), racially pure and physically robust. She did not work outside of the home, living in the naturalization of motherhood and following the slogan of the former emperor William II of Germany: Kinder, Küche, Kirche, meaning "Children, kitchen, church". In a document published in 1934, "The Nine Commandments of the Workers' Struggle", Hermann Goering bluntly summarizes the future role of German women: "Take a pot, a dustpan and a broom and marry a man". This was anti-feminism in the sense that the Nazis considered political rights granted to women (access to high-level positions for example) as incompatible with the nature of reproduction, the only role within which they could blossom and best serve the interests of the nation. Thus, Magda Goebbels declared in 1933: "German women were excluded from three professions: the army, as elsewhere in the world; the government; and the judiciary. If a German girl must choose between marriage or a career, she will always be encouraged to marry, because that is what is best for a woman". It is not possible to make a mental leap to the conservative and patriarchal societies that prevailed for example during the Second Empire; in effect, the totalitarian character of the regime moved away from the concept that had been made of women being put on a shelf by society. On the contrary, they were expected to participate at the ground level in the roles of mother and spouse. The fact that the regimentation of women (Bund Deutscher Mädel then Frauenschaft) being so organized, did not permit relegating women to what they could do in the 19th century. Without a doubt, a conservative electorate and a fringe part of the population very critical of the image of the emancipated woman from the 1920s found a certain satisfaction in the new regime. But the goals were different, asking each woman to take part in the building of the "Reich of 1000 years". Female liberation found itself therefore necessarily limited, and Heide Schlüpmann stated conclusively in "Frauen und Film", that the films of Leni Riefenstahl (the official film director of the regime) "value quite a negation of female sexuality and only offer women a deceptive autonomy".


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: The wearing of makeup was generally prohibited, and a certain modesty was demanded of women, contrasting with the Weimar Republic period, which experienced more freedom on a moral level. In 1933, meetings of the NSBO (National Sozialistischer Betriebs Obman, the women's section of the German Workers' Front) proclaimed that women "painted and powdered were forbidden at all meetings of the NSBO. Women who smoked in public – in hotels, cafés, in the street and so on – will be excluded from NSBO". Activities considered more or less traditional were limited to recommended places: music, manual labour, gymnastics. Sexuality was banned, unless for a reproductive goal; liberated young women were considered "depraved" and "antisocial". Mothers were encouraged to have children: thus was created the "Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter" (in English: Cross of Honour of the German Mother) for mothers having brought into the world more than four children. A "German Mothers' Day" was also created; during that of 1939, three million mothers were decorated. Concerning abortion, access to services was quickly prohibited, until in 1935, the medical profession became obliged to report stillbirths to the Regional Office for State Health, who would further investigate the natural loss of a child; in 1943 the ministers of the Interior and Justice enacted the law "Protection of Marriage, Family and Motherhood", which made provisions for the death penalty for mothers convicted of infanticide.


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: In line with Nazi racial theory, the Nazi government promoted the "Aryan" (Nordic) archetype as the ideal physical appearance: women were to be blonde, beautiful, tall, thin and robust all at once. This image was spread as much through advertising as through official art, then through ancient art, and more specifically through Greco-Roman statues. Academic Monique Moser-Verrey notes: "a revival, during the course of the Thirties, of mythological themes such as the Judgement of Paris." Moser-Verrey notes however:


title: Women in Nazi Germany

text: Yet it is striking that the image of women projected by women's literature of the 1930s is clearly contrary to traditional views of sweet housewife spread by Rosenberg and Goebbels. The heroines of women's novels during this period are often a strong and tenacious type of woman, while the sons and husbands are quickly delivered to death. Everything happens as if one perceives through these fictions a true antagonism between the sexes generated by the constant mobilisation of these two groups independent of one another.