title: Big Jim Colosimo

text: When Prohibition went into effect in 1920, Torrio pushed for the gang to enter into bootlegging, but Colosimo stubbornly refused. In March 1920, Colosimo secured an uncontested divorce from Moresco. A month later, he and Dale Winter eloped to West Baden Springs, Indiana. Upon their return, he bought a home on the South Side. On May 11, 1920, Torrio called and told Colosimo that a shipment was about to arrive at his restaurant. Colosimo drove there to await it, but instead he was shot in an ambush and killed. Frankie Yale had allegedly traveled from New York to Chicago and personally killed longtime gang boss Colosimo at the behest of Torrio and Capone. Although suspected by Chicago police, Yale was never officially charged. Colosimo was allegedly murdered because he stood in the way of his gang making bootlegging profits, having "gone soft" after his marriage with Winter. Al Capone has also been suggested as the gunman. Colosimo's ex-wife, unhappy with the financial arrangements of the divorce, is also theorized having arranged the murder.


title: Big Jim Colosimo

text: Colosimo was the first gang leader to organize the disparate parts of Chicago's crime scene. After his death, Torrio took over his gang, later to be replaced by Al Capone. His mob eventually became the infamous Chicago Outfit that ruled over some parts of the city.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Northern Arizona University (NAU) is a public research university based in Flagstaff, Arizona. It was founded in 1899 as the final public university established in the Arizona Territory, 13 years before Arizona was admitted as the 48th state.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: NAU is one of the three universities governed by the Arizona Board of Regents and accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. As of fall 2022, 28,090 students were enrolled at NAU with 21,411 at the Flagstaff campus. The university is divided into seven academic colleges offering about 130 undergraduate degrees, 100 graduate programs, and various academic certificates. Students can take classes and conduct research in Flagstaff, online, and at more than 20 statewide locations, including the Phoenix Biomedical Campus.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The university is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity" and ranked No. 183 in the National Science Foundation (NSF) national research rankings for fiscal year 2020. NAU's astronomy faculty co-discovered several astronomical bodies, such as Eris, Sedna, and are major participants in the search for the hypothetical Planet Nine, with the university being a primary institution of the Lowell Observatory. NAU is a federally designated Hispanic Serving Institution.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The NAU Lumberjacks compete in the NCAA Division I, primarily as part of the Big Sky Conference, and have won several national championships, notably in cross country running. At an elevation of above sea level, the school's athletic facilities are used by Olympic and professional athletes worldwide for prestige high altitude training.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Initially named the Northern Arizona Normal School, the institution opened on September 11, 1899, with 23 students, two faculty members—one, Almon Nicholas Taylor, who was also the school president—and "two copies of" Webster's International Dictionary" bound in sheepskin" as teaching resources. The first graduating class, in 1901, consisted of four women who received credentials to teach in the Arizona Territory. In 1925, the Arizona State Legislature allowed the school, which was then called the Northern Arizona State Teachers College (ASTC), to grant bachelor of education degrees. In 1929, the school became Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff.Also in 1929, the Great Depression struck the nation, and the ASTC found new meaning in community outreach. Rather than collapsing, the school endured through the depression. In fact, Grady Gammage, the school president at the time, described higher education as "a 'depression industry' that fared well in hard times." Despite financial difficulties, enrollment increased from 321 students to 535 students between 1930 and 1940, and graduate work was introduced in 1937.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: ASTC provided an education during economically trying times, often creating jobs to help students afford their education; they worked in the school-owned dairy farm, in the campus kitchen and dining hall, and as newspaper deliverers. The self-sufficiency of the college helped conserve monetary resources, and it was a major contributor to the local economy of the surrounding Flagstaff community, injecting almost a half-million dollars in 1938.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: ASTC was known for its diverse student body and ethnic tolerance. In fact, the first Hopi to receive a college degree was Ida Mae Fredericks in 1939. Students came from rural farms, mining families, the East Coast, and points between. During the depression, fraternities and clubs sprang up, reflecting the diversity of backgrounds and interests.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Enrollment dropped sharply at the beginning of World War II, dropping to 161 in 1945. During this time, ASTC became a Navy V-12 program training site. However, the end of World War II brought increased enrollment as returning veterans continued their education.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The end of the war also expanded programs beyond teaching degrees, especially in the fields of art and science. To reflect this growth, the school changed its name to Arizona State College at Flagstaff in 1945 and, in 1958, became Arizona State College. Also in 1958, the world-renowned forestry program was started. With further growth over the next two decades, the Arizona Board of Regents granted Arizona State College university status as Northern Arizona University in 1966.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Set across 829 forested acres, the Flagstaff campus houses academic, administrative, and residential buildings.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: At above sea level, NAU is one of the highest-elevation four-year college campuses in the country. The main campus is surrounded by the largest contiguous ponderosa pine forest in the world and enjoys a four-season climate, with the host city of Flagstaff averaging 90.1 inches of snow per year. Winter skiing is accessible at Arizona Snowbowl, an alpine ski resort located on the San Francisco Peaks, northwest of town, and the Grand Canyon and Sedona are short drives away. Flagstaff is regularly ranked among the best college towns in the United States.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: For many years, the university has prioritized sustainability initiatives, and campus-wide programs and resources encourage the entire university community to get involved with sustainability efforts. There are more than a dozen LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)-certified buildings on campus and all new construction must meet strict LEED standards. Dining services and facilities contribute to a composting initiative, collecting more than 300,000 pounds of material each year, which prevents 250 metric tons of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere. Much of the campus uses renewable wind and solar technologies and the university is investigating opportunities to utilize the vast ponderosa pine forests around campus for biomass electricity or heat production.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: In addition to the more than 21,000 students who study on the Flagstaff campus, NAU currently serves another 8,000 students online and statewide. In order to provide access and affordability to all Arizona residents, NAU offers more than 130 accredited degree programs at more than 20 statewide locations. NAU also has partnerships with community colleges and NAU–Yavapai, a collaboration with Yavapai College in Prescott Valley, Arizona. The university's oldest branch campus, and the largest, is NAU–Yuma.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Across seven colleges, NAU offers more than 130 undergraduate degree programs, more than 80 master's degree programs, and about 20 doctoral programs, along with 50 undergraduate and 40 graduate certificates.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The college also oversees the Clara M. Lovett Art Museum, Martin-Springer Institute (promoting lessons of the Holocaust), Northern Arizona Writing Project, Ardrey Memorial Auditorium, and Kitt Recital Hall. The College of Arts and Letters Film Series has provided quality classic films to the NAU and Flagstaff community for a decade, and has recently established the NAU International Film Series. CAL is also home to NAU's doctoral program in Applied Linguistics. Department faculty and students share their scholarly work and artistic achievement through more than 300 performances, lectures, films, and exhibitions annually.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The College of Education is a cornerstone of NAU academics, with bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs available. Programs focus on early childhood, elementary, secondary, and higher education. Fields of study include:


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The college also houses the Diné Dual Language Teachers Professional Development Project that works with teachers with proficiency in the Diné (Navajo) language and high academic achievement to meet licensing requirements for teachers who work in language instruction education programs.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The College of Engineering, Informatics, and Applied Sciences is NAU's newest college. Within CEIAS are 19 undergraduate majors, 5 minors, 13 master's, and 5 doctoral programs. The college includes schools and departments for:


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The College of the Environment, Forestry, and Natural Sciences has undergraduate and graduate programs that integrate science and mathematics through the creative application of knowledge. Departments include:


title: Northern Arizona University

text: More than 30 university-funded research institutes and centers are available to faculty and students, including:


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The College of Health and Human Services prepares students to become excellent health professionals and to provide service to improve the health and well-being of the communities served, particularly Arizona residents, Native Americans, and individuals considered disadvantaged. The college's departments—offering bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees—include:


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The College of Health and Human Services offers several programs at the Phoenix Bioscience Core, a state-of-the-art facility on 30 acres in downtown Phoenix that includes more than six million square feet of research, academic, and clinical facilities for students earning advanced degrees in medical professions.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The College of Social and Behavioral Sciences offers a wide array of social science and related professional degree programs, including:


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The college also houses the Civic Service Institute that connects students, older adults, and other community members to national service volunteer opportunities within their communities. The Institute for Human Development fosters the development of attitudes that promote the public's appreciation and value of individuals with disabilities.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The W. A. Franke College of Business offers degrees at the undergraduate and master's levels. Businessman Bill Franke's commitment of $25 million resulted in the renaming of the college in his honor in 2007. The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business – AACSB International - renewed The W. A. Franke College of Business's accreditation in 2020. The business division is based in a , LEED-certified building. The School of Hotel and Restaurant Management is located in the Eugene Hughes building on central campus with a high-tech demonstration kitchen, high-end conference room, and café. The college offers undergraduate degree programs and Master of Business Administration (MBA) programs.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: NAU is home to the first Honors program offered in Arizona. The academic enrichment program is open to students of all majors and offers coursework, research opportunities, and programs designed to enhance the undergraduate experience. Honors College students have unique opportunities for study abroad and can participate in out-of-classroom programs like Canyon Country Aesthetics. Freshman Honors students can live in the Honors Residence College, which offers living, learning, and study spaces under the same roof.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The Graduate College offers more than 80 master's degrees, about 20 doctoral degrees, and 40 graduate certificates, both in-person and online. NAU offers graduate students hands-on mentoring, and numerous research, scholarship, and creative activities. The NAU Graduate College supports all aspects of graduate education and provides professional development opportunities for students.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: University College was a portal for students to make efficient, informed decisions about pursuing academic paths. Undergraduate students automatically became a part of University College when admitted to Northern Arizona University. Various programs, resources, and support included academic transition programs, the First Year Learning Initiative, and the Bachelor of University Studies degree program.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Northern Arizona University is ranked No. 183 in the most recent National Science Foundation (NSF) national research rankings for fiscal year 2020 (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) performance of $64.46 million. The research division's core facilities are the Environmental Genetics and Genomics Resource Center, Imaging and Histology Core Facility, and the Research Greenhouse Complex. Other research laboratories include the Centennial Forest, Child Speech and Language Lab, Colorado Plateau Analytical Lab, Geospatial Research and Information Laboratory, Laboratory for Applied Social Research, Merriam-Powell Research Station, RAPIDLab, Southwest Experimental Garden Array, and Walnut Creek Center for Education and Research.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute conducts research to track and fight a host of rapidly evolving and potentially deadly diseases including COVID-19. More than 100 faculty, full-time staff, graduate and undergraduate students work in the institute.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Collections, archives and museums include The Arboretum at Flagstaff, Art Museum, Cline Library Special Collections and Archives, Colorado Plateau Biodiversity Center, and the Museum of Northern Arizona.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Northern Arizona University joined the Lowell Discovery Telescope partner group in 2014. NAU scientists use the LDT for deep imaging of small objects in the solar system. Additionally, NAU partners with Lowell at its Anderson Mesa site, both in the National Undergraduate Research Laboratory and in a new Near-Earth Object follow-up program. NAU also manages the National Undergraduate Research Observatory, which provides access to Lowell’s 0.79-meter telescope for a consortium of four-year colleges around the country.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2021-2022 ranked NAU 501st-600th both internationally and nationally.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: In February 2022, NAU announced an admissions pilot program to increase access to college for Arizona high school students. NAU will launch the program for the incoming class of fall 2023. Currently, NAU, like Arizona State University and the University of Arizona, requires 16 core courses for assured admissions. However, not all Arizona high schools offer the 16 core courses, especially in second languages and math. NAU’s pilot program removes the second language course availability barrier and will accept more fourth-year math courses, allowing more students the opportunity to pursue a postsecondary education.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The average cost of tuition and fees for a full-time, Arizona resident undergraduate student for the 2022–2023 school year is $12,274 and $26,286 for out-of-state undergraduates. NAU also participates in the Western Undergraduate Exchange Program, which offers lower tuition rates for students from the Western United States. For 2022–23, WUE tuition and fees are $16,536. NAU is also part of two programs, the Western Regional Graduate program and the Professional Student Exchange Program, that allow approved graduate students from other Western states to pay in-state tuition.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: NAU’s Access2Excellence (A2E) initiative, announced in April 2022 by President José Luis Cruz Rivera, will provide a tuition-free undergraduate college education for every Arizona resident with a household income of $65,000 or below, assuring tuition will be fully covered by scholarships and financial aid. Approximately 50 percent of Arizona households currently meet this financial threshold. These changes take effect in fall 2023 for first-year and transfer students who attend NAU in Flagstaff or at one of the university’s sites throughout Arizona.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Part of the NAU 2025 Elevating Excellence strategic roadmap is to be "the nation's leading university serving Indigenous Peoples." Many programs on and off campus have been established in support of this goal.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The Native American Cultural Center is a 12,000-square-foot facility that houses many programs built to support Indigenous students and functions as a social and cultural hub. The Office of Native American Initiatives supports students and Indigenous communities with programs including the Institute for Native-serving Educators, the Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals, the Tribal Leadership Initiative, and the Office of Indigenous Student Success.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The Martin-Springer Institute was founded at NAU in 2000 to "raise awareness of human rights through Holocaust remembrance and education." The institute was founded by Holocaust survivor Doris Martin and her husband Ralph Martin. The institute, headed by Director Björn Krondorfer, hosts speakers, academic workshops, and symposia; mounts public exhibitions; funds research; and provides educational workshops and study tours for Arizona teachers.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Available freshman halls include Allen Hall, Campbell Hall, Cowden Hall, Honors College, McConnell Hall, Morton Hall, Reilly Hall, Sechrist Hall (a nine-story residence hall, the tallest building in northern Arizona), Taylor Hall, Tinsley Hall, and Wilson Hall.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Calderón, Campus Heights, Gabaldon, Gillenwater, McDonald, McKay Village, Mountain View, Pine Ridge Village, Raymond, Roseberry, and South Village.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Residents of family units are within the Flagstaff Unified School District. Residents are zoned to Kinsey Elementary School, Mount Elden Middle School, and Flagstaff High School.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Rising juniors and seniors currently living on campus have priority leasing status for university-partnered housing located on campus. These halls are located on the NAU campus, but are operated by American Campus Communities: The Suites, Hilltop Townhomes, and Skyview.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Student-athletes compete at the intervarsity level in football (men); volleyball, soccer, golf, and swimming and diving (women); and basketball, cross country, indoor and outdoor track and field, and tennis (men and women). The university participates in 15 intercollegiate sports programs. NAU teams compete at the Walkup Skydome, a multipurpose building providing facilities for football, basketball, indoor track and field, soccer, weight lifting, lacrosse, student recreation, major concert events, commencements, intramurals, and a variety of other university and community activities.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The $47 million, 77,000 square-foot Student-Athlete High Performance Center opened in February 2022. The facility includes a 10,000-square-foot weight room, an academic center, basketball courts, an adjacent practice field, locker rooms, team meeting rooms, an auditorium, and sports-medicine spaces.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The Rolle Activity Center provides physical education classrooms and contains courts for recreational and varsity sports, including NAU's volleyball team, with seating for almost 1,100. The building was named after Joseph C. Rolle, “Mr. Lumberjack,” in 1989. Rolle played basketball from 1937 to 1941, served as student body president, and received a BA in 1941 and MA in education in 1950 from Arizona State College of Flagstaff. He later earned an EdS from Columbia University and then worked at NAU for 36 years in positions ranging from bookstore manager to dean of students and dean of university services.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The Wall Aquatic Center in the Aquatic and Tennis Complex is one of the finest high-altitude swimming facilities in the world.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The Lumberjacks compete at the NCAA Division I level in all sports. In football, the Lumberjacks compete at the Football Championship Subdivision level (formerly known as Division I-AA). NAU competes in the Big Sky Conference in all sports except swimming and diving, which are part of the Western Athletic Conference.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The Lumberjacks won the NCAA Men's Division I Cross Country Championship in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, and 2022. The 2017 repeat title closed out a perfect season with a 53-point victory, placing five athletes in the top 40. The victory was the lowest score (74) at the NCAA Championships since 2014, and the Lumberjacks became the first repeat champions since 2013–14. Director of Cross Country and Track and Field Michael Smith earned the Bill Dellinger Award as National Men's Coach of the Year and also picked up both the Big Sky's Men's and Women's Coach of the Year awards. In track and field, Smith was named the US Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association (USTFCCCA) Mountain Region Women's Indoor Coach of the Year in 2017 and 2018.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Maya Calé-Benzoor of Israel set the school outdoor long jump record at 20' 6" (6.10 m), NAU records in both the women's indoor and outdoor long (20' 6".00) and triple jumps (41' 3".75), and 40' 5".00 in the indoor triple jump. She was an NCAA All American in 1984. In 1989 she was inducted into the NAU Athletic Hall of Fame.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Because of its high elevation, NAU's facilities are sometimes used for altitude training by endurance athletes.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: NAU has more than 400 recognized professional, academic, service, and social organizations; an intramural sports program; "The Lumberjack" student newspaper; and active residence hall organizations.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The 2,000-square-foot lab offers undergraduate and graduate students opportunities to collaborate with scholars and researchers on grant-funded projects including mobile development, augmented and virtual reality, filmmaking, aerial drone cinematography, motion capture, and Esports.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: In the Social and Behavioral Sciences’ School of Communication, the Media Innovation Center (MIC) hosts several immersive learning programs where students practice journalism and filmmaking in real-world settings.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Students can work at "The Lumberjack," covering news of NAU and the region for Jackcentral.com and social media, and a print edition circulated throughout Flagstaff. The student-run newspaper is more than a century old and has numerous journalism awards to its credit.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The MIC sports team is a multimedia organization allowing students to cover sports across Arizona for TV, online, social media, and print.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Through UTV Studios, students produce short films and two student film festivals during each academic year. UTV 62, a student-run cable channel, operates 24 hours daily, seven days a week on campus channel 62.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Students also produce "NAZ Today," which is broadcast on cable television throughout northern Arizona. It is the only local newscast in the region. In 2018, "NAZ Today" received national recognition from the Broadcast Education Association for "best student television newscast produced more than four days weekly." Students in NAU's Strategic Communication program publish "NAZ Today" stories on Facebook and Twitter, and maintain the show's website.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: KJACK (KLJXLP, 107.1 FM) is an FCC-licensed radio station that gives students hands-on learning of the basics of radio and broadcasting. In addition to popular and alternative music, KJACK students provide live sports broadcasts, talk shows, and news.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: NAU's televised news program, "NAZ Today," airs Monday through Thursday in Flagstaff on NPG cable channel 4; formerly, it also aired on UniversityHouse (Dish Network channel 9411) until it folded. Since the shutdown of Channel 2 news in August 2008, "NAZ Today" is now the only TV news source for the Flagstaff area.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Members of the MIC sports team cover sports across Northern Arizona for various media platforms in the MIC. Students also cover Baseball Spring Training and other major sporting events in Phoenix.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The John Haeger Health and Learning Center features include an indoor jogging track, a 38-foot climbing wall, a large weight room, a multipurpose gym, a cardio theatre, and 123,000 square feet of recreation opportunities. The Center also includes all of the on-campus medical services and the offices for Disability Resources on campus.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: More than 30 competitive and recreational intramural opportunities in individual and team sports are available. Also, more than 40 sports clubs are classified as either competitive or recreational/instructional, including baseball, rugby, soccer, ice hockey, lacrosse, Quidditch, disc golf, kendo, mixed martial arts, and water polo. The club tennis team competes in the national USTA Tennis on Campus league and won the national Spring Invitational in 2017.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: Unions and Student Activities offers many services and events for the campus community, such as movies and the popular Friday night AfterHours program produced by Sun Entertainment. SUN also presents concerts, comedians, free movies, trivia nights, dodgeball, and many other special events each year. The College of Arts and Letters presents classic films every Tuesday night during the school year and more than 400 music and theatrical performances, lectures, films, and art exhibitions annually.


title: Northern Arizona University

text: The Arizona Cardinals of the NFL conducted their summer training camp at Northern Arizona University's Flagstaff campus for many years until 2013. The Cardinals left Flagstaff to conduct their camp in Glendale in 2013. Beginning in 2014, NAU entered into partnerships with the Phoenix Suns and the Phoenix Mercury of the NBA and WNBA respectively.


title: Barbara Payton

text: Barbara Lee Payton (born Barbara Lee Redfield; November 16, 1927 – May 8, 1967) was an American film actress best known for her stormy social life and battles with alcoholism and drug addiction. Her life has been the subject of several books, including her autobiography, "I am Not Ashamed" (1963). Also, "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye: The Barbara Payton Story" (2007) by John O'Dowd, "L.A. Despair: A Landscape of Crimes and Bad Times" (2005) by John Gilmore and "B Movie: A Play in Two Acts" (2014) by Michael B. Druxman. She married five times.


title: Barbara Payton

text: Born in Cloquet, Minnesota, Payton was the daughter of Erwin Lee ("Flip") and Mabel Irene (nee Todahl) Redfield, the daughter of Norwegian immigrants and one of 6 siblings. They opened a combination ice cream store and restaurant in Little Falls, Minnesota.


title: Barbara Payton

text: In 1938, the family moved to Odessa, Texas. With financial assistance from his sister, Payton's father started his own business, a court of tourist cabins named Antlers Court, hoping for a profitable enterprise in a city like Odessa, whose population was booming because of the oil business.


title: Barbara Payton

text: By various accounts, Payton's father was a hard-working but difficult man, emotionally closed off, slow-talking but quick-tempered. His interaction with his children was minimal, and childcare responsibilities were left to his wife, who occupied herself with homemaking and managing family difficulties. Both of Payton's parents had long-standing problems with alcohol. Payton's first cousin, Richard Kuitu, remembers visits to the home of his uncle and aunt. The Redfields often started drinking at midmorning and continued long after midnight. Kuitu recalls the violent temper Lee Redfield had when fueled by alcohol, which sometimes resulted in the physical abuse of his wife, Mabel.


title: Barbara Payton

text: As early as 11, she gained attention in the community for her appearance, even among middle-aged men. Her mother encouraged this type of attention due to her pride in Barbara's looks. In school, Barbara excelled in History and English, tumbling, and many years of ceramics, purportedly having a talent for "creating beautiful objects from scratch."


title: Barbara Payton

text: In November 1943, the then 16-year-old eloped with high-school boyfriend William Hodge. The marriage seemingly amounted to nothing more than an act of impulsive teenage rebellion, and Payton did not fight her parents' insistence that the marriage be annulled. A few months later, she quit high school in the 11th grade. Her parents, who did not believe that formal education was needed for success in life, did not object to her leaving high school without a diploma.


title: Barbara Payton

text: In 1944, Redfield met her second husband, decorated combat pilot John Payton, stationed at Midland Army Airfield. The couple were married on February 10, 1945, and moved to Los Angeles, where John Payton enrolled at University of Southern California under the G.I. Bill. Still early in their marriage, Barbara, restless and feeling confined by her life as a housewife, expressed a desire to pursue modeling or acting career.


title: Barbara Payton

text: Payton started a modeling career by hiring a photographer to take photos of her sporting fashionable outfits. This portfolio attracted the attention of Saba of California, a clothing designer, which signed her to a contract modeling junior fashions. In September 1947, the Rita La Roy Agency in Hollywood took her on and brought her work in print advertising, notably in catalogs for Studebaker cars and in clothing ads for magazines such as "Charm" and "Junior Bazaar".


title: Barbara Payton

text: The couple had a son, John Lee, on March 14, 1947. Payton managed to combine the responsibilities of wife, new mother, and professional model, yet the marriage was strained, and the couple separated in July 1948. Payton's drive, fueled by her high-energy personality, had become focused on promoting her career and showcasing her around the town's hot spots.


title: Barbara Payton

text: Her notoriety as a luminous, fun-loving party girl in the Hollywood club scene caught the attention of William Goetz, an executive of Universal Studios. In January 1949, he signed her at age 21 to a contract with a starting salary of $100 per week.


title: Barbara Payton

text: After her divorce from Payton in 1950, she lost custody of their son in March 1956, after her ex-husband charged that she exposed John Lee to "profane language, immoral conduct, notoriety, unwholesome activities" and failed to provide the boy with a "moral education".


title: Barbara Payton

text: Payton first gained notice in the 1949 film noir "Trapped" co-starring Lloyd Bridges. In 1950, she was allowed to make a screen test for John Huston's production of the forthcoming MGM crime drama "The Asphalt Jungle". The part of the sultry mistress of a mob-connected lawyer went to Marilyn Monroe.


title: Barbara Payton

text: After being screen-tested by James Cagney and his producer brother, William, Payton starred with Cagney in the violent noir thriller "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" in 1950. William Cagney was so smitten with Payton's sensual appeal and beauty that her contract was drawn as a joint agreement between William Cagney Productions and Warner Bros. at a salary of $5,000 per week, a large sum for an actress yet to demonstrate star power at the box office.


title: Barbara Payton

text: For a relative newcomer in "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye," Payton managed to hold her own among a cast of Hollywood veterans. Her portrayal of the hardened, seductive girlfriend, whom Cagney's character ultimately double crosses, was praised in newspaper reviews of the movie. Her acting skills were recognized, and her significant screen charisma was widely acknowledged.


title: Barbara Payton

text: "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" was the high point in Payton's career. Her screen appearances opposite Gary Cooper in "Dallas" (1950) and Gregory Peck in "Only the Valiant" (1951), both Westerns, were lackluster productions that did little to highlight her skills as an actress. Payton's career decline began with the 1951 low-budget horror film "Bride of the Gorilla", co-starring Raymond Burr.


title: Barbara Payton

text: In addition to her first two marriages and affairs with Howard Hughes, Bob Hope, Woody Strode, Guy Madison, George Raft, John Ireland, Steve Cochran and Texas oilman Bob Neal, Payton was married three more times.


title: Barbara Payton

text: In 1950, Payton met actor Franchot Tone. While engaged to Tone, Payton began an affair with B-movie actor Tom Neal. She soon went back and forth publicly between Neal and Tone. On September 14, 1951, Neal, a former college boxer, physically attacked Tone at Payton's apartment, leaving Tone in an 18-hour coma with a smashed cheekbone, broken nose, and concussion. The incident garnered huge publicity and Payton decided to honor her engagement to Tone. Payton and Tone, who was recovering from his injuries, were married on September 28, 1951, in Payton's hometown of Cloquet, Minnesota. After being married, Tone discovered that Payton had continued her relationship with Neal, and Tone was granted a divorce in May 1952.


title: Barbara Payton

text: The Payton-Neal relationship essentially ended their Hollywood film careers. They capitalized on the notorious press coverage by touring in plays such as "The Postman Always Rings Twice", based on the popular 1946 film of the same name. They also starred in "The Great Jesse James Raid", a B-movie Western that received a limited release to theaters in 1953. In England that year, Payton co-starred in two low-budget pictures for Hammer Films: "Four Sided Triangle" and "The Flanagan Boy" (or "Bad Blonde"). In May 1953, Payton announced that she and Neal were to be married that summer in Paris. The couple cancelled their engagement and broke up the following year.


title: Barbara Payton

text: In November 1955, Payton married George A. "Tony" Provas, a 23-year-old furniture-store executive in Nogales, Arizona. They divorced in August 1958.


title: Barbara Payton

text: Payton's hard drinking and hard living ultimately destroyed her physically and emotionally. Celebrity bartender and self-proclaimed hustler Scotty Bowers has alleged that for a time, she was regarded as a high-class sex worker, much in demand. From 1955 to 1963, her alcoholism and drug addiction led to multiple skirmishes with the law, which included arrests for passing bad checks and eventually an arrest on Sunset Boulevard for prostitution. Payton was offered the option of being admitted to a detoxification unit, and said, "I'd rather drink and die."


title: Barbara Payton

text: Following her brief hospitalization, Payton was driven by a county social worker to her parents' home in San Diego. She told her family's neighbor, "I never wanted to be with them, I never wanted to see them again. But here I am, and I got all the booze I want." Her parents were both heavy drinkers and engaged with Payton in unabated drinking binges.


title: Barbara Payton

text: Writer Robert Polito recalled 34-year-old Payton in 1962, when she was a frequent visitor to Coach and Horses, a Hollywood establishment on Sunset Boulevard, where Polito's father tended bar. "Barbara Payton oozed alcohol even before she ordered a drink," Polito said. "Her eyebrows didn't match her brassy hair; her face displayed a perpetual sunburn, a map of veins by her nose... [S]he carried an old man's potbelly... [H]er gowns and dresses... [were] creased and spotted. She must have weighed 200 pounds... She does not so much inhabit a character as impersonate a starlet..."


title: Barbara Payton

text: In 1963, Payton was paid $1,000 for her autobiography, "I Am Not Ashamed", which was ghostwritten by Leo Guild; the memoir was reissued in 2016 by Spurl Editions. The book originally included unflattering photographs of Payton and admissions that she had been forced to sleep on bus benches and suffered regular beatings as a prostitute. That year, she won a bit part in the Western comedy film "4 for Texas", which was her last acting role.


title: Barbara Payton

text: In 1967, Payton was ill and seeking refuge from her turbulent circumstances when she moved to San Diego to live with her parents. On May 8, she died at her parents' home of heart and liver failure at the age of 39. Payton was cremated and her ashes interred at Cypress View Mausoleum and Crematory in San Diego; her parents, who also suffered from alcoholism, died a few years later.


title: Mahanadi

text: The Mahanadi is a major river in East Central India. It drains an area of around and has a total length of . Mahanadi is also known for the Hirakud Dam. The river flows through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha and finally merged with Bay of Bengal.


title: Mahanadi

text: Like many other seasonal Indian rivers, the Mahanadi too is a combination of many mountain streams and thus its precise source is impossible to pinpoint. However its farthest headwaters lie from Pharsiya village in Nagri Sihawa above sea level about 11 km, in a dense patch of forest, south of Sihawa town in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh. The hills here are an extension of the Eastern Ghats and are a source of many other streams which then go on to join the Mahanadi.


title: Mahanadi

text: For the first of its course, the Mahanadi flows in a northerly direction and drains the Raipur district and touches eastern portions of Raipur city. It is a rather narrow river at this stage and the total width of its valley does not exceed 500–600 metres.


title: Mahanadi

text: After being joined by the Shivnath, the river flows in an easterly direction through the remaining part of its journey. It is joined by the Jonk and Hasdeo rivers here before entering into Odisha after covering about half of its total length. Near the city of Sambalpur, it is dammed by the longest earthen dam in the world, the Hirakud Dam. A composite structure of the earth, concrete and masonry, the dam measures including the Dykes. It spans two hills; the Lamdungri on the left and the Chandili Dunguri on the right. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia, with a reservoir holding at full capacity, with a shoreline of over .


title: Mahanadi

text: After the formation of Chhattisgarh State, the major portion of Mahanadi basin now lies in Chhattisgarh. Presently, only basin area of Hasdeo River in Anuppur District lies in Madhya Pradesh.


title: Mahanadi

text: Before the construction of the dam in 1953, the Mahanadi was about a mile wide at Sambalpur and carried massive amounts of silt, especially during the monsoon. Today, it is a rather tame river after the construction of the dam and is joined by the Ib, Ong, Tel and other minor streams. It then skirts the boundaries of the Baudh district and forces a tortuous way between ridges and ledges in a series of rapids until it reaches Dholpur, Odisha. The rapids end here and the river rolls towards the Eastern Ghats, forcing its way through them via the long Satkosia Gorge. The Satakosia Gorge ends at Badamul of Nayagarh. Dense forests cover the hills flanking the river here. The river enters the Odisha plains at Naraj, about from Cuttack, where it pours down between two hills that are a mile apart. A barrage has been constructed here to regulate the river's flow into Cuttack.


title: Mahanadi

text: The river traverses Cuttack district in an east–west direction. Just before entering Cuttack, it gives off a large distributary called the Kathjori. The city of Cuttack stands on the spit separating the two channels. The Kathjori then throws off many streams like the Kuakhai, Devi and Surua which fall into the Bay of Bengal after entering Puri district. The Kathjori itself falls into the sea as the Jotdar. Other distributaries of Mahanadi include the Paika, Birupa, Chitroptala river, Genguti and Lun.The Birupa then goes on to join the Brahmani River at Krushnanagar and enters the Bay of Bengal at Dhamra. The Mahanadi proper enters the sea via several channels near Paradeep at False Point, Jagatsinghpur. The combined Delta of the Mahanadi's numerous distributaries and the Brahmani is one of the largest in India.


title: Mahanadi

text: Prior to the construction of Hirakud Dam, the Mahanadi was navigable from its mouth up to Arrang, about a from its source. However numerous barrages apart from the Hirakud have put an end to that. Today, boats are restricted to the delta region and the Hirakud reservoir. Fresh water crocodiles, Ganges and Bull sharks frequent Mahanadi.


title: Mahanadi

text: The Mahanadi is an important river in the state of Odisha. This river flows slowly for about and deposits more silt than any other river in the Indian subcontinent.


title: Mahanadi

text: The cities of Cuttack and Sambalpur were prominent trading places in the ancient world and the river itself has been referred to as the Manada in Ptolemy's works. However today the Mahanadi valley is best known for its fertile soil and flourishing agriculture.


title: Mahanadi

text: Average annual surface water potential of 66.9 km³ has been assessed in this basin. Out of this, 50.0 km³ is usable water. Culturable area in the basin is about , which is 4% of the total culturable area of the country.


title: Mahanadi

text: Present use of surface water in the basin is 17.0 km³. Live storage capacity in the basin has increased significantly since independence. From just about 0.8 km³ in the pre-plan period, the total live storage capacity of the completed projects has increased to 8.5 km³. In addition, a substantial storage quantity of over 5.4 km³ would be created on completion of projects under construction. Additional storage to the tune of over 11.0 km³ would become available on execution of projects under consideration. The hydropower potential of the basin has been assessed as 627 MW at 60% load factor.


title: Mahanadi

text: At its peak during the monsoon, the Mahanadi has a discharge rate of per second, almost as much as the much larger Ganges. However owing to its seasonal nature the river is mostly a narrow channel flanked by wide sand banks for most of the year.


title: Mahanadi

text: The Mahanadi was notorious for its devastating floods for much of recorded history. Thus it was called 'the sorrow of Orissa'. However the construction of the Hirakud Dam has greatly altered the situation. Today a network of canals, barrages and check dams keep the river well in control. However heavy rain can still cause large scale flooding as evidenced in September, 2008 when 16 people died as the river breached its banks.


title: Mahanadi

text: In 2011, September heavy down pour of rain caused flash flood and many mud dwellings in more than 25 villages above Hirakud Dam which were never affected before, both in Chhattisgarh and Odisha, have melted down due to back water that could not pass through the river.


title: Killer Instinct

text: Killer Instinct is a series of fighting video games originally created by Rare and published by Midway, Nintendo, and Microsoft Studios. The original "Killer Instinct" was released for arcades in 1994; the game was then released for the Super NES and Game Boy in 1995. Its sequel, "Killer Instinct 2", was released for arcades in 1996; the game was then released as "Killer Instinct Gold" for the Nintendo 64.


title: Killer Instinct

text: "Killer Instinct" is an arcade fighting game developed by Rare and published by Midway. Initially released in arcades in 1994, the game advertised it would launch in 1995 for an intended "Nintendo Ultra 64" home console. The Ultra 64 eventually materialized as the Nintendo 64, but never received a version of the original "Killer Instinct". Instead, the game received a high-profile launch on the SNES which bundled a CD of remixed game tracks with a limited edition black-colored cartridge, as well as a release on the Game Boy handheld the following year. Both the SNES and Game Boy versions were published by Nintendo. A digital port, titled "Killer Instinct Classic", was released as part of a bundle with its 2013 sequel's first season on Xbox One.


title: Killer Instinct

text: A 1996 arcade-only game developed by Rare, licensed by Nintendo, and manufactured by Midway. It was the sequel to "Killer Instinct". The game was also ported to the SNES, but never released. Like its predecessor, the game features two 8-way joysticks with six buttons each for attacks (three punches and three kicks), allowing for both a single player mode or a two player versus mode. It was later ported to the Nintendo 64 console under the name "Killer Instinct Gold", and the port was published by Nintendo. A digital port, titled "Killer Instinct 2 Classic", was released as part of a bundle with its 2013 sequel's second season on Xbox One. "Killer Instinct Gold" was also included as part of the "Rare Replay" compilation release.


title: Killer Instinct

text: A reboot of the "Killer Instinct" series, developed by Double Helix Games under supervision of Ken Lobb, and the first game in the series to be published by Microsoft Studios, was released in November 2013 as a launch title for the Xbox One. Following the acquisition of Double Helix Games by Amazon, Iron Galaxy Studios took over the development of post-launch content. A Windows 10 version was released in March 2016 on the Windows Store, and via Steam in September 2017.


title: Killer Instinct

text: "Killer Instinct" is a fighting game featuring one-on-one combat. The game borrows the attack set of "Street Fighter" and is also inspired by the finishing moves from "Mortal Kombat".


title: Killer Instinct

text: There are two comics series inspired from the "Killer Instinct" saga, the first is from 1996, from Armada, and the second is from 2016-2017, from Dynamite Entertainment, best known for "The Boys" comics, in a partnership with Microsoft.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since ancient times, due to China's large population and geographical area. The constitution of China provides for three levels of government. However in practice, there are five levels of local government; the provincial (province, autonomous region, municipality, and special administrative region), prefecture, county, township, and village.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: Since the 17th century, provincial boundaries in China have remained largely static. Major changes since then have been the reorganisation of provinces in the northeast after the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the formation of autonomous regions, based on Soviet ethnic policies. The provinces serve an important cultural role in China, as people tend to identify with their native province.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The Constitution of the People's Republic of China provides for three levels: the provincial, the county level, and the township level. However, in practice, there are four levels of government: the provincial, the prefectural level, the county level, and the township level. Rural villages and urban communities are sometimes considered as the fifth level, however they are by constitution “basic level autonomies” and there is no government on this level. , China administers 33 provincial-level regions, 334 prefecture-level divisions, 2,862 county-level divisions, 41,034 township-level administrations, and 704,382 basic level autonomies.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: Each of the levels (except "special administrative regions") corresponds to a level in the Civil Service of the People's Republic of China.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The People's Republic of China (PRC) lays claims to 34 provincial-level divisions () or first-level divisions (), including 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 special administrative regions and 1 claimed province:


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: Provinces are theoretically subservient to the PRC central government, but in practice, provincial officials have large discretion with regard to economic policy. Unlike the United States, the power of the central government was (with the exception of the military) not exercised through a parallel set of institutions until the early 1990s. The actual practical power of the provinces has created what some economists call federalism with Chinese characteristics.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: Most of the provinces, with the exception of the provinces in the northeast, have boundaries which were established long ago in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Sometimes provincial borders form cultural or geographical boundaries. This was an attempt by the imperial government to discourage separatism and warlordism through a divide and rule policy. Nevertheless, provinces have come to serve an important cultural role in China. People tend to be identified in terms of their native provinces, and each province has a stereotype that corresponds to their inhabitants.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The most recent administrative change have included the elevation of Hainan (1988) and Chongqing (1997) to provincial level status, and the creation of Hong Kong (1997) and Macau (1999) as Special administrative regions.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: Prefectural level divisions or second-level divisions are the second level of the administrative structure. Most provinces are divided into only prefecture-level cities and contain no other second level administrative units. Of the 22 provinces and 5 autonomous regions, only 3 provinces (Yunnan, Guizhou, Qinghai) and 1 autonomous region (Xinjiang) have more than three second-level or prefectural-level divisions that are not prefecture-level cities. As of June 2020, there were 339 prefectural level divisions:


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The basic level autonomy serves as an organizational division (census, mail system) and does not have much importance in political representative power. Basic local divisions like neighborhoods and communities are not informal like in America, but have defined boundaries and elected heads (one per area):


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: In urban areas, every subdistrict of a district of a city administers many communities or residential committees. Each of them has a residential committee to administer the dwellers of that neighborhood or community. Rural areas are organized into village committees or villager groups. A "village" in this case can either be a natural village, one that spontaneously and naturally exists, or a virtual village, which is a bureaucratic entity.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: Five cities formally on prefectural level have a special status in regard to planning and budget. They are separately listed in the five-year and annual state plans on the same level as provinces and national ministries, making them economically independent of their provincial government. These cities specifically designated in the state plan () are


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: In terms of budget authority, their governments have the "de facto" status of a province, but their legislative organs (National People's Congress and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) and other authorities not related to the economy are on the level of a prefecture and under the leadership of the province.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: Some other large prefecture-level cities, known as sub-provincial cities, are "half a level" below a province. The mayors of these cities have the same rank as a vice governor of a province, and their district governments are half a rank higher than those of normal districts. The capitals of some provinces (seat of provincial government) are sub-provincial cities. In addition to the five cities specifically designated in the state plan, sub-provincial cities are:


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: A similar case exists with some county-level cities. Some county-level cities are given more autonomy. These cities are known as sub-prefecture-level cities, meaning that they are given a level of power higher than a county, but still lower than a prefecture. Such cities are also "half a level" higher than what they would normally be. Sub-prefecture-level cities are often not put into any prefecture (i.e. they are directly administered by their province). Examples of sub-prefecture-level cities include Jiyuan (Henan province), Xiantao, Qianjiang and Tianmen (Hubei), Golmud (Qinghai), Manzhouli (Inner Mongolia), Shihanza, Tumushuk, Aral, and Wujiaqu (Xinjiang).


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: Some districts are also placed at "half a level" higher that what it should be. Examples are Pudong, Shanghai and Binhai, Tianjin. Although its status as a district of a municipality would define it as prefecture-level, the district head of Pudong is given sub-provincial powers. In other words, it is "half a level" higher than what it would normally be.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The Chinese word "" (shì) is usually loosely translated into English as "city". However, it has several different meanings due to the complexity of the administrative divisions used in China. Despite being urban or having urban centers, the SARs are almost never referred to as "Hong Kong City"/"Macau City" in contemporary Chinese and thus are not covered by the description below.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The choice of definition of "city" used for statistical data of Chinese cities can lead to different results. For example, Shanghai is the largest city in China by population in the urban area but is smaller than Chongqing by the population within the administration area.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: Before the establishment of the Qin dynasty, China was ruled by a network of kings, nobles, and tribes. The rivalry of these groups culminated in the Warring States period, and the state of Qin eventually emerged dominant.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The Qin dynasty was determined not to allow China to fall back into disunity, and therefore designed the first hierarchical administrative divisions in China, based on two levels: "jùn" commanderies and "xiàn" counties. The Han dynasty that came immediately after added "zhōu" (usually translated as "provinces") as the third level on top, forming a three-tier structure.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The Sui and Tang dynasties abolished commanderies, and added circuits ("dào", later "lù" under the Song and Jin) on top, maintaining a three-tier system that lasted through the 13th century. (As a second-level division, "zhou" are translated as "prefectures".) The Mongol-established Yuan dynasty introduced the modern precursors to provinces, bringing the number of levels to four. This system was then kept more or less intact until the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty to rule China.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The Republic of China streamlined the levels to just provinces and counties in 1928 and made the first attempt to extend political administration beyond the county level by establishing townships below counties. This was also the system officially adopted by the People's Republic of China in 1949, which defined the administrative divisions of China as three levels: provinces, counties, and townships.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: In practice, however, more levels were inserted. The ROC government soon learned that it was not feasible for a province to directly govern tens and sometimes hundreds of counties. Started from Jiangxi province in 1935, prefectures were later inserted between provinces and counties. They continued to be ubiquitously applied by the PRC government to nearly all areas of China until the 1980s. Since then, most of the prefectures were converted into prefecture-level cities. Greater administrative areas were inserted on top of provinces by the PRC government, but they were soon abolished, in 1954. District public offices were inserted between counties and townships; once ubiquitous as well, they are currently being abolished and very few remain.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The most recent major developments have been the establishment of Chongqing as a municipality and the creation of Hong Kong and Macau as special administrative regions.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: In recent years there have been calls to reform the administrative divisions and levels of China. Rumours of an impending major reform have also spread through various online bulletin boards.


title: Administrative divisions of China

text: The district public offices is an ongoing reform to remove an extra level of administration from between the county and township levels. There have also been calls to abolish the prefecture-level, and some provinces have transferred some of the power prefectures currently hold to the counties they govern. There are also calls to reduce the size of the provinces. The ultimate goal is to reduce the different administration levels from five to three (Provincial level, County level, Village level), reducing the amount of corruption as well as the number of government workers, in order to lower the budget.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun Caliph and first Shia Imam, was assassinated on 26 January 661 by a Kharijite named Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Amr ibn Muljam al-Muradi at the Great Mosque of Kufa, located in present-day Iraq. Ali died from his wounds two days after Abd al-Rahman struck him over his head with a poison-coated sword. He was 62 or 63 years of age at the time of his death on 21 (or 19) Ramadan 40 AH, equivalent to 28 January 661 CE.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Ali was elected as the caliph after the assassination of Uthman in 656 but faced opposition from some factions including Mu'awiya, the incumbent governor of present-day Syria. As a result, the first Muslim civil war, known as the First Fitna, followed the assassination of Uthman, continued throughout the four-year reign of Ali, and ended with the overthrow of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty by Mu'awiya. Notably, when Ali agreed to arbitration with Mu'awiya after the Battle of Siffin in 657, a faction of his army revolted against him. These later became known as the Kharijites (, ). They soon began to terrorize the civilian population and were crushed by Ali's forces in the Battle of Nahrawan in July 658.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Ibn Muljam met in Mecca with two other Kharijites, namely, al-Burak ibn Abd Allah and Amr ibn Bakr al-Tamimi, and concluded that Ali, Mu'awia, and his governor of Egypt, Amr ibn al-As, were to blame for the civil war. They decided to kill the three in order to resolve the "deplorable situation" of Muslims and also avenge their fallen companions at Nahrawan. With the intention of killing Ali, Ibn Muljam headed to Kufa, where he fell in love with a woman whose brother and father were also killed at Nahrawan. She agreed to marry Ibn Muljam on the condition that he would kill Ali and also assisted him in the enterprise. After stabbing Ali at the Great Mosque of Kufa, Ibn Muljam was executed as punishment by Ali's eldest son, Hasan.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: The events leading to the assassination of Ali can be traced back to the death the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, after which the Muslim community () disputed over his succession. The participants at Saqifa pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Sunni Muslims believe that Muhammad did not designate a successor before his death, whereas Shia Muslims hold that he had, in fact, appointed Ali as his successor at the Event of Ghadir Khumm. Abu Bakr was succeeded by Umar, who was murdered in 644. After Umar's death, Uthman was elected as the caliph by a council (). When he was assassinated in 656, Ali was elected as the caliph.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Ali's caliphate was concurrent with the first Muslim civil war, known as the First Fitna. Though Ali was elected as the fourth Rashidun () Caliph after Uthman's death, he faced opposition during his rule. On the one hand, in Mecca, Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr revolted against Ali and seized control of Basra. Aisha was Muhammad's widow, while Talha and Zubayr were two of his companions. Ali marched to Basra and emerged victorious in the Battle of the Camel in 656 against an army led by Aisha, Tahla, and Zubayr. On the other hand, Mu'awiya, the incumbent Umayyad governor of Syria, declared war on Ali, accusing him of inciting Muhajirun against Uthman and demanding the surrender of his murderers. In response, Ali maintained his innocence and urged Muawiya to present his case before Ali's court. After failed negotiations, the two parties fought the Battle of Siffin in 657, which ended in a stalemate as the two sides agreed to settle the matters by arbitration.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: A group, which became known as the Kharijites, separated from Ali when he agreed to settle the dispute with Mu'awiya through arbitration. They insisted that, "Judgment belongs to God alone." Soon, they violated their oath of allegiance, revolted against Ali, and openly threatened to kill any Muslim who would not join them. Ali's forces defeated them in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658. The killing of the Kharijites has been viewed as the most problematic event of his caliphate because they had been among his most vigorous allies in the war against Mu'awiya.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Ibn Muljam and two other Kharijites, namely, al-Burak ibn Abd Allah and Amr ibn Bakr al-Tamimi, both of whom likely belonged to the Kinda tribe, met in Mecca after the pilgrimage ceremony. After long discussions, they concluded that Ali, Mu'awiya, and Amr ibn al-As were to blame for the Muslim civil war, and swore to kill them and also avenge their fallen companions at Nahrawan. They set the date of assassination and each chose his victim.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Multiple sources write that Ali knew about his fate long before the assassination either by his own premonition or through Muhammad, who had told Ali that his beard would be stained with the blood of his head. Other accounts add that, according to Muhammad, "the evilest man among the ancients was he who had killed the camel of the prophet Salih and among his contemporaries, he who would kill Ali." The night before the assassination, Ali foretold that his fate was soon to be fulfilled. As he left the house in the morning, geese followed him, cackling, and Ali remarked that they were weeping for him.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Ali was assassinated by Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Amr ibn Muljam al-Muradi, a Kharijite from Egypt. Ibn Muljam belonged to the Himyar tribe paternally but was counted among the Murad due to his maternal kinship. The latter was allied with the Kinda tribe. He had entered Kufa with the intention of killing Ali to avenge for the Battle of Nahrawan.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: According to al-Tabari, Ibn Muljam encountered in Kufa a group from the Taym al-Ribab tribe who were mourning ten of their tribesmen killed at Nahrawan. Among them was a woman named Quttaam, who impressed Ibn Muljam. When the latter proposed to her, she reportedly agreed on the condition that her wedding gift would include the murder of Ali. She also arranged for her tribesman, Wardan, to assist Ibn Muljam in his mission. For his part, Wardan enlisted the help of Shabib ibn Bujra. The night before the assassination, the conspirators stationed themselves opposite the door from which Ali would enter the mosque.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: On Friday, 19 (or 17) Ramadan, Ali arrived at the mosque to lead the morning prayer. Ibn Muljam attacked and wounded Ali on the crown of his head with a poisoned sword after Ali had recited verses from the al-Anbiya as part of the prayer or as he was entering the mosque. Shabib's sword, however, missed Ali and he fled and was lost among the crowd. Wardan also fled to his home where he was killed by his relative, 'Abd Allah ibn Najaba ibn Ubayd, after confessing his involvement in the assassination. Ibn Muljam was caught by the Hashimite al-Mughlra ibn Nawfal ibn al-Harith.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Ali died two days later on 21 Ramadan 40 AH (28 January 661) or 19 Ramadan 40 (26 January 661) at the age of 62 or 63. He had requested that, if he did not survive, Ibn Muljam should be executed in retaliation () and this was fulfilled after his death by his eldest son, Hasan.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays was the chief of the Kinda tribe in Kufa. According to Madelung, in the final years of Ali's reign, he was lured to Mu'awiya's side by promises and offers of money, in return for sabotaging Ali's campaign against Mu'awiya. Some sources have alleged that al-Ash'ath was aware of the plot to assassinate Ali. Al-Yaqubi, for instance, writes that Ibn Muljam was hosted by al-Ash'ath for a month in preparation for the assassination of Ali. Multiple reports, such as one by Ibn Sa'd, assert that al-Ash'ath counselled Ibn Muljam on the night of the assassination and that it was al-Ash'ath's signal, "the morning has smiled," that propelled Ibn Muljam to action at the mosque. After the assassination, Hujr ibn Adi, a commander in Ali's army, accused al-Ash'ath of complicity, though there is even a report that al-Ash'ath warned Ali about Ibn Muljam. According to 2021b, these various reports range from outright accusation to suspicion of complicity and even to an act of loyalty.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Al-Sallabi, on the other hand, believes these accusations to be baseless, stating that al-Ash'ath was a loyalist who fought against the Kharijites in the Battle of Nahrawan. He also writes that al-Sallabi was the first one to fight the Syrians in the Battle for the Siffin. Moreover, according to al-Sallabi, there are no accounts from Ali's family that would support these accusations against al-Ash'ath, nor his family discussed it with any member of al-Ash'ath's family. When al-Ashʿath sent his son to evaluate the severity of Ali's wounds, his words are said to have suggested that he knew Ali would not survive.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Ali's body was washed by his sons, Hasan, Husayn, and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, and one of his nephews, Abdullah ibn Ja'far. Fearing that his body might be exhumed and profaned by his enemies, Ali was then secretly buried by them and 'Ubaydullah ibn al-Abbas. His grave was identified decades later and the town of Najaf grew around it as a major site of pilgrimage for Muslims, especially the Shia. There are also claims that he was buried at the Hazrat Ali Mazar in the Afghan city of Mazar-i-Sharif. Ali's death is commemorated by Shia Muslims every year.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: According to Madelung, during his rule, Ali found a loyal following who regarded him as the best of Muslims after Muhammad and the only one entitled to the caliphate. Nevertheless, this following remained a minority. Instead, after the assassination of Ali, what united Kufans was their opposition to Mu'awiya. Madelung adds that, over time, the oppressive rule of the Umayyads turned the minority of Ali's admirers into the majority.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: After the assassination of Ali in January 661, his eldest son, Hasan, was elected caliph in Kufa. Soon after, Mu'awiya marched on Kufa with a sizeable army, while Hasan's military response suffered defections in large numbers, in part facilitated by military commanders and tribal chiefs who had been swayed to Mu'awiya's side by promises and offers of money. After a failed attempt on his life, a wounded Hasan, who by now only ruled the area around Kufa, ceded the caliphate to Mu'awiya in 661, who founded the Umayyad Caliphate.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Mu'awiya died in 680 and was succeeded by his son, Yazid, who is often remembered as a debaucher who openly violated the Islamic norms. Hasan's brother and Muhammad's only surviving grandson, Husayn ibn Ali, refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid and left Medina after receiving invitations from the Kufans. Husayn and his family were massacred by Yazid's forces on their way to Kufa in the Battle of Karbala on 10 Muharram (10 October 680). His death is commemorated by Shia Muslims.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: The assassination of has been the subject of paintings by Yousef Abdinejad, Farhad Sadeghi, and Masnsoureh Hossein, as well as a stage play by Bahram Beyzai.


title: Assassination of Ali

text: Abdinejad's painting is described as an artwork that uses colors to show duality: Colors from the blue spectrum, proportional to the turquoise color used to paint Ali, light beams emanating from Ali, and the angles in the work are among the elements used by the painter to inspire spirituality. In contrast, Ibn Muljam, the assassin, is painted in brown, surrounded by blue, and evil creatures are seen at his feet. In the painting, flames are about to engulf Ibn Muljam, signifying the damnation of the assassin to hellfire. The imprint of is seen on the forehead of the assassin.


title: Federal district

text: A federal district is a type of administrative division of a federation, usually under the direct control of a federal government and organized sometimes with a single municipal body. Federal districts often include capital districts, and they exist in various federations worldwide.


title: Federal district

text: In India, the term Union Territory is used for the eight territories governed directly by the central government with its own Chief minister and Lieutenant Governor: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep and Puducherry. Of these, Delhi and Puducherry possess partial statehood with their own elected chief ministers.


title: Federal district

text: In Malaysia, the term Federal Territory ("Wilayah Persekutuan") is used for the three territories governed directly by the federal government: Kuala Lumpur (national capital), Putrajaya (federal government administrative centre) and Labuan (international offshore financial centre).


title: Federal district

text: The Federal Capital Territory is a federal territory in central Nigeria. Abuja, the capital city of Nigeria, is located in this territory. The Federal Capital Territory was formed in 1976 from parts of the states of Nasarawa, Niger and Kogi. It is within in the Middle Belt region of the country. It is administered by the Federal Capital Territory Administration, headed by a minister appointed by the President.


title: Federal district

text: In Pakistan, the term Federal Territory is used for the five zones and 12 union councils of Islamabad governed directly by the state government as Islamabad Capital Territory.


title: Federal district

text: Russia has three cities of federal importance, established by the Constitution — Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Sevastopol (internationally recognised as part of Ukraine, administered by Russia). Each city is treated as a separate federal subject and has its own legislative body. Russia has federal districts, but these form an additional administrative layer between the federation government and the federal subjects rather than being a distinct type of jurisdiction.


title: Federal district

text: The seat of the U.S. federal government in Washington is located in a federal district called the District of Columbia. Other federally administered areas that are within one of the 50 states, but not under its jurisdiction, are called federal enclaves.


title: Federal district

text: Additionally, the U.S. federal court system divides each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico into one or more federal judicial districts. A United States district court and a bankruptcy court are located in each. There are also regional federal judicial circuits, each consisting of a group of states (except for the District of Columbia Circuit, which consists of the federal district, and the Federal Circuit, whose jurisdiction is based on specific subject matter instead of geography); Puerto Rico and the United States territorial courts are also assigned to circuits. Each circuit has a United States court of appeals.


title: Federal district

text: The Jervis Bay Territory is an internal territory of the Commonwealth of Australia, surrendered by the state of New South Wales in 1915 to the Commonwealth Government so that the landlocked Australian Capital Territory would have maritime access. Due to the terms of the Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act, the laws of the ACT apply to the Jervis Bay Territory, and it was administered by the Department of the Interior (and later by the Department of the Capital Territory) as if it were part of the Australian Capital Territory, although it has always been a separate Commonwealth territory. In 1989, when the ACT achieved self-government, the Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories took over responsibility for the JBT's administration, and it has since been administered by various Commonwealth departments responsible to the Minister for Territories.


title: Grumpier Old Men

text: Grumpier Old Men is a 1995 American romantic comedy film, and a sequel to the film "Grumpy Old Men". It stars Jack Lemmon, Walter Matthau, Ann-Margret, Sophia Loren, Burgess Meredith (in his final film role), Daryl Hannah, Kevin Pollak, Katie Sagona and Ann Morgan Guilbert. "Grumpier Old Men" was directed by Howard Deutch, with the screenplay written by Mark Steven Johnson and the original music score composed by Alan Silvestri. Meredith developed Alzheimer's disease and had to be coached through his role in the film. He died in 1997.


title: Grumpier Old Men

text: The feud between Max and John has cooled and they have become good friends. Their children, Melanie and Jacob have become engaged. Meanwhile, John is enjoying his marriage to new wife Ariel. John and Max still call each other "moron" and "putz" respectively, but with friendly intentions.


title: Grumpier Old Men

text: The spring and summer fishing season is in full swing with the annual quest to catch "Catfish Hunter," an unusually large catfish that seems to enjoy eluding anyone that tries to catch it. However, the local bait shop closed after Chuck, the previous owner, died in the first movie. Maria Ragetti has purchased the property with the intent of converting it into a fancy Italian restaurant.


title: Grumpier Old Men

text: Irritated it will no longer be a bait shop, Max and John join forces to sabotage the restaurant. They are successful at first with their practical jokes. However, when Ariel learns what is going on, she tells John to apologize to Maria at once, and he does after Ariel kicks him out of the house. Max and Maria begin dating after discovering a shared passion for fishing, while her mother Francesca dates John's father, J.W.


title: Grumpier Old Men

text: To complicate things further, Jacob and Melanie call off their engagement due to stress from their parents' involvement. Upon hearing the news, John and Max reignite their feud and go back to their childish pranks again such as John cutting a hole in Max's fishing net and detaching the anchor to his boat. Max retaliates by disconnecting John's motor from his boat and broadcasting him nude (while Ariel was making a clay statue of him) at a Sears department store. Ariel is stressed out because of it and leaves John until things settle down. At the restaurant, Francesca is worried about all the time Maria spends with Max. She reminds her daughter of her five failed marriages and worries that Max will make it six.


title: Grumpier Old Men

text: After being convinced to take a long look at herself, Maria reluctantly stops seeing Max. Distraught over losing Ariel, John heads to the lake for his father's advice but finds that he has died in his favorite spot with a fishing pole in one hand and a can of beer in the other. Following the funeral and the spreading of J.W.'s ashes in the lake, John and Max call off their feud again.


title: Grumpier Old Men

text: After realizing that their own inability to properly plan a wedding is what drove their kids to call it off, they decide to set it right. They help Jacob and Melanie reconcile, explaining their drama. John decides to reconcile with Ariel and convinces Max to talk to Maria. He does and convinces her to take a chance on him, while convincing her mother that he's not going to be like her previous sons-in-laws. John and Max manage to catch "Catfish Hunter" but they reluctantly decide to release it so it can be with J.W. in the lake. After they let it go, they realize that they're late for a wedding happening in town and rush to the church as quickly as they can. The wedding is revealed to be for Max and Maria, who have reconciled (Jacob and Melanie have eloped). On the way to their honeymoon, they discover Max's one-eyed bulldog, Lucky, in the car with them, being put there by John earlier as a prank. Ragetti's is also reformed so it will be both a restaurant and a bait shop.


title: Grumpier Old Men

text: "Grumpier Old Men" grossed $71 million at the North American box office, against a production budget of $25 million. "Grumpier Old Men" beat its predecessor's total of $70 million and cost $10 million less to make than the original. The film was released in the United Kingdom on March 1, 1996.


title: Grumpier Old Men

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 17% based on 18 reviews, with a rating average of 4.2/10. On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has a score of 46 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Grumpier Old Men

text: Roger Ebert gave the film a score of 2 out of 4 stars. Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" described the film as contrived and getting by on the star power of the cast. Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" wrote: ""Grumpier Old Men", which was directed by Howard Deutch from a screenplay by Mark Steven Johnson, who also wrote the first film, doesn't even try to make sense. And for all the vaunted grumpiness, nobody stays mad for long."


title: Electronic voting

text: Electronic voting (also known as e-voting) is voting that uses electronic means to either aid or take care of casting and counting ballots.


title: Electronic voting

text: Depending on the particular implementation, e-voting may use standalone "electronic voting machines" (also called EVM) or computers connected to the Internet (online voting). It may encompass a range of Internet services, from basic transmission of tabulated results to full-function online voting through common connectable household devices. The degree of automation may be limited to marking a paper ballot, or may be a comprehensive system of vote input, vote recording, data encryption and transmission to servers, and consolidation and tabulation of election results.


title: Electronic voting

text: A worthy e-voting system must perform most of these tasks while complying with a set of standards established by regulatory bodies, and must also be capable to deal successfully with strong requirements associated with security, accuracy, integrity, swiftness, privacy, auditability, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, scalability and ecological sustainability.


title: Electronic voting

text: Electronic voting technology can include punched cards, optical scan voting systems and specialized voting kiosks (including self-contained direct-recording electronic voting systems, or DRE). It can also involve transmission of ballots and votes via telephones, private computer networks, or the Internet.


title: Electronic voting

text: Electronic voting technology intends to speed the counting of ballots, reduce the cost of paying staff to count votes manually and can provide improved accessibility for disabled voters. Also in the long term, expenses are expected to decrease.


title: Electronic voting

text: Voters save time and cost by being able to vote independently from their location. This may increase overall voter turnout. The citizen groups benefiting most from electronic elections are the ones living abroad, citizens living in rural areas far away from polling stations and the disabled with mobility impairments.


title: Electronic voting

text: It has been demonstrated that as voting systems become more complex and include software, different methods of election fraud become possible. Others also challenge the use of electronic voting from a theoretical point of view, arguing that humans are not equipped for verifying operations occurring within an electronic machine and that because people cannot verify these operations, the operations cannot be trusted. Furthermore, some computing experts have argued for the broader notion that people cannot trust any programming they did not author.


title: Electronic voting

text: The use of electronic voting in elections remains a contentious issue. Some countries such as Netherlands and Germany have stopped using it after it was shown to be unreliable, while the Indian Election commission recommends it. The involvement of numerous stakeholders including companies that manufacture these machines as well as political parties that stand to gain from rigging complicates this further.


title: Electronic voting

text: Critics of electronic voting, including security analyst Bruce Schneier, note that "computer security experts are unanimous on what to do (some voting experts disagree, but it is the computer security experts who need to be listened to; the problems here are with the computer, not with the fact that the computer is being used in a voting application)... DRE machines must have a voter-verifiable paper audit trails... Software used on DRE machines must be open to public scrutiny" to ensure the accuracy of the voting system. Verifiable ballots are necessary because computers can and do malfunction, and because voting machines can be compromised.


title: Electronic voting

text: Many insecurities have been found in commercial voting machines, such as using a default administration password. Cases have also been reported of machines making unpredictable, inconsistent errors. Key issues with electronic voting are therefore the openness of a system to public examination from outside experts, the creation of an authenticatable paper record of votes cast and a chain of custody for records. And, there is a risk that commercial voting machines results are changed by the company providing the machine. There is no guarantee that results are collected and reported accurately.


title: Electronic voting

text: There has been contention, especially in the United States, that electronic voting, especially DRE voting, could facilitate electoral fraud and may not be fully auditable. In addition, electronic voting has been criticised as unnecessary and expensive to introduce. While countries like India continue to use electronic voting, several countries have cancelled e-voting systems or decided against a large-scale rollout, notably the Netherlands, Ireland, Germany and the United Kingdom due to issues in reliability of EVMs.


title: Electronic voting

text: Moreover, people without internet access and/or the skills to use it are excluded from the service. The so-called digital divide describes the gap between those who have access to the internet and those who do not. Depending on the country or even regions in a country the gap differs. This concern is expected to become less important in future since the number of internet users tends to increase.


title: Electronic voting

text: The main psychological issue is trust. Voters fear that their vote could be changed by a virus on their PC or during transmission to governmental servers.


title: Electronic voting

text: Expenses for the installation of an electronic voting system are high. For some governments they may be too high so that they do not invest. This aspect is even more important if it is not sure whether electronic voting is a long-term solution.


title: Electronic voting

text: Electronic voting systems for electorates have been in use since the 1960s when punched card systems debuted. Their first widespread use was in the USA where 7 counties switched to this method for the 1964 presidential election. The newer optical scan voting systems allow a computer to count a voter's mark on a ballot. DRE voting machines which collect and tabulate votes in a single machine, are used by all voters in all elections in Brazil and India, and also on a large scale in Venezuela and the United States. They have been used on a large scale in the Netherlands but have been decommissioned after public concerns. In Brazil, the use of DRE voting machines has been associated with a decrease error-ridden and uncounted votes, promoting a larger enfranchisement of mainly less educated people in the electoral process, shifting government spending toward public healthcare, particularly beneficial to the poor.


title: Electronic voting

text: Paper-based voting systems originated as a system where votes are cast and counted by hand, using paper ballots. With the advent of electronic tabulation came systems where paper cards or sheets could be marked by hand, but counted electronically. These systems included punched card voting, marksense and later digital pen voting systems.


title: Electronic voting

text: These systems can include a ballot marking device or electronic ballot marker that allows voters to make their selections using an electronic input device, usually a touch screen system similar to a DRE. Systems including a ballot marking device can incorporate different forms of assistive technology. In 2004, Open Voting Consortium demonstrated the 'Dechert Design', a General Public License open source paper ballot printing system with open source bar codes on each ballot.


title: Electronic voting

text: A direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting machine records votes by means of a ballot display provided with mechanical or electro-optical components that can be activated by the voter (typically buttons or a touchscreen); that processes data with computer software; and that records voting data and ballot images in memory components. After the election it produces a tabulation of the voting data stored in a removable memory component and as a printed copy. The system may also provide a means for transmitting individual ballots or vote totals to a central location for consolidating and reporting results from precincts at the central location. These systems use a precinct count method that tabulates ballots at the polling place. They typically tabulate ballots as they are cast and print the results after the close of polling.


title: Electronic voting

text: In 2002, in the United States, the Help America Vote Act mandated that one handicapped accessible voting system be provided per polling place, which most jurisdictions have chosen to satisfy with the use of DRE voting machines, some switching entirely over to DRE. In 2004, 28.9% of the registered voters in the United States used some type of direct recording electronic voting system, up from 7.7% in 1996.


title: Electronic voting

text: In 2004, India adopted Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) for its elections to its parliament with 380 million voters casting their ballots using more than one million voting machines. The Indian EVMs are designed and developed by two government-owned defence equipment manufacturing units, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL). Both systems are identical, and are developed to the specifications of Election Commission of India. The system is a set of two devices running on 7.5 volt batteries. One device, the voting Unit is used by the voter, and another device called the control unit is operated by the electoral officer. Both units are connected by a five-metre cable. The voting unit has a blue button for each candidate. The unit can hold 16 candidates, but up to four units can be chained, to accommodate 64 candidates. The control unit has three buttons on the surface – one button to release a single vote, one button to see the total number of votes cast till now, and one button to close the election process. The result button is hidden and sealed. It cannot be pressed unless the close button has already been pressed. A controversy was raised when the voting machine malfunctioned which was shown in Delhi assembly. On 9 April 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the ECI to increase voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means ECI has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs before it certifies the final election results.


title: Electronic voting

text: A public network DRE voting system is an election system that uses electronic ballots and transmits vote data from the polling place to another location over a public network. Vote data may be transmitted as individual ballots as they are cast, periodically as batches of ballots throughout the election day, or as one batch at the close of voting.


title: Electronic voting

text: Public network DRE voting system can utilize either precinct count or central count method. The central count method tabulates ballots from multiple precincts at a central location.


title: Electronic voting

text: Internet voting systems have gained popularity and have been used for government elections and referendums in Estonia, and Switzerland as well as municipal elections in Canada and party primary elections in the United States and France. Internet voting has also been widely used in sub-national participatory budgeting processes, including in Brazil, France, United States, Portugal and Spain.


title: Electronic voting

text: Security experts have found security problems in every attempt at online voting, including systems in Australia, Estonia, Switzerland, Russia, and the United States.


title: Electronic voting

text: It has been argued political parties that have more support from the less fortunate—who are unfamiliar with the Internet—may suffer in the elections due to e-voting, which tends to increase voting in the upper/middle class. It is unsure as to whether narrowing the digital divide would promote equal voting opportunities for people across various social, economic, and ethnic backgrounds. In the long run, this is contingent not only on internet accessibility but also depends on people's level of familiarity with the Internet.


title: Electronic voting

text: The effects of internet voting on overall voter turnout are unclear. A 2017 study of online voting in two Swiss cantons found that it had no effect on turnout, and a 2009 study of Estonia's national election found similar results. To the contrary, however, the introduction of online voting in municipal elections in the Canadian province of Ontario resulted in an average increase in turnout of around 3.5 percentage points. Similarly, a further study of the Swiss case found that while online voting did not increase overall turnout, it did induce some occasional voters to participate who would have abstained were online voting not an option.


title: Electronic voting

text: A paper on “remote electronic voting and turnout in the Estonian 2007 parliamentary elections” showed that rather than eliminating inequalities, e-voting might have enhanced the digital divide between higher and lower socioeconomic classes. People who lived greater distances from polling areas voted at higher levels with this service now available. The 2007 Estonian elections yielded a higher voter turnout from those who lived in higher income regions and who received formal education. Still regarding the Estonian Internet voting system, it was proved to be more cost-efficient than the rest of the voting systems offered in 2017 local elections.


title: Electronic voting

text: Electronic voting is perceived to be favored moreover by a certain demographic, namely the younger generation such as Generation X and Y voters. However, in recent elections about a quarter of e-votes were cast by the older demographic, such as individuals over the age of 55. Including this, about 20% of e-votes came from voters between the ages of 45 and 54. This goes to show that e-voting is not supported exclusively by the younger generations, but finding some popularity amongst Gen X and Baby Boomers as well. In terms of electoral results as well, the expectation that online voting would favor younger candidates has not been borne out in the data, with mayors in Ontario, Canada who were elected in online elections actually being slightly older on average than those elected by pencil and paper.


title: Electronic voting

text: Corporations and organizations routinely use Internet voting to elect officers and board members and for other proxy elections. Internet voting systems have been used privately in many modern nations and publicly in the United States, the UK, Switzerland and Estonia. In Switzerland, where it is already an established part of local referendums, voters get their passwords to access the ballot through the postal service. Most voters in Estonia can cast their vote in local and parliamentary elections, if they want to, via the Internet, as most of those on the electoral roll have access to an e-voting system, the largest run by any European Union country. It has been made possible because most Estonians carry a national identity card equipped with a computer-readable microchip and it is these cards which they use to get access to the online ballot. All a voter needs is a computer, an electronic card reader, their ID card and its PIN, and they can vote from anywhere in the world. Estonian e-votes can only be cast during the days of advance voting. On election day itself people have to go to polling stations and fill in a paper ballot.


title: Electronic voting

text: There are also hybrid systems that include an electronic ballot marking device (usually a touch screen system similar to a DRE) or other assistive technology to print a voter verified paper audit trail, then use a separate machine for electronic tabulation.


title: Electronic voting

text: Internet voting can use remote locations (voting from any Internet capable computer) or can use traditional polling locations with voting booths consisting of Internet connected voting systems.


title: Electronic voting

text: Electronic voting systems may offer advantages compared to other voting techniques. An electronic voting system can be involved in any one of a number of steps in the setup, distributing, voting, collecting, and counting of ballots, and thus may or may not introduce advantages into any of these steps. Potential disadvantages exist as well including the potential for flaws or weakness in any electronic component.


title: Electronic voting

text: Charles Stewart of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology estimates that 1 million more ballots were counted in the 2004 USA presidential election than in 2000 because electronic voting machines detected votes that paper-based machines would have missed.


title: Electronic voting

text: In May 2004 the U.S. Government Accountability Office released a report titled "Electronic Voting Offers Opportunities and Presents Challenges", analyzing both the benefits and concerns created by electronic voting. A second report was released in September 2005 detailing some of the concerns with electronic voting, and ongoing improvements, titled "Federal Efforts to Improve Security and Reliability of Electronic Voting Systems Are Under Way, but Key Activities Need to Be Completed".