title: Trematoda

text: There are 18,000 to 24,000 known species of trematodes, divided into two subclasses — the Aspidogastrea and the Digenea. Aspidogastrea is the smaller subclass, comprising 61 species. These flukes mainly infect bivalves and bony fishes. Digenea — which comprise the majority of trematodes — are found in certain mollusks and vertebrates.


title: Trematoda

text: Flukes that cause disease in humans are often classified based on the organ system they infect. For example:


title: Trematoda

text: Trematodes are flattened oval or worm-like animals, usually no more than a few centimeters in length, although species as small as are known. Their most distinctive external feature is the presence of two suckers, one close to the mouth, and the other on the underside of the animal.


title: Trematoda

text: The body surface of trematodes comprises a tough syncytial tegument, which helps protect against digestive enzymes in those species that inhabit the gut of larger animals. It is also the surface of gas exchange; there are no respiratory organs.


title: Trematoda

text: The mouth is located at the forward end of the animal, and opens into a muscular, pumping pharynx. The pharynx connects, via a short oesophagus, to one or two blind-ending caeca, which occupy most of the length of the body. In some species, the caeca are themselves branched. As in other flatworms, there is no anus, and waste material must be egested through the mouth.


title: Trematoda

text: Although the excretion of nitrogenous waste occurs mostly through the tegument, trematodes do possess an excretory system, which is instead mainly concerned with osmoregulation. This consists of two or more protonephridia, with those on each side of the body opening into a collecting duct. The two collecting ducts typically meet up at a single bladder, opening to the exterior through one or two pores near the posterior end of the animal.


title: Trematoda

text: The brain consists of a pair of ganglia in the head region, from which two or three pairs of nerve cords run down the length of the body. The nerve cords running along the ventral surface are always the largest, while the dorsal cords are present only in the Aspidogastrea. Trematodes generally lack any specialized sense organs, although some ectoparasitic species do possess one or two pairs of simple ocelli.


title: Trematoda

text: Body wall musculature: Formed of three different muscle layers: circular, longitudinal, and diagonal. The outermost layer is formed by the circular muscle fibers, directly behind that are the longitudinal muscle fibers. The inner layer is formed by the diagonal muscle fibers. Together these muscle fibers form the segmented body wall of trematodes.


title: Trematoda

text: Oral sucker and acetabulum: In some species of Trematoda, such as T. bragai, there is an acetabulum. This saucer-shaped organ is attached to the oral sucker in some Trematodes and other parasitic worms. This allows for parasitic worms to attach to their host by penetrating the host’s tissue with spines lining the acetabulum organ. In trematodes, the oral sucker is linked to the pharynx via a canal composed of meridional, equatorial, and radial muscle fibers. Together, the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus form the foregut in Trematodes.


title: Trematoda

text: Most trematodes are hermaphrodites. Blood flukes ("Schistosoma") are the only form of trematodes that are dioecious (have both a male and female sex). Blood flukes are unique in the way that they can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs in the hepatopancreas of a freshwater snail, which serves as an intermediate host. Sexual reproduction occurs later in the life cycle, in the definitive (vertebrate) host.


title: Trematoda

text: The male reproductive system usually includes two testes, though some species may have more. The testes are located posterior and dorsal to the ventral sucker. Spermatogenesis produces biflagellate sperm (sperm with two tails). Sperm is stored in the seminal vesicles, which are connected to the testes by the vas deferens. The male reproductive system varies considerably in structure between species; this can be very useful in species identification.


title: Trematoda

text: The female reproductive system consists of one ovary connected to an elongated uterus by a ciliated oviduct. The uterus opens to the exterior at the "genital pore" (the common external opening of the male and female reproductive systems). The location of the ovary varies among different species, making the female reproductive system useful in species identification. At the base of the oviduct is a copulatory duct — termed "Laurer's canal" — which is analogous to a vagina. Oocytes are released from the ovary into the "oocapt" (the dilated proximal end of the oviduct). Sperm cells travel from the seminal vesicles through the uterus to reach the "ootype" (the dilated distal part of the oviduct), where fertilization occurs. The ootype is connected via a pair of ducts to a number of "vitelline ducts" that produce yolk. After the egg is surrounded by yolk, its shell is formed from the secretions of "Mehlis' glands", the ducts of which also open into the ootype. From the ootype, the fertilized egg then travels back into the uterus, and is ultimately released from the "genital atrium".


title: Trematoda

text: Trematodes have a very complex life cycle and depending on what taxa they belong to, their life cycles can be completed with as little as one host compared to the typical three hosts.  When there is one host, this is normally a specific species of snail of the family Lymnaeidae. Almost all trematodes infect molluscs as the first host in the life cycle, and most have a complex life cycle involving other hosts. Most trematodes are monoecious and alternately reproduce sexually and asexually. The two main exceptions to this are the Aspidogastrea, which have no asexual reproduction, and the schistosomes, which are dioecious.


title: Trematoda

text: In the definitive host, in which sexual reproduction occurs, eggs are commonly shed along with host feces. Eggs shed in water release free-swimming larval forms (Miracidia) that are infective to the intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs.


title: Trematoda

text: A species that exemplifies the remarkable life history of the trematodes is the bird fluke, "Leucochloridium paradoxum". The definitive hosts, in which the parasite reproduces, are various woodland birds, while the hosts in which the parasite multiplies (intermediate host) are various species of snail. The adult parasite in the bird's gut produces eggs and these eventually end up on the ground in the bird's feces. Some eggs may be swallowed by a snail and hatch into larvae (miracidia). These larvae grow and take on a sac-like appearance. This stage is known as the sporocyst and it forms a central body in the snail's digestive gland that extends into a brood sac in the snail's head, muscular foot and eye-stalks. It is in the central body of the sporocyst where the parasite replicates itself, producing many tiny embryos (redia). These embryos move to the brood sac and mature into cercaria.


title: Trematoda

text: Trematodes have a large variation of forms throughout their life cycles. Individual trematode parasites life cycles may vary from this list. They have five larval stages along with the cystic and fully matured adult phases.


title: Trematoda

text: The first stage is the miracidium that is triangular in shape and covered by a ciliated ectoderm which is the outermost layer of the three germ layers. The epidermis and epidemic tissues of the parasite are going to evolve from the miracidium. They also have an anterior spin which helps them drill into the snail. The miracidium develops into the sporocyst, which is a sac-like structure, and in this sac the larvae begin to develop. The cells multiply. The rediae and cercariae develop from the larvae which are then released and encyst as metacercariae on aquatic plants. Humans as well as larger sea creatures then get infected when they eat these plants.


title: Trematoda

text: When they infect humans, it takes 3–4 months for the metacercariae to mature into adult flukes and lay eggs.


title: Trematoda

text: Liver flukes, one of the different species, are responsible for causing liver fluke disease which is also known as fasciolosis. They are hermaphroditic internal parasites. They are caused by the migration of a large number of immature flukes through the liver passageway or by adult flukes that migrate to the bile ducts. Liver flukes infect all grazing animals and are passed from human to human when they eat raw or undercooked fish. Like other flukes, the liver flukes need intermediate hosts and as a result, the transmission from animals to humans happens in three phases. The first phase is the infection of the snail (the first intermediate host) via feces. They complete their gestation and hatch as cercariae. They leave their snail hosts and infect fish who are their second intermediate host. Lastly, humans ingest the metacercariae in raw and undercooked fish. In humans, the metacercariae complete their life cycle and become full grown liver flukes.


title: Trematoda

text: Trematodes can cause disease in many types of vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish. Cattle and sheep can become infected by eating contaminated food. These infections lead to a reduction in milk or meat production, which can be of significant economic importance to the livestock industry.


title: Trematoda

text: Human trematode infections are most common in Asia, Africa and Latin America. However, trematodes can be found anywhere where untreated human waste is used as fertilizer. Humans can be infected by trematodes by immersion in or ingestion of contaminated water, or by consuming raw or undercooked contaminated animals or plants.


title: Trematoda

text: Albendazole can be used to treat clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis. Triclabendazole is often used to treat fasciolosis, and may also be useful in the treatment of paragonimiasis and dicrocoeliasis. Praziquantel is effective in the treatment of all diseases caused by flukes (clonorchiasis, dicrocoeliasis, echinostomiasis, fasciolopsiasis, fasciolosis, gastrodiscoidiasis, heterophyiasis, metagonimiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, and schistosomiasis).


title: Emissivity

text: The emissivity of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in emitting energy as thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation that most commonly includes both visible radiation (light) and infrared radiation, which is not visible to human eyes. A portion of the thermal radiation from very hot objects (see photograph) is easily visible to the eye.


title: Emissivity

text: The emissivity of a surface depends on its chemical composition and geometrical structure. Quantitatively, it is the ratio of the thermal radiation from a surface to the radiation from an ideal black surface at the same temperature as given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law. The ratio varies from 0 to 1. The surface of a perfect black body (with an emissivity of 1) emits thermal radiation at the rate of approximately 448 watts per square metre at room temperature (, ). All real objects have emissivities less than 1.0, and emit radiation at correspondingly lower rates.


title: Emissivity

text: Spectral hemispherical emissivity in frequency and spectral hemispherical emissivity in wavelength of a surface, denoted "ε" and "ε", respectively, are defined as


title: Emissivity

text: Spectral directional emissivity in frequency and spectral directional emissivity in wavelength of a surface, denoted "ε" and "ε", respectively, are defined as


title: Emissivity

text: Hemispherical emissivity can also be expressed as a weighted average of the directional spectral emissivities as described in textbooks on "radiative heat transfer".


title: Emissivity

text: Emissivities "ε" can be measured using simple devices such as Leslie's cube in conjunction with a thermal radiation detector such as a thermopile or a bolometer. The apparatus compares the thermal radiation from a surface to be tested with the thermal radiation from a nearly ideal, black sample. The detectors are essentially black absorbers with very sensitive thermometers that record the detector's temperature rise when exposed to thermal radiation. For measuring room temperature emissivities, the detectors must absorb thermal radiation completely at infrared wavelengths near 10×10 metre. Visible light has a wavelength range of about 0.4–0.7×10 metre from violet to deep red.


title: Emissivity

text: Emissivity measurements for many surfaces are compiled in many handbooks and texts. Some of these are listed in the following table.


title: Emissivity

text: There is a fundamental relationship (Gustav Kirchhoff's 1859 law of thermal radiation) that equates the emissivity of a surface with its absorption of incident radiation (the "absorptivity" of a surface). Kirchhoff's law is rigorously applicable with regard to the spectral directional definitions of emissivity and absorptivity. The relationship explains why emissivities cannot exceed 1, since the largest absorptivity—corresponding to complete absorption of all incident light by a truly black object—is also 1. Mirror-like, metallic surfaces that reflect light will thus have low emissivities, since the reflected light isn't absorbed. A polished silver surface has an emissivity of about 0.02 near room temperature. Black soot absorbs thermal radiation very well; it has an emissivity as large as 0.97, and hence soot is a fair approximation to an ideal black body.


title: Emissivity

text: With the exception of bare, polished metals, the appearance of a surface to the eye is not a good guide to emissivities near room temperature. For example, white paint absorbs very little visible light. However, at an infrared wavelength of 10×10 metre, paint absorbs light very well, and has a high emissivity. Similarly, pure water absorbs very little visible light, but water is nonetheless a strong infrared absorber and has a correspondingly high emissivity.


title: Emissivity

text: Emittance (or emissive power) is the total amount of thermal energy emitted per unit area per unit time for all possible wavelengths. Emissivity of a body at a given temperature is the ratio of the total emissive power of a body to the total emissive power of a perfectly black body at that temperature. Following Planck's law, the total energy radiated increases with temperature while the peak of the emission spectrum shifts to shorter wavelengths. The energy emitted at shorter wavelengths increases more rapidly with temperature. For example, an ideal blackbody in thermal equilibrium at 1,273 K, will emit 97% of its energy at wavelengths below .


title: Emissivity

text: The term emissivity is generally used to describe a simple, homogeneous surface such as silver. Similar terms, emittance and thermal emittance, are used to describe thermal radiation measurements on complex surfaces such as insulation products.


title: Emissivity

text: The emissivity of a planet or other astronomical body is determined by the composition and structure of its outer skin. In this context, the "skin" of a planet generally includes both its semi-transparent atmosphere and its non-gaseous surface. The resulting radiative emissions to space typically function as the primary cooling mechanism for these otherwise isolated bodies. The balance between all other incoming plus internal sources of energy versus the outgoing flow regulates planetary temperatures.


title: Emissivity

text: For Earth, equilibrium skin temperatures range near the freezing point of water (260K±50K). The most energetic emissions are thus within a band spanning about 4-50 μm as governed by Planck's law. Emissivities for the atmosphere and surface components are often quantified separately, and validated against satellite- and terrestrial-based observations as well as laboratory measurements. These emissivities serve as input parameters within some meteorlogic and climatologic models.


title: Emissivity

text: Earth's surface emissivities (ε) have been inferred with satellite-based instruments by directly observing surface thermal emissions at nadir through a less obstructed atmospheric window spanning 8-13 μm. Values range about ε=0.65-0.99, with lowest values typically limited to the most barren desert areas. Emissivities of most surface regions are above 0.9 due to the dominant influence of water; including oceans, land vegetation, and snow/ice. Globally averaged estimates for the hemispheric emissivity of Earth's surface are in the vicinity of ε=0.95.


title: Emissivity

text: Water also dominates the planet's atmospheric emissivity and absorptivity in the form of water vapor. Clouds, carbon dioxide, and other components make substantial additional contributions, especially where there are gaps in the water vapor absorption spectrum. Nitrogen () and oxygen () - the primary atmospheric components - interact less significantly with thermal radiation in the infrared band. Direct measurement of Earths atmospheric emissivities (ε) are more challenging than for land surfaces due in part to the atmosphere's multi-layered and more dynamic structure.


title: Emissivity

text: Upper and lower limits have been measured and calculated for ε in accordance with extreme yet realistic local conditions. At the upper limit, dense low cloud structures (consisting of liquid/ice aerosols and saturated water vapor) close the infrared transmission windows, yielding near to black body conditions with ε≈1. At a lower limit, clear sky (cloud-free) conditions promote the largest opening of transmission windows. The more uniform concentration of long-lived trace greenhouse gases in combination with water vapor pressures of 0.25-20 mbar then yield minimum values in the range of ε=0.55-0.8 (with ε=0.35-0.75 for a simulated water-vapor-only atmosphere). Carbon dioxide () and other greenhouse gases contribute about ε=0.2 to ε when atmospheric humidity is low.


title: Emissivity

text: Researchers have also evaluated the contribution of differing cloud types to atmospheric absorptivity and emissivity. These days, the detailed processes and complex properties of radiation transport through the atmosphere are evaluated with radiation transport codes and databases such as MODTRAN/HITRAN. "Effective" atmospheric emissivites for downwelling and upwelling thermal radiation are thereby simulated, and compared to similar results obtained from ground and satellite observations. An effective global value of ε≈0.78 has been estimated from application of an idealized energy-balance model to the planet.


title: Emissivity

text: The concepts of emissivity and absorptivity, as properties of matter and radiation, appeared in the late-eighteenth thru mid-nineteenth century writings of Pierre Prévost, John Leslie, Balfour Stewart and others. In 1860, Gustav Kirchhoff published a mathematical description of their relationship under conditions of thermal equilibrium (i.e. Kirchoff's law of thermal radiation). By 1884 the emissive power of a perfect blackbody was inferred by Josef Stefan using John Tyndall's experimental measurements, and derived by Ludwig Boltzmann from fundamental statistical principles. Emissivity, defined as a further proportionality factor to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, was thus implied and utilized in subsequent evaluations of the radiative behavior of grey bodies. For example, Svante Arrhenius applied the recent theoretical developments to his 1896 investigation of Earth's surface temperatures as calculated from the planet's radiative equilibrium with all of space. By 1900 Max Planck empirically derived a generalized law of blackbody radiation, thus clarifying the emissivity and absorptivity concepts at individual wavelengths.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: The Kingdom of Cyprus (, ) was a state that existed between 1192 and 1489. It was ruled by the French House of Lusignan. It comprised not only the island of Cyprus, but it also had a foothold on the Anatolian mainland: Antalya between 1361 and 1373, and Corycus between 1361 and 1448.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: Richard confiscated the property of those Cypriots who had fought against him. He also imposed a 50% capital levy on the island in return for confirming its laws and customs. He also ordered Cypriot men to shave their beards. There was a rebellion led by a relative of Isaac's, but it was crushed by Robert of Thornham, who hanged the leader. Richard rebuked Robert for this execution, since executing a man who claimed to be king was an affront to royal dignity. Some details of the brief English period on Cyprus can be found in the "Chronicle of Meaux Abbey", possibly derived from Robert of Thornham, who had a relationship with the abbey.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: One of the greatest military orders of medieval times, the Knights Templar were renowned for their remarkable financial power and vast holdings of land and property throughout Europe and the East. Their severity of rule in Cyprus quickly incurred the hatred of the native population. On Easter Day in 1192, the Cypriots attempted a massacre of their Templar rulers; however, due to prior knowledge of the attack and limited numbers of troops, the Knights had taken refuge in their stronghold at Nicosia. A siege ensued and the Templars, realizing their dire circumstances and their besiegers' reluctance to bargain, sallied out into the streets at dawn one morning, taking the Cypriots completely by surprise. The subsequent slaughter was merciless and widespread and though Templar rule was restored following the event, the military order was reluctant to continue rule and allegedly begged King Richard to take Cyprus back. King Richard took them up on the offer and the Templars returned to Syria, retaining but a few holdings on the island. A small minority Roman Catholic population of the island was mainly confined to some coastal cities, such as Famagusta, as well as inland Nicosia, the traditional capital. Roman Catholics kept the reins of power and control, while the Orthodox inhabitants lived in the countryside; this was much the same as the arrangement in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The independent Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus, with its own Archbishop and subject to no patriarch, was allowed to remain on the island, but the Roman Catholic Latin Church largely displaced it in stature and holding property.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: In the meantime, the hereditary queen of Jerusalem, Sybilla, had died, and opposition to the rule of her husband, king consort Guy of Lusignan, greatly increased to the point that he was ousted from his claim to the crown of Jerusalem. Since Guy was a long-time vassal of King Richard, the English king looked to strike two birds with one stone; by offering Guy de Lusignan the kingdom of Cyprus, he allowed his friend the opportunity to save face and keep some sort of power in the East whilst simultaneously ridding himself of a troublesome fief. It is unclear whether King Richard gave him the territory or sold it and it is highly unlikely that King Richard was ever paid, even if a deal was struck.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: In 1194, Guy de Lusignan died without any heirs and so his older brother, Amalric, became King Amalric I of Cyprus, a crown and title which was approved by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: After the death of Amalric of Lusignan, the Kingdom continually passed to a series of young boys who grew up as king. The Ibelin family, which had held much power in Jerusalem prior its downfall, acted as regents during these early years. In 1229, one of the Ibelin regents was forced out of power by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, who brought the struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines to the island. Frederick's supporters were defeated in this struggle by 1232 from the Cypriots Forces at Battle of Agridi, although it lasted longer in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and in the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick's Hohenstaufen descendants continued to rule as kings of Jerusalem until 1268 when Hugh III of Cyprus claimed the title and its territory of Acre for himself upon the death of Conrad III of Jerusalem, thus uniting the two kingdoms. The territory in Palestine was finally lost while Henry II was king in 1291, but the kings of Cyprus continued to claim the title.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: Like Jerusalem, Cyprus had a "Haute Cour" (High Court), although it was less powerful than it had been in Jerusalem. The island was richer and more feudal than Jerusalem, so the king had more personal wealth and could afford to ignore the Haute Cour. The most important vassal family was the multi-branch House of Ibelin. However, the king was often in conflict with the Italian merchants, especially because Cyprus had become the center of European trade with Africa and Asia after the fall of Acre in 1291.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: The kingdom eventually came to be dominated more and more in the 14th century by the Genoese merchants. Cyprus therefore sided with the Avignon Papacy in the Great Schism, in the hope that the French would be able to drive out the Italians. The Mameluks then made the kingdom a tributary state in 1426; the remaining monarchs gradually lost almost all independence, until 1489 when the last queen, Catherine Cornaro, was forced to sell the island to Venice.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: The economy of Cyprus remained primarily agrarian during the Lusignan period. Simultaneously, though, the island grew in importance in the trade network connecting Western Europe and the Middle East, serving as an "entrepôt". This led to an increase in demand on Cypriot products (most importantly sugar, but also wine, wheat, oil, carobs) abroad, and the agrarian economy became more export-oriented. This allowed Cyprus to become more prosperous relative to the Byzantine period, fuelling the development of the harbour of Famagusta and the capital Nicosia, enabling the construction of architectural works that survive to this day. Whilst the development of these two eclipsed the other towns, towns such as Limassol, Paphos and Kyrenia did take some part in the changing economic environment. Limassol, in particular, became a port for the export of agricultural products and served as a stopover for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. The relative prosperity encouraged migration to Cyprus from the West (Genoa, Venice, Provence, Catalonia) and the East. The Latin immigrants participated in the economic life as merchants, artisans, shipwrights, ship captains and tavern keepers, and as such had an outsize share in the economy.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: During this period, new industries also emerged in Cyprus. Cypriot pottery developed particular characteristics, and was exported to the Crusader States until the Fall of Acre in 1291. In the late 13th and early 14th industries, the textile industry developed, with new textile dyeing workshops being set up in Nicosia, and Cypriot samites and camlets having increasing demand in the West and the East. Famagusta became a hub for shipbuilding. These developments prompted the arrival of representatives from Florentine banking houses, such as the Peruzzi and the Bardi family. The growth of the industry as well as the labour-intensive production of sugar and wine resulted in a demand for slaves, and slave markets existed in Nicosia and Famagusta.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: Cypriot society in the Lusignan period was multi-ethnic, with Orthodox Greek Cypriots making up the majority of the population Greeks constituted the majority of the population in the rural areas, where they were either serfs (paroikoi) or free tenants (francomati). The population increased until the middle of the fourteenth century, but the Black Death in 1347-48 resulted in the loss of one fifth to one third of the population. Repeated outbreaks prevented population recovery into the fifteenth century.


title: Kingdom of Cyprus

text: The Roman Catholic Latins never exceeded one fourth of the island's population and were concentrated in the cities. Frankish knights and aristocracy mostly lived in Nicosia, whilst Italians were concentrated in Famagusta. The losses suffered by the Crusader States in the 1270s and 1280s and the final Fall of Acre in 1291 triggered an influx of Latin immigrants from the Levant, as Italian, Aragonese and Provençal trading cities relocated their merchants to Cyprus. Maronites, Armenians and Syrians were concentrated in the foothills of Pentadaktylos and coastal plains. There was a system of ethnic discrimination and social stratification in place. However, with the majority of the population being Greeks, the Frankish nobility set up a system that would accommodate a certain degree of Greek autonomy, for instance maintaining Greek ecclesiastical courts open to the consultation of "wise and prominent men", thus practically forming secular Greek forms that exercised a form of judicial autonomy. The Greek Cypriot dialect was used as the lingua franca on the island and legal texts were translated into the vernacular. This relative autonomy meant that there were no rebellions of ethnic character in the Lusignan period. Whilst Greek historiography has traditionally seen a peasant revolt in 1426-27 as a nationalistic uprising, this was an unsystematic series of riots of pillaging by segments of the Greek peasant population and Spanish mercenaries following the Mamluk invasion, the capture of King Janus and the political vacuum that ensued.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Salaam Bombay! is a 1988 Indian Hindi-language drama film, directed, co-written and co-produced by Mira Nair. The screenwriter was Nair's creative collaborator Sooni Taraporevala. This was the first feature film directed by Nair. The film depicts the daily lives of children living in slums in Bombay (now Mumbai), India's largest city. It stars Shafiq Syed, Raghuvir Yadav, Anita Kanwar, Nana Patekar, Hansa Vithal and Chanda Sharma.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Nair's inspiration for the film came from the spirit of Bombay's street children and how they lived. Production began in early 1988, and the film was co-financed by the National Film Development Corporation of India. After being released worldwide on 6 October 1988, the film grossed an estimated at the overseas box office, against a production budget of only $450,000.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Nominated for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film at the 61st Academy Awards, the film was India's second film submission to be so nominated. After its initial release on 11 May 1988 at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival, "Salaam Bombay!" achieved significant critical acclaim. It won the Caméra d'Or and Audience award at the Cannes Film Festival. The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi, National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film and three awards at the Montreal World Film Festival. The film was among the list of "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made" by "The New York Times".


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Before the start of the film, Krishna has set fire to his elder brother's motor-bike as retaliation for being bullied by him. His angry mother has taken him to the nearby Apollo Circus and told him that he can only come home when he earns 500 rupees to pay for the damage. Krishna agrees and starts work for the circus.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: The film begins as the circus is packing up to move on to its next site. His boss asks him to run an errand but when Krishna returns he finds that the circus has left. Alone, with nowhere to turn, and without the money to repay his mother, he travels to the nearest big city, Bombay. As soon as he arrives, he is robbed of his few possessions. He follows the thieves, befriends them, and ends up in the city's notorious red-light area of Falkland Road, near the Grant Road Railway Station.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: One of the thieves, Chillum, a drug pusher and addict, helps Krishna to get a job at the Grant Road Tea Stall, and becomes a mentor of sorts to him. Baba, a local drug dealer, employs addicts like Chillum. Baba's wife, Rekha, is a prostitute and they have a little daughter, Manju. Rekha is annoyed that she has to raise her daughter in such an environment. Baba had promised to start a new life elsewhere, but it is a promise which Baba cannot, or will not, fulfill.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Krishna gets a new name, "Chaipau", and learns to live with it. His goal is still to raise the money he needs to return home, but soon finds out that saving money in his new surroundings is next to impossible. To make matters worse, he has a crush on a young girl named Sola Saal, who has been recently sold to the brothel. He sets fire to her room and attempts to escape with her, but they are caught. The fire causes Krishna to get a severe beating, while Sola Saal, who is considered valuable since she is still a virgin, denies starting the fire and tearfully tries to resist her enslavement. The madame of the house asks Baba to "tame her," which Baba agrees to do.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Meanwhile, Krishna, as well as working at the tea stall, works odd jobs to save some money and help Chillum, who cannot survive without drugs, especially after being sacked by Baba after a disastrous interview with a foreign journalist. Eventually, one of these odd jobs costs Krishna his job at the tea stall. To get more money, Krishna and his pals rob an elderly Parsi man by breaking into his house in broad daylight. Krishna eventually finds out that the money he had saved eventually has been stolen by Chillum for drugs, which he had overdosed on fatally.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: One night, while returning home from work with friends, Krishna and Manju are apprehended by the police and taken to a juvenile home. Eventually, Krishna escapes and goes back to his world. He finds that a new recruit in Baba's drug business has taken Chillum's place and name. Krishna meets Sola Saal and tries to convince her to run away with him. She reveals that she is charmed by Baba and no longer interested in Krishna; she is driven away to service her first 'client'. Meanwhile, Rekha is told that the authorities will not release their daughter, because the mother is a prostitute. An angry Rekha decides to leave Baba, but Baba beats her in retaliation. She is saved by the timely intervention of Krishna who, in a fit of rage, kills Baba and attempts to run away with Rekha, but they become separated in a parade honoring Ganesh. The film ends with a slow zoom in to Krishna's dejected face, alone and being thrown back to the same reality he started out with in the film.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Nair records that the initial inspiration for the film came from the spirit of Bombay's street children. Her ideas developed when she researched the lives of the children with her creative partner Sooni Taraporevala. From the beginning, they decided that real street children would play in the film since the combination of childhood and knowledge in their faces would be hard to find among professional child actors.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Nair was also inspired to make the film after watching Héctor Babenco's drama "Pixote" (1981). She said, "on the first day of shooting, I received the news that the child actor who played the character of "Pixote" was shot dead in the street. After this incident, I was more determined to make "Salaam Bombay!", and decided to share the film's dividends with street children if we could." After making four documentaries, "Salaam Bombay!" was Nair's first full-length feature film.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Most of the film "Salaam Bombay!" was shot on Falkland Road, a red light district in Kamathipura, Bombay. The child actors in the film were real street children. The cast received drama training at a workshop in Bombay before they appeared in the film. A room was rented near the Grant Road railway station for rehearsals, where about 130 children rehearsed on the first day. Later, before appearing in the film, a group of 24 street children trained in a workshop, where they were given music, dance and acting training. Gradually the stories of the city of Bombay, their parents, sex, trafficking, drug dealing, gangs and their profiteering were learned from them. They were reunited with their families even before the film was shot. They were paid to pay for their medical treatment and work on the film, and some of that money was left as a fixed deposit. Irrfan Khan played the role of a letter writer in a two-minute scene in the film, which was his first appearance in a film.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: After its release, director Nair established an organization called the Salaam Baalak Trust in 1989 to rehabilitate the children who appeared in the film. Dinaz Stafford, a child psychologist, worked with the children after the film. The Salaam Baalak Trust now lends support to street children in Bombay, Delhi and Bhubaneshwar. Shafiq Sayed, who played Krishna in the film, is currently living as an auto rickshaw driver in Bangalore.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Initially, Cadrage, Channel Four Films, Doordarshan, La Sept Cinéma, Mirabai Films and the National Film Development Corporation of India paid for the production of the film. Several producers co-produced the film with Nair, with Gabriel Auer from France as the executive producer, Michael Nozik from the UK and Anil Tejani from India and Cherry Rogers as the co-executive producers. Also in co-production were Jane Balfour and co-producer Mitch Epstein.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: "Salaam Bombay!: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack", of the film was composed, performed, and directed by L. Subramaniam, was released on cassette and CD versions in 1986 from DRG Music Publishing. The song "Mera Naam Chin Chin Choo" was written by Qamar Jalalabadi, composed by O. P. Nayyar and sung by Geeta Dutt for the 1958 film "Howrah Bridge" is included in the film soundtrack. Also in a scene at the movie theatre, Sridevi's dance to the song "Hawa Hawaii" sung by Kavita Krishnamurti from the 1987 film "Mr. India" is performed.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Before commercial release, the film premiered at the Directors' Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival in May 1988. It was later screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 13 September in 1988.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: In 1988, the film was released on 24 August in France, on September in India, on 7 October at the 26th New York Film Festival, on 20 December in Italy, and on 22 December in Belgium.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Following year, the film was released on 13 January in Denmark, 2 February in Netherlands, on 10 February in Finland, on 27 April in West Germany, on 29 June in Australia, on 27 July in Argentina, on 24 September at the Cinefest Sudbury International Film Festival in Canada and 3 November in Sweden.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: In 1990, the film was released on 26 January in East Germany, on 10 March in Japan, and on 5 April in Hungary. Following year, the film was released on 18 January in Portugal.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: "Salaam Bombay!" earned in the United States and Canada, from 506,100 ticket sales. In France, the film sold 633,899 tickets; the average ticket price in 1988 was 34 francs, which is equivalent to 21,552,566francs (). In Germany, the film sold 258,728 tickets; the average ticket price in 1989 was 9.5DM, which is equivalent to 2,457,916DM (). The average exchange rate in 1988 was 1 US dollar equal to 1.585 Deutsche Mark, which is worth .


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: The film also sold 346 tickets in Switzerland and Spain since 1996, adding up to total overseas footfalls of tickets sold in the United States, France, Germany, Switzerland and Spain.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Against a production budget of $450,000, the film grossed an estimated total of in overseas markets, becoming one of the highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets at that time. The average exchange rate in 1988 was 1 US dollar equal to , which is equivalent to .


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: The film was re-released in France on 12 December 2001 and 7 January 2015. In 2005, it was also screened at the New Horizons Film Festival in Poland on 23 July. The film was re-released in Indian theatres in March 2013. In 2015, at the BFI London Film Festival, the film was screened on 9 October, and on 18 October at the Tallgrass Film Festival in the United States.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: "Salaam Bombay!" mainly received positive reviews from critics who commented on the cultural and social impact of the film. On the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 30 reviews, with a rating average of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Salaam Bombay!" examines life in a part of the world that many viewers have never visited - but does so with enough compassion and grace to make them feel as if they have." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews, the film has a score of 78 based on 4 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Roger Ebert wrote, "The history of the making of "Salaam Bombay!" is almost as interesting as the film itself." English writer Hilary Mantel commented, "A warm and lively film, made by Mira Nair with only a handful of professional actors." Ted Shen of "Chicago Reader" wrote that, "like Hector Babenco's "Pixote" the film is unsparingly gritty, but with a woman's tenderness it also grants the characters an occasional moment of grace." Richard Corliss of "Time" magazine wrote that, ""Salaam Bombay!" deserves a broad audience, not just to open American eyes to plights of hunger and homelessness abroad, but to open American minds to the vitality of a cinema without rim shots and happy endings." American film critic Dave Kehr stated, "Much to Nair`s credit, she exploits neither the exoticism of her locale (there are no tour-guide, look-at-this flourishes) nor the misery of her subjects (suffer they may, but they do not demand pity)." American film critic David Sterritt stated, "the movie is terrifically well-acted and beautifully filmed, however, marking an auspicious feature-film debut for Indian-American director Mira Nair." Peter Travers commented that "poetic, powerful and disturbing, "Salaam Bombay!" transcends language and cultural barriers.


title: Salaam Bombay!

text: Emanuel Levy, thought that the film "drew its intensity and colour from its locale, the slums of Bombay." Vincent Canby says, "for a film about such hopelessness, "Salaam Bombay!" is surprisingly cheering." Christopher Null wrote, "with Salaam, Nair proves an early ability with a camera and at getting performances out of obviously inexperienced actors, but her writing talents are much sketchier." Rita Kempley of "The Washington Post" wrote, "Nair's film has been compared to Hector Babenco's chilling "Pixote," a Brazilian look at a 10-year-old street criminal, but hers is a more compassionate, though equally troubling, portrait." On movie review site Rediff.com critic Sukanya Verma commented, "Salaam Bombay!" "still brilliant in 25 years."


title: 28th Screen Actors Guild Awards

text: The 28th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards, honoring the best achievements in film and television performances for the year 2021, was presented on February 27, 2022 at the Barker Hangar in Santa Monica, California. The ceremony was broadcast live on both TNT and TBS 8:00 p.m. EST / 5:00 p.m. PST. The nominees were announced on January 12, 2022 by Rosario Dawson and Vanessa Hudgens via Instagram Live.


title: 28th Screen Actors Guild Awards

text: For film, the deaf/non-hearing cast members that are a part of the ensemble of "CODA" made history by becoming the first disabled performers to receive a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture in the awards' history. Individually for "CODA", Troy Kotsur became the first deaf/non-hearing actor to receive an individual SAG Award nomination. For television, "Squid Game" made history by becoming the first non-English series and first Korean series to be nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. Individually for "Squid Game", Lee Jung-jae became the first male actor from Asia and Korea to receive an individual SAG Award nomination and HoYeon Jung became the second actress of Asian as well as Korean descent to do the same. With their respective portrayals of Aretha Franklin in the film "Respect" and television miniseries "Genius: Aretha", Jennifer Hudson and Cynthia Erivo became the first set of actors to be nominated for playing the same role in the same year. For her performance as Anita in Steven Spielberg's "West Side Story", Ariana DeBose became the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role.


title: 28th Screen Actors Guild Awards

text: The segment, introduced by Maggie Gyllenhaal, was set to the song "Sailboat" by Cody Fry and Ben Rector, and honored the following who died in 2021 and early 2022:


title: Belostomatidae

text: Belostomatidae is a family of freshwater hemipteran insects known as giant water bugs or colloquially as toe-biters, Indian toe-biters, electric-light bugs, alligator ticks, or alligator fleas (in Florida). They are the largest insects in the order Hemiptera. There are about 170 species found in freshwater habitats worldwide, with more than 110 in the Neotropics, more than 20 in Africa, almost as many in the Nearctic, and far fewer elsewhere. These predators are typically encountered in freshwater ponds, marshes and slow-flowing streams. Most species are at least long, although smaller species, down to , also exist. The largest are members of the genus "Lethocerus", which can exceed and nearly reach the length of some of the largest beetles in the world. Giant water bugs are a popular food in parts of Asia.


title: Belostomatidae

text: Belostomatids have a flattened, obovoid to ovoid-elongate body, and usually the legs are flattened. The head features two large compound eyes, but lacks ocelli, contrasting with many hemipterans. Short antennae are tucked in grooves behind the eyes. A short breathing tube can be retracted into its abdomen. Adults cannot breathe under water, so must periodically place the breathing tube at the surface for air (similar to a snorkel).


title: Belostomatidae

text: Their hind tarsi have two apical claws. The frontal legs are modified into raptorial appendages that they use to grab their prey, except in the African "Limnogeton", which has "normal" forelegs and is a specialized snail-eater. Once caught, the prey are stabbed with their proboscis and a powerful saliva is injected, allowing the Belostomatid to suck out the liquefied remains. Wing pads can be seen from the dorsal view. While the members of the subfamily Lethocerinae can disperse by flying, other species, including "Abedus herberti", have a greatly reduced flight apparatus and are flightless.


title: Belostomatidae

text: Belostomatids are aggressive predators that stalk, capture, and feed on fish, amphibians, as well as aquatic invertebrates such as snails and crustaceans. The largest species have also been found to capture and feed on baby turtles and water snakes. They often lie motionless at the bottom of a body of water, attached to various objects, where they wait for prey to come near. They then strike, injecting a venomous digestive saliva with their rostrum. Although their bite is excruciatingly painful, it is of no medical significance. Occasionally, when encountered by a larger animal or a human, they have been known to "play dead" and most species can emit a fluid from their anus. Due to this, they are assumed dead by humans only to later "come alive" with painful results.


title: Belostomatidae

text: Belostomatids show paternal care and these aspects have been studied extensively, among others involving the North American "Belostoma flumineum" and the East Asian "Lethocerus (Kirkaldyia) deyrollei". In species of the subfamily Belostomatinae, the eggs are typically laid on the male's wings and carried until they hatch. The male cannot mate during this period. The males invest considerable time and energy in reproduction and females take the role of actively finding males to mate. This role reversal matches the predictions of R. L. Trivers' parental investment theory. In the subfamily Lethocerinae, the eggs are laid on emergent vegetation and guarded by the male.


title: Belostomatidae

text: In some areas, belostomatids are considered a delicacy, and can be found for sale in markets. This is mainly in South and Southeast Asia involving the species "Lethocerus indicus". In South and Southeast Asia they are often collected for this purpose using large floating traps on ponds, set with black lights to attract the bugs. Adults fly at night, like many aquatic insects, and are attracted to lights during the breeding season.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: Duckpin balls are in (12 cm) to 5 in (12.7 cm) in diameter, weigh 3 lb 6 oz (1.5 kg) to 3 lb 12 oz (1.7 kg) each, and lack finger holes. They are thus significantly smaller than those used in ten-pin bowling but are slightly larger and heavier than those used in candlepin bowling.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: Duckpins, though arranged in a triangle identical to that used in ten-pin bowling, are shorter, slightly thinner, and lighter than their ten-pin equivalents, which makes it more difficult for the smaller ball to achieve a strike. For this reason, similar to candlepin bowling, the bowler is allowed three rolls per frame.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: Duckpin bowling has rules similar to ten-pin bowling. In a 10-frame game, bowlers try to knock down pins in the fewest rolls per frame. Bowlers have three balls per frame, instead of two as in ten-pin bowling, to knock over a set of 10 pins. If a bowler knocks down all 10 pins with their first roll in a frame, it is scored as a "strike". If all the pins are knocked down in two rolls, the bowler has made a "spare". If all the pins are knocked down in three rolls, it is scored as a "ten", as in candlepins, with no bonus. If pins are still standing after the third ball, the bowler gets one point for each pin knocked down.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: In the case of a strike, the bowler gets 10 points plus the total number of pins knocked down with the next two balls rolled, for a maximum of 30 points. In the case of a spare, the bowler gets 10 points plus the number of pins knocked down with the next ball, for a maximum of 20 points. If it takes three balls to knock down all 10 pins, the bowler gets 10 points, with no bonus. A bowler's final score is the sum of the points earned over 10 frames (a spare or strike in the tenth frame earns one or two rolls respectively). The maximum possible score of 300 points, which is accomplished by rolling 12 strikes in a row, has never been achieved under official conditions.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: The origin of duckpin bowling has been disputed. A commonly recited assertion is that the sport began in Baltimore around 1900, at a bowling, billiards and pool hall owned by future baseball Hall of Famers John McGraw and Wilbert Robinson, both of the old (1882–1899) Baltimore Orioles. One such claim is reported in the "Pittsburgh Press" of March 3, 1929. However, research has since found references to duckpin dating to the early 1890s in New Haven, Boston and Lowell, Mass. Author Howard W. Rosenberg wrote in 2005 that his research showed the sport was around "at least as of 1894, and probably well before that", with former "Duckpin News" editor Stacy Karten stating in a 2016 publication that Rosenberg found an 1892 reference to duckpin in "The Boston Globe."


title: Duckpin bowling

text: Duckpins was not an organized sport until the National Duckpin Bowling Congress (NDBC) was founded in 1927.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: In 1953, submarine designer Ken Sherman developed the first automatic duckpin pinsetter, its design having over 1,000 moving parts. Sherman's refusal to sell his patent to ten-pin competitor Brunswick caused him to lack corporate investment needed to manufacture large numbers of duckpin pinsetters. Further, no parts for the Sherman pinsetter have been manufactured since 1973, so that anyone wanting to open a new bowling center must cannibalize parts. The absence of new pinsetter machines is thought to curtail growth of the sport, and spare parts must be scavenged or obtained from alleys that have closed. Only one company makes duckpins, and it only leases them.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: The executive director of the National Duckpin Bowling Congress said in 2016 that there were 41 congress-certified duckpin bowling alleys, down from nearly 450 in 1963. In comparison, there were about 4,000 ten-pin centers in 2018. "The Baltimore Sun" reported in 2017 that the number of professional duckpin bowlers is down by more than 90 percent.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: In 1982, the Women's National Duckpin Association (WNDA) was formed, conducting tournaments for women to compete professionally, with Ladies Professional Duckpin Tournament (LPDT) events extending back at least as early as 1974.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: In 1999, "Sports Illustrated" named Elizabeth "Toots" Barger among the fifty top Maryland athletes of all time, Barger having claimed thirteen NDBC No. 1 rankings for having the highest female duckpinner average. Barger won nine world championships, and, in 1961, became the second woman to be inducted into the Maryland Athletic Hall of Fame.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: In 1905 a variant called rubber band duckpins was introduced in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area by William Wuerthele, in which the pins are circled with hard rubber bands to increase action and scoring. Wuerthele observed bowlers wasting their third ball as well as flying pins injuring pin boys, so, according to a defunct publication called "The Ducks", Wuerthele added the rubber band to increase scoring.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: The American Duckpin Congress was formed in the 1920s to govern the game of rubber band duckpins. The organization later became the American Rubber Band Duckpin Bowling Congress in 1945 and became an affiliate of the National Duckpin Bowling Congress. The rubber band game is now almost extinct, with most of the lanes located in private clubs, though there is one alley in the U.S. still open to the public in Glassport, Pennsylvania.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: There have been perfect games bowled in rubber band duckpin, including the largest duckpin prize ever won on television, C$50,000 in 1994. Since it is easier to knock down pins in rubber band duckpin, its rules are identical to those of ten-pin bowling.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: In mini duckpins, the lane is shorter than a standard duckpin lane, and the width of the lane is not standard. While there has never been a sanctioned perfect game in regulation duckpin bowling, 300 games are said to be relatively common in mini duckpin play.


title: Duckpin bowling

text: The USBC reported that there were 55,266 certified 300 games in ten-pin bowling in the 2013–2014 season alone, but there has never been a certified 300 game in duckpin bowling. A Connecticut man named Pete Signore Jr. came closest with a 279 game in 1992.


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: Mark Johnson (born December 27, 1945) is an American producer. Johnson won the Academy Award for Best Picture for producing the 1988 film "Rain Man".


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: Johnson was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Dorothy (née King), a realtor, and Emery Johnson, who worked in the air cargo business. He graduated from the University of Virginia in 1971.


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: Johnson first became involved in show business in 1965, as an actor playing the sheriff's deputy in the Spanish "Spaghetti Western" "Brandy", directed by Jose Luis Borau. He spent ten years of his youth in Spain, where he worked as a movie extra in films such as Franklin Schaffner's "Nicholas and Alexandra" and David Lean's "Dr. Zhivago". His early experiences led to small acting roles in the European western "Ride and Kill" and the 1964 drama "The Thin Red Line". After earning an undergraduate degree in Drama from the University of Virginia and an MA in Film Scholarship from the University of Iowa, Johnson moved to New York. There he entered the Director's Guild training program. One of his first projects was Paul Mazursky's autobiographical drama "Next Stop, Greenwich Village". Johnson relocated to Los Angeles and worked as an assistant director on such projects as "Movie Movie", "The Brink's Job", "Escape from Alcatraz" and Mel Brooks's "High Anxiety", which was co-written by future business partner Barry Levinson.


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: As part of Baltimore Pictures, his partnership with Levinson, Johnson produced all of the writer-director's films from 1982–1994. In addition to "Rain Man", their diverse slate of features includes "Good Morning, Vietnam", "The Natural", "Tin Men", "Toys", "Young Sherlock Holmes", "Avalon", "Diner" (their 1982 debut project, for which Levinson's screenplay garnered an Oscar nomination) and "Bugsy", which was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. "Bugsy" also captured a Best Picture Golden Globe Award.


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: In 1994, Johnson established his own independent production company, Gran Via Productions, and won the Los Angeles Film Critics New Generation Award for his very first effort; "A Little Princess", directed by Alfonso Cuarón. Under his new banner, Johnson produced the comedy "Home Fries", written by Vince Gilligan and starring Drew Barrymore, and the dramatic thriller "Donnie Brasco", starring Al Pacino and Johnny Depp. Gilligan won a screenwriting competition of which Johnson was a judge, subsequently had two of his screenplays produced by Johnson, "Home Fries" and "Wilder Napalm". Johnson would later serve as a producer for Gilligan's television series "Breaking Bad". He also served as executive producer for CBS-TV's "L.A. Doctors" and "Falcone", and for the hit drama "The Guardian".


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: Johnson's recent slate of motion pictures includes The Alamo and "The Rookie", both directed by John Lee Hancock; "The Banger Sisters", with Susan Sarandon and Goldie Hawn; Brad Silberling's drama "Moonlight Mile", with Sarandon and Dustin Hoffman; Tom Shadyac's supernatural thriller "Dragonfly", with Kevin Costner and Kathy Bates; Levinson's Irish satire "An Everlasting Piece"; Robert Zemeckis's spooky thriller "What Lies Beneath", starring Harrison Ford and Michelle Pfeiffer; the hit comedy "Galaxy Quest", with Tim Allen, Alan Rickman and Sigourney Weaver; and "My Dog Skip", the acclaimed family drama (co-produced with John Lee Hancock) starring Frankie Muniz, Diane Lane and Kevin Bacon.


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: In recent years, Johnson produced Nick Cassavetes's drama "The Notebook", "The Wendell Baker Story", which marked the directorial debuts of brothers Luke and Andrew Wilson, and "How to Eat Fried Worms".


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: Johnson has either presented or executive produced Luis Llosa's directorial debut, "Sniper", Tim Robbins's directorial debut, "Bob Roberts", Steven Soderbergh's "Kafka", Robert Redford's Oscar-nominated "Quiz Show" and "Journey of Hope", winner of the 1999 Foreign Language Academy Award. Recent projects include "The Hunting Party", starring Richard Gere, "Lake City", starring Sissy Spacek, "Ballast", the critically acclaimed debut of director Lance Hammer, and "My Sister's Keeper", starring Cameron Diaz, Alec Baldwin and Abigail Breslin. He is working with Guillermo del Toro to produce the movie adaption of David Moody's novel "Hater".


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: In 2005, Johnson produced "", directed by Andrew Adamson and starring Tilda Swinton. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards and three BAFTAs, winning one of each. In 2008 he produced a sequel, "Prince Caspian". The third film in the "Narnia" series, "", directed by Michael Apted, was released December 10, 2010.


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: Johnson released three feature films in 2012: "Not Fade Away", written and directed by "The Sopranos" creator David Chase and starring James Gandolfini, "Chasing Mavericks" directed by Curtis Hanson and starring Gerard Butler, and "Won't Back Down" starring Viola Davis, Maggie Gyllenhaal and Holly Hunter. He produced the 2015 thriller "Secret in Their Eyes" starring Julia Roberts, Nicole Kidman and Chiwetel Ejiofor.


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: Johnson was an executive producer on AMC's Emmy Award-winning series "Breaking Bad". He was an executive producer on the Sundance Channel original series "Rectify", and AMC's "Breaking Bad" spinoff, "Better Call Saul". In 2019 he produced "" for Netflix. In 2021, he produced the thriller "The Little Things" starring Denzel Washington, Rami Malek and Jared Leto, written and directed by John Lee Hancock.


title: Mark Johnson (producer)

text: Johnson is a member of the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Producers Branch).


title: President of Haiti

text: The president of Haiti (, ), officially called the president of the Republic of Haiti (, ), is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government, which is headed by the prime minister of Haiti. There is currently no president in Haiti following the assassination of President Jovenel Moïse on 7 July 2021.


title: President of Haiti

text: A number of qualifications for the presidency are specified by Chapter III, Section A (Articles 134 and 135) of the 1987 Constitution of Haiti.


title: President of Haiti

text: The president is elected to a five-year term by popular vote. The president may not be elected to consecutive terms; he may serve a second term only after an interval of five years, and may not run for a third term.


title: President of Haiti

text: Elections are held on the last Sunday in November in the fifth year of a president's term. However, in actuality Election Day is not fixed, per the election held in 2015. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote, a runoff is held between the top two candidates. The runoff candidate with the highest number of votes becomes president.


title: President of Haiti

text: Each presidential term is supposed to begin and end on the February 7 immediately following the last presidential election. However, this has not always been observed, as when Michel Martelly became President on May 11, 2011.


title: President of Haiti

text: Other qualifications for the presidency are specified by Articles 136 to 147, part of Chapter III, Section B of the 1987 Constitution. The president has no powers except those accorded to him in the Constitution.


title: President of Haiti

text: When there exists a majority in Parliament in favor of a new government, the President must choose a prime minister from the majority party; otherwise, he chooses one after consultation with the two houses of Parliament. In either case, the choice must then be ratified by Parliament. The president terminates the duties of the prime minister when the Government resigns.


title: President of Haiti

text: The president declares war and negotiates and signs peace treaties with the approval of the National Assembly, and signs all international treaties, conventions, and agreements, submitting them to the National Assembly for ratification. The president also accredits ambassadors and special envoys to foreign nations, receives letters of accreditation from ambassadors of foreign powers, and issues exequaturs to recognize consuls.


title: President of Haiti

text: With the approval of the Senate, the president appoints the generalissimo of the Haitian armed forces and of the Haitian police forces, as well as Haiti's ambassadors and consuls to foreign states. The president is himself the commander-in-chief of the armed services.


title: President of Haiti

text: With the approval of the Council of Ministers, the president appoints the directors-general of the civil service, as well as delegates and vice-delegates of various departments and arrondissements.


title: President of Haiti

text: The president may reduce or commute sentences in all "res judicata" cases, except ones imposes by Supreme Court judges. The president, however, may not grant amnesty to non-political prisoners.


title: President of Haiti

text: The National Palace in the capital Port-au-Prince served as the official residence of the president of Haiti, but was severely damaged in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and was demolished in 2012. In place of the National Palace, President Moise used his home at Pelerin 5 in Pétion-Ville as a temporary Presidential Palace before relocating to another home in the Juventas area.


title: President of Haiti

text: Under the 1987 Constitution, the presidential line of succession went first to the president of the Supreme Court of Haiti, then to the vice-president of the court, and then to puisne judges in order of seniority. An election for president was required within three months of a vacancy occurring, and the acting president could not run for the office. This provision was amended in 2011–2012 to remove all judges from the presidential line of succession, instead designating the Council of Ministers, led by the prime minister, as a temporary collective presidency.


title: President of Haiti

text: [A___] citations are Article numbers of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of Haiti. A government-issued but unofficial (and error-prone) English translation is available at http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b542c.html and http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Haiti/haiti1987.html and the French original is available at http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Haiti/haiti1987fr.html


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: The de Havilland Canada DHC-7, popularly known as the Dash 7, is a turboprop-powered regional airliner with short take-off and landing (STOL) performance. It first flew in 1975 and remained in production until 1988 when the parent company, de Havilland Canada, was purchased by Boeing in 1986 and later sold to Bombardier. In 2006 Bombardier sold the type certificate for the aircraft design to Victoria-based manufacturer Viking Air.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: In the 1960s, de Havilland Canada was already well known worldwide for their series of high-performance STOL aircraft, notably the very popular DHC-2 Beaver and DHC-6 Twin Otter. However, these aircraft were generally fairly small and served outlying routes, as opposed to the busier regional airliner routes which were already well served by larger, higher-performance turboprop aircraft such as the Fokker F27, Fairchild F-27, Convair 580, Convair 600, and Hawker Siddeley 748.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: The de Havilland Canada company personnel felt they could compete with these designs in a roundabout way. With their excellent STOL performance, their designs could fly into smaller airports located in city centres and smaller, outlying, more austere airports having runways that the other aircraft could not easily use (unpaved, unimproved). The original specification called for a 40-passenger aircraft with a fairly short range of 200 statute miles, operating from runways only .


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: With new noise restrictions coming into effect throughout the 1970s, an aircraft tailored for this role would also have to be very quiet. Propeller noise is a factor of blade length and chord and the speed at which it rotates. To meet these new regulations, the new design used much larger (oversized) propellers geared to rotate at a slower speed than is normally designed. Much of the problem sound from a typical propeller is generated at the tips of the blades which are rotating at or just beneath the speed of sound. By using oversize propeller blades, no need exists to have the blade tip reach near the speed of sound, and the rotating speed can therefore be reduced without sacrificing thrust. In reducing the speed, this noise is reduced substantially. The Dash 7 often landed at only 900 rpm, and took off at only 1,210 rpm.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: In other respects, the new DHC-7 was essentially a larger, four-engine version of the Twin Otter: the general layout remained similar, with a high aspect ratio, high-mounted wing, and similar details of the cockpit and nose profile. Changes included the addition of cabin pressurization (requiring a switch to a fuselage with a circular cross-section), landing gear that folded forward into the inner engine nacelles, and a large T-tail intended to keep the elevator clear of the propwash during take-off (the Twin Otter's empennage was a cruciform arrangement).


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: The Twin Otter incorporated "flaperons" that drooped the ailerons as part of the flaps, but these were not included in the Dash 7 due to weight and complexity. Instead, the ailerons were reduced in size to allow more flap area, and were augmented with two sets of roll spoilers, or "spoilerons". The inboard roll spoilers operate at all speeds. while the outboard roll spoilers only operate at speeds less than 130 KIAS to allow for more roll control at slower speeds. Upon touchdown, both the inboard and outboard roll spoilers extend in unison to aid in destroying lift created by the wing. Each wing also includes two ground spoilers which only extend on touchdown. Most of the trailing edge is spanned by a complex, double Fowler flap arrangement for high lift at low speed. During a typical STOL landing, flaps are selected to the 45° position, generating more lift and drag, thus allowing for steeper descents and slower approach speeds. Depending on weight, the V speed with flaps at 45° is between 70 and 85 knots. On touchdown, through "squat switches" in the main gear, the flaps automatically retract to the 25° position, thus reducing lift once on the runway and producing better braking performance. The flaps also retract to 25° when engine power is increased during a go-around procedure. The four-engine layout aids lift at low speeds due to the wide span of the propellers blowing air over the wing ("propwash"). When reverse thrust is selected on landing, the props reverse pitch, push air forward, and slow the aircraft very effectively along with the antiskid main wheel brakes. More importantly, if an engine fails, the asymmetric thrust is much less than on a twin-engine layout, thereby increasing safety and allowing for a lower minimum control speed with an engine inoperative.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: Development started in 1972 and the prototype first flew on March 27, 1975. Testing went smoothly, and the first delivery took place to Rocky Mountain Airways on February 3, 1978. The Dash 7 enabled Rocky Mountain Airways to operate scheduled passenger air service from Denver into the Avon STOLport in Colorado which was controlled by the airline. The Avon STOLport was located in a mountain valley in close proximity to the Vail, CO ski resort. Another close-in ski resort airfield served by Rocky Mountain Airways with Dash 7 flights from Denver was Steamboat Springs Airport in Colorado. With a relatively short runway length of 4,452 feet and an airfield elevation of 6,882 feet, the Dash 7 was well suited for operations from this airport located in the Rocky Mountains. Flying as Continental Express via a code sharing agreement with Continental Airlines, Rocky Mountain Airways also operated the Dash 7 into the Telluride Airport located in the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado with this mountain airport having an airfield elevation of 9,078 feet thus making it one of the highest airports in the U.S.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: Kapalua Airport on the island of Maui, Hawaii was built by Hawaiian Airlines with a 3000-foot runway, specifically for Dash 7 operations. Scheduled passenger flights with new Dash 7 turboprops began on March 1, 1987. In 1993, this private airport was acquired by the state of Hawaii.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: One hundred Dash 7 turboprops were delivered by 1984, when the production line was put on hold in favour of the Dash 8. Another 13 were delivered between 1984 and 1988, when the production lines were removed when Boeing bought the company. The last Dash 7 was bought by Tyrolean Airways.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: The original Series 100 represents the vast majority of the aircraft delivered, and came in two models; the DHC-7-102 passenger version and -103 combi with an enlarged cargo door. These were followed by the Series 110 which met British CAA requirements, including the -110 and -111, and finally the Series 150 which included additional fuel capacity and an improved interior in the -150 and -151. Plans were made for a Series 200 with the new PT6A-50/7 engines which improved hot-and-high power, but these plans were shelved when Boeing ended production of the design.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: The mixture of features on the Dash 7 met with limited commercial success. Most commuter airline turboprop operators used the aircraft as feeder liners into large airports, where the STOL performance was not considered important. In comparison to other feeder liners, the Dash 7's four engines required twice the maintenance of a twin-engine model, thereby driving up operational costs. Finally, those airports that did require a high-performance STOL operation were generally small and well served by the Twin Otters; had an airport needed a larger plane to serve its customer base, they would have built a longer runway. One exception to this was operations at London City Airport (LCY), which upon opening in 1987, was capable of handling few other aircraft types besides the Dash 7 due to its relatively short runway and steep approach. The runway at LCY was subsequently lengthened, and the approach angle reduced somewhat and since accepts airliners such as the Airbus A220, Airbus A318, British Aerospace BAe 146 and Embraer 190 types. Noise criteria remain strict in comparison with other international airports.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: The Dash 7 also gained a number of military orders. The first of these was for two aircraft for the Canadian Armed Forces, which needed them to transport high-ranking passengers and freight around Europe. These aircraft received the CF designation CC-132 and were delivered to 412 Transport Squadron at Canadian Forces Base Lahr, in West Germany.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: The United States Army operates several Dash 7 aircraft as surveillance platforms with the designation EO-5C (RC-7B before 2004) under the Airborne Reconnaissance Low program.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: Transport Canada operates a single DHC-7-150IR aircraft to conduct maritime surveillance, pollution monitoring, and ice patrols as part of the Transport Canada National Aerial Surveillance Program. The aircraft's home base is Ottawa, Ontario. During the summer, this aircraft conducts patrols throughout the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, and Greenland. During the fall and winter, this aircraft conducts patrols of the Great Lakes and east or west coasts of Canada as required.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: The design of a much more "conventional" twin-engine design commenced at de Havilland in 1978, resulting in the extremely popular Dash 8. The DHC-7 production line eventually delivered 113, of which six have been lost and one scrapped. Many of the rest remain in service.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: The de Havilland Canada DHC-7 has been involved in six accidents (and 10 incidents overall) with a total of 68 fatalities.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: As of July 2018, a total of 17 Dash 7 aircraft (all variants) remain in commercial service. Other aircraft remain in other services.


title: De Havilland Canada Dash 7

text: The British Antarctic Survey operates a single Dash 7 in support of its research programme in Antarctica. The aircraft undertakes regular shuttle flights between either Stanley on the Falkland Islands, or Punta Arenas, Chile, and the Rothera Research Station on Adelaide Island. It also operates to and from the ice runway at the Sky Blu Logistics Facility on the Antarctic mainland.


title: 13 (2010 film)

text: 13 is a 2011 American psychological crime thriller film directed by Géla Babluani (who also directed the original), stars Sam Riley, Ray Winstone, 50 Cent, Mickey Rourke and Jason Statham. It is a remake of the 2005 Georgian-French film "13 Tzameti".


title: 13 (2010 film)

text: Vincent "Vince" Ferro overhears people talking about a dead man who was going to start a well-paid job. Ferro, in need of money, steals an envelope containing the instructions for the job. He arrives at an event in a secluded place. He is ordered to strip, and his boot heels are cut off, in order to check for surveillance equipment. The organizers accept him for the job instead of the dead man. The job is participation in a series of Russian roulette games. There are several participants, identified by number. In each round, the participants have to spin the cylinder of their revolver, and shoot when the light of a special light bulb is switched on. The event is organized for the enjoyment of rich spectators, one of these spectators being Jasper Bagges, who places bets on who will survive. Bagges bets on his brother Ronald, who was brought from the mental institution.


title: 13 (2010 film)

text: In the first round, the participants each get one bullet in their revolver, they are arranged into a circle, and each has to aim his revolver at the man in front of him. Ferro tries to back out, but he is forced to participate. As #13, he survives the first round and fires his gun only after being threatened with death. In the second round, in which two bullets are placed in each gun, Ferro survives only because the man behind him is killed before he could fire. In the third round, with three bullets in each gun, Ferro again survives, along with four other men. Ferro is one of two survivors randomly chosen to participate in a duel. The three others are finished and get a large sum of money. One of them, Patrick Jefferson, who was brought from prison to compete, is surprised that he is free to go, and he is escorted out by Jimmy, one of the employees. Jimmy then tries to kill Jefferson, attempting to steal a map Jefferson has, leading to money he has stashed from a robbery. Another employee catches Jimmy in the act, and demands that he stop, insisting that nobody is allowed to harm the surviving players. Jefferson collects his belongings and leaves.


title: 13 (2010 film)

text: Against the odds, Ferro wins the duel and gets $1,850,000 (USD). He also learns that his opponent won his last 3 duels. He collects his winnings and sneaks away from the mansion, arriving at a train station. When he spots police closing in on him, he stashes his winnings in a garbage can. After being interrogated by the police, he retrieves the money and sends it to his family, via registered mail, and buys a toy for his sister's birthday. However, on the way home, he is shot by Jasper, partly in revenge for Ferro having killed Ronald, and partly to steal the money, as he thinks Ferro still has the money with him. Jasper escapes with the money bag, not knowing that it only contains the toy.


title: 13 (2010 film)

text: The film features Mickey Rourke, Jason Statham and David Zayas, who all starred in "The Expendables" which was released before this film.


title: 13 (2010 film)

text: The film was directed and written by Géla Babluani, who directed and wrote the original film. A trailer was released in August 2010. Filming began on November 17, 2008 in and around New York City.


title: 13 (2010 film)

text: "13" received critically negative reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an 8% rating, stating that only 1 out of the 13 reviews for the film was positive, with an average score of 3.8/10.


title: 13 (2010 film)

text: "The New York Times" film critic Stephen Holden considered "13" "a blustering, bad cartoon." V.A. Musetto of the "New York Post" criticized the film for being shot in color rather than the original's black and white, and for the addition of character back stories, "which serve only to slow the film’s momentum." "The Hollywood Reporter" said "Géla Babluani's English-language remake of his French debut loses the source's gritty, mysterious gloom."


title: Lil Reese

text: Tavares Lamont Taylor (born January 6, 1993), known professionally as Lil Reese, is an American rapper from Chicago, Illinois. Hailing from Chicago's drill scene in the early 2010s, he is known for his collaborations with fellow rappers Chief Keef, Fredo Santana and Lil Durk. In 2012, Taylor was featured on Chief Keef's single "I Don't Like", which peaked at number 73 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaked at number 20 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and peaked at number 15 on the Hot Rap Songs chart. His debut mixtape, ‘"Don't Like’" was released later that year. Since the first mixtape release, Taylor has gone on to release six mixtapes in total, including the 2013 ‘"Supa Savage’" mixtape"," as well as three EPs, including the 2017 collaborative project ‘"Supa Vultures’" EP with Lil Durk.


title: Lil Reese

text: Taylor gained recognition when he was featured on Chief Keef's hit "I Don't Like", which garnered widespread international attention. He then began to receive popularity through his music videos, including "Us" and "Beef". He then caught the eye of producer No I.D., who had produced albums or tracks for artists such as Common, Kanye West, and others, which led Taylor to sign with hip hop label Def Jam.


title: Lil Reese

text: In November 2012, he released a remix for his song "Us" with Rick Ross and Drake which later appeared on Rick Ross' mixtape "The Black Bar Mitzvah". Taylor also created many songs with up-and-coming music producers, such as Young Chop. He is also featured on Juelz Santana's song "Bodies". In January 2013, Taylor released a remix to his song "Traffic" featuring Young Jeezy and Twista. On September 2, 2013, Taylor released his second solo mixtape "Supa Savage", featuring guest appearances from Chief Keef, Lil Durk, Fredo Santana, Wale and Waka Flocka Flame.


title: Lil Reese

text: On October 24, 2012, a video allegedly showing Lil Reese assaulting a woman was posted to the internet. On April 28, 2013, Lil Reese was arrested by Chicago Police on a warrant issued two days earlier, based on criminal trespass to a residence with persons present, battery, and mob action from the video incident from February 2012.


title: Lil Reese

text: On June 23, 2013, Lil Reese was arrested in Chicago and charged with motor vehicle theft after an incident on April 13, 2013, where he was not able to provide proof of ownership for a BMW 750Li. However, the charge was later dropped. On July 13, 2013, Lil Reese was arrested again in Chicago for marijuana possession, a violation of his probation.


title: Lil Reese

text: On November 11, 2019, Taylor was shot in the neck and critically wounded at a busy intersection in the area of Markham and Country Club Hills. Country Club Hills police responded to 167th Street and Pulaski Road around 2:30 p.m. Witnesses told police Taylor was pursued by a driver of another car during a chase. Witnesses reported hearing as many as 12 gunshots during the chase. The driver of that vehicle got out of his car and shot the man with what witnesses called a small rifle and then fled the scene.


title: Lil Reese

text: On November 18, Taylor sent out information about being released from the hospital and that he survived the shooting and is "Alive and Well". A day after leaving the hospital, he released a new song "Come Outside".


title: Lil Reese

text: In March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Taylor posted a controversial message on Twitter: "Chinese people nasty asl man got the whole [world] fuck up". Many condemned him, calling his tweets racist. Taylor faced immediate backlash for his comment; many asked him to delete the tweet. After his Twitter account was suspended, he went on Instagram to post a screenshot of the official violation notification from Twitter with the captions, "Lol Look how the Chinese people did my Twitter".


title: Lil Reese

text: On May 15, 2021, Taylor and two other men were injured in a shootout at a parking garage in Chicago and were taken to Northwestern Memorial Hospital. His eye was grazed by a gunshot; he and another of the men, who was shot in the knee, were later listed in fair to good condition, and the third in critical condition with multiple wounds to the torso. The shooting was reportedly over a stolen Dodge Durango.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Gupt: The Hidden Truth () is a 1997 Indian Hindi-language thriller film directed by Rajiv Rai and featuring Bobby Deol in the lead role along with Manisha Koirala, Kajol, and Om Puri, with Raj Babbar and Kulbhushan Kharbanda in an extended cameo. Distributed under the banner Trimurti Films, it also stars Paresh Rawal, Dalip Tahil, Prem Chopra, Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Sharat Saxena, Mukesh Rishi, and Priya Tendulkar in supporting roles. The soundtrack of the film was composed by Viju Shah It is considered as one of the best thriller movies from Hindi Cinema.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: At the 43rd Filmfare Awards, "Gupt: The Hidden Truth" received 8 nominations, including Best Film and Best Director (Rai), and won 3 awards, including Best Villain (Kajol).


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Governor Jaisingh Sinha, a prominent political figure, presides over a meeting taken by influential industrialist Meghnad Chaudhry, socialist Union leader Vilas Rao, minister Mantriji and others. Jaisingh's stepson Sahil is an unattached and easy-going young man, who resents him.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Sinha's personal secretary Ishwar Dewan's daughter Isha is Sahil's beloved, with whom he reunites after a long time as Isha was sent to boarding school in past. They fall in love, however Meghnad's daughter Sheetal is also in love with Sahil, but he only considers her a very good friend.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Sinha announces Sahil's engagement to Sheetal, leading to an argument. Sahil declares his love for Isha to him who disagrees. In a fit of rage, Sahil tries to stab Sinha but is stopped by his mother Sharda. The next day, Sahil gets heavily drunk at the house of Dr Gandhi , Sinha's family doctor, who advises Sahil to accept Sheetal as his wife, reasoning that Sahil will lead a happier life with her. A drunk and still adamant Sahil returns home and finds, to his shock, that someone has stabbed Sinha. Before Sinha can reveal the name of the murderer, he dies, while Sharda arrives and, finding Sahil near his dead step-father holding a knife, assumes him to be the killer. Sahil is arrested and taken to court, where many of his acquaintances and Sharda testify against him. Sahil is found guilty and sentenced to 14 years in prison. Just before Sahil is transported to jail, he hands over a necklace to Sheetal, implying that it was left behind at the scene by the killer. He asks her to keep it safe. He also tells her that he has decided to find the real murderer at any cost, having finally realised Sinha's love for him.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: In jail, Sahil relates his story to an old prisoner, who believes him to be innocent. The prisoner tells Sahil that the jail only has one escape route - a sewage gutter pipe that can be accessed from a flush toilet located in an unused chamber of the jail. Sahil creates a problem with two other prisoners, causing the jailor to confine them in the chamber. After great effort, the three succeed in escaping the jail by sea, with a boat arranged by Sheetal.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Police Commissioner Patwardhan assigns an unbending and upright police officer, Uddham Singh, to handle the case of Sahil's re-apprehension. Sahil secretly meets Isha at her home, where he calls Dr Gandhi for advice, and Dr Gandhi invites Sahil to his home. Sahil reaches the doctor's residence and is shocked to find that somebody has stabbed Dr Gandhi. Dr Gandhi's servant finds Sahil near the dead doctor and shrieks, forcing him to escape. Dr Gandhi's servant reports Sahil to the police.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Uddham Singh interrogates Sheetal, with whom Sahil still maintains a good relationship. Sheetal confesses to having spent the previous night with Sahil and also helping him escape jail. Singh does not arrest Sheetal for these wrongdoings for the time being, partly since he is highly focussed on apprehending Sahil, and partly due to Meghnad's influence and wealth.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Having now been accused of two murders, Sahil's resolve to find the murderer is strengthened. He first suspects advocate Thanawala, because Thanawala had a very good chance of obtaining part of Sinha's property and wealth upon his death, provided Sahil is out of the picture. He enters Thanawala's office and brutally interrogates him, throwing him out of his office on the second floor, from the window. Thanawala reveals that while he did initially intend to usurp his share of Sinha's property and wealth, he did not commit the murder. Sahil then goes to the docks to interrogate Chaudhry, whom he suspects because of his involvement in fraudulent business practices, that Sinha did not support, but Chaudhry claims innocence as well, and Sahil brutally beats up Chaudhry's brother during his escape, for trying to stab and apprehend him. The next is Vilas Rao, the corrupt socialist Union leader who had a strained relationship with Chaudhry and Sinha, who is beaten by Sahil before pointing the finger at Mantriji, alleging that Sinha's murder was a political assassination. Sahil and Sheetal trick Mantriji into attending a ceremony and kidnap him. Uddham Singh is also present there and realises that Sahil is not the real murderer after noticing his strong resolve.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Uddham Singh investigates further and finds that the murders have been committed with two knives of exactly the same build and shape, indicating that they could belong to a set. He finds the set of knives at Ishwar Dewan's house with two knives missing and arrests Dewan, who confesses to the killing of Sinha and Dr Gandhi. Dewan divulges to have murdered Sinha because he did not accept Isha as his daughter-in-law; and killed Dr Gandhi to cover up the first crime because the latter had realised his true intentions. At the same time, Sahil is interrogating Mantriji by boiling his legs, but Sheetal arrives and tells him that the murderer is Ishwar Dewan, and Sahil releases Mantriji. Isha, however, is shocked and tries to attack Sheetal, and later rushes to meet her father. Sahil, having finally been declared innocent, returns home and reconciles with his mother and half-brother.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Sahil gives the necklace that he found at the first crime scene to his half-brother Harsh, as nature of this necklace is still unknown at this point since Sahil had not realised that it could be opened, and none of the suspects recognised it. Harsh opens the necklace with a screwdriver and shows it to Sahil, who finds his and Isha's picture inside. This leads to one shocking reality, and Isha is the real killer. In the meantime, Isha enters Uddham Singh's house who does not spot her since he was drunk after a party that he threw for his success of solving the case. She stabs him multiple times, and closely escapes being spotted by Pandu and Neelkanth. Pandu rushes to the police station, while Neelkanth takes Uddham Singh to the hospital.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Sahil, along with Pandu now reaches the police station and interrogates the incarcerated Ishwar Dewan, who admits that Isha was indeed the murderer. He reveals that while Isha loves him immensely, she has had a massive anger management problem since her childhood, particularly when it comes to Sahil. As a child, she had killed Dr. Gandhi's dog after it bit Sahil, following which she was sent to a boarding school by Sinha and Dr. Gandhi to discipline her, despite Dewan's objections. Later, when she and Sahil reunited, her affection for Sahil grew to the point of possessiveness, and even more so after Sahil declared his love for her at his birthday party. She did not want to be separated from Sahil under any circumstance. After Sahil's argument with his father, Dewan and Isha had gone to meet Sinha the following morning, to request him to unite Sahil and Isha, whereupon the latter rejected and humiliated them in a fit of anger, and asked them to leave. Isha was so enraged that she later stabbed Sinha to death. When Dr. Gandhi realised that she was the culprit, she killed him as well. Dewan states that Isha killed the people who, in her opinion, were trying to keep her away from Sahil. She had considered revealing the truth and accept responsibility for the murders, but feared that Sahil would not accept her if she did so. Sahil is shocked beyond words, but understands that Isha will try to attack Sheetal next and calls her, asking her about whether she is alone or not, and tells her to lock all doors and entrances, and not let anyone inside. He rushes to her house but is attacked by Babu Anna, an assassin earlier hired by Mantriji to kill Sahil and Isha. Sahil is injured, but manages to incapacitate Babu Anna and reach the house.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Sheetal takes Sahil's warning jokingly, thinking that he might be coming to spend some private time with her, just as Isha arrives at her house. Sheetal is fooled by Isha at first, because the latter falsely apologises for her misbehaviour. However, Isha suddenly attacks Sheetal. Sahil arrives on time to save her and pulls Isha off Sheetal, who rushes into Sahil's arms. An enraged Isha, who thinks that she is nothing for Sahil anymore, tries to stab Sheetal in a last ditch attempt, but Babu Anna tries to intervene and is killed instead. An injured and somewhat drunk Uddham Singh arrives with Neelkanth despite multiple attempts by Neelkanth to persuade him to rest, and shoots Isha, falling down the stairs to his supposed death. Isha begs Sahil for forgiveness, reaffirms her love for him, and dies in his arms.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: At the end, Mantriji is also brought to the hospital, with Neelkanth warning everyone to not indulge in dishonest practices and telling them to spend the rest of their lives in hospital, as all of them are permanently handicapped. During the credits, Sahil is joined by Sheetal in the club that he was seen in the beginning of the movie but now it's just the two of them and no one else as the two had begun a relationship.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: The music was composed by Viju Shah and the lyrics were written by Anand Bakshi. The title track of the film, "Gupt Gupt", samples the electronica track "Deep Forest" from the eponymous album by Deep Forest and the titular tracks from Mike Oldfield's seminal prog-rock orchestral debut "Tubular Bells" (revisited and sampled numerous times since). "Duniya Hasino Ka Mela" was sampled from "Masturi" included in the new age album "Kojiki" by Japanese keyboardist Kitarō.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Shah's work on the soundtrack was well received. It won the Best Background Score and Shah was nominated for the Best Music Director, whereas Alka Yagnik was also nominated for the Best Female Playback Singer for "Mere Khwabon Me Tu".


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: "Gupt" received positive reviews from critics upon release. "Fullhyderabad.com" gave it a 7.5/10 rating and wrote, "It is a slickly-made film with stylish cinematography, beautiful locales, and pretty good performances. It falls in the genre of thriller movies and fares much better than any of its sorry predecessors did. The director, Rajiv Rai is not over-awed by the subject and so does not make a hosh-posh out of the whole thing." Mohammad Ali Ikram of "Planet Bollywood" praised the suspense and music.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: On the opening day it collected ₹9.6 million and by the opening weekend it had grossed ₹27.8 million. The first week collections were ₹53.45 million with an India gross of ₹317.2 million. Worldwide gross collections were ₹332.3 million, with an overseas gross of US$425,000. The adjusted net-gross of the film is ₹1.68 billion.


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: It was a Blockbuster, becoming the fourth-highest grossing of the year after "Dil To Pagal Hai", "Border" and "Pardes".


title: Gupt: The Hidden Truth

text: Kajol became the first actress in the history of the Filmfare Awards to win the Best Performance in a Negative Role.


title: Made in China (2019 film)

text: Made in China is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Mikhil Musale. Produced by Dinesh Vijan under Maddock Films, the film stars Rajkummar Rao, Mouni Roy, Boman Irani, and explores the story of a Gujarati businessman, played by Rao, who goes to China to increase his business prospects. The film is based on the novel of the same name by Parinda Joshi.


title: Made in China (2019 film)

text: Principal photography began in September 2018 and concluded in May 2019. Initially planned to be released in August 2019. The film was theatrically released in India on 25 October 2019, on the occasion of Diwali.


title: Made in China (2019 film)

text: During a cultural event in Gujarat, a Chinese delegate, General Zeng, consumes a product called Tiger Soup and dies. The investigation into his death points towards the Tiger Soup, which he consumed just moments before passing out and away, as a possible cause of death, and CBI officers Sharma and Gupta look for Raghuvir "Raghu" Mehta, the product's original manufacturer, who eventually surrenders himself to the authorities upon severe interrogation.