title: Hughie Green

text: Two years later, in December 1976, Green recited a monologue about the state of the United Kingdom, followed by a choir singing "Stand Up and Be Counted", with the words coming up in subtitles: "Stand up and be counted, where the managers manage and the workers don't go on strike". It was released as a single in 1977, and partly seen as an open support of Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher; he was disciplined by Thames Television, but continued to make political comments. After numerous viewer complaints, Thames axed the show in March 1978, despite its attracting high ratings, something Green mentioned in a bitter rant against Thames in his last show. Replacing the family-friendly "Opportunity Knocks" was the youth-orientated comedy series, "The Kenny Everett Video Show," which attracted 10 million viewers, even though it never attracted the ratings that "Opportunity Knocks" achieved.


title: Hughie Green

text: After his rather slow-paced and "end of the pier" entertainment-style shows were replaced with more active audience participation formats, Green tried presenting variants on the "Opportunity Knocks" theme in Ireland, Australia and one show in the USSR.


title: Hughie Green

text: Green was often mocked for his permanent door-to-door salesman's smile and Canadian accent. His catchphrase "I mean that most sincerely" was also mocked, to such an extent that it is sometimes mistakenly believed to have been invented by the impressionist Mike Yarwood, who was known for his impersonation of Green. Green told Phillip Schofield in a TV interview in 1992 that he came up with the catchphrase himself.


title: Hughie Green

text: During "Double Your Money" Green kept up an occasional but good-natured feud with "rival" quiz show host Michael Miles, who compered "Take Your Pick", Miles even appearing on one occasion with a huge bouquet of flowers for a guest, to Green's mock indignation.


title: Hughie Green

text: Green met Montreal socialite Claire Wilson on a cruise liner in the mid-1930s when both were still teenagers. They married in 1942 and settled in Montreal, before moving to London in 1947. The couple had two children, son Christopher Green and daughter Linda Plentl (née Green). The family lived in a fifth-floor flat in Baker Street, London, although with Green's numerous affairs and self-obsession, including taking luxury holidays and spending Christmas often on his own, his children defined it as "highly dysfunctional". The Greens separated in 1961 and filed for divorce in March 1975 after Green started an affair with Gwen Claremont, the sister of an earlier lover, Pat. Later that year, Claire married "Upstairs, Downstairs" actor David Langton. After separation from his wife, Green's drinking became more compulsive, while his affairs continued even during the height of his fame presenting "Opportunity Knocks". Journalist Noel Botham approached Green to expose him, but Green countered with a lawsuit threat. Eventually the two became friends.


title: Hughie Green

text: Botham then became key in two stories in Green's life. Green grew frustrated by Yorkshire Television's failure to remove programme producer Jess Yates when he requested this to be done and so leaked to Botham the stories of Yates' affair with the young actress Anita Kay, whose story, published in the "News of the World", destroyed Yates' career. In May 1997, shortly after Green's death, Botham wrote the exposé story, also in the "News of the World", of Green being the biological father of Jess Yates' daughter, TV presenter Paula Yates, something she read when the tabloids printed the story, and which was later confirmed with a DNA test result in December 1997. Through his daughter Linda, Green had four granddaughters, Delia, Christina, Stephanie and Marina. Through his daughter Paula, Green had four other granddaughters whom he never knew: Fifi, Peaches and Pixie Geldof, fathered by Bob Geldof, and Heavenly Hiraani Tiger Lily Hutchence, fathered by Michael Hutchence. Heavenly Hiraani Tiger Lily Hutchence was legally adopted by Bob Geldof in 2007.


title: Hughie Green

text: In 1983 Green sued the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation, claiming its 1975–78 version of "Opportunity Knocks" infringed his copyright. He lost and in 1989 the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council rejected his appeal, leaving him a £250,000 legal bill.


title: Hughie Green

text: Green lived out his life away from the media in solitude, confined to his Baker Street flat and lacking the riches he enjoyed during his fame.


title: Hughie Green

text: In July 1993, after a lifetime of smoking a pipe, heavy drinking and latterly taking recreational barbiturates, Green was diagnosed with oesophageal cancer, and therefore admitted to the Royal Marsden Hospital, Chelsea, London. By 1997, the cancer had spread to his lungs. Green died in hospital on Saturday 3 May 1997.


title: Hughie Green

text: Green's son Christopher postponed his wedding and flew from Canada to be at his dying father's bedside.


title: Hughie Green

text: His memorial at Golders Green Crematorium, reads: "You were the star that made opportunity knock. You will never be forgotten".


title: Hughie Green

text: In light of the death in 2000 of his daughter Paula Yates, his son Christopher Green, now a Canadian resident, wrote the biographical perspective "Hughie and Paula: The Tangled Lives of Hughie Green and Paula Yates."


title: Hughie Green

text: On 2 April 2008 a TV film about Green's life was broadcast on BBC Four. In the film, entitled "Hughie Green, Most Sincerely", Trevor Eve was cast in the lead role. In "The Sunday Telegraph" of 3 February 2008, his daughter Linda Plentl said the new BBC drama about her father would reopen intolerable wounds. She told of her struggle with his legacy and her three meetings with half-sister Paula Yates.


title: CGP Grey

text: CGP Grey is an American-Irish educational YouTuber, podcaster, and live streamer who creates short explanatory videos on subjects including politics, geography, economics, sociology, history, and culture. In addition to video production, Grey is known for creating and hosting the podcasts "Hello Internet" with Brady Haran and "Cortex" with Myke Hurley.


title: CGP Grey

text: Grey grew up in the Long Island suburbs of New York City. He went to college in upstate New York, earning two degrees: one in physics and another in sociology. When Grey was a child, his father applied for Irish citizenship on his behalf, and he gained dual American–Irish citizenship.


title: CGP Grey

text: Grey's Irish citizenship allowed him to move to the European Union and he moved to London. Grey attended a masters program in economics in London, and he continues to live in the city. Grey became a physics teacher while in London.


title: CGP Grey

text: Grey's primary YouTube channel, "CGP Grey", predominantly features explanatory videos on subjects including politics, geography, economics, history, productivity, the Internet, science, American culture, and British culture. The videos intend to debunk common misconceptions or answer everyday questions people may hold.


title: CGP Grey

text: The videos feature Grey narrating over animations, stock footage, and still photographs. While nearly all of Grey's videos feature his voice, his face has never been shown in his videos, and Grey almost always has his face obscured when appearing in other people's videos; he generally uses a stick figure with glasses to represent himself. Grey has stated that the presentation style of his videos is influenced by that of Yahtzee Croshaw's "Zero Punctuation" series.


title: CGP Grey

text: Grey's video that debunks popular misconceptions has been featured on CBS, as has his video about the history of the British royal family. Two videos differentiate London and the City of London, while explaining the history and government of the latter. Another two videos explaining copyright law and the Electoral College have been featured on Mashable. The channel also explains the economic disadvantages of US one-cent coins in a video titled "Death to Pennies". Other videos, including "How to Become Pope", have received media attention and have been used in instructional settings. Grey's video on the American debt limit received praise from economists.


title: CGP Grey

text: Grey's video "Humans Need Not Apply" was covered by "Business Insider" and "Huffington Post," and his animated video of Nick Bostrom's "The Fable of the Dragon-Tyrant" was "unanimously praise[d]" by the Life Extension Advocacy Foundation. In collaboration with fellow YouTuber Kurzgesagt, Grey produced a video entitled "You Are Two" which discusses the right brain versus the left brain. "Popular Mechanics" featured videos by Grey about airplane boarding and traffic congestion.


title: CGP Grey

text: In January 2014, Grey launched the podcast "Hello Internet" along with co-host Brady Haran, another educational YouTuber and online content creator. The podcast peaked as the No. 1 iTunes podcast in United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Canada, and Australia in February 2014. "The Guardian" included the podcast among its 50 best of 2016, naming episode 66 ("A Classic Episode") its episode of the year. The paper described the podcast as having "in-depth debates and banter that is actually amusing." Grey reported a podcast listenership of approximately "a quarter million" downloads per episode as of September 2015.


title: CGP Grey

text: The podcast features discussions pertaining to their lives as professional content creators for YouTube, as well as their interests and annoyances. Typical topics include technology etiquette; movie and TV show reviews; plane accidents; vexillology; futurology; and the differences between Grey's and Haran's personalities and lifestyles. Grey's and Haran's opinions and comments on feedback usually starts the next episode of the podcast. As a result of their conversations, Haran has been noted for reappropriating the term "", among other words, to refer to the unauthorized re-hosting of online media.


title: CGP Grey

text: On 3 June 2015, Grey launched his second podcast, "Cortex", with co-host Myke Hurley of Relay FM. The podcast is heavily edited: after recording, Hurley removes "boring parts" before Grey does the same.


title: CGP Grey

text: Grey is regarded as a "celebrity in the niche world of educational YouTube videos," according to Caitlin Dewey. According to economist Joshua Gans, "while they may not be names in the halls of academia," YouTubers like Grey "have brought diverse explanations of mathematics, physics, political institutions, and history to millions on the Internet."


title: CGP Grey

text: Robert Krulwich of NPR writes that Grey has "a curious talent for truth telling; he can take a charming lie and, with even "more" charm, rip it apart. It is very, very hard, as any teacher will tell you, to unlearn something that makes you comfortable and makes you feel smart, but Mr. Grey has the knack."


title: Meristem

text: The meristem is a type of tissue found in plants. It consists of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) capable of cell division. Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants. These cells continue to divide until a time when they get differentiated and then lose the ability to divide.


title: Meristem

text: Differentiated plant cells generally cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Meristematic cells are undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated. They are totipotent and capable of continued cell division. Division of meristematic cells provides new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and the initiation of new organs, providing the basic structure of the plant body. The cells are small, with no or small vacuoles and protoplasm fills the cell completely. The plastids (chloroplasts or chromoplasts), are undifferentiated, but are present in rudimentary form (proplastids). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular spaces. The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall.


title: Meristem

text: The term "meristem" was first used in 1858 by Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891) in his book "Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik" ("Contributions to Scientific Botany"). It is derived from the Greek word "merizein" (μερίζειν), meaning to divide, in recognition of its inherent function.


title: Meristem

text: There are three types of meristematic tissues: apical (at the tips), intercalary or basal (in the middle), and lateral (at the sides). At the meristem summit, there is a small group of slowly dividing cells, which is commonly called the central zone. Cells of this zone have a stem cell function and are essential for meristem maintenance. The proliferation and growth rates at the meristem summit usually differ considerably from those at the periphery.


title: Meristem

text: Apical meristems are the completely undifferentiated (indeterminate) meristems in a plant. These differentiate into three kinds of primary meristems. The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types. These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems because they are involved in lateral growth.


title: Meristem

text: There are two types of apical meristem tissue: shoot apical meristem (SAM), which gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers, and root apical meristem (RAM), which provides the meristematic cells for future root growth. SAM and RAM cells divide rapidly and are considered indeterminate, in that they do not possess any defined end status. In that sense, the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the stem cells in animals, which have an analogous behavior and function.


title: Meristem

text: The apical meristems are layered where the number of layers varies according to plant type. In general the outermost layer is called the tunica while the innermost layers are the corpus. In monocots, the tunica determines the physical characteristics of the leaf edge and margin. In dicots, layer two of the corpus determines the characteristics of the edge of the leaf. The corpus and tunica play a critical part of the plant physical appearance as all plant cells are formed from the meristems. Apical meristems are found in two locations: the root and the stem. Some Arctic plants have an apical meristem in the lower/middle parts of the plant. It is thought that this kind of meristem evolved because it is advantageous in Arctic conditions.


title: Meristem

text: Shoot apical meristems are the source of all above-ground organs, such as leaves and flowers. Cells at the shoot apical meristem summit serve as stem cells to the surrounding peripheral region, where they proliferate rapidly and are incorporated into differentiating leaf or flower primordia.


title: Meristem

text: The shoot apical meristem is the site of most of the embryogenesis in flowering plants. Primordia of leaves, sepals, petals, stamens, and ovaries are initiated here at the rate of one every time interval, called a plastochron. It is where the first indications that flower development has been evoked are manifested. One of these indications might be the loss of apical dominance and the release of otherwise dormant cells to develop as auxiliary shoot meristems, in some species in axils of primordia as close as two or three away from the apical dome.


title: Meristem

text: These four distinct zones are maintained by a complex signalling pathway. In "Arabidopsis thaliana", 3 interacting "CLAVATA" genes are required to regulate the size of the stem cell reservoir in the shoot apical meristem by controlling the rate of cell division. CLV1 and CLV2 are predicted to form a receptor complex (of the LRR receptor-like kinase family) to which CLV3 is a ligand. CLV3 shares some homology with the ESR proteins of maize, with a short 14 amino acid region being conserved between the proteins. Proteins that contain these conserved regions have been grouped into the CLE family of proteins.


title: Meristem

text: CLV1 has been shown to interact with several cytoplasmic proteins that are most likely involved in downstream signalling. For example, the CLV complex has been found to be associated with Rho/Rac small GTPase-related proteins. These proteins may act as an intermediate between the CLV complex and a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is often involved in signalling cascades. KAPP is a kinase-associated protein phosphatase that has been shown to interact with CLV1. KAPP is thought to act as a negative regulator of CLV1 by dephosphorylating it.


title: Meristem

text: Another important gene in plant meristem maintenance is "WUSCHEL" (shortened to "WUS"), which is a target of CLV signaling in addition to positively regulating CLV, thus forming a feedback loop. "WUS" is expressed in the cells below the stem cells of the meristem and its presence prevents the differentiation of the stem cells. CLV1 acts to promote cellular differentiation by repressing "WUS" activity outside of the central zone containing the stem cells.


title: Meristem

text: The function of "WUS" in the shoot apical meristem is linked to the phytohormone cytokinin. Cytokinin activates histidine kinases which then phosphorylate histidine phosphotransfer proteins. Subsequently, the phosphate groups are transferred onto two types of Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs): Type-B ARRS and Type-A ARRs. Type-B ARRs work as transcription factors to activate genes downstream of cytokinin, including A-ARRs. A-ARRs are similar to B-ARRs in structure; however, A-ARRs do not contain the DNA binding domains that B-ARRs have, and which are required to function as transcription factors. Therefore, A-ARRs do not contribute to the activation of transcription, and by competing for phosphates from phosphotransfer proteins, inhibit B-ARRs function. In the SAM, B-ARRs induce the expression of "WUS" which induces stem cell identity. "WUS" then suppresses A-ARRs. As a result, B-ARRs are no longer inhibited, causing sustained cytokinin signaling in the center of the shoot apical meristem. Altogether with CLAVATA signaling, this system works as a negative feedback loop. Cytokinin signaling is positively reinforced by WUS to prevent the inhibition of cytokinin signaling, while WUS promotes its own inhibitor in the form of CLV3, which ultimately keeps WUS and cytokinin signaling in check.


title: Meristem

text: Unlike the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem produces cells in two dimensions. It harbors two pools of stem cells around an organizing center called the quiescent center (QC) cells and together produces most of the cells in an adult root. At its apex, the root meristem is covered by the root cap, which protects and guides its growth trajectory. Cells are continuously sloughed off the outer surface of the root cap. The QC cells are characterized by their low mitotic activity. Evidence suggests that the QC maintains the surrounding stem cells by preventing their differentiation, via signal(s) that are yet to be discovered. This allows a constant supply of new cells in the meristem required for continuous root growth. Recent findings indicate that QC can also act as a reservoir of stem cells to replenish whatever is lost or damaged. Root apical meristem and tissue patterns become established in the embryo in the case of the primary root, and in the new lateral root primordium in the case of secondary roots.


title: Meristem

text: In angiosperms, intercalary (sometimes called basal) meristems occur in monocot (in particular, grass) stems at the base of nodes and leaf blades. Horsetails and "Welwitschia" also exhibit intercalary growth. Intercalary meristems are capable of cell division, and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots. Intercalary meristems at the nodes of bamboo allow for rapid stem elongation, while those at the base of most grass leaf blades allow damaged leaves to rapidly regrow. This leaf regrowth in grasses evolved in response to damage by grazing herbivores.


title: Meristem

text: When plants begin flowering, the shoot apical meristem is transformed into an inflorescence meristem, which goes on to produce the floral meristem, which produces the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels of the flower.


title: Meristem

text: In contrast to vegetative apical meristems and some efflorescence meristems, floral meristems cannot continue to grow indefinitely. Their growth is limited to the flower with a particular size and form. The transition from shoot meristem to floral meristem requires floral meristem identity genes, that both specify the floral organs and cause the termination of the production of stem cells. "AGAMOUS" ("AG") is a floral homeotic gene required for floral meristem termination and necessary for proper development of the stamens and carpels. "AG" is necessary to prevent the conversion of floral meristems to inflorescence shoot meristems, but is identity gene "LEAFY" ("LFY") and "WUS" and is restricted to the centre of the floral meristem or the inner two whorls. This way floral identity and region specificity is achieved. WUS activates AG by binding to a consensus sequence in the AG's second intron and LFY binds to adjacent recognition sites. Once AG is activated it represses expression of WUS leading to the termination of the meristem.


title: Meristem

text: Through the years, scientists have manipulated floral meristems for economic reasons. An example is the mutant tobacco plant "Maryland Mammoth". In 1936, the department of agriculture of Switzerland performed several scientific tests with this plant. "Maryland Mammoth" is peculiar in that it grows much faster than other tobacco plants.


title: Meristem

text: Apical dominance is where one meristem prevents or inhibits the growth of other meristems. As a result, the plant will have one clearly defined main trunk. For example, in trees, the tip of the main trunk bears the dominant shoot meristem. Therefore, the tip of the trunk grows rapidly and is not shadowed by branches. If the dominant meristem is cut off, one or more branch tips will assume dominance. The branch will start growing faster and the new growth will be vertical. Over the years, the branch may begin to look more and more like an extension of the main trunk. Often several branches will exhibit this behavior after the removal of apical meristem, leading to a bushy growth.


title: Meristem

text: The mechanism of apical dominance is based on auxins, types of plant growth regulators. These are produced in the apical meristem and transported towards the roots in the cambium. If apical dominance is complete, they prevent any branches from forming as long as the apical meristem is active. If the dominance is incomplete, side branches will develop.


title: Meristem

text: Recent investigations into apical dominance and the control of branching have revealed a new plant hormone family termed strigolactones. These compounds were previously known to be involved in seed germination and communication with mycorrhizal fungi and are now shown to be involved in inhibition of branching.


title: Meristem

text: The SAM contains a population of stem cells that also produce the lateral meristems while the stem elongates. It turns out that the mechanism of regulation of the stem cell number might be evolutionarily conserved. The "CLAVATA" gene "CLV2" responsible for maintaining the stem cell population in "Arabidopsis thaliana" is very closely related to the maize gene "FASCIATED EAR 2"("FEA2") also involved in the same function. Similarly, in rice, the "FON1-FON2" system seems to bear a close relationship with the CLV signaling system in "Arabidopsis thaliana". These studies suggest that the regulation of stem cell number, identity and differentiation might be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in monocots, if not in angiosperms. Rice also contains another genetic system distinct from "FON1-FON2", that is involved in regulating stem cell number. This example underlines the innovation that goes about in the living world all the time.


title: Meristem

text: Genetic screens have identified genes belonging to the KNOX family in this function. These genes essentially maintain the stem cells in an undifferentiated state. The KNOX family has undergone quite a bit of evolutionary diversification while keeping the overall mechanism more or less similar. Members of the KNOX family have been found in plants as diverse as Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, barley and tomato. KNOX-like genes are also present in some algae, mosses, ferns and gymnosperms. Misexpression of these genes leads to the formation of interesting morphological features. For example, among members of "Antirrhineae", only the species of the genus Antirrhinum lack a structure called spur in the floral region. A spur is considered an evolutionary innovation because it defines pollinator specificity and attraction. Researchers carried out transposon mutagenesis in "Antirrhinum majus", and saw that some insertions led to formation of spurs that were very similar to the other members of "Antirrhineae", indicating that the loss of spur in wild "Antirrhinum majus" populations could probably be an evolutionary innovation.


title: Meristem

text: The KNOX family has also been implicated in leaf shape evolution "(See below for a more detailed discussion)". One study looked at the pattern of KNOX gene expression in "A. thaliana", that has simple leaves and "Cardamine hirsuta", a plant having complex leaves. In "A. thaliana", the KNOX genes are completely turned off in leaves, but in "C.hirsuta", the expression continued, generating complex leaves. Also, it has been proposed that the mechanism of KNOX gene action is conserved across all vascular plants, because there is a tight correlation between KNOX expression and a complex leaf morphology.


title: Meristem

text: These meristems are responsible for primary growth, or an increase in length or height, which were discovered by scientist Joseph D. Carr of North Carolina in 1943.


title: Meristem

text: There are two types of secondary meristems, these are also called the "lateral meristems" because they surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally (i.e., larger in diameter).


title: Meristem

text: Though each plant grows according to a certain set of rules, each new root and shoot meristem can go on growing for as long as it is alive. In many plants, meristematic growth is potentially indeterminate, making the overall shape of the plant not determinate in advance. This is the primary growth. Primary growth leads to lengthening of the plant body and organ formation. All plant organs arise ultimately from cell divisions in the apical meristems, followed by cell expansion and differentiation. Primary growth gives rise to the apical part of many plants.


title: Meristem

text: The growth of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legume plants such as soybean and pea is either determinate or indeterminate. Thus, soybean (or bean and Lotus japonicus) produce determinate nodules (spherical), with a branched vascular system surrounding the central infected zone. Often, Rhizobium infected cells have only small vacuoles. In contrast, nodules on pea, clovers, and Medicago truncatula are indeterminate, to maintain (at least for some time) an active meristem that yields new cells for Rhizobium infection. Thus zones of maturity exist in the nodule. Infected cells usually possess a large vacuole. The plant vascular system is branched and peripheral.


title: Meristem

text: Under appropriate conditions, each shoot meristem can develop into a complete, new plant or clone. Such new plants can be grown from shoot cuttings that contain an apical meristem. Root apical meristems are not readily cloned, however. This cloning is called asexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction and is widely practiced in horticulture to mass-produce plants of a desirable genotype. This process is also known as mericloning.


title: Meristem

text: Propagating through cuttings is another form of vegetative propagation that initiates root or shoot production from secondary meristematic cambial cells. This explains why basal 'wounding' of shoot-borne cuttings often aids root formation.


title: Meristem

text: Meristems may also be induced in the roots of legumes such as soybean, "Lotus japonicus", pea, and "Medicago truncatula" after infection with soil bacteria commonly called Rhizobia. Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so-called "window of nodulation" just behind the developing root tip are induced to divide. The critical signal substance is the lipo-oligosaccharide Nod factor, decorated with side groups to allow specificity of interaction. The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including "Lotus japonicus", "Medicago truncatula" and soybean ("Glycine max"). Regulation of nodule meristems utilizes long-distance regulation known as the autoregulation of nodulation (AON). This process involves a leaf-vascular tissue located LRR receptor kinases (LjHAR1, GmNARK and MtSUNN), CLE peptide signalling, and KAPP interaction, similar to that seen in the CLV1,2,3 system. LjKLAVIER also exhibits a nodule regulation phenotype though it is not yet known how this relates to the other AON receptor kinases.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Most expatriates in the United Arab Emirates reside in Dubai and Abu Dhabi, UAE. A number of immigrants settled in the country prior to . The UAE is home to over 200 nationalities. Emiratis constitute roughly 10% of the total population, making UAE home to one of the world's highest percentage of expatriates. Indians and Pakistanis form the largest expatriate groups in the country, constituting 28% and 12% of the total population respectively. Around 2,495,000 Westerners live in the United Arab Emirates, making up 5.1% of its total population.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: The United Arab Emirates attracts immigrants from all over the world; this may be because UAE nationals prefer to work for the government or military. The country's relatively liberal society compared to some of its neighbours has attracted many global expatriates, including people from western nations. Emiratis are outnumbered in their own country by a ratio of four to one. Under Article 8 of UAE Federal Law no. 17, an expatriate can apply for UAE citizenship after residing in the country for a period not less than 30 years, of which 20 years at least after the said law comes into force, providing that person has never been convicted of a crime and can speak fluent Arabic.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A small but unknown number of Bahrani people are present in the UAE. Bahrain is also a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC); this membership enables Bahraini nationals to enter the UAE without restrictions.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Many members of the UAE's 10,000-strong stateless Bedoon community have obtained Comoro Islands passports, providing them a legal status and a pathway towards naturalised UAE citizenship. This move came following the Comorian legislature's decision to sell Comorian nationalities to stateless Bedoons in the Persian Gulf countries, including UAE, in return for these Persian Gulf countries' economic investment in Comoros. The number of such Bedoons with Comorian passports in the UAE is estimated to be at least a thousand.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: There are 400,000 Egyptians living in the UAE in 2014, forming the largest community of non-citizens from the Arab world in the UAE.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Iraqis in the UAE have a population exceeding 100,000. Since its independence, Iraqis have contributed in the development of UAE, as engineers, politicians and in other fields. Most notably Adnan Pachachi who was appointed as Minister of State in the first Government of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Pachachi is known for his role in submitting the UAE's application for membership in the United Nations. In a meeting with Prime Minister of Iraq, Mustafa Al-Kadhimi, Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan stated that "Iraqis have contributed in building the UAE, and there are many of them who worked, built, developed and helped build the Emirates, and we mention this credit to them, whether engineers, doctors, or even politicians and others. There are still many Iraqis living in the UAE, and they are credited."


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: As of 2009, the Jordanian population was estimated at 250,000, an increase from 80,000 in 2003, making them one of the largest Jordanian diaspora communities both worldwide and in the Persian Gulf region. Jordanian labour is in high value and demand throughout the country. A large number of Jordanians are highly qualified and occupy jobs that require skill and training. Most work in white-collar jobs as professors, managers, bankers, doctors, and engineers. The UAE remains a popular tourist destination for many Jordanians.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A small community of Kuwaitis lives in the UAE. It includes around 1,000 Kuwaiti students studying at eight universities across the UAE. Kuwait is also a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC); this membership enables Kuwaiti nationals to live and work in the UAE without restrictions. One of Kuwaitis who reside in Dubai is Hassan Suleiman, better known as AboFlah, one of the most subscribed Arabic-speaking YouTuber.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: An estimated 80,000–150,000 Lebanese live in the UAE, mostly in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Sharjah. The UAE remains a popular touring destination for many Lebanese. Similar to Syrians, the majority of Lebanese expatriates who work in the UAE are educated, with some being fluent in both French and English languages. Many Lebanese are involved in business and the media as plastic surgeons, businessmen, managers, salesmen, artists, presenters, hairdressers, TV hosts and news anchors.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Over 15,000 Lebanese companies operate in the Jebel Ali Free Zone alone, an economic hub located in Jebel Ali, a city in Dubai. Notable Lebanese nationals who have lived in UAE include the late Antoine Choueiri, the owner of the Middle East's largest media broker (Choueiri Group), which controls Arabian Media Services International, MEMS, Arabian Outdoor, Times International, Audio-Visual Media, C Media, Press Media, Digital Media Services, Interadio, Promofair, AMC and SECOMM; and Elias Bou Saab, the founder of the American University in Dubai (AUD).


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Many Libyans who have lived in exile in the UAE for decades have returned to Libya after the fall of the former Libyan regime.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Omanis consist of expatriates and residents in the United Arab Emirates who hail from Oman. Being a bordering country and sharing cultural links, thousands of Omanis live in the U.A.E. They are predominantly Arabs and belong to the Muslim Ibadi sect.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Many are originally students pursuing higher education in various institutions across the country. In 2003, their number was estimated at over 9,000. According to the "Times of Oman", the United Arab Emirates is the most popular destination for Omani students who choose to study abroad; its close location and sharing of the language and culture makes them more comfortable at places like Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah and the border town of Al Ain.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Both countries have signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at providing benefits to Omani nationals and citizens in the UAE as well as treating Omani labour and workforce at par with the country's nationals. Being a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (like the UAE) enables Omani nationals to move and work freely within the country and enjoy contrasting residential benefits as compared to expatriates in the UAE from non-GCC states.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: In 2003, Omanis in the UAE were allowed to vote for council members in the elections of the Omani Majlis al-Shura. It was the first-ever overseas suffrage in Oman's history.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: An estimated 100,000 Palestinians live in the UAE and form one of the largest community of non-citizens from the Arab world in the UAE.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Some Qatari citizens are based in the UAE. Qatar was a member of the GCC and thus citizens of both countries were free to live and work in each other's countries without restrictions. The 2017–18 Qatar diplomatic crisis began when several countries abruptly cut off diplomatic relations with Qatar in June 2017. These countries included Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt. The severing of relations included withdrawing ambassadors and imposing trade and travel bans. Also, Qatari citizens who have family members from the UAE will not be affected.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A total of 4,895 Saudis were living in the UAE in 2007; this number grew when a further 700 entered at the start of 2008.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: They are mostly found working in the sectors of commerce and industry as well as medicine, law, insurance, and shipping. Both the UAE and Saudi Arabia are Arab states and part of the Gulf Cooperation Council; according to agreements, the citizens of each GCC member can live and work in any of the six countries without a visa and other restrictions. The Saudis own a total of 1,357 houses and 1,450 pieces of land in various emirates in the UAE.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: More than 100,000 Somalis live in the United Arab Emirates. Many of these are people who settled in the UAE before its creation. There are up to 35,000 of people who are Citizens of Western Nations. They came as in the hopes to invest in the UAE. Since many Somali passport holders face many restrictions in the UAE, which makes it easier for Western Passport holders of Somali origin. There's a lot of Gold Stores, where people who left Western nations choose to invest in the UAE, while is closer to Somalia. The Somali Business Council based in Dubai regulates 175 Somali companies. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of Deira, the Dubai city centre, with only Iraqis exporting more products from the city at large. Internet cafés, hotels, coffee shops, restaurants and import-export businesses are all testimony to the Somalis' entrepreneurial spirit. Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned airlines based in Dubai.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: 75,000 Sudanese live in the UAE since 2013. Most of them are based mainly in Dubai, with smaller populations in other emirates.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A large number of Syrians live in the UAE. Many of whom have been in the country since its prosperity, even before 1971. Syrian teachers and professors played an important role in the country's development. In addition to being famous in the media, beauty, fashion, real estate and IT businesses, many Syrians have developed other companies and restaurants, as Syrian kitchen is known to be the richest kitchen in the Middle East and one of the most variable in the world. Many of them work in both the public and private sectors. Higher positions are usually held by Syrians due to their known education, diplomacy and background.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Many Syrian artists and actors, who are considered to be the most famous in the Arab world, are now living in the UAE. Most Syrians reside in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and smaller numbers in Sharjah. In addition to Arabic, most Syrians speak English fluently and a small number of them speak French and other languages.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Before the 2011 crisis, Syria was the first Arab destination for UAE citizens who considered it home. The Syrian population in the UAE is over 242,000. Most of them are Sunni Muslims and Christians. Many of them are coupled to non-Arabs.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: As of late 2014, official Tunisian foreign consular registries account for an estimated 39,238 Tunisians living in the UAE. There is a Tunisian Business Council based in Abu Dhabi. There is also a web radio operated by the Tunisian community, known as 3ASLEMA Dubai.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Until signing a normalisation agreement in September 2020, the United Arab Emirates did not recognise Israel due to the Palestinian conflict, and therefore Israeli passport-holders were not legally allowed to enter the UAE. Restrictions were tightened against the entry of Israeli citizens following the assassination of Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh in Dubai in 2010, which was blamed on Israeli intelligence. However, there were still Jewish expatriates in the UAE, and Israelis with dual citizenship who lived, visited, and worked in the UAE as citizens of other countries. Moreover, some Israeli companies used to conduct business in the UAE indirectly through third parties.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: In 2014, Turkish citizens living in the UAE was around 10,000 and increasing. In recent years many Turkish doctors have moved to Dubai.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: There were 3,000 to 4,000 Eritreans in the UAE as of 2010. 60% of them were women working as baby-sitters.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: An estimated 100,000 Ethiopian nationals live in the UAE. A large number of them are domestic workers, housemaids or involved in labour.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A community of over 300 Ghanaian expatriates live in the country. They have two main associations, the Ghana Community in Dubai and the Ghana Social Club in Abu Dhabi. Ghana has a consulate-general in Dubai serving the community.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Kenyans in the United Arab Emirates had an estimated population numbering 50,000 in 2019. Of these, many work in Dubai in the hospitality and construction industries.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: The Nigerian diaspora living and working in the UAE faced mass deportation again since July 2021 in the Gulf nation after the release of the new labour policy prohibiting them from being provided with a work permit. In one of the many videos that surfaced on the Internet, a Nigerian woman called out the Nigerian Embassy in Dubai for not helping the Nigerian citizens in the country. According to the Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights "everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state". In addition, the declaration in its Article 23 also gives everyone the right to work, just and favourable conditions of work, free choice of employment and protection against unemployment.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A South Sudanese community is present in the UAE. They are mainly Christians. They were treated as part of the Sudanese community; however, after South Sudan achieved independence from Sudan in 2011, South Sudanese expatriates living in the UAE were required to apply for new South Sudanese passports. The UAE airline Flydubai operates several flights a week from Dubai to Juba.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Approximately 5000 Zimbabweans live in UAE. They are mainly employed in the aviation, industry, tourism and hospitality sectors.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Most Kazakhs are business people. The Kazakhstan Society in UAE is an association of Kazakh expatriates based in the UAE. As of 2015, the population was 5,000 to 6,000.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Up to 4,000 Kyrgyz expatriates were residing and working in the UAE as of 2012. There is a Kyrgyz Club in Dubai and the community celebrates events such as the Independence Day of Kyrgyzstan.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A small number of Uzbeks live and work in the UAE. They celebrate cultural events such as Nowruz. Their number has grown to about 14,000 in 2016 from 4,000 in 2014.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Almost 4,000 Japanese live in the UAE. Over 2,000 of them reside in Dubai, making the city home to the largest Japanese community in the whole of the Arab world. Japan also maintains a sizeable trade presence in the UAE through representative offices of multinational corporations and organisations; as of 2007, there were an estimated 105 Japanese companies operating in the Jebel Ali Free Zone alone.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: According to registrations based with local embassies and consulates, the community has been growing at an average of 20 percent per year, much larger than the population during the 1980s when only a few hundred Japanese expatriates lived in the country. The Japanese have introduced judo in the country. Most immigrants are principally skilled workers employed in white-collar business and industry sectors. Dubai has one Japanese association and there is also a Dubai Japanese School, which is based on Japanese curriculum. The Japanese School in Abu Dhabi also serves Japanese expatriates.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Approximately 3,100 South Koreans live in the United Arab Emirates. The United Arab Emirates received a small contingent of South Korean migrant workers in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but it was never a major destination. However, due to rapid growth since 2005, the country has come to have the Arab world's largest South Korean population. , roughly 2,500 South Koreans live in Dubai alone, largely businessmen working at the 90 Korean companies in the country. There were also many flight attendants working for Emirates Airlines; the number of South Koreans working for Emirates Airlines increased from 15 in 1998 to 620 as of 2007, mostly based out of Dubai. Dubai has the UAE's largest community of South Koreans. However, a consulate was not opened in Dubai until March 2008.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Roughly 1,300 North Korean workers live in the UAE, primarily in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. They earn between US$300 and $500 per month, but must make so-called "loyalty payments" of $150 to $250 to the North Korean government. This has sparked discontent among those workers—and in response, the North Korean government has sent security agents to patrol North Korean work camps and look for people making critical comments.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Won Ho Chung is a famous Arabic language comedian of South Korean origin who is based in Dubai. In 2010, Chung was appointed goodwill ambassador for the Korea Tourism Organization in the Middle East.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: The largest community of Afghans in the Arab world reside in the UAE. Around 300,000 were reported to be in the country where many work in the fields of construction and agriculture, and as business people in Dubai and Abu Dhabi.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Over 500,000 Bangladeshis live in the UAE. Expatriates from Bangladesh in the United Arab Emirates form one of the largest communities along with others hailing from the Indian subcontinent. They are spread out over the various emirates of the country, with many based in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. A sizeable number of the South Asian labour force in the UAE is from Bangladesh. In the fiscal year 2005–2006, remittances from Bangladeshis were marked up to US$512.6M.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A number of Bangladeshi-curriculum schools operate in the UAE, including the Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Bangladesh Islamia School in Abu Dhabi.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Most Bhutanese nationals in the UAE are labour force and service industry workers. Employ Bhutan Overseas is a Bhutanese government-authorized employment agency that sends Bhutanese workers to the UAE.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Nepalese in the United Arab Emirates are a large community numbering around 225,000; of these, 100,000 are in Dubai, some 50,000 in Abu Dhabi remaining are spread out over the northern emirates. As per IOM Report of 2012–2014, most of Nepalese migrant workers in UAE number up to 97,874. Out of the population, half are labour migrants in the construction sector, while others work in hospitality and security services (as security guards). Nepalese security guards are popular in the UAE for their trustworthiness. There are also some skilled professionals.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: As part of curbing illegal migration, the UAE made new amendments to visit visa regulations in 2008. According to experts, the changes were likely to affect Nepalese the most, along with Indians and Pakistanis.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Sri Lankans in the United Arab Emirates have grown to a population of over 300,000; they mostly form the country's large foreign labour force. In 2009, community members were urged to register themselves. A lack of community data has often resulted in difficulties in reaching out to the community at the time of major announcements, rules and regulation. Most expatriates from Sri Lanka, along with other immigrants from the Indian subcontinent, tend to be found in Dubai, although sizeable communities are existent in Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Al-Ain and Ras al-Khaimah.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Australians in the United Arab Emirates consist of 16,000 expatriates, most of whom live in Dubai and the capital of Abu Dhabi.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Australians have been attracted by the lifestyle Dubai offers, including the wealth of outdoor activities for their families. However, their population fell in 2009 due to the downturn in the economy of Dubai, as retrenched Australian expatriates with underwater real-estate loans fled the country to avoid debtor's prison.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: In Dubai, Australian and New Zealander expatriates joined together to set up the Australia New Zealand Association, which aims to provide mutual support for their communities in the entire UAE.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: The Australian International School in Sharjah is an established international school, catering to much of the Australian community. The school's education system and syllabus is Queensland-curriculum based.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A small Fijian community numbering in the hundreds exists in the UAE, based in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Al Ain and other places. They include both native Fijians and Indo-Fijians. New job opportunities have prompted some Fijians to migrate to the UAE. Most Fijians in the UAE can be found working in retail, tourism and hospitality, as nurses, pilots, seafarers teachers, hotel workers, sportspeople and in other jobs. The Fijian community in Abu Dhabi convenes celebrations for Fiji Day.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: An estimated 700,000 expatriates from the Philippines live or work in the UAE. Particularly in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Fujairah, and Al-Ain.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: There were 6,000 Malaysians living and working in the United Arab Emirates as of 2010. Most are found in Dubai and can be seen working with foreign and local companies. In addition, a small number of Malaysian pilots work for the Abu Dhabi-based Etihad Airways.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: New Zealanders in the UAE number around 4,000, the overwhelming majority of whom are based in Dubai. A number of entrepreneurs from New Zealand are attracted towards the work and business opportunities offered in the UAE. In 2007, more than 700 New Zealanders moved to the UAE permanently or for long term.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: The New Zealand community is involved in numerous cultural events, get-togethers and organisations. In Dubai, expatriate New Zealanders joined Australians to form the Australia New Zealand Association, which aims to provide support to society members and expatriates over the entire country.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A very small number of Samoans are present in the UAE. Most Samoans actively play rugby. New Zealand-born Samoan rugby player Apollo Perelini has been based in the UAE for a couple of years, where he coaches at the Elite Sporting Academy in Repton School Dubai.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: There is a small community of Singaporeans in the UAE numbering around 2,100, the largest Singaporean community in the Middle East. The community includes Singaporean Malays, Chinese Singaporeans and Indian Singaporeans. Dubai has three Singaporean expatriate clubs: the Singapore Business Council (SBC), Singapore Malay-Muslim Group (SMG) and the Singapore Women's Group (SWG). Many Singaporeans visit the UAE for tourism or transit through its airports.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Thais in the United Arab Emirates are based predominantly in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Smaller populations also live in the northern emirates. A significant number of Thais work in the construction sector. In 2006, there were some 3,500 Thai workers in Dubai alone. This figure jumped to 6,500 in 2007 and recent numbers are predicted to be as high as 8,000. The UAE and Thailand have signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at protecting the rights of Thai workers living and working in the UAE.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Americans in the United Arab Emirates form one of the largest Western expatriate communities in the UAE. Over 50,000 United States nationals reside in the UAE. The bulk of these live in Dubai while sizable populations are also found in Abu Dhabi. According to statistics produced in 1999, there were 7,500 United States citizens in Abu Dhabi and as many as 9,000 United States citizens in Dubai.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Argentines in the United Arab Emirates are 2,000 and form the third largest community of Argentines in the Middle East (after Lebanon and Israel) and are mainly expatriates (bankers, pilots, stewards and technicians working with the two main airlines in the country) and professional footballers playing in the UAE Football League. Even the legendary Argentine player Diego Maradona was an expat for a while in UAE.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Brazilians in the United Arab Emirates are the third largest community of Brazilians in the Middle East (after Israel and Lebanon) and are mainly expatriates and professional footballers. In 2002, up to 235 Brazilians were reported living in the country (Abu Dhabi and Dubai). These figures increased ten-fold, with data disclosed by the embassy of Brazil in Abu Dhabi putting the number as high as 2,000 by 2010. Most immigrants are pilots, stewards and technicians working with the two main airlines in the country, Emirates and Etihad. The Emirates airline alone has over 100 Brazilian pilots and 600 stewards. Brazil also has a large business presence in the UAE, with representative offices for several construction companies, exporters and banks.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Footballers from Brazil top the list of foreigners playing in the UAE Football League. The UAE remains a popular touring destination for many Brazilians and airlines provide links between both countries.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Around 41,000 Canadians live in the United Arab Emirates as of 2017. There is a Canadian Club in Dubai.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: The Caribbean community in UAE numbers around 2,000 as of 2014, which is an increase since 2006 when it barely numbered 100. The majority of them are Jamaicans, and a few dozen Jamaican pilots are presently working for the Emirates airline.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Over 14,000 Colombians live in the United Arab Emirates, primarily in Dubai. Is one of the biggest growing communities in the country, and is the second Latin American community after Brazilians. They work in the tourism sector in Dubai, as footballers.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A small Cuban community is present in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The population has increased over the years. Cuban cigars are popular in the UAE. Cuban food and salsa clubs are available in the UAE.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: The Nicaraguan community in the UAE is rather small. As of 2017 less than 5 expatriates live in the UAE, the majority of them in Dubai Marina.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: 1,200 people living in the UAE have Venezuelan roots in 2015. Many Venezuelans work in the oil and gas sector.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: The UAE is home to 1,800 Austrians, and 36 Austrian companies operate directly in the UAE. Jumeirah Park in Dubai, as of 2019, is the preferred neighborhood for Austrians living in Dubai.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A community of Bosnian expatriates lives in the UAE, numbering from 1,000 to 2,000. In 2014, the Bosnian community of Dubai provided humanitarian aid to affectees of floods in Bosnia and also in Serbia.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: British presence in the country dates back to the 19th century, when the region was a protectorate. 2012, there were an estimated 240,000 Britons living in the country, representing the largest western community in the United Arab Emirates. Prior to 2008, there were 120,000 expatriates holding British passports in the UAE. However, after the 2008 UK recession another 120,000 British nationals emigrated to the UAE to find work, doubling their numbers within a period of just four years. Most Britons took their entire families with them. The main localities where British citizens are based include Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Sharjah. A number of Britons working in the UAE are high-salary white-collar job professionals. Probationary work permits are valid for up to three months for Britons.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Around 7,000 Bulgarians live in the UAE, the largest population of Bulgarian people in the Arab World. They mostly live in Dubai.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Over 500 Croatians are currently living in the UAE, primarily in Dubai. The community is growing. Migration occurred in two waves, with the first wave taking place 15 years ago and the latest and larger wave comprising recent migrants. Croatians can be found working as cooks, stewards, waiters and in white-collar positions.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: As many as 1,000 Cypriots live in the UAE. They are mainly involved in the construction and trading industry. Others work as pilots and aeronautical engineers with local airlines.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: As of 2010, their number was around 2,000, up from just 400 since 2005. The Danish community of Dubai has founded a cultural organisation known as "Danes in Dubai", which aims at fostering relations between Denmark and the UAE.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Currently there is a growing population of Dutch nationals. As of 2011 members of the community number at 4,500.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Over 10,000 French people live in the UAE. The French maintain numerous community organisations, schools, restaurants, and academies throughout the country. According to various statistics, the French population of UAE has been growing at a rate of 5% a year. France also has an industrial presence with close to 300 French enterprises and businesses. Roughly half of these are in Dubai.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Over 5,500 Greeks live in the UAE, mostly in Dubai. They are predominantly professionals in white-collar industry, serving in various positions such as executives and businessmen. Many of them have been living in the country for more than 20 years, while every year an increasing number of newcomers are setting up in the UAE. In addition, more than 120 Greek companies of different sectors currently operate in the country.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: The Greek community is organised through social circles. There are two (informal) Greek schools, whose teachers are posted and managed by the Greek Ministry of Education.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: The Greek Orthodox Church of the UAE is under the jurisdiction of the Antioch Patriarchate; the current bishop is the Metropolitan of Baghdad, and Kuwait Constantine. There is a Greek Orthodox Church of St Nikolaos in Abu Dhabi. Prior to its construction, there existed no Greek church in the UAE and the community had to use other churches for their services.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: More than 8,000 Irish expatriates live in the UAE. There is an Abu Dhabi Irish Society and a Dubai Irish Society.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: About 300 Latvians live in the UAE. To serve the community, Latvia opened an embassy in Abu Dhabi in September 2014, its first diplomatic mission in the Persian Gulf region.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: Around 4,000 Portuguese people live in the UAE, with most of them living in big cities like Abu Dhabi or Dubai.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: A sizable Russian community lives in the UAE—typically having moved to the country for job opportunities and the year-round sunny weather. According to the Embassy of the Russian Federation in the UAE, as many as 100,000 Russian speakers, about 40,000 of whom are Russian nationals with the rest being from other CIS countries, live throughout the country, with the majority having made Dubai and Northern Emirates their home. The UAE is also a popular visiting destination, with over 2,000,000 tourists from Russia and the CIS visiting the country each year. A number of business and cultural groups operate within the community, such as Russian Business Council in Dubai and Northern Emirates, which is under the umbrella of the Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Russian Cultural Club in the American University of Sharjah; Russian Women's Union "Rossiyanka", to name a few. The Dubai Russian Private School is a secondary school that uses a curriculum approved by the Russian Ministry of Education and caters to the Russian speaking community needs.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: After-school activities and extra curricular classes are also available, e.g., dance lessons for adults and children at "Dance For You" studio. A number of Russian-language publications operate in the country: (dedicated to the luxury lifestyle and fashion), Business Emirates magazine (dedicate to the property, business and investments; the official publication of the Russian Business Council), as well as East Sprigs UAE Travel Guide book for Russian speaking tourists and visitors of the UAE, printed & published by the Russian Emirates Publishing House and actively promoted and circulated. There is a "Russian Radio – Auto Radio U.A.E." broadcasting on 103.2 FM all over the UAE. Dubai has often been described as a playground for Russian VIPs, where large portions of property are bought. Some locals insist that as much as half of the Palm Jumeirah, the first of the city's scheduled three man-made islands, which is already handed over, will eventually be owned by Russian speakers.


title: Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates

text: About 2,500 Spanish expatriates live in the UAE. A Spanish Business Council has been formed by the expatriate community. The majority of them live in Dubai, followed by Abu Dhabi.


title: Playwright

text: The word "play" is from Middle English pleye, from Old English plæġ, pleġa, plæġa ("play, exercise; sport, game; drama, applause"). The word "wright" is an archaic English term for a craftsman or builder (as in a wheelwright or cartwright). The words combine to indicate a person who has "wrought" words, themes, and other elements into a dramatic form—a play. (The homophone with "write" is coincidental.)


title: Playwright

text: The first recorded use of the term "playwright" is from 1605, 73 years before the first written record of the term "dramatist". It appears to have been first used in a pejorative sense by Ben Jonson to suggest a mere tradesman fashioning works for the theatre.


title: Playwright

text: Jonson described himself as a poet, not a playwright, since plays during that time were written in meter and so were regarded as the province of poets. This view was held as late as the early 19th century. The term "playwright" later again lost this negative connotation.


title: Playwright

text: The earliest playwrights in Western literature with surviving works are the Ancient Greeks. These early plays were for annual Athenian competitions among play writers held around the 5th century BC. Such notables as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes established forms still relied on by their modern counterparts. For the ancient Greeks, playwriting involved "poïesis", "the act of making". This is the source of the English word "poet".


title: Playwright

text: In the 4th century BCE, Aristotle wrote his "Poetics", in which he analyzed the principle of action or "praxis" as the basis for tragedy. He then considered elements of drama: plot ("μύθος mythos"), character ("ἔθος ethos"), thought ("dianoia"), diction ("lexis"), music ("melodia"), and spectacle ("opsis"). Since the myths, on which Greek tragedy were based, were widely known, plot had to do with the arrangement and selection of existing material. Character was determined by choice and by action. Tragedy is mimesis—"the imitation of an action that is serious". He developed his notion of hamartia, or tragic flaw, an error in judgment by the main character or protagonist, which provides the basis for the "conflict-driven" play.


title: Playwright

text: The Italian Renaissance brought about a stricter interpretation of Aristotle, as this long-lost work came to light in the late 15th century. The neoclassical ideal, which was to reach its apogee in France during the 17th century, dwelled upon the unities, of action, place, and time. This meant that the playwright had to construct the play so that its "virtual" time would not exceed 24 hours, that it would be restricted to a single setting, and that there would be no subplots. Other terms, such as verisimilitude and decorum, circumscribed the subject matter significantly. For example, verisimilitude limits of the unities. Decorum fitted proper protocols for behavior and language on stage.


title: Playwright

text: In France, contained too many events and actions, thus, violating the 24-hour restriction of the unity of time. Neoclassicism never had as much traction in England, and Shakespeare's plays are directly opposed to these models, while in Italy, improvised and bawdy commedia dell'arte and opera were more popular forms. In England, after the Interregnum, and restoration of the monarchy in 1660, there was a move toward neoclassical dramaturgy.


title: Playwright

text: One structural unit that is still useful to playwrights today is the "French scene", which is a scene in a play where the beginning and end are marked by a change in the makeup of the group of characters onstage rather than by the lights going up or down or the set being changed.


title: Playwright

text: Popularized in the nineteenth century by the French playwrights Eugène Scribe and Victorien Sardou, and perhaps the most schematic of all formats, the "well-made play" relies on a series of coincidences (for better or worse) that determined the action. This plot driven format is often reliant on a prop device, such as a glass of water, or letter that reveals some secret information. In most cases, the character receiving the secret information misinterprets its contents, thus setting off a chain of events. Well-made plays are thus motivated by various plot devices which lead to "discoveries" and "reversals of action," rather than being character motivated. Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House" is an example of a well-made structure (built around the discovery of Krogstad's letter) that began to integrate a more realistic approach to character. The character Nora's leaving is as much motivated by "the letter" and disclosure of a "past secret" as it is by her own determination to strike out on her own. The well-made play infiltrated other forms of writing and is still seen in popular formats such as the mystery, or "whodunit."


title: Playwright

text: Contemporary playwrights in the United States often do not reach the same level of fame or cultural importance as others did in the past. No longer the only outlet for serious drama or entertaining comedies, theatrical productions must use ticket sales as a source of income, which has caused many of them to reduce the number of new works being produced. For example, Playwrights Horizons produced only six plays in the 2002–03 seasons, compared with thirty-one in 1973–74. As revivals and large-scale production musicals become the "de rigueur "of Broadway (and even Off-Broadway) productions, playwrights find it difficult to earn a living in the business, let alone achieve major successes.


title: Playwright

text: In an effort to develop new American voices in playwriting, a phenomenon known as new play development began to emerge in the early-to-mid-1980s, and continues through today. Many regional theatres have hired dramaturges and literary managers in an effort to showcase various festivals for new work, or bring in playwrights for residencies. Funding through national organizations, such as the National Endowment for the Arts and the Theatre Communications Group, encouraged the partnerships of professional theatre companies and emerging playwrights.


title: Playwright

text: New Dramatists and The Lark theatre in New York City, for example, will often have a "cold" reading of a script in an informal sitdown setting. A cold reading means that the actors haven't rehearsed the work, or may be seeing it for the first time, and usually, the technical requirements are minimal. Shenandoah and the O'Neill Festival offer summer retreats for playwrights to develop their work with directors and actors in a totally "devoted" setting.


title: Playwright

text: The 1990s saw the formation of playwriting collectives like 13P and Clubbed Thumb who have gathered members together to produce, rather than develop, new works. This has been a reaction to the "developed to death" notion in which the play never gets produced, but goes through endless readings and critiques that after a certain point in New York go through some kind of assiduous development process, and rare is the play that shows up on a producer's desk that gains any traction. On Broadway, this has happened with Mamet's "Race" (2009) and Martin McDonagh's "A Behanding in Spokane" (2010), although these shows were packaged with stars (Christopher Walken in the latter) and with playwrights who are well established in the profession.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: The Supreme People's Assembly (SPA; ) is the unicameral legislature of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), commonly known as North Korea. It consists of one deputy from each of the DPRK's 687 constituencies, elected to five-year terms.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: The constitution identifies the SPA as the "highest organ of state power" and all state positions, including the President of the State Affairs and the Premier of the Cabinet, trace their authority to it. The Assembly typically does not legislate directly, but delegates that task to a smaller Standing Committee. The policies legislated by the SPA are carried out by government officials subject to oversight and correction by the Workers' Party of Korea.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: The Workers' Party of Korea, which the constitution recognizes as the state's leading party, dominates the Assembly in a monopoly coalition with the Social Democratic Party and the Chondoist Chongu Party called the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland. Elections are held in five-year intervals, the most recent taking place in 2019.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: Under the 1972 Constitution, the number of seats in the Assembly was 655. This was increased to 687 following the 1986 election.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: In 1990, the composition of the SPA was 601 seats held by the Workers' Party of Korea, 51 seats held by the Korean Social Democratic Party, 22 seats held by the Chondoist Chongu Party and 13 seats held by independents.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: The last convention during Kim Il-sung's government took place in April 1994, three months before his death. Then during the mourning period the assembly did not meet, nor did elections take place. The next meeting convened in September 1998, four years after Kim's death.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: Kim Jong-il did not make a speech at the first session of the 10th SPA in 1998. Instead, members listened to a tape-recorded speech of the late Kim Il Sung, which was made at the first session of the 9th SPA, in 1991. The enhanced status of the Korean People's Army was anticipated by the SPA election July 1998, when 101 military officials were elected out of 687 delegates. This was a large increase from the 57 military officials elected during the 9th SPA in 1990.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: Kim Yong-nam served as chairman of the Assembly Presidum from 1998 until 2019. Pak Thae-song is the Chairman (Speaker), while Pak Chol-min and Pak Kum-hui are the vice-chairmen.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: On April 14, 2012, during the fifth session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly Kim Jong-un was elected as the country's supreme leader. Addressing the SPA session, Kim Yong-nam, chairman of the SPA Presidium, said Kim's accession to the DPRK's top post reflected "the ardent desire and unanimous will of all the party members, servicepersons and other people". His status as leader was reaffirmed when he was elected unopposed on March 9, 2014. Kim was nominated to represent his district, the symbolic Mount Paektu, in the assembly election. Voters could vote "yes" or "no", with all voting in the affirmative, according to government officials.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: In 2017, the assembly created a subordinate Diplomatic Commission. This may be useful for international dialogue with other parliaments, while other diplomatic channels are blocked. On 11 April 2019, Choe Ryong-hae was appointed chairman of the Presidium.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: Under the Constitution of North Korea, all citizens 20 and older, regardless of party affiliation, political views, or religion, are eligible to be elected to the legislature and vote in elections.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: All candidates are selected by the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland in mass meetings held to decide which candidates will be nominated and their names can only go on the ballot paper with the approval of the meeting. The Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland is a popular front dominated by the Korean Workers' Party, in which almost all power rests. The other participants in the coalition include the two other "de facto" legal political parties, the Korean Social Democratic Party and the Chondoist Chongu Party, as well as various other member organizations including social groups and youth groups, such as the Korean Children's Union, the Socialist Patriotic Youth League, the Korean Democratic Women's League, and the Red Cross Society of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: Only one candidate who has been selected by the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland appears on the ballot. A voter may cross off the candidate's name to vote against them, but must do so in a special booth without any secrecy. The voter must then drop his or her ballot into a separate box for "no" votes. Voting against a Democratic Front candidate is considered treasonous; those who do face the loss of their jobs and housing, along with extra surveillance. Refusing to vote at all is also considered a treasonous act.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: The Assembly is convened once or twice a year in regular sessions of several days each. At all other times, the Standing Committee acts for the Assembly. Extraordinary sessions of the Assembly can also meet when called by the Standing Committee or by one third of the Assembly deputies.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: The Standing Committee exercises legislative power when the SPA is in recess, which occurs during all but a few days of every year. For all intents and purposes, it is the highest organ of state power in North Korea.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: The Standing Committee consists of the Chairman, vice-chairmen, a secretary-general and other members, elected by the SPA. The secretary-general, a largely symbolic role, is currently Jong Yong-guk. The functions of the Standing Committee are to:


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: In addition to its executive functions, the Standing Committee also receives credentials of diplomatic representatives from foreign countries with the consent of the President of the SAC.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: In 1998, a constitutional amendment abolished the posts of the President of North Korea, Central People's Committee, and Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly and gave their powers to a new body titled the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly. Of these organs, the Presidium was seen as the successor of the Standing Committee. In 2021, the Presidium reverted its name back to Standing Committee, though the powers provided by the original constitutional amendment used to abolish the previous Standing Committee remain unaltered. Thus, the Standing Committee formed in 2021 currently serves as a continuation of the Presidium rather than a re-creation of the Standing Committee that had existed before 1998.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: Prior to the creation of the post of President of North Korea in 1972, the Chairman of the Standing Committee was the country's "de jure" head of state. Currently, the Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly is the SPA speaker, while the Chairman of the Standing Committee performs certain representative functions ordinarily accorded to a head of state. As the representative of the state in external matters and the head of the highest sovereign organ, the Chairman of the Standing Committee is often considered the "de facto" head of state of North Korea, though officially this role is reserved for the President of the State Affairs Commission. The chairman also convenes sessions of the SPA.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: The chairman, like the rest of the Standing Committee, is elected by the SPA, which can also remove the chairman. Choe Ryong-hae assumed the office of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly in 2019 before the office was given the current name in 2021.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: In addition to the Standing Committee, the SPA has four parliamentary committees: the Foreign Affairs Committee, Budget Committee, Legislation Committee, and Deputy Credentials Committee. The constitution mandates the Legislation and Budget Committees and leaves the choice of having more committees to the SPA. Before 1998, there was an additional committee called the Reunification-policy Deliberation Committee. The Foreign Affairs Committee, too, was discontinued in 1998, but is operating again.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: The Foreign Affairs Committee is chaired by Ri Su-yong. The other members are Ro Ryong-nam, Ri Son-gwon, Kim Jong-suk, Kim Tong-son, Choe Son-hui, and Kim Song-il.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: The Budget Committee is chaired by O Su-yong. The other members are Hong So-hon, Pak Hyong-ryol, Ri Hi-yong, Kim Kwang-uk, Choe Yong-il, and Ri Kum-ok.


title: Supreme People's Assembly

text: The Legislation Committee is chaired by Choe Pu-il. The other members are Kim Myong-gil, Kang Yun-sok, Pak Jong-nam, Kim Yong-bae, Jong Kyong-il, and Ho Kwang-il.


title: Anti-establishment

text: An anti-establishment view or belief is one which stands in opposition to the conventional social, political, and economic principles of a society. The term was first used in the modern sense in 1958, by the British magazine "New Statesman" to refer to its political and social agenda. Antiestablishmentarianism (or anti-establishmentarianism) is an expression for such a political philosophy.


title: Anti-establishment

text: Pauline Hanson's One Nation Party and the United Australia Party (formerly Palmer United) have both been referred to as anti-establishment parties.


title: Anti-establishment

text: The People's Party of Canada is seen as anti-establishment political party. Bernier was accused by prominent Conservative politicians such as former prime ministers Stephen Harper and Brian Mulroney of trying to divide the political right. Bernier responded to Power and Politics that he wanted to focus on the disaffected voters stating that "there is 20 per cent of the population who do not even bother to vote that his party will debate discussions that "the leadership and the caucus" did not want to have when he was a party member.


title: Anti-establishment

text: In India, the 1960s saw emergence of a group of writers who called themselves Hungryalists. They were the first anti-establishment and counter culture writers in Bengal whose dissenting voice drew attention of the government and court cases were filed against them. The main anti-establishment voices in Bengali literature have been Malay Roy Choudhury, Samir Roychoudhury, Subimal Basak, Falguny Roy and Tridib Mitra.


title: Anti-establishment

text: The Five Star Movement (M5S) and the League are considered anti-establishment parties. The M5S led by Luigi Di Maio won the most votes in the 2018 Italian general election and formed the largest groups in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate. The center-right electoral alliance led by League's secretary Matteo Salvini won a pluralities of seats in both houses. The M5S and the League agreed to form a government coalition, which resulted in Giuseppe Conte being appointed Prime Minister and forming the 65th government of the Italian Republic.


title: Anti-establishment

text: Power to the People, a left-wing to far-left electoral alliance comprising several parties, organizations, associations, committees and social centers, is also an anti-establishment movement. In its manifesto, membership to Power to the People is described as "social and political, anti-liberist and anti-capitalist, communist, socialist, environmentalist, feminist, secular, pacifist, libertarian and southernist left-wing", whose goal as coalition is "to create real democracy, through daily practices, self-governance experiments, socialisation of knowing and popular participation". In the 2018 general election, they obtained 370,320 votes for the Chamber of Deputies (1.13%) and 319,094 votes for the Senate (1.05%), without electing any representatives.


title: Anti-establishment

text: The election of Andrés Manuel López Obrador as President of Mexico was deemed as anti-establishment by pundits.


title: Anti-establishment

text: The Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM) is the biggest anti-establishment movement in Pakistan. The movement is a political coalition of the major political parties of Pakistan, including Pakistan Muslim League (N) & Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F). In Pakistan, many voices have been taken and there have been several protests against the Establishment but these are not shown by Pakistani media channels since they aren't allowed. In Pakistan, especially in Balochistan, there is a famous slogan ""ye jo dehshatgardi hai, iske peeche wardi hai"" (Those in uniform are behind terrorism).


title: Anti-establishment

text: In the UK anti-establishment figures and groups are seen as those who argue or act against the ruling class. Having an established church, in England, a British monarchy, an aristocracy, and an unelected upper house in Parliament made up in part by hereditary nobles, the UK has a clearly definable Establishment against which anti-establishment figures can be contrasted. In particular, satirical humour is commonly used to undermine the deference shown by the majority of the population towards those who govern them. Examples of British anti-establishment satire include much of the humour of Peter Cook and Ben Elton; novels such as Rumpole of the Bailey; magazines such as "Private Eye"; and television programmes like "Spitting Image", "That Was The Week That Was", and "The Prisoner" (see also the satire boom of the 1960s). Anti-establishment themes also can be seen in the novels of writers such as Will Self.


title: Anti-establishment

text: However, by operating through the arts and media, the line between politics and culture is blurred, so that pigeonholing figures such as Banksy as either anti-establishment or counter-culture figures can be difficult. The tabloid newspapers such as "The Sun", are less subtle, and commonly report on the sex-lives of the Royals simply because it sells newspapers, but in the process have been described as having anti-establishment views that have weakened traditional institutions. On the other hand, as time passes, anti-establishment figures sometimes end up becoming part of the Establishment, as Mick Jagger, the Rolling Stones frontman, became a Knight in 2003, or when The Who frontman Roger Daltrey was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2005 in recognition of both his music and his work for charity.


title: Anti-establishment

text: Individuals who were anti-establishment often spoke of "fighting the man", not wanting to be "selling out to the Establishment", and "tearing down the Establishment." Many well renowned activists and activist groups innovated great changes to society by standing up to "the Establishment".


title: Anti-establishment

text: "The Establishment" to these, and these anti-establishment activists was not simply the people of the older generation. Dictionary.com defines the establishment as "the existing power structure in society; the dominant groups in society and their customs or institutions; institutional authority", Merriam-Webster defines the words as "a group of social, economic, and political leaders who form a ruling class" and The Free Dictionary defines it as "A group of people holding most of the power and influence in a government or society." Social critic and "people's" historian Howard Zinn defines the establishment as "Republicans, Democrats, newspapers [and] television" in his book, "A People's History of the United States." Later Zinn calls out the "huge military establishment" which one could assume is part of his definition of the "Establishment." In a chapter of the book that expresses Zinn's political theory for the future he defines "the Establishment [as] that uneasy club of business executives, generals, and politicos."


title: Anti-establishment

text: Later in Zinn's book is a reprinted quote from Samuel Huntington, who was a Harvard University political science professor and White House political consultant, that describes the establishment and the coalition a president should establish upon being elected:


title: Anti-establishment

text: Many World War II veterans, who had seen horrors and inhumanities, began to question every aspect of life, including its meaning. Urged to return to "normal lives" and plagued by post traumatic stress disorder (discussing it was "not manly"), in which many of them went on to found the outlaw motorcycle club Hells Angels. Some veterans, who founded the Beat Movement, were denigrated as "Beatniks" and accused of being "downbeat" on everything. Lawrence Ferlinghetti wrote a Beat autobiography that cited his wartime service.


title: Anti-establishment

text: Citizens had also begun to question authority, especially after the Gary Powers U-2 Incident, wherein President Eisenhower repeatedly assured people the United States was not spying on Russia, then was caught in a blatant lie. This general dissatisfaction was popularized by Peggy Lee's laconic pop song "Is That All There Is?", but remained unspoken and unfocused. It was not until the Baby Boomers came along in huge numbers that protest became organized, who were named by the Beats as "little hipsters".


title: Anti-establishment

text: "Anti-establishment" became a buzzword of the tumultuous 1960s. Young people raised in comparative luxury saw many wrongs perpetuated by society and began to question "the Establishment". Contentious issues included the ongoing Vietnam War with no clear goal or end point, the constant military build-up and diversion of funds for the Cold War, perpetual widespread poverty being ignored, money-wasting boondoggles like pork barrel projects and the Space Race, festering race issues, a stultifying education system, repressive laws and harsh sentences for casual drug use, and a general malaise among the older generation. On the other side, "Middle America" often regarded questions as accusations, and saw the younger generation as spoiled, drugged-out, sex-crazed, unambitious slackers.


title: Anti-establishment

text: Anti-establishment debates were common because they touched on everyday aspects of life. Even innocent questions could escalate into angry diatribes. For example, "Why do we spend millions on a foreign war and a space program when our schools are falling apart?" would be answered with "We need to keep our military strong and ready to stop the Communists from taking over the world." As in any debate, there were valid and unsupported arguments on both sides. "Make love not war" invoked "America, love it or leave it."


title: Anti-establishment

text: As the 1960s simmered, the anti-Establishment adopted conventions in opposition to the Establishment. T-shirts and blue jeans became the uniform of the young because their parents wore collar shirts and slacks. Drug use, with its illegal panache, was favored over the legal consumption of alcohol. Promoting peace and love was the antidote to promulgating hatred and war. Living in genteel poverty was more "honest" than amassing a nest egg and a house in the suburbs. Rock 'n roll was played loudly over easy listening. Dodging the draft was passive resistance to traditional military service. Dancing was free-style, not learned in a ballroom. Over time, anti-establishment messages crept into popular culture: songs, fashion, movies, lifestyle choices, television.


title: Anti-establishment

text: The emphasis on freedom allowed previously hushed conversations about sex, politics, or religion to be openly discussed. A wave of radical liberation movements for minority groups came out of the 1960s, including second-wave feminism; Black Power, Red Power, and the Chicano Movement; and gay liberation. These movements differed from previous efforts to improve minority rights by their opposition to respectability politics and militant tone. Programs were put in place to deal with inequities: Equal Opportunity Employment, the Head Start Program, enforcement of the Civil Rights Act, busing, and others. But the widespread dissemination of new ideas also sparked a backlash and resurgence in conservative religions, new segregated private schools, anti-gay and anti-abortion legislation, and other reversals. Extremists tended to be heard more because they made good copy for newspapers and television. In many ways, the angry debates of the 1960s led to modern right-wing talk radio and coalitions for "traditional family values".


title: Anti-establishment

text: As the 1960s passed, society had changed to the point that the definition of the Establishment had blurred, and the term "anti-establishment" seemed to fall out of use.


title: Anti-establishment

text: Howard Zinn, in his bestseller titled "A People's History of the United States" mentions the concept of "establishment" several times in the book. In reference to the 1896 election and McKinley's victory, when talking about socialism in the early 20th century, a major WWI general strike in 1919, when writing about the aftermath of WWII, in the talk about the repression of a communist party organizer, in discussion of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom led by Martin Luther King Jr. and others, when writing about how even when black leaders were elected, they couldn't overcome the establishment and in reference to opposition in the Vietnam war, the establishment before and after the Watergate Scandal, the establishment from Jimmy Carter's Administration to George H.W.'s administration, the Iran-Contra Affair and the establishment, the maintaining of the military establishment even after the Cold War ended, the Vietnam Syndrome that leads to anti-establishment thought, and in a discussion of the 2000 election.


title: Anti-establishment

text: In 2011, with the rise of anti-austerity protests, online activism like Anonymous and the advent of the Occupy protests targeting the power of high finance and fighting for "the 99%," anti-establishment thought has reappeared. BBC News commented in one article that "The sinister Guy Fawkes mask made famous by the film "V for Vendetta" has become an emblem for anti-establishment protest groups." During the 1999 Seattle WTO protests the Earth Rainbow Network had (and still has) a page titled "The Anti-Establishment Files: Info and background material on the coming World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle."


title: Anti-establishment

text: In recent years, with the rise of the populist right, the term anti-establishment has tended to refer to both left and right-wing movements expressing dissatisfaction with mainstream institutions. For those on the right, this can be fueled by feelings of alienation from major institutions such as the government, corporations, media, and education system, which are perceived as holding progressive social norms, an inversion of the meaning formerly associated with the term. This can be accounted for by a perceived cultural and institutional shift to the left by many on the right. According to Pew Research, Western European populist parties from both sides of the ideological spectrum tapped into anti-establishment sentiment in 2017, "from the Brexit referendum to national elections in Italy." Sarah Kendzior of QZ opines that "The term "anti-establishment" has lost all meaning," citing a campaign video from then candidate Donald Trump titled "Fighting the Establishment." The term anti-establishment has tended to refer to Right-wing populist movements, including nationalist movements and anti-lockdown protests, since Donald Trump and the global populist wave, starting as far back as 2015 and as recently as 2021.


title: Riya Suman

text: Riya Suman is an Indian actress who appears mainly in Tamil and Telugu films. She debuted in the commercially successful 2016 Telugu film "Majnu".


title: Riya Suman

text: Riya made her debut in "Majnu" (2016) opposite Nani. The movie opened to great reviews commercially and critically. She later starred in "Paper Boy" (2018), which opened to mixed reviews from the critics and audience. She received critical appraisal for her rich yet humble girl portrayal and nuanced performance in the film. "The Hans India"s critic wrote, "Riya Suman delivered an elegant and beautiful performance. She is not only looking extremely gorgeous in the film but will impress the viewers with her talent as well." The "IndiaGlitz" critic wrote, "Riya Suman is restrained; her smile comes with a certain cuteness." "Telugu Film Nagar"s writer praised the film, writing, "Matured measured performance by Riya Suman." The "Telugu Cinema"' writer's review said, "Riya Suman shows grace and has a decent screen presence."


title: Red-crowned crane

text: The red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), also called the Manchurian crane or Japanese crane (; the Chinese character '丹' means 'red', '頂/顶' means 'crown' and '鶴/鹤' means 'crane'), is a large East Asian crane among the rarest cranes in the world. In some parts of its range, it is known as a symbol of luck, longevity, and fidelity.


title: Red-crowned crane

text: Adult red-crowned cranes are named for a patch of red bare skin on the crown, which becomes brighter during the mating season. Overall, they are snow white in color with black on the wing secondaries, which can appear almost like a black tail when the birds are standing, but the real tail feathers are actually white. Males are black on the cheeks, throat, and neck, while females are pearly gray in these spots. The bill is olive green to a greenish horn, the legs are slate to grayish black, and the iris is dark brown.


title: Red-crowned crane

text: Juveniles are a combination of white, partly tawny, cinnamon brown, and rusty or grayish. The neck collar is grayish to coffee brown, the secondaries are dull black and brown, and the crown and forehead are covered with gray and tawny feathers. The primaries are white, tipped with black, as are the upper primary coverts. The legs and bill are similar to those of adults but lighter in color.


title: Red-crowned crane

text: This species is among the largest and heaviest cranes, typically measuring about tall and in length (from bill to tail tip). Across the large wingspan, the red-crowned crane measures . Typical body weight can range from , with males being slightly larger and heavier than females and weight ranging higher just prior to migration. On average, it is the heaviest crane species, although both the sarus and wattled crane can grow taller and exceed this species in linear measurements.