title: BMX

text: By 1977, the American Bicycle Association (ABA) was organized as a national sanctioning body for the growing sport.


title: BMX

text: Freestyle BMX is now one of the staple events at the annual Summer X Games Extreme Sports competition and the Etnies Backyard Jam, held primarily on the East and West coasts of the United States. The popularity of the sport has increased due to its relative ease and availability of places to ride and do tricks.


title: BMX

text: In the UK, BMX was a craze which took off in the early 1980s, specifically 1982 and 1983, when the BMX bike became the must-have bicycle for children and teenagers. Previously a small niche area, BMX exploded at this time into the dominant bicycle for the younger rider, with older teenagers and even adults becoming known names through publications like "BMX Bi-Weekly", featuring big names like Tim March and Andy Ruffell. The shift to freestyle from racing came in 1985 with popular styling moving from chrome frames and contrasting components in black blue or red being the norm, to brightly coloured bikes in one colour only, including their magnesium alloy wheels and even matching tyres. Because BMX exploded into Britain's streets so suddenly, it was perhaps inevitable that it would implode with similar speed, when the children who rode the bikes left school and went to work. By 1986–1987 sales in the UK had dropped off dramatically, with the new all-terrain bike or mountain bike (another trend from mid-1970s California) taking off, soon to become the most popular adult bicycle.


title: BMX

text: In 1980, the first BMX track in the UK was founded in Landseer Park, Ipswich, by the Ipswich BMX Club, which still provides coaching and races on a regular basis.


title: BMX

text: In April 1981, the International BMX Federation was founded, and the first world championships were held in 1982. Since January 1993, BMX has been integrated into the Union Cycliste Internationale.


title: BMX

text: In 2003, the International Olympic Committee made BMX a full medal Olympic sport for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China, and Māris Štrombergs (male, for Latvia) and Anne-Caroline Chausson (female, for France) became the first Olympic champions.


title: BMX

text: Many talented BMX riders go on to other cycling sports like downhill, including Australian Olympian Jared Graves, Eric Carter and youth BMX racer Aaron Gwin. Multiple world and Olympic champion track sprinter Chris Hoy also began as a BMX rider.


title: NCSoft

text: NCSoft Corporation (, stylized as NC, formerly stylized as NCSOFT) is a South Korean video game developer and publisher headquartered in Pangyo, Seongnam, South Korea, primarily known for the distribution of massively multiplayer online role-playing games such as "Lineage" and "Guild Wars".


title: NCSoft

text: NCSoft was founded in March 1997 by T.J. Kim. In September 1998, NCSoft launched its first game "Lineage". In April 2001 the company created a US subsidiary under the name NC Interactive (based in Austin, Texas, and would later become NCSoft West) after acquiring Destination Games, headed by Richard Garriott and Robert Garriott. In 2004, NCSoft launched two MMORPGs, "Lineage II" and "City of Heroes".


title: NCSoft

text: The company formed NCSoft Europe in July 2004 as a wholly owned subsidiary with its main office in Brighton, England. They brought "City of Heroes" to several European countries on February 4, 2005, and have since established European service for "WildStar" and "Blade & Soul" as well.


title: NCSoft

text: On April 26, 2005, NCSoft published Arenanet's first MMO Guild Wars Prophecies as well as Arenanets follow up campaigns Factions and Nightfall and the expansion Eye of the North. NCSoft also published Guild Wars 2 but stopped being the publisher for Guild Wars 2 in 2015 with the release of Heart of Thorns.


title: NCSoft

text: On September 10, 2008, NCSoft announced the formation of NCSoft West, a subsidiary which manages NCSoft's other western organizations, and established its headquarters for that subsidiary in Seattle, Washington. On July 28, 2021, NCSoft announced that it was adding the talents of long-time video game industry veteran Jeffrey Anderson (game designer) to its executive leadership team as the new CEO of NCSoft West, overseeing its games business in the Americas, EMEA, and Oceana regions.


title: NCSoft

text: On July 8, 2011, NCSoft started talks with SK Telecom to acquire Ntreev Soft Co., Ltd. The talks were expected to last less than a month, but it took seven for NCSoft to complete the acquisition; purchasing 76% of Ntreev's stock for () on February 15, 2012.


title: NCSoft

text: In 2011, NCSoft purchased Hotdog Studio, a mobile game studio based in Seoul that produces phone and smartphone titles such as "Dark Shrine".


title: NCSoft

text: In 2012 Nexon acquired a 14.7 percent interest in NCSoft for $688 million. Nexon sold all of its shares of NCSoft in October 2015.


title: NCSoft

text: On November 19, 2015, NCSoft West announced the formation of Iron Tiger studios, a developer based out of San Mateo, California focused on adapting Korean-made mobile titles for the West, as well as developing their own mobile games.


title: NCSoft

text: On August 21, 2020, NCSoft entered the Korean entertainment industry by launching a new subsidiary called "Klap Co., Ltd." Klap and NCSoft launched the entertainment platform UNIVERSE on January 28, 2021.


title: NCSoft

text: In March 2022, the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia acquired a 9.26 percent stake in NCSoft, becoming the company's second largest shareholder after T.J. Kim.


title: NCSoft

text: On April 27, 2007, Seoul Metropolitan Police said that seven former employees of NCSoft are suspected of selling the "Lineage III" source code to a major Japanese game company. According to NCSoft, the potential damages may exceed .


title: NCSoft

text: Worlds.com CEO Thom Kidrin claimed the idea of a "scalable virtual world with thousands of users" is patented by his organization and targeted NCSoft for patent infringement in 2008, in what he says will be the first of many lawsuits against MMO developers. On April 23, 2010, the Worlds.com case settled, but the terms of the settlement were kept confidential. On July 22, 2010, Worlds.com requested the case be reopened.


title: NCSoft

text: Richard Garriott, lead developer of the failed MMORPG game "Tabula Rasa", sued NCSoft for in damages concerning his termination from the company. Garriott asserted in his suit that he was forced out of the company and was made to sell his 400,000 shares in NCSoft's stock, costing him millions of dollars. In addition, he claimed that the company was guilty of fraud by forging his resignation announcement. On July 30, 2010, a jury in a Texas federal court awarded him in damages. NCSoft described Garriott as someone "who keeps finding different ways to turn the company into his personal ATM," and that "Garriott left the company voluntarily to catch his ride to the International Space Station." Citing his questionable work ethic and the failure of his video game project despite an $84.4 million investment, NCSoft pulled the plug on the game after which Garriott announced he would be leaving the company. This came after he boarded a much-publicized news on his boarding of a Russian aircraft, which cost $30 million. Garriott again prevailed on appeal and NCSoft was required to pay an additional , bringing the total damages awarded to Garriott to .


title: NCSoft

text: On August 31, 2012, NCSoft liquidated Paragon Studios and announced the closure of "City of Heroes". Over 21,000 players signed an online petition contesting the shut-down and many used social media to promote their criticisms.


title: NCSoft

text: In addition, NCSoft is also the developer and maintainer of a variety of web-based board games in Asian markets.


title: Vervet monkey

text: The vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), or simply vervet, is an Old World monkey of the family Cercopithecidae native to Africa. The term "vervet" is also used to refer to all the members of the genus "Chlorocebus". The five distinct subspecies can be found mostly throughout Southern Africa, as well as some of the eastern countries. Vervets were introduced to Florida, St. Kitts and Nevis, Barbados, and Cape Verde. These mostly herbivorous monkeys have black faces and grey body hair color, ranging in body length from about for females, to about for males.


title: Vervet monkey

text: In addition to behavioral research on natural populations, vervet monkeys serve as a nonhuman primate model for understanding genetic and social behaviors of humans. They have been noted for having human-like characteristics, such as hypertension, anxiety, and social and dependent alcohol use. Vervets live in social groups ranging from 10 to 70 individuals, with males moving to other groups at the time of sexual maturity. Studies done on vervet monkeys involve their communication and alarm calls, specifically in regard to kin and group recognition, and particular predator sightings.


title: Vervet monkey

text: The vervet monkey was previously classified as "Cercopithecus aethiops", now renamed 'grivet', and reclassified as "Chlorocebus". The vervet and malbrouck have also been considered conspecific, or as subspecies of a widespread "Ch. aethiops". The different taxa are distinguished by coat colour and other morphological characteristics. The characteristics of "Ch. aethiops" graduate into "Ch. pygerythrus" where their ranges meet, and thus deciding if the vervets commonly known to occur in Kenya are actually "Ch. aethiops" is difficult; animals in the same pack may be classified as one species or the other, and "Ch. pygerythrus" may also interbreed with "Ch. tantalus" where their ranges meet.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Colin Groves recognised the below five subspecies of vervet monkey in the third edition of "Mammals of the World":


title: Vervet monkey

text: Groves used "Ch. p. hilgerti" for all East African vervets except the insular subspecies "Ch. p. excubitor" and "Ch. p. nesiotes". The name "Ch. p. centralis" has been suggested to have precedence, and that "Ch. p. hilgerti" should be restricted to the population of southern Ethiopia.


title: Vervet monkey

text: The vervet monkey very much resembles a gray langur, having a black face with a white fringe of hair, while its overall hair color is mostly grizzled-grey. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism; the males are larger in weight and body length and may be recognized by a turquoise-blue scrotum. Adult males weigh between , averaging , and have a body length between , averaging from the top of the head to the base of the tail. Adult females weigh between and average , and measure between , averaging .


title: Vervet monkey

text: When males reach sexual maturity, they move to a neighboring group. Often, males move with a brother or peer, presumably for protection against aggression by males and females of the resident group. Groups that had previously transferred males show significantly less aggression upon the arrival of another male. In almost every case, males migrate to adjacent groups. This obviously increases benefits in regard to distance traveled, but also reduces the amount of genetic variance, increasing the likelihood of inbreeding.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Females remain in their groups throughout life. Separate dominance hierarchies are found for each sex. Male hierarchies are determined by age, tenure in the group, fighting abilities, and allies, while female hierarchies are dependent on maternal social status. A large proportion of interactions occurs between individuals that are similarly ranked and closely related. Between unrelated individuals, female competition exists for grooming members of high-ranking families, presumably to gain more access to resources. These observations suggest individual recognition is possible and enables discrimination of genetic relatedness and social status. Interactions between different groups are variable, ranging from highly aggressive to friendly. Furthermore, individuals seem to be able to recognise cross-group vocalisations, and identify from and to which monkey each call is intended, even if the call is made by a subadult male, which is likely to transfer groups. This suggests the members within a group are actively monitoring the activity of other groups, including the movement of individuals within a group.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Within groups, aggression is directed primarily at individuals that are lower on the hierarchy. Once an individual is three years or older, it is considerably more likely to be involved in conflict. Conflict often arises when one group member shows aggression toward a close relative of another. Further, both males and females may redirect aggression towards individuals in which both had close relatives that were previously involved in a conflict. This suggests complex recognition not only of individuals, but also of associations between individuals. This does not suggest recognition of other's individual kinship bonds is possible, but rather that discrimination of social relationships does occur.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Vervet monkeys have four confirmed predators: leopards, eagles, pythons, and baboons. The sighting of each predator elicits an acoustically distinct alarm call. As infants, vervets learn to make the variety of calls from observation alone, without explicit tutelage. In experimentation with unreliable signalers, individuals became habituated to incorrect calls from a specific individual. Though the response was lessened for a specific predator, if an unreliable individual gives an alarm call for a different predator, group members respond as if the alarm caller is, in fact, reliable. This suggests vervet monkeys are able to recognize and to respond to not only the individual calling, but also to the semantics of what the individual is communicating. Vervet monkeys are thought to have up to 30 different alarm calls. In the wild, they have been seen giving a different call when seeing a human being approaching, leading researchers to believe that vervet monkeys may have a way of distinguishing between different land and flight predators.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Mothers can recognise their offspring by a scream alone. A juvenile scream elicits a reaction from all mothers, yet the juvenile's own mother has a shorter latency in looking in the direction of the scream, as well as an increased duration in her look. Further, mothers have been observed to help their offspring in conflict, yet rarely aid other juveniles. Other mothers evidently can determine to which mother the offspring belongs. Individuals have been observed to look towards the mother whose offspring is creating the scream.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Siblings likely provide the prevailing social relationships during development. Within social groups, mother-offspring and sibling interactive units are distinct groups. The sibling interactions are heavily supportive and friendly, but do have some competition. Contests primarily involve postweaning resource allocation by the common mother. For example, siblings have conflict over grooming time allocated by their mother. Offspring are usually not born in extremely close time proximity due to the interbirth period of the mother. This time can be reduced by use of an allomother. The clarity of the familial and sibships within a group may act as a form of alliance, which would come at relatively low cost in regards to grooming. Other alliances are shown through conflict with aggressive individuals that have acted against a closely related sibling.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Allomothering is the process when another individual besides the mother cares for an infant. In groups of vervet monkeys, infants are the target of a tremendous amount of attention. Days after an infant is born, every member of the group inspects the infant at least once by touching or sniffing. While all group members participate in infant caretaking, juvenile females that cannot yet menstruate are responsible for the majority of allomothering. The benefit is mutual for the mother and allomother. Mothers that use allomothers are able to shorten their interbirth periods, the time between successive births. At the same time, allomothers gain experience in rearing infants, and had more success in raising their own offspring. Juvenile females discriminate in preference for the infant they choose to allomother, and usually choose siblings or infants of high-ranking individuals. When a mother allows her juvenile daughter to become an allomother for a newborn sibling, the mother decreases her own investment in the infant, while increasing the chances of successful rearing of her immature daughter.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Grandmothers and grandchildren share one-quarter of their genes, so they should be more likely to form affiliative relationships than unrelated members in a group. Not only do infants approach their grandmothers more often than unrelated members, but they also prefer their grandmothers compared to other adult female kin, not including their own mothers. Additional research has shown grandmothers show no preference over the sex of their grandchild. Interest in the grandchild spurred from the rank of the grandmother within a group. Higher-ranking grandmothers showed more interest in caring for their grandchildren when compared to low-ranking grandmothers. The presence of grandmothers has been associated with a decrease in mortality of infants.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Spiteful actions are extremely rare in the animal kingdom. Often, an indirect benefit is gained by the individual acting 'spitefully', or by a close relative of that individual. Vervet monkeys have been observed to destroy a competitor's food source rather than consume or steal it themselves. While energy is being lost on destroying the food, an advantage is obtained by the individual due to an increase in competitive gain. This would be pertinent for a male that could be displaced within his group by immigrating males.


title: Vervet monkey

text: Female vervets do not have external signs indicating estrus, thus elaborate social behaviors involving reproduction do not occur. Typically, a female gives birth once a year, between September and February, after a gestation period around 165 days. Usually, only one infant is born at a time, though twins can occur rarely. A normal infant weighs .


title: Vervet monkey

text: The vervet monkey eats a primarily herbivorous diet, living mostly on wild fruits, flowers, leaves, seeds, and seed pods. In agricultural areas, vervets become problem animals, as they raid bean, pea, young tobacco, vegetable, fruit, and grain crops. Animal foods of their diet include grasshoppers and termites. Raids of cattle egrets and weaver bird nests have been observed where the vervets eat the eggs and chicks.


title: Vervet monkey

text: The vervet monkey ranges throughout much of Southern and East Africa, being found from Ethiopia, Somalia and extreme southern South Sudan, to South Africa. It is not found west of the East African Rift or the Luangwa River, where it is replaced by the closely related malbrouck ("C. cynosuros"). The vervet monkey inhabits savanna, riverine woodland, coastal forest, and mountains up to 4000 m (13,100 ft). They are adaptable and able to persist in secondary and/or highly fragmented vegetation, including cultivated areas, and sometimes are found living in both rural and urban environments. Annual home range size has been observed to be as high as 176 ha, with an average population density of 54.68 animals/km².


title: Vervet monkey

text: Introduced vervet monkeys are naturalised in Cape Verde, St Kitts and Nevis, and Barbados. Dania Beach, Florida, is home to about 40 introduced vervets.


title: Vervet monkey

text: The monkeys are used for biomedical research. Many people living in close proximity to vervet colonies see them as pests, as they steal their food. Heavy fines in some areas discourage the killing of vervet monkeys.


title: Vervet monkey

text: This species was known in ancient Egypt, including the Red Sea Mountains and the Nile Valley. From fresco artworks found in Akrotiri on the Mediterranean island of Santorini there is evidence that the vervet monkey was known to the inhabitants of this settlement around 2000 BC; this fact is most noted for evidence of early contact between Egypt and Akrotiri. Excavations dated to the end of the 1st century AD from Berenike, a Roman-Egyptian port-town on the Red Sea coast, demonstrate that vervet monkeys must have been kept as pets at that time.


title: Humphrey Bogart on stage, screen, radio and television

text: Humphrey Bogart (1899–1957) was an American actor and producer whose 36-year career began with live stage productions in New York in 1920. He had been born into an affluent family in New York's Upper West Side, the first-born child and only son of illustrator Maud Humphrey and physician Belmont Deforest Bogart. The family eventually came to include his sisters Patricia and Catherine. His parents believed he would excel academically, possibly matriculate at Yale University and become a surgeon. They enrolled him in the private schools of Delancey, Trinity, and Phillips Academy, but Bogart was not inclined as a scholar and never completed his studies at Phillips, joining the United States Navy in 1918.


text: On the completion of his military service, Bogart began working in theatrical productions. He was initially employed as a manager behind the scenes for the plays "Experience" and "The Ruined Lady", before trying his talents on stage in the 1922 play "Drifting". A recurring legend about Bogart is that his dialog in the 1925 play "Hell's Bells" was "Tennis anyone?", but Bogart denied it, saying his line was, "It's forty-love outside. Anyone care to watch?" His body of stage work included more than a dozen plays, and lasted a little over a decade. He began to pursue a career in film by 1928, first appearing in the short film "The Dancing Town", and then in the 1930 short film "Broadway's Like That". Bogart appeared in 75 feature films, and initially believed he was on the road to stardom when he secured a 1929 contract with Fox Film. The resulting productions of "A Devil with Women", "Up the River", "A Holy Terror", "Body and Soul" and "Women of All Nations" for Fox, as well as "Bad Sister" for Universal Pictures, were collectively a disappointment to him, and he returned to stage work in New York.


text: Bogart's break-out role was that of escaped murderer Duke Mantee whom he played in 197 performances of the 1935 Broadway theatre production of "The Petrified Forest", with actor Leslie Howard in the lead. The play, and his subsequent casting in the movie version, propelled him to stardom, and secured him a movie contract with Warner Bros. He made 48 films for them, including "The Maltese Falcon", "To Have and Have Not", "Key Largo", and "Casablanca", the last of which earned Bogart his first nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actor. Bogart won the award on his second nomination, for his 1951 performance in the United Artists production "The African Queen". His third Oscar nomination was for his performance in the 1954 Columbia Pictures production "The Caine Mutiny". In addition to his film work, Bogart guest-starred in numerous radio and television programs, primarily reprising his film roles. He formed Santana Productions in 1948; the company's 1950 production of "In a Lonely Place" was chosen by the National Film Registry in 2007 for permanent preservation as "culturally, historically or aesthetically" significant. Santana Productions also created the 1951–1952 "Bold Venture" half-hour radio series as a vehicle for Bogart and his wife Lauren Bacall.


text: After Bogart completed his World War I service with the United States Navy, he found theatrical employment in New York. He stage-managed the 1920 play "Experience", and later became a road manager for "The Ruined Lady". When he began to pursue an acting career, his debut role was in the 1922 play "Drifting".


text: He appeared in 18 productions on Broadway, including the role that would propel him to fame and success in the movie industry; from January through June 1935, he appeared in 197 performances of "The Petrified Forest" as Duke Mantee, a murderer fleeing across the Arizona-Mexico border to evade capture by law enforcement. Leslie Howard appeared in the lead role as intellectual idealist Alan Squier. With the exception of "The Petrified Forest", the sources do not indicate whether or not Bogart was in the entire run of any production.


text: Bogart always believed that the future of his profession was ultimately in the burgeoning film industry. After signing with Charles Frohman Productions, he was cast as the male lead opposite stage actress Helen Hayes in a two-reel silent "The Dancing Town" (1928) for Paramount Pictures. He appeared in a Vitaphone short musical "Broadway's Like That" (1930), which also featured Joan Blondell and Ruth Etting.


text: He made 75 feature-length films during his career. Two serendipitous events helped pave a path for his career ambitions. During the last half of the 1920s, the film industry's transition from the silent era to sound shifted focus towards stage actors whose vocal talents had been honed in front of live audiences. When the 1929 stock market crash triggered the Great Depression in the United States, funding for stage shows became precarious. Bogart's brother-in-law, Stuart Rose, had become an employee of Fox Film, and was able to arrange a screen test for him with Fox executive Al Lewis. After viewing the test, the Hollywood home office of Fox sent Lewis a directive that Bogart was to be signed to a $750 per week contract, with an option of raising it to $1,000 per week if he performed as expected:


text: The films made in Hollywood under his Fox contract were "Up the River" (1930), "A Devil with Women" (1930), "A Holy Terror" (1931), "Body and Soul" (1931), and "Women of All Nations" (1931; all Bogart's scenes were cut). While still in California, he also made "Bad Sister" (1931) for Universal Pictures. Bogart was less than impressed with the end products, and returned to his stage career in New York.


text: When Warner Bros. purchased the film rights for "The Petrified Forest", the studio retained Leslie Howard in the lead role he had performed on Broadway, but replaced Bogart with Edward G. Robinson in the role of Mantee. Howard intervened on Bogart's behalf to reclaim the role for him. Following the success of Bogart's performance in the 1936 film, Jack L. Warner put him under contract for $550 a week, with a morals clause, and financial options which could potentially more than triple Bogart's weekly salary.


text: He continued to appear in feature films for the rest of his life, and claimed that "at Warner Bros. in the 30s, I became a one-man film factory." He made 48 films for Warner Bros., more than any other studio he was affiliated with. His body of work there included some of his most acclaimed films: "Dark Victory" (1939), "High Sierra" (1941), "The Maltese Falcon" (1941), "Casablanca" (1942), "To Have and Have Not" (1944), "The Big Sleep" (1946), "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre" (1948) and "Key Largo" (1948). By comparison, he only made seven films with Fox, five films each with Columbia Pictures and his own Santana Productions, three films for Paramount Pictures, two for United Artists, and one each for United States Pictures, Universal Pictures, First National Pictures, Samuel Goldwyn Productions, MGM and Walter Wanger Productions.


text: Bogart created Santana Productions in 1948. The company produced "Knock on Any Door" (1949), "Tokyo Joe" (1949), "And Baby Makes Three" (1949) starring Robert Young and Barbara Hale, "Sirocco" (1951), "The Family Secret" (1951) starring John Derek and Lee J. Cobb, and "Beat the Devil" (1951), Bogart's spoof of "The Maltese Falcon". The company's production of "In a Lonely Place" (1950) was added to the National Film Registry in 2007, "to be preserved for all time". Inclusion of films in the registry are based on their "culturally, historically or aesthetically" significant quality.


text: Occasionally Bogart made public fund-raising or patriotic appearances on film. He also appeared in cameos, some uncredited, in a small handful of other films.


text: He made numerous radio and television appearances throughout his career. The "Lux Radio Theatre" was an anthology series featuring adaptations of Broadway plays and film scripts. It aired on the National Broadcasting Company's Blue Network (the forerunner of the American Broadcasting Company) (1934–35); CBS Radio network (1935–54), and NBC Radio (1954–55). "The Screen Guild Theater" (aka "Gulf Screen Guild Theater" aka "Stars in the Air") was a radio anthology series broadcast from 1939 until 1952. "Academy Award Theatre" was a 1946 radio anthology series featuring adaptations of film scripts. "Kraft Music Hall" was a radio musical variety show on NBC radio from 1933 to 1949. The "Bold Venture" half-hour radio series ran for 78 episodes during 1951–1952, and was developed by Bogart's Santana Productions, as a starring vehicle for Bogart and his wife Lauren Bacall.


text: Bogart's first nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actor was for "Casablanca" (1942), a film that he and co-stars Ingrid Bergman and Paul Henreid initially believed was of little significance. Bogart won the award on his second nomination, for his 1951 performance in the United Artists production "The African Queen". He was nominated a third time for "The Caine Mutiny" (1954). He posthumously received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960. The United States Postal Service honored Bogart in 1997, at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre unveiling Bogart's stamp as part of the postal service's "Legends of Hollywood" series. In 2006, the street in front of his boyhood home was renamed Humphrey Bogart Place.


title: Sabra (person)

text: A sabra or tzabar (, plural: "tzabarim") is an informal-turned-formal modern Hebrew term that defines any Jew born in Israel. The term came into widespread use in the 1930s to refer to a Jew who had been born in Palestine (including the British Mandate of Palestine and Ottoman Palestine; "cf. New Yishuv & Old Yishuv"), though it may have appeared earlier. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Israelis have used the word to refer to a Jew born anywhere in the Land of Israel (inclusive of the Israeli-occupied territories).


title: Sabra (person)

text: The term alludes to a tenacious, thorny desert plant, known in English as prickly pear, with a thick skin that conceals a sweet, softer interior. The cactus is compared to Israeli Jews, who are supposedly tough on the outside, but delicate and sweet on the inside.


title: Sabra (person)

text: In 2010, over 4,000,000 Israeli Jews (70%) were sabras, with an even greater percentage of Israeli Jewish youths falling into this category. In 2015, about 75% of Israel's Jewish population was native-born. In 2020, this had further increased to 78%.


title: Sabra (person)

text: The term came into widespread use within the Yishuv, or Jewish population of Palestine, in the 1930s, but it is thought to have been used as far back as the early 20th century, when it was used to refer to the first generation of native-born (Hebrew speaking) Jews produced by the Zionist movement, the children of the immigrants of the First Aliyah that began in 1881 in Romania. This generation of natives referred to themselves as "etrogim." The term "Tzabar" may have been used by immigrants of the Second Aliyah and the Third Aliyah, originally as an insulting term. The changing of the meaning of the term, to emphasize the softer interior rather than the roughness, was done by the journalist Uri Kesari, who himself was a sabra. Kesari published an essay, "We Are the Leaves of the Sabra!", on 18 April 1931 in the newspaper Doar HaYom in which he argued against the discrimination which was cast against the native-born by the new immigrants. The 1931 census of Palestine found that of a recorded Jewish population of 174,610, 73,195 people (42%) were born in Palestine.


title: Sabra (person)

text: According to Israeli sociologist Oz Almog, who studied the sociological development of the term, the first glimmers of a new culture appeared around the time of World War I when the children of First Aliyah immigrants were already displaying traditional sabra characteristics. Avshalom Feinberg has been referred to as "the first sabra." In the 1920s this new Hebrew culture was visibly emerging. The term was in widespread use in the 1930s and 1940s, and it increasingly became a term of prestige as the sabra turned into a cultural hero. At this time, there was now a large number of native-born Jews in the kibbutzim and moshavim and in urban areas, and as a result, sabra culture blossomed. Almog wrote that "as the Sabra archetype and stereotype took shape, the students at the Hebrew gymnasiums, the young people of the kibbutzim and moshavim, and the members of the youth movements and Palmach began developing a consciousness about their cultural uniqueness. They also produced and honed native status symbols and a peculiarly native Israeli style in language, dress, and collective leisure culture". He also claimed that the idea that a new Hebrew nation had arisen was widespread among Tel Aviv youth in the early 1940s.


title: Sabra (person)

text: In November 1948, with the 1948 Arab-Israeli War in its closing stages, Arthur Koestler published an article titled "Israel: the native generation" in which he profiled sabras as compared to Jewish immigrants from Europe and Arab and Muslim nations, who he described as a "lost generation", writing that "In their ensemble these form the lost generation of Israel, a transitory and amorphous mass which as yet lacks the character of a nation. Only in the native youth, born and reared in the country, does the first intimation of the future profile of Israel as a nation begin to outline itself." He claimed that "In his mental make-up the average young sabra is fearless to the point of recklessness, bold, extroverted, and little inclined towards, if not openly contemptuous of, intellectual pursuits" and that "The sabra's outlook on the world is rather provincial and hyper-chauvinistic. This could hardly be otherwise in a small and exposed pioneer community which had to defend its physical existence and build its State against almost impossible odds. One cannot create a nation without nationalism." That same month, Israel carried out its first census following independence. The census found that out of a Jewish population of 716,700, approximately 35% were native-born.


title: Sabra (person)

text: An important influence on the Sabra personality was considered the participation in national youth movements, (such as the Hanoar Haoved Vehalomed, Hashomer Hatzair and Hatsofim) followed by the universal participation in military service for both sexes. The term was used by the Zionist movement, to celebrate the "New Jew" that emerged in the Holy Land. Unlike the bourgeois "Old Jew" born in the diaspora, the "New Jew" was a kibbutz member or a farmer. The "Old Jew" often spoke broken Hebrew with a heavy accent, while the sabra spoke the language as a mother tongue. Unlike the "Old Jew" who did not fight for his self-defense, the Sabra fought in the Jewish resistance movements, in the Palmach and, after the establishment of Israel, in the Israel Defense Forces. The prestige of the Sabra increased during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Israeli public, and especially the older generation, tended to attribute the achievements of the war to the country's "sabras", while minimizing the part of the new immigrants and other groups. Even descriptions of the achievements of Operation Kadesh (1956) emphasized the image of the Sabra.


title: Sabra (person)

text: The large immigration to Israel of Jews from Muslim countries during the 1950s, the penetration of Western culture and primarily American culture, as well as the social and political changes which were created following the Six-Day War and Yom Kippur War, resulted in a decline of the use of the term after the 1970s. Those who were born in the country after independence in 1948 became known as the "Dor haMedina" (), or "Statehood Generation", and have been largely described by cultural commentators as being motivated less by the strident nationalism and/or socialism of the pre-independence generations and more by a general cultural pragmatism and sensitivity to the mass-cultural output of Western powers.


title: Sabra (person)

text: With the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, large-scale Jewish immigration ensued from Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, greatly increasing the Jewish population. As a result, the amount of native-born Jews as a percentage of the population went down from 35% in 1948 to 25% in 1951. However, as the immigration wave tapered off, the percentage of the native-born Jewish population gradually increased as more children were born, many to immigrants who arrived after independence. The percentage of the Jewish population that was native-born reached 33% in 1956, 38% in 1961, and 40% in 1965.


title: Sabra (person)

text: The Sabra received an artistic and symbolic representation in the form of the illustrated character "Srulik" (which wears shorts, sandals and a Tembel hat), created by cartoonist Dosh. Another such character is the Israeli children's television character Kishkashta, a talking anthropomorphic cactus; the plant is another symbol of the Sabra.


title: Sabra (person)

text: The English form of the word, Sabra, served Israeli manufacturers who wanted to brand their products as recognisably Israeli products, which are sold in the foreign markets. As a result, "Sabra liqueur" and "Sabra sport" (the sports model of the "Sussita") were created. The world's largest hummus manufacturer (as of 2009) is a U.S. company called the Sabra Dipping Company.


title: Sabra (person)

text: In popular culture, an episode of the American "Saturday Night Live" series contained a sketch entitled "Sabra Price Is Right" featuring Tom Hanks as the guest host. The sketch was written by Robert Smigel and is a parody of Israel-born Jews making bargains with people who believe this show is "The Price Is Right". In the sketch, Hanks's character "Uri Shurinson" and the other Sabra are swindling the contestants, conning them into purchasing shoddy products (a Summit clock-radio, a "Pinnacle satellite dish" that's a v-aerial, a cordless phone that's a defective rotary phone, a microwave that's a toaster oven, a CD-player that's a child's bank, and a defective buzzer from the game show itself) for which they guess the price rather than winning them. The sketch concludes with an Arab portrayed by Dana Carvey who bargains in the same manner as the Sabra and in the middle of their argument, they all "disco" as the sketch concludes. A sketch featured in an earlier "SNL" episode was entitled "Sabra Shopping Network" and also featured Uri (Tom Hanks) and his crew, this time bargaining with callers phoning into a television shopping show.


title: Sabra (person)

text: "Marvel Comics" created a superhero named Sabra (Ruth Bat-Seraph's alter ego) in the 1980s, whose name is based on the Israeli Sabra. In September 2022, it was announced that the Israeli actress Shira Haas will play this character in the film "" (part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe) which is to be released on May 3, 2024.


title: Sabra (person)

text: The first "sabra" to exercise the powers of the office of the Prime Minister of Israel was Yigal Allon, who served as acting prime minister from February to March 1969; he was born in Kfar Tavor. The first "sabra" to serve as Prime Minister rather than acting Prime Minister was Yitzhak Rabin, who first held the office 1974–77, and then again 1992–1995. Since Rabin first took office, there have been four other "sabra" Prime Ministers: the former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is the first "sabra" Prime Minister to have been born in the modern state after Israel's declaration of independence in 1948; he first took office in 1996, before leaving office in 1999 and returning in 2009. Furthermore, Ehud Barak, Ariel Sharon, and Ehud Olmert were all born in what is now the territory of the State of Israel during the Mandate period.


title: Sabra (person)

text: The first "sabra" who became President of Israel was Yitzhak Navon, who was born in Jerusalem. The first "sabra" born after Israel's declaration of independence, who exercised the powers of the office of the President of Israel, was Dalia Itzik. The first "sabra" born after Israel's declaration of independence, who became President of Israel rather than acting President, is the incumbent Isaac Herzog. He is also the first son of a former Israeli president to also become President.


title: Sabra (person)

text: In addition to Netanyahu being the first of the Statehood Generation to serve as Prime Minister, Avraham Burg, speaker of the Knesset from 1999–2003, was also the first Speaker to have been born in the modern state since 1948. The first of the Statehood Generation to serve as acting President, was Dalia Itzik and to serve as the actual President is Isaac Herzog. Naftali Bennett, former Prime Minister and Yair Lapid, outgoing Prime Minister, were also born in the modern state.


title: Shortland Street

text: Shortland Street is a New Zealand prime-time soap opera centring on the fictitious Shortland Street Hospital, first broadcast on TVNZ 2 on 25 May 1992. It is New Zealand's longest-running drama and soap opera, being broadcast continuously for over 7,500 episodes and 30 years, and is one of the most watched television programmes in New Zealand.


title: Shortland Street

text: The show was originally screened as five half-hour episodes each week and initially receiving mixed reviews on its premiere. After its launch, it dropped in ratings and would have been cancelled if TVNZ had not ordered a year's worth of episodes in advance. TVNZ renewed the production in early 1993 when the show's rating had picked up, and it now has "long-term public enthusiasm". Today, it is one of New Zealand's highest-rated shows, frequently making AGB Nielsen Media Research's top 5 programmes of the week, achieving an average linear daily reach of 345,000 viewers (in the year up to June 2021) and is TVNZ's "most streamed show".


title: Shortland Street

text: After the cancellation of "Gloss", Television New Zealand (TVNZ) noticed the lack of New Zealand content on their channels, and in 1990, set about creating a local equivalent of the Australian soap "Neighbours". Greg McGee at South Pacific Pictures wanted to do a series about the new private clinics emerging under New Zealand's Labour government, and suggested the idea to scriptwriter Dean Parker, who declined due to a dislike of private medicine, so TV2 and South Pacific Pictures purchased a formula from Grundy Television, who get a royalty cheque for every broadcast. $10 million was given for an initial 230 episodes. Caterina De Nave was hired as the show's producer and subsequently travelled to Australia to work with Grundy Television to work out an idea for the five times a week soap. TV2 programmer Bettina Hollings suggested the setting of a hospital after reading an article detailing ideal locations of a drama, which included a hospital, a police station and a school. De Nave worked with several storyliners including Jason Daniel and they worked out an outline of the show.


title: Shortland Street

text: De Nave noticed "Neighbours" and "Home and Away" had a generally straightforward Australian cast and wished for the cast of her show to be culturally diverse to reflect New Zealand. She also wanted the cast to have strong female characters to attract the necessary female audience. Daniel created the character of Kirsty while De Nave created Meredith and Ken Catran created Hone. The character of Stuart was originally planned to be gay but the plans made TVNZ nervous and were scrapped. De Nave also wished to counter-stereotype races and made Polynesian Sam Aleni a paramedic as there was only one paramedic of Polynesian descent throughout New Zealand. De Nave decided to make the setting that of a private hospital as it reflected New Zealand medicine at the time.


title: Shortland Street

text: The working title was "The Shortland Street Project" after its planned filming location in a TVNZ-owned studio at 74 Shortland Street in Auckland Central. However, the studio was found to be too small for the required sets, and the production studio was moved to a warehouse in Browns Bay. After running through many name options, the original working-title was chosen and subsequently truncated to simply "Shortland Street". The name subsequently is a homage to the Shortland Street studios, which were home to New Zealand's first regular television broadcast in 1960, and were home to TVNZ and its predecessors' Auckland operations until TVNZ moved to its new purpose-built television centre on Victoria Street West in 1990.


title: Shortland Street

text: "Shortland Street"s first episode aired on 25 May 1992 to mixed reviews. Ratings were originally high after a successful marketing campaign, but fell steadily throughout the year until 1993 when they rose dramatically. The show would have been cancelled in the first year if it was not for the fact TVNZ ordered a year's worth of episodes.


title: Shortland Street

text: With high public interest in the show and a viewing figure of a constant 600,000, "Shortland Street" received more sets and the outdated nursing uniforms were replaced. In 2000, an Australian consultant drastically changed the show so that it would suit the 21st century tone of New Zealand. This included transitioning the hospital to a public hospital, bringing in low income families and writing off 14 characters. Michael Galvin and Angela Bloomfield were brought back as their characters Chris Warner and Rachel McKenna and the show appointed a new producer.


title: Shortland Street

text: The show reached huge ratings in 2007 when a Serial Killer Storyline was introduced, with five characters meeting their demise. Episode 4000 saw the return of series original Dr. Hone Ropata for a six-week stint in 2008.


title: Shortland Street

text: "Shortland Street" aired its first ever 90-minute episode on 2 August 2010. The episode featured Chris discovering he had a son with series original Alison Raynor in 1996, and the conclusion to the three-year Kieran Mitchell storyline which saw the shows second highest ever ratings. "Shortland Street" has since made the 90-minute episode an annual feature. On 18 April 2011, "Shortland Street" screened its first episode in high definition.


title: Shortland Street

text: In July 2011, "Shortland Street" achieved a New Zealand first when it made its 2011 feature-length episode available to purchase via Facebook, becoming the second ever TV show in the world to use this technology. In August 2011, All Blacks Keven Mealamu, Anthony Boric and Jerome Kaino filmed a scene that aired on the opening night of the 2011 Rugby World Cup on 9 September. The show added short transition scenes in which two characters in the hospital elevator discussed the wins or losses (the latter never actually happening) the All Blacks endured during the tournament.


title: Shortland Street

text: On 15 December 2016, "Shortland Street" released a charity single featuring Lionel Wellington and J.J. Fong to raise money for Starship Children's Health hospital.


title: Shortland Street

text: Production of "Shortland Street" was suspended on 24 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the nationwide lockdown from 26 March to 28 April 2020, and TVNZ 2 reduced broadcasting the show to three episodes per week to spread out the existing backlog of episodes. Production resumed on 30 April with some restrictions, such as intimate scenes not being allowed. The show returned to five episodes per week on 29 June 2020.


title: Shortland Street

text: In early August 2022, the Minister of Health Andrew Little and a Health New Zealand spokesperson confirmed that "Shortland Street" and TVNZ's advertising division TVNZ Blacksand Partnerships would be working with the Health Ministry, Health NZ, and New Zealand Nurses Organisation (NZNO) to produce the "Real Nurses" multimedia marketing campaign to recruit nursing workers from both domestic and overseas markets in order to address the country's shortage of nurses. Little confirmed that the Real Nurses multimedia campaign would be integrated into the television series' storyline. In response, NZNO President Anne Daniels criticised the series for misrepresenting the difficult working conditions for nurses while National Party MP Chris Penk expressed concerns about the collaboration between the Government and creative industry. In response to criticism, Little stated that the "Real Nurses" campaign had been created by the NZNO, which had approached the Government to secure financial support for it. Auckland University of Technology (AUT) communication professor Dr. Rosser Johnson expressed support for the "Real Nurses" multimedia campaign, arguing that it could encourage younger demographics to consider nursing as a career and rejected claims that it would serve as government propaganda.


title: Shortland Street

text: Since 2018, there are weekly spinoffs during Christmas and New Year breaks that are exclusively streamed on TVNZ On Demand. The most recent being "Shortland Street: Retribution", the first spinoff with an R16 (Violence and Coarse Language) rating, with the storyline revolving around Constable Curtis Hannah (Jaden Daniel) and Esther Samuels (Ngahuia Piripi). The series is also the first spinoff to be set in Christchurch and the South Island.


title: Shortland Street

text: "Shortland Street" stars an ensemble cast. Most of the characters either work at Shortland Street Hospital, or are relations to employees of the hospital.


title: Shortland Street

text: Since 1992, many notable faces have appeared on the soap. Only one character remains from the original cast: Chris Warner. Though taking a 4-year break, Chris has featured in the show the longest of the current cast, outstaying all of his family, who either died or left. Rachel McKenna, another long-standing character , first appeared in the soap in 1993 and has made regular appearances since. Nick Harrison, another long-running character, disappeared from the show in 2005. Currently Nicole Miller is the longest-running female character, joining the show in 2009.


title: Shortland Street

text: Characters on the show attribute and portray several different demographics found in New Zealand. These range from the rich and well-off (such as Chris Warner) to the struggling and poor (Wendy Cooper). Other areas covered include different ethnicities, sexualities, genders, and abilities. In the first year of the show, it was decided that CEO Michael McKenna's personal assistant, Jenny, should be a solo mother to help draw in that demographic, who statistically would be watching TV at 7 pm. The show has also had a long string of families, such as the Warners, McKennas, Harrisons, Crombies, Hudsons, Jeffries, Valentines, McKays, Coopers, Avia-Levis, Hannahs, and Kings and various teenagers, helping young audiences and families relate to the show.


title: Shortland Street

text: "Shortland Street" is produced by South Pacific Pictures, with assistance from Fremantle and Television New Zealand. In the first few years, the production was also assisted by New Zealand On Air.


title: Shortland Street

text: Today, most of the filming for "Shortland Street" occurs at South Pacific Pictures West Auckland studios, with Ferndale High School scenes being filmed at the nearby Waitākere College. The exterior shots of the hospital are filmed on location at the Waitakere Studios at an existing section of a building dressed up to appear as the facade of a hospital entrance. Location scenes are filmed in Auckland, but other locations, including Fiji, Mt Ruapehu, Rotorua and Rarotonga have been used.


title: Shortland Street

text: Originally, "Shortland Street" was filmed at Browns Bay on the North Shore until their relocation to purpose built studios in West Auckland in 2000. The original Ferndale High School was played by a North Shore college until the studio relocated.


title: Shortland Street

text: When cast members are hired their contracts are either 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 6 months or a year.


title: Shortland Street

text: While the name Shortland Street is based on an actual street in Auckland CBD, the only place where the scenes are actually filmed in Auckland CBD is the fictitious Q Road, which is the actual Karangahape Road, better known as K' Rd.


title: Shortland Street

text: High definition production of Shortland Street started in early 2011, with the first HD episode broadcast on 18 April 2011 on the Freeview HD and Sky platforms.


title: Shortland Street

text: On 24 July 2018 It was announced that the show will air six nights a week starting in September 2018.


title: Shortland Street

text: The show has had a reputation for being raunchy and controversial with the very first episode of the show featuring a sex scene between resident "Dr. Love" Chris Warner and his aerobics instructor. Another early controversy was that of a lesbian kiss between Meredith Fleming and Annie Flynn with several complaints made to the Broadcasting Standards Authority (BSA) but it went no further. It was not until 2008 that the show received its first ever BSA warning, when it featured an oral sex scene in mid-2008 between sexually confused Gerald and a fellow man. A few months later, the show received a second warning for an episode in August 2008 depicting the brutal murder of Craig Valentine, who was beaten unconscious, then set alight in his car. Again, a few months later, the show received yet another warning about a scene in January 2009 where Tania Jeffries hit a gang leader in the head with a hammer.


title: Shortland Street

text: Scenes aired in April 2010 sparked criticism when Leanne Miller and her daughter Nicole stated that the city of Tauranga was not "gay friendly".


title: Shortland Street

text: The show caused controversy in August 2010 when the character of Sophie McKay was shown to be being stalked by her university lecturer who she had been dating. This upset the family of murdered girl Sophie Elliott who was killed by her university tutor, Clayton Weatherston, who she had been dating. The similarities upset the families with producer Steven Zanoski saying: "the storyline was a classic and not inspired by real events."


title: Shortland Street

text: The show's production department received several complaints following the lesbian love storyline involving Maia Jeffries and Jennifer Mason.


title: Shortland Street

text: A storyline aired in April 2011 which featured the Cooper Family try to go to the beach, but they get confronted by a group of Māori who demand money. This sparked criticism with some saying it was discrimination against Māori people. Maori adviser Ngamaru Raerino stated that viewers shouldn't have jumped to conclusions and should have let the storyline completely unfold which reveals the group are protesting against a corrupt camp owner who had been polluting the beach.


title: Shortland Street

text: In September 2011, "Shortland Street" was identified as one of the main influences to people who self-harm, airing two storylines involving suicide attempts.


title: Shortland Street

text: During 2017, one episode ended with a cliffhanger featuring Chris Warner confronting his son Harry with a 'dick pic' he found on his tablet computer. A video clip of the scene, including the line "Please tell me that is not your penis!", went viral worldwide, even to a point of parody on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" recreated by said host and Alec Baldwin."" The line was voted the New Zealand quote of the year in a contest held by Massey University.


title: Shortland Street

text: In Australia, free-to-air digital channel 7Two aired episodes about three years behind until August 2015. Previous Australian broadcasters include: ABC 2010–2011, UKTV 1997–2000, and SBS briefly between 1994 and 1995. The show aired on Fox One for several years, before Foxtel abruptly dropped the show in November 2020, which was attracting only 7,000 viewers per episode overnight (and another 7,000 in consolidated viewing figures). As Shortland Street qualifies as Australian content under the free trade agreement between the two countries, its future on Australian television became unclear for a time. However, it was announced on 16 December 2020 that the series had been picked up by SBS Viceland. The remainder of Season 28 (2020) aired on the SBS On Demand service, before SBS Viceland started broadcasting new episodes in sync with New Zealand (the first time this had happened on Australian television) beginning with Season 29 from 11 January 2021.


title: Shortland Street

text: Debuted on RTÉ One in October 1997, airing weekdays at 5.30pm. Later moving to 4.50pm, and more recently airing mornings, though broadcast times vary from 10:40-11:55. The morning episode is repeated at 5.30pm on RTÉ Two.


title: Shortland Street

text: Episodes are around four years behind New Zealand (about 1'000 episodes). RTÉ has broadcast the show since 1997, making Ireland one of few countries to have aired the series unbroken from the outset since it began. RTÉ do not edit explicit language, however some of the more graphic scenes are edited out on rare occasions.


title: Shortland Street

text: In Fiji, the show has been on air since 1994 screening weekdays on Fiji One usually around 8:30 pm weekdays. It is one of the most popular shows in Fiji. The show is screened on Cook Island Television at 8.00 pm weekdays. It is one of the most popular shows in the Cook Islands.


title: Shortland Street

text: In the UK, the series was originally screened on various regions of the ITV network from 1993 to 2003. From 29 March 1993, Central were the first ITV region to screen the soap, beginning in an afternoon timeslot, 15:20–15:50. However, in September 1993, the start time for children's programming block CITV was moved to 15:30, so "Shortland Street" was moved to lunchtimes at 13:55. Six months later in April 1994 to 2000, it was shown in an early evening timeslot, first at 17:10-17:40 and, later at 17:30–18:00. Eventually the serial was moved back to the lunchtime slot, 13:00–13:30, from 12 June 2000 and it remained there for over two years.


title: Shortland Street

text: Meridian become the second region to start the series in mid-1993 around 14:30 until late 2002. Anglia followed in April 1994 and, like Central, aired the show at 17:10.They dropped the series around 2000.


title: Shortland Street

text: Ulster began broadcasting in April 1994, at 2.50pm. Shortland Street replaced The Young Doctors, which Ulster had completed in the same month.


title: Shortland Street

text: From May 1994, Border, Granada started showing the series as a replacement for "A Country Practice" (although some regions continued to air both), broadcast in the afternoons at their own pace in various daytime slots. In January 1995, Tyne Tees and Yorkshire started the series as a replacement for "The Young Doctors". By 1999, Granada, Yorkshire and Tyne Tees had all dropped the series entirely, opting for local programming instead, while Border switched the series to a 17:10 slot. By 2001, it was moved to an earlier afternoon timeslot until it dropped altogether in the summer of 2003.


title: Shortland Street

text: Grampian also started the series in 1994 but it was dropped by late 1998. Scottish have never broadcast "Shortland Street". HTV started the series in August 1994, mostly in an afternoon slot but also in an early evening slot for a short time. The series was dropped in early 2000, but reappeared again that May.


title: Shortland Street

text: From January 2003, the Carlton-owned ITV franchises including Central Television, Westcountry, HTV and Carlton-London networked "Shortland Street" in an afternoon slot, 14:30–15:00, Monday to Wednesday, with a Thursday episode added a few months later. A special programme was aired (presented by stalwart Shortland Street cast members Michael Galvin (Chris Warner) and Angela Bloomfield (Rachel McKenna)) introducing new viewers from Westcountry and Carlton-London to the show. Viewers in the HTV region skipped a large number of episodes to bring it in line with Central. However, "Shortland Street" failed to attract a significant audience in its new afternoon slot and was axed completely by ITV and was last shown on 28 August 2003, finishing at episode 2367. Central had shown the serial consecutively for over 10 years. The last franchise to air the show was Meridian, who by now were only airing it on Fridays at 14:30.


title: Shortland Street

text: "Shortland Street" returned to British screens on 23 August 2010, when Living began airing two episodes a day from the 2007 season with episodes 3736/3737 which originally aired in New Zealand on 21/22 May 2007 beginning on 23 August 2010 at 15.00–16.00 (and repeated at 10.00 the following morning). However, four weeks into its run the morning repeats were dropped by Living, and as of Monday 20 September moving from 15.00 to 16.00 and 12.00–13.00. As from Monday 27 September 2010, it was shown on Living Loves from 18.00 to 19.00 Monday to Friday with five repeat episodes shown on Saturday and Sunday mornings. After just over two months on-air it was cancelled by Sky with the final episode shown on 29 October 2010. The show has not aired in the UK since.


title: Shortland Street

text: In previous years, South Pacific Pictures publicity has claimed the show was sold to South Africa. Journalists have used it to demonstrate "Shortland Street"'s interracial appeal.


title: Shortland Street

text: A licensed version of the show started production in Ukraine in 2016 called "Central Hospital" (Центральна лікарня) with an initial run of 60 episodes.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Alexander Victor Schauffele (; born October 25, 1993) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour, having won seven times since turning professional in 2015. Schauffele's best major finish is tied second at both the 2018 Open Championship and the 2019 Masters. Schauffele also has a win on the European Tour. Schauffele won the Olympic gold medal at the men's individual golf event of the 2020 Summer Olympics.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Schauffele was born on October 25, 1993 in San Diego, California to a French/German naturalized immigrant father and a Taiwanese naturalized immigrant mother who grew up in Japan. His father has been his only swing coach throughout his golf career. Schauffele’s teaching philosophy relies heavily on basic ball flight laws and golf club mechanics – as a result Schauffele had not seen his own swing until about age 18.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Two of Schauffele's great-grandfathers played soccer at the European premier level. Johann Hoffmann played for the Austria national football team and won multiple Austrian (SK Rapid Wien), Bohemian (DSV Saaz), and French (FC Sochaux; Racing Strasbourg) national titles. After playing football for VfB Stuttgart, Richard Schauffele excelled in track and field, garnering over 40 titles in discus, javelin and shot put for 2 clubs, the Stuttgarter Kickers and the Cannstatter Ruder-Club.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Schauffele was the individual winner of the 2011 California State High School Championship (California Interscholastic Federation, CIF), playing for Scripps Ranch High School.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: After graduating from high school, Schauffele played his freshman year in college at California State University Long Beach, where he garnered the 2012 Big West Conference Freshman of the Year as well as the 2012 First Team All-Big West awards.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Prior to his sophomore year, Schauffele transferred to San Diego State University, where eventually he would play out his college career and graduate in 2015. During his three years at SDSU, Schauffele was a Ping and Golfweek Third Team All-American. Scholastically, he was twice awarded the Mountain West Conference All-Academic Team Award. At SDSU, he holds the records for all-time lowest tournament score against par (−17); all-time career scoring average (71.50); as well as the seasonal records for par-5 performance (4.5135); birdies (171) and eagles (9).


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Schauffele defeated Beau Hossler to win the 2014 California State Amateur Championship at La Costa Resort and Spa. Later that summer, the two long time rivals met again in a final at Chicago's Beverly Country Club for the 2014 Western Amateur where Schauffele lost to Hossler in the final match in dramatic fashion.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Schauffele accumulated a collegiate record that features 3 wins, 4 runners-up, 19 top-fives and 27 top-tens in a total of 50 tournaments. He was ranked in the top 10 of the World Amateur Golf Ranking at the time he turned professional in 2015.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: After turning professional in June 2015, Schauffele entered the 2015 Web.com Tour Qualifying Tournament in fall. He was runner up in first stage at Southern Dunes GC in Maricopa, Arizona. He went on to win second stage at Oak Valley GC in Beaumont, California and ultimately, narrowly, earned his Web.com Tour card in the finals in Florida in a tie for 45th.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: In 2016, Schauffele played a full season (23 events) on the Web.com Tour. He finished 26th on the regular-season money list, missing a PGA Tour card for 2017 by less than $1000.00, but went on to earn a card through the Web.com Tour Finals by finishing 15th on the Finals money list (excluding the 25 regular-season graduates).


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Schauffele made his PGA Tour debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge in La Quinta, California. In June 2017, at the 2017 U.S. Open held at Erin Hills, Schauffele recorded a bogey-free 6-under-par 66 – it was the first time a player has returned a bogey-free round of 66 or better in their first appearance in U.S. Open. He subsequently became one of only 15 players to ever reach 10 under par at a U.S. Open. He eventually finished in a tie for fifth place, earning him an exemption into the 2018 championship.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Three weeks later, in July, Schauffele recorded his first PGA Tour victory, at the Greenbrier Classic. With the win, he earned exemptions into the Open Championship, via the Open Qualifying Series, the PGA Championship and the 2018 Masters Tournament.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Schauffele qualified for the end of season Tour Championship by moving up to 26th in the standings, from 33rd at the start of the FedEx Cup Playoffs. There he birdied the 72nd hole to claim his second tour victory, by one stroke over Justin Thomas, and become the first rookie to win the Tour Championship. It was also the first time a rookie had won any FedEx Cup playoff event. The win moved Schauffele to third place in the final FedEx Cup standings, bettering the previous best mark by a rookie held by Jordan Spieth by four positions, and gave him a three-year exemption on the PGA Tour, through the 2019–20 season.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: During 2017, Schauffele rose to 32nd in the Official World Golf Ranking, up 267 spots from his 2016 year-end position of 299. He was voted "Rookie of the Year 2017" by his peers.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: At the beginning of 2018, Schauffele switched equipment manufacturers, signing an endorsement deal with Callaway, having previously been sponsored by TaylorMade. In May, he finished T2 at the 2018 Players Championship at TPC Sawgrass with a score of 14 under par. In the Open Championship at Carnoustie, he tied for second with a score of six-under-par.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Schauffele began the 2018 FedEx Cup Playoffs in 28th position in the standings. Entering the third of four events in the playoff series, the 2018 BMW Championship, he was 41st, needing to move up at least eleven spots to advance to the Tour Championship. He finished in a tie for third to rise to 18th position. That finish allowed him the opportunity to attempt to defend his 2017 Tour Championship title. Schauffele ultimately finished T7 at the 2018 Tour Championship, while placing 15th in the season-long FedEx Cup.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Schauffele joined the 2018 European Tour as an associate member. With his win at the 2018 WGC-HSBC Champions, Schauffele rose in the European Tour's Order of Merit, the year long points race dubbed the European Tour Race to Dubai, to 4th position. Schauffele entered the European Tour final event, the DP World Tour Championship, Dubai, in 5th position. With a final round score of 6-under-par 66, which equaled the lowest score of the day, Schauffele finished T16. This ensured a season-ending 4th position on the Order of Merit and participation in the 2018 European Tour's bonus pool.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: In October 2018, Schauffele won the WGC-HSBC Champions event in Shanghai, China at the Sheshan Golf Club, in a playoff, defeating Tony Finau on the first extra hole. In January 2019, he won the Sentry Tournament of Champions at The Plantation Course at Kapalua Resort in Maui, Hawaii, returning a course record equalling 11-under-par 62 in the final round to pass Gary Woodland, who he had trailed by five shots entering the final round.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: In April, Schauffele tied for second in the Masters Tournament, one stroke behind champion Tiger Woods. It was his third top-five in eight starts at major championships. He led the field with 25 birdies, becoming the third player since 1980 to have 25 or more birdies in a single Masters, joining Phil Mickelson (25 in 2001) and Jordan Spieth (28 in 2015). In June, he finished tied for 3rd at the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach Golf Links in Pebble Beach, California. At The Open Championship in July 2019, he became the first player to have their driver fail The R&A's conformity test.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: In early August 2019, Schauffele placed 4th in the inaugural 2019 Wyndham Rewards Top 10. Through the playoffs, he fell to 8th in the standings entering the Tour Championship; this gave him a 6 shot deficit to the leader, Justin Thomas, under the new handicapping system. He had erased the deficit after the first round with a score of 6-under-par 64 and was tied for the lead going into the second round. He ultimately finished in second place, but took maximum world ranking points having returned the lowest aggregate score.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: In December 2019, Schauffele played on the U.S. team at the 2019 Presidents Cup at Royal Melbourne Golf Club in Australia. The U.S. team won 16–14. Schauffele went 3-2-0 and won his Sunday singles match against International team star and veteran Adam Scott. Some in golf media called Schauffele the "unsung hero" of the U.S. team.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: At the Masters in April, Schauffele was two shots behind the leader on the 16th tee, and in second place during the final round. However, at the hole he scored a triple bogey, and ultimately finished third. In August, Schauffele recorded a final-round of 67 to win the Olympic gold medal; he made an up-and-down for par on the final hole to beat Slovakian Rory Sabbatini by one shot. With the accomplishment, Schauffele became the first American since 1900 to win an Olympic gold medal in golf. In September, Schauffele played on the U.S. team in the 2021 Ryder Cup at Whistling Straits in Kohler, Wisconsin. The U.S. team won 19–9 and Schauffele went 3–1–0, winning in both fourball and foursomes, and losing his Sunday singles match against Rory McIlroy.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: In April, Schauffele won the Zurich Classic of New Orleans, a team event, with playing partner Patrick Cantlay. In June, he won the Travelers Championship for his sixth PGA Tour victory. In July, he won the J. P. McManus Pro-Am, an unofficial event on the European Tour held at Adare Manor, after shooting a course record 64 in the first round. The same week he won the co-santioned Genesis Scottish Open played at the Renaissance Club in East Lothian, Scotland. It was his third PGA Tour victory in the 2021–22 season, and his seventh overall.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: Schauffele qualified for the U.S. team at the 2022 Presidents Cup; he won three and lost one of the four matches he played.


title: Xander Schauffele

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> "As of December 31, 2020. Note that there is double counting of money and finishes for majors and World Golf Championships between PGA Tour and European Tour stats"


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Hyun-jin Ryu (; ; born March 25, 1987) is a South Korean professional baseball pitcher for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played in MLB for the Los Angeles Dodgers and in the KBO League for the Hanwha Eagles.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: In 2013, after spending seven seasons with the Eagles, he became the first player from the KBO to join an MLB team via the posting system. Ryu is the first Korean pitcher to start in a World Series game. In 2019, Ryu earned a selection to his first career Major League Baseball All-Star Game. During that season, he led the Majors in earned run average (ERA) and achieved an ERA of 1.26 through his first 14 starts, the lowest by a Dodgers pitcher since the statistic became official in 1912.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Ryu was born in Incheon, South Korea on March 25, 1987, and attended Incheon's Dongsan High School. He is working towards a master's degree in community physical education in Daejeon University. When Ryu was 10, his father bought him a lefthander's glove that goes on the right hand, so Ryu learned to pitch with his left hand.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: In 2004, Ryu underwent Tommy John surgery and did not pitch in any official games. In 2005, he led his team to the Blue Dragon Open National High School Championship, pitching 22 consecutive scoreless innings as the team's ace and batting .389 in the tournament. He was named Best Pitcher.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: In 2005, Ryu was selected for the South Korea national junior team that was runner-up in the 6th Asian Junior Baseball Championship in Seoul, South Korea. Ryu started the semifinal match against Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), and helped his team reach the final, recording ten strikeouts and giving up one unearned run on four hits in six innings. During the competition, he pitched innings with 14 strikeouts, and gave up an unearned run on five hits in three games (one start).


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: He competed at the 60th National High School Baseball Championship in 2005, when as a third-year student in high school. In the game against Seongnam High School in the quarterfinals, he pitched a shutout, striking out 17.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: In July 2005, Ryu was selected by the Hanwha Eagles as the 1st pick in the second round of the 2006 KBO League Draft, and made his professional debut on April 12, 2006. In his rookie year of 2006, Ryu finished with an 18–6 win–loss record, a 2.23 ERA and 205 strikeouts in 201.2 innings pitched. He earned the pitching Triple Crown, and was eventually named both Rookie of the Year and Player of the Year. He became the only player in KBO history to win both the Rookie of the Year award and the MVP award in the same season.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: In August 2008, Ryu competed for the South Korea national baseball team in the 2008 Summer Olympics, where they won the gold medal in the baseball tournament. In the team's third game of round-robin play, Ryu pitched a 1–0 complete game shutout victory over Canada, giving up five hits. In the gold medal game against Cuba, he pitched 8 innings, allowing two earned runs in a 3–2 victory.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: In March 2009, he represented the South Korea national baseball team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic, where the team was the runner-up to the eventual champion, Japan. In 2010, Ryu played in the 2010 Asian Games, where the South Korea national baseball team won the gold medal in baseball. On May 11, 2010, Ryu became the first pitcher in history to strike out 17 batters in a nine-inning game, against the LG Twins at Cheongju Sports Complex Baseball Stadium.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: In 2012, Ryu finished with a 2.66 ERA and 210 strikeouts, but earned only a 9–9 win–loss record and ten no decisions. Ryu repeatedly expressed his desire to play in the United States for Major League Baseball and scouts from many MLB teams visited Korea to see Ryu's pitching. Finally, on October 29, 2012, the Eagles announced that Ryu would be posted as early as November 1, 2012 to allow MLB teams to bid for the rights to negotiate with him.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: On November 9, 2012, the Eagles accepted the reported bid of $25.7M from the Los Angeles Dodgers, giving them a 30-day period to try to negotiate a contract with Ryu. On December 9, he was signed to a six-year, $36 million deal, that included the option to opt out after the 5th year if certain performance benchmarks were reached (750 innings pitched by year 5, an average of 150 innings/year).


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: On March 17, 2013, Ryu recorded his first win as a Dodger, albeit, in a spring training game on St. Patrick's Day. He allowed just one run in innings, and retired the final 11 men he faced. He struck out six and allowed just five to reach base.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Ryu made his Major League Baseball debut in a start against the San Francisco Giants on April 2, 2013. He allowed 10 hits in 6.1 innings but only one earned run. Ryu picked up his first Major League win on April 7 over the Pittsburgh Pirates. On April 13 against the Arizona Diamondbacks, he recorded his first major league hit with a double in the third inning. He wound up 3 for 3 at the plate in the game, the first Dodgers pitcher to get three hits in a game since Randy Wolf in 2009. This game was also his 100th career win, in South Korea and the U.S. combined.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: On May 1, 2013, Ryu pitched six innings against the Colorado Rockies and struck out 12 batters, his highest strikeout count in an MLB game so far.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: On May 28, 2013, Ryu pitched a complete game shutout against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, striking out seven batters, walking none, and conceding only two hits. It was the first shutout in Ryu's MLB career and the first shutout for a Korean-born pitcher since Chan Ho Park and Sun-woo Kim. In 30 starts with the Dodgers in 2013, Ryu was 14–8 with a 3.00 ERA. He was selected by Baseball America to their annual "All-Rookie team".


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: On October 6, 2013, Ryu became the first South Korean to serve as the starting pitcher of a Major League Baseball postseason game.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: In his first start of the 2014 season in Sydney, Australia, Ryu held the D-backs scoreless in five innings of work. He proceeded to start 26 games for the Dodgers in 2014, despite missing time with various injuries. He finished 14–7 with a 3.38 ERA.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Ryu began spring training with optimism that he would be able to pitch a career high 200 innings in 2015. However, he was shut down early in camp with back tightness, though he said he was not concerned by it. When he started throwing again he experienced a sore shoulder and the Dodgers decided to shut him down for two weeks. Despite report that Ryu was pain free in April, the Dodgers took precautions and placed him on the 60-day disabled list on May 4 in view of his sporadic shoulder pain during the previous season. The Dodgers noted a lack of velocity in his bullpen session soon afterwards, and Ryu decided to have a surgery on his shoulder to alleviate the problem. On May 21, Ryu had a surgery to repair his left shoulder labrum and ended his chances of pitching during the 2015 season.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Ryu eventually rejoined the Dodgers on July 7, 2016, and started against the San Diego Padres. He allowed eight hits, four of them for extra bases in 4 innings of a 6–0 loss. However, he reported elbow discomfort after the game and was placed back on the disabled list. On September 28, he underwent debridement surgery on his left elbow.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: After losing his first four decisions of the season, Ryu picked up his first major league win since the 2014 season on April 30, 2017 in a 5–3 win against the Philadelphia Phillies. On May 25, he pitched four scoreless innings out of the bullpen to pick up his first major league save in a 7–4 win against the St. Louis Cardinals. Ryu made 24 starts in 2017 for the Dodgers (and one relief appearance) and was 5–9 with a 3.77 ERA, 116 strikeouts and 45 walks.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Ryu began the season 3–0 with a 2.12 ERA in 6 starts before landing on the disabled list with a groin injury. He was placed on the 60-day disabled list on June 2, 2018. Overall, Ryu made 15 starts with the team, going 7–3 with 1.97 ERA, posting 85 strikeouts and 15 walks. On October 24, 2018, Ryu became the first Korean pitcher to start in a World Series game when he started in Game 2 of the series at Fenway Park in Boston. Ryu became a free agent after the season, but accepted the Dodgers one-year, $17.9 million, qualifying offer to remain with the club for 2019.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Ryu was named the Dodgers opening day starter for the 2019 season after injuries to Clayton Kershaw and Rich Hill. On May 7, 2019, Ryu pitched his second career complete game shutout against the Atlanta Braves. He struck out six, walked none, and gave up four hits in the 9–0 victory. In his next start against the Washington Nationals on May 12, 2019, he had a no-hit bid before giving a double to Gerardo Parra in the eighth inning with one out. He finished the game with 8 innings pitched, struck out nine, walked one, and gave up that one hit in a 6–0 win against the Washington Nationals. His two pitching performances earned him NL Player of the Week. He followed this performance with 7 shutout innings against the Cincinnati Reds on May 19, 2019, extending his streak of consecutive scoreless innings pitched to 31. This streak is tied for the tenth longest in Dodgers' history and is 28 fewer than the team record of 59 set by Orel Hershiser in 1988. Ryu won MLB Pitcher of the Month in May, going 5–0 with a 0.59 ERA, striking out 36 batters, walking 3 batters, while allowing three earned runs. He was selected to be the National League's starting pitcher for his first all-star appearance at the 2019 MLB All-Star Game. On September 22, Ryu hit his first career home run off of Antonio Senzatela of the Colorado Rockies. He finished the regular season with a record of 14–5, an MLB season-leading ERA of 2.32 and the lowest walks per nine innings ratio of 1.183. Ryu came in second in voting for the National League Cy Young Award.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Blue Jays 2020 season did not begin until July 24. On this day, Ryu made his Blue Jays debut as the Opening Day starting pitcher, throwing 4 innings in Toronto's 6–4 victory over the Tampa Bay Rays. He would go on to finish the regular season with a 5–2 record over 12 starts with a 2.69 ERA over 62 innings pitched with 72 strikeouts & 17 walks. On September 24, 2020, in his final regular season start, Ryu became the first Blue Jays' starting pitcher in that season to pitch into the 7th inning & the second starter to throw 100 pitches, while also yielding 0 runs, 5 hits, & 2 walks, while compiling 4 strikeouts and the winning decision in a 4–1 victory over the New York Yankees to help clinch the Blue Jays' first postseason berth since 2016. He finished third in voting for the 2020 American League Cy Young award, and won the Warren Spahn Award, presented each season by the Oklahoma Sports Museum to the best left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB).


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Ryu is a , 255 lb left-handed pitcher. He throws a fastball sitting 89-92 mph (tops out at 95 mph), a cutter, a curveball, a slider, and a change-up. Scouts say that the change-up is his best pitch and is a legitimate out-pitch at the big league level. Ryu has also drawn attention for his ability to locate his pitches within the strike zone. He posted a BB/9 (walks per nine innings rate) of 2.0 in his MLB career.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Through the 2019 season, Ryu is the only pitcher born in Asia with a sub 3.00 career ERA (minimum of 500 innings pitched) in major league history.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Ryu enjoys a popularity amongst South Korean baseball players, drawing South Korean fans as well as fans of Korean ancestry in nearly every stadium he pitches in. On July 22, 2013, after a 14–5 win against the Toronto Blue Jays played at Rogers Centre, several hundred fans of Korean ancestry stayed after the game to give Ryu a standing ovation, a common practice during the game, but a rarity for an ovation to occur after the game.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Ryu is so revered in South Korea that no Hanwha Eagles player has worn his no. 99 since he left for the major league in 2012.


title: Hyun-jin Ryu

text: Ryu married Korean sports reporter Bae Ji-hyun on January 5, 2018. The wedding was officiated by Kim In-sik, Ryu's first manager at Hanwha. The couple announced on October 11, 2019 that they were expecting their first child. Their daughter was born on May 17, 2020. Later on July 24, 2022, announced his wife was pregnant with their second child. Their second child, a son, was born in Toronto on September 29, 2022.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: White Oleander is a 2002 American drama film directed by Peter Kosminsky. The film stars Alison Lohman in the central role of Astrid Magnussen and Michelle Pfeiffer as her manipulative mother, Ingrid, with Robin Wright, Noah Wyle and Renée Zellweger in supporting roles. The screenplay was adapted from Janet Fitch's 1999 novel "White Oleander", which was selected for Oprah's Book Club in May 1999.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Astrid Magnussen, 15, lives in Los Angeles with her free-spirited artist mother Ingrid. Too young to remember her father, she relies heavily upon her self-centered mother.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Ingrid's relationship with a writer, Barry, ends when she discovers he is cheating. Murdering him with white oleander poison, Ingrid is incarcerated, leaving Astrid under social services' control.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Starr Thomas, a former stripper, recovering alcoholic and born-again Christian is Astrid's first foster mother. Initially interacting well, Astrid is baptised into her church. Ingrid finds out, setting Astrid against them. Believing Astrid is sleeping with Starr's live-in boyfriend Ray, she falls off the wagon. In a drunken rage, she argues with Ray, then shoots Astrid in the shoulder. Starr and Ray disappear; the children beg her not to report her, so Astrid plays along.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Astrid recovers in a hospital before being moved to McKinney Children's Center (aka "Mac"). After fighting with some girls, she befriends fellow artist, Paul Trout.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Astrid is placed with former actress, Claire Richards, and her producer husband Mark. Fragile but affectionate, Claire bonds closely with Astrid, who finally thrives. One day, Astrid discovers Ingrid has been corresponding with Claire and insists on meeting. At the prison visit, Ingrid’s jealously exploits Claire's low self-esteem and suspicions over Mark's fidelity, which worsens her depression. Later, a bad fight with Mark makes Claire consider sending Astrid back. She begs her not to, she seems to recant, only to commit suicide that night, devastating Astrid.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Astrid tells Ingrid of Claire's death, and that she was returned to Mac. Blaming her for the suicide, Astrid announces she won't visit again. In Mac, Paul tells Astrid that as he turns 18 soon he will move to New York. He asks her to join him but she coldly refuses.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Astrid passes up good foster parent candidates for Russian immigrant Rena Gruschenka, who uses kids as laborers for her flea market business. With Rena, she becomes colder and colder with her outward appearance, matching her inside demeanor. Her mother's attorney Susan Vallares, charmed by her mother approaches Astrid, offering anything she wants in exchange for lying for her in court, as her mother has benefactors.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: As Astrid refuses, Rena tells her she's stupid to turn down money. Rena offers to make her an equal partner in her business, saying she has nowhere better to go. When she balks at the idea, Rena tells her to use her mother like her mother wants to use her.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Astrid surprises Ingrid one final time in prison. Now she has black hair, harsh makeup, and dark clothes. In control over her mother for once, Astrid demands answers about her past in exchange for testifying that Barry committed suicide. She hammers her with questions about Barry, her father, Claire, and Annie, whom Astrid vaguely recalls from her toddler years.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Annie was a neighbor who kept Astrid for over a year while Ingrid went wild. Astrid's father came looking for her when she was 8, but she turned him away. Devastated by these revelations, Ingrid claims she would undo all she has done. Although Astrid begs her to not make her testify, she refuses.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Astrid seeks letters from Paul from a comic book shop. He soon shows up in LA and they renew their relationship. He accompanies her to her mother's trial as she waits to testify. The courtroom empties and she goes to see what happened. Susan explains that Ingrid instructed her to not include Astrid's testimony. Ingrid and Astrid stare at one another as she is led away. Gutted, Astrid watches as her mother is taken back to prison. Paul asks what happened, and she says her mother finally let her go.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Two years later, a blond-again Astrid lives in NYC with Paul, tending to her art: dioramas in suitcases depicting her life up to that point. As she passes them, she closes each stating she will never visit the horrors they contain again. Pausing at the final one depicting Ingrid, Astrid reflects that although flawed, she knows her mother loves her.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Principal photography for "White Oleander" began on April 23, 2001. Filming took place in Santa Clarita, California.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Alison Lohman wore a wig throughout filming because she had just finished playing a cancer patient in deleted scenes from the film "Dragonfly" (2002).


title: White Oleander (film)

text: The film clip Claire (Renée Zellweger) shows Astrid as an example of her acting career is of Zellweger's own early performance in "The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre" (1994).


title: White Oleander (film)

text: "White Oleander" holds a rating of 70% on Rotten Tomatoes and a score of 61 on Metacritic, indicating generally favorable reviews.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Stephen Holden, writing for "The New York Times", called it a "rich, turbulent adaptation," and described the performances as "superbly acted from top to bottom." Comparing it to other films on the same theme – "Anywhere but Here" (1999), "Tumbleweeds" (1999), and "The Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood" (2002) – Holden found "White Oleander" to be the only one to show "how children instinctively absorb their parents' attitudes and personalities." Andrew Sarris, writing for "The Observer", named it as a runner-up on his list of the ten best English-language films of 2002. Roger Ebert, writing for the "Chicago Sun-Times", was critical of the film, writing, "The performances are often touching and deserve a better screenplay."


title: White Oleander (film)

text: The performances were widely acclaimed, particularly those of Pfeiffer and Lohman. "The New York Times" called Pfeiffer's role the "most complex screen performance of her career... at once irresistible and diabolical", while the "Los Angeles Times" singled out her "riveting, impeccable performance in what is literally and figuratively a killer role." "Variety" described it as a "daring, unsympathetic performance". Lohman's work was variously described as "the year's most auspicious screen acting début", a "tremendously weighty and extended role... [taken on] with great confidence" and an "awesome performance".


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Pfeiffer won the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress and the San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress, and received a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Marc Donato won a Young Artist Award in the category of Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actor.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: "White Oleander" was released on VHS and DVD by Warner Home Video on March 11, 2003 and includes special features such as the theatrical trailer, interviews with the cast and creators, behind the scenes footage, deleted scenes, an audio commentary with Peter Kosminsky, John Wells and Janet Fitch, and Cast and Crew film highlights.


title: White Oleander (film)

text: Umbrella Entertainment re-released "White Oleander" on DVD in December 2011. The DVD is compatible with all region codes and includes all the special features from the original DVD release.


title: Ruslana Korshunova

text: Ruslana Sergeyevna Korshunova (; 2 July 1987 – 28 June 2008) was a Russian model. She established herself as a rising figure in the fashion industry by posing for magazines including "Vogue" and designers such as Vera Wang and Nina Ricci.


title: Ruslana Korshunova

text: Korshunova's unexpected death, under unexplained circumstances, became a longtime controversial subject of international attention.


title: Ruslana Korshunova

text: Ruslana Korshunova was born in Almaty, Kazakh SSR. Her father, Sergey Korshunov, died in 1992 when she was 5 years old. Her mother Valentina (née Kutenkova) and her elder brother Ruslan live in Kazakhstan. With different degrees of fluency she spoke Russian, Kazakh, English and German.


title: Ruslana Korshunova

text: She was discovered in 2003, when "All Asia" magazine printed a story on Almaty's local German language club, which Korshunova was then attending. Her photograph, which was featured in the article, caught the attention of Debbie Jones of Models 1; Jones tracked down and signed up the then 15-year-old Korshunova, who was nicknamed the Russian Rapunzel for her knee–length chestnut hair in her early work. Korshunova was represented by IMG (New York, Paris, London and Milan), Beatrice (Milan), Traffic Models (Barcelona), Marilyn Model Agency and iCasting Moscow, which was her mother agency. British "Vogue" hailed Korshunova as "a face to be excited about" in 2005. Korshunova modeled for the covers of French "Elle" and the Russian version of "Vogue". She also modeled in print-ads for Nina Ricci, Blugirl by Blumarine, Clarins, Ghost, Girbaud, Kenzo Accessories, Marithé & François, Max Studio, Moschino, Old England, Pantene Always Smooth, Paul Smith and Vera Wang lingerie.


title: Ruslana Korshunova

text: On 28 June 2008, at around 2:30 p.m., Korshunova died after falling from the ninth-floor balcony of her apartment at 130 Water Street in the Financial District of Manhattan, USA. Police stated there were no signs of a struggle in her apartment and concluded that Korshunova's death was an apparent suicide. One of Korshunova's friends stated that she had just returned from a modeling job in Paris, noting that she seemed to be "on top of the world" with no apparent reason why she would commit suicide. Korshunova planned to celebrate her 21st birthday on Wednesday in Pennsylvania. Korshunova's former boyfriend, Artem Perchenok, stated that he dropped Korshunova off at her apartment several hours before her death after they watched the Patrick Swayze and Demi Moore film "Ghost" together. "I feel that she came to say goodbye", said Perchenok. "She was a good person", he added to "The New York Post". However, Korshunova appeared brokenhearted and angry in some of her postings on a social networking site. Korshunova's most telling message came in March 2008: "I'm so lost. Will I ever find myself?".


title: Ruslana Korshunova

text: Experts did not find any traces of someone else's skin underneath her nails. Korshunova's mother, Valentina Kutenkova does not believe in her daughter's suicide. "She told me about her work problems about a year ago. She said that she wanted to quit the modeling business. Everything was fine with her recently though. If she had problems at work, she would have told me", she said.