title: Chubut Province

text: The Andes cause humid winds from the Pacific Ocean to rise so most of the moisture precipitates on the western side of the Andes, leaving all except the Andean portion of the province dry. In the Andean region, the climate is cold for its latitude owing to the higher elevations there and the influence of winds from the Pacific Ocean. The peaks are usually snow covered throughout the year. In this region, precipitation ranges from to over in some areas. The central parts of the province have an arid climate with hot, sunny summers but cold winters and only average of precipitation a year. The central parts of the province are very windy throughout the year. The coast has an arid or semi-arid climate with hot, but short summers and cold winters. It is the mildest region in the province with the warmest annual mean temperatures. The coast region's climate is a transition between the more temperate climates to the north and the colder climates in the south. Summers tend to be much warmer than Santa Cruz province to the south, particularly in the summer since subtropical air from the north and a branch of the warm Brazil Current can reach the province up until 46°. Because there is little land masses in the Southern hemisphere, most of the cold fronts, which usually move in a west to east direction are moderated as they pass over the Pacific Ocean. As such, cold temperatures are not as extreme as they are in the northern hemisphere. Similar to the rest of Patagonia the climate is characterized by strong winds throughout the year, which also leads to higher evapotranspiration, another factor in the province being mostly dry.


title: Chubut Province

text: The western parts of the province are the coldest with an annual mean temperature of owing to the higher elevations while the coastal areas are the warmest with an annual mean temperature of . The central parts of the province have an annual mean temperature of since they have a higher elevation than the coastal areas. During winter, the mean temperature in the coldest months ranges from in the northern parts of the province to in the southern parts. In the Andes, the mean temperature can be close to . Unlike the northern hemisphere, most of the cold air masses originate from the Pacific Ocean, which moderates the cold air and as such, extreme cold temperatures are rare. Occasionally, cold air masses from Antarctica are not moderated by the ocean, resulting in very cold temperatures. During summer, the temperature gradient is greater than in the winter. The northern parts of the province, have a mean temperature greater than in the warmest months while in the southern parts, the mean temperature in the warmest month ranges from owing to the influence of subtropical air from the north. The westernmost parts of the province are the coolest during the summer, averaging only . The central parts of the province have the most extreme temperatures which can reach over during the summer and below in the winter. The lowest temperature recorded in Chubut was in Sarmiento.


title: Chubut Province

text: In general, relative humidity values do not vary a lot across the province and the contrast is not that large. In the coastal areas, the mean relative humidity is about 70% while in the rest of the province, it is around 50%–60%. The exception is in the higher altitude areas in the Andes in the colder regions where humidity levels are considerably higher. During the summer months, humidity levels are relatively low.


title: Chubut Province

text: Because the Andes block most of the moisture from the Pacific Ocean from coming in, causing it to release most of the precipitation on its western slopes, most of the province is dry, averaging less than a year. In the central parts of the province, some areas receive less than of precipitation a year. In the Andean part, precipitation increases towards the Chilean border and precipitation ranges from to over . A Mediterranean like precipitation pattern, similar to central Chile with dry summers and wet winters is found in the area between the Andean region to the west and the dry steppes to the east. Although precipitation can widely vary among the province, in all locations, precipitation is higher during the winter months. Thunderstorms are rare and occur exclusively during the summer.


title: Chubut Province

text: One defining characteristic of the climate in Chubut province is the strong wind that is observed throughout the province. The wind is an additional factor that makes most of the province dry since it favors evaporation of moisture. Most of the wind comes from either the west, southwest or northwest but in coastal areas during the summer months, a sea breeze can form when westerly winds are weak, forming easterly winds that can penetrate up to from the coast. The mean wind speed is with higher wind speeds being recorded in the south where the average is more than . Higher altitude areas are more winder than lower altitude areas, resulting in the Andean region being more windier than the coastal areas. Similar to much of Patagonia, summers tend to be windier than winters.


title: Chubut Province

text: Sunshine in the province follows a north–south gradient (decreases from north to south), particularly during summer where northern parts of the province can receive 10 hours of sunshine/day while southern parts receive 8 hours of sunshine/day. During winter months, the province receives 4–5 hours of sunshine/day.


title: Chubut Province

text: Online journalism has a small, growing presence in Chubut. The six print newspapers have online editions; these are updated every 24 hours. Some new digital proposals make a better use of web's potential. One case is Infochubut.com, a recent publication that works with audio, video, text and photographs for its news and offers forums for public participation. Some radio stations in northwest Chubut began to publish online some of the interviews made in their radio studies.


title: Chubut Province

text: The most populous cities are served by AM radio stations, such as Chubut Radio and Three Radio in Trelew, Golfo Nuevo's Radio in Puerto Madryn, National Radio in Comodoro, Rivadavia and Esquel. There are also several FM radio stations which broadcast programs from a national central office.


title: Chubut Province

text: The provincial government runs a TV network that covers the province. In Trelew, Comodoro Rivadavia, Esquel, Puerto Madryn and in some small towns there are other local TV stations producing local programming to supplement the programming received from the Buenos Aires networks.


title: Chubut Province

text: Tourism is also a growing industry. The main attractions are Peninsula Valdés and other marine wildlife reservoirs such as Punta Tombo and Punta Ninfas, with right whales, eared seals, elephant seals, penguins, orcas and many other animals. At the Punta Tombo site there is one of the largest breeding areas for the Magellanic penguin.


title: Chubut Province

text: Further south, on the sparsely populated beaches of the Golfo San Jorge, is the only place in the world where the peculiar, flightless Chubut steamer duck can be observed. In the Andean region, the Los Alerces National Park, impressive lakes and hikes near Esquel are also visited every year by many tourists. The 'Old Patagonian Express' (also known as "La Trochita"), the old steam train made famous by Paul Theroux, attracts many to Esquel, as does the "La Hoya" ski center. The petrified forest near Sarmiento is a 150 km² park with some of the largest fossilised trees in the world.


title: Chubut Province

text: The Ruta Nacional 3 runs along the coast line up to Buenos Aires, and down to Tierra del Fuego. "The Ruta Nacional 25" crosses Chubut from East to West, connecting Trelew and Esquel, but half of it has not yet been paved. Regular long distance buses run several times a day to Buenos Aires, and to many locations in the Santa Cruz Province. Short range buses to towns in Chubut run at least once a day. There are also daily summer buses on the route #25.


title: Chubut Province

text: The Trelew airport (IATA REL) serves regular flights to/from Buenos Aires and El Calafate. Airports are also maintained at Comodoro Rivadavia, Rawson and Esquel.


title: Chubut Province

text: Four other roads travel west to Chile's Aysén region, including Balmaceda and Coihaique Alto, and two to Chile's "Los Lagos" region from Corcovado to Palena and from Esquel via Trevelin to Futaleufu.


title: Chubut Province

text: The provincial government is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoint the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court and completed by several inferior tribunals.


title: Chubut Province

text: In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Chubut Provincial Police.


title: Chubut Province

text: (Spanish: "departamentos"), listed below with their Number (on map), area and populations at the Censuses of November 2000 and October 2010:


title: Chubut Province

text: Chubut is covered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Comodoro Rivadavia. The Cathedral, dedicated to San Juan Bosco is in Comodoro Rivadavia.


title: Chubut Province

text: The university, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, is based in Comodoro Rivadavia with campuses at Esquel, Trelew and Puerto Madryn, as well as in Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego.


title: Peugeot 406

text: The Peugeot 406 is a large family car that was produced by French automaker Peugeot between 1995 and 2004. Available in saloon, estate and coupé bodystyles with a choice of petrol or turbodiesel engines, the 406 replaced the Peugeot 405 in Peugeot's lineup, and was itself replaced by the Peugeot 407. It used the same platform as the Citroën Xantia, though without that car's sophisticated hydropneumatic suspension system.


title: Peugeot 406

text: The styling of the 406 is heavily influenced by its predecessor, the 405, which began to be phased out from the 406's launch in September 1995, and eventually finished production in Europe in 1997, when the last estate models were discontinued. United Kingdom sales of the 406 began in February 1996.


title: Peugeot 406

text: Initially, the car was available with 1.8 L and 2.0 L petrol and 1.9 L turbodiesel engines, followed by a turbocharged 2.0 petrol, 2.9 (2946 cc, badged as a 3.0) V6 petrol, and 110 bhp 2.1 L turbodiesel. The diesel versions were very popular, and the 406 became one of Europe's best selling diesel powered cars.


title: Peugeot 406

text: The two door coupé, launched at the 1996 Paris Motor Show, was both designed and manufactured by Italian design studio Pininfarina, with choices of a 2.0 L four cylinder engine or a 3.0 L V6, and from 2001, a 2.2 L HDi diesel engine. On later models, a 2.2 L petrol engine was available. A total of 107,633 coupés were made.


title: Peugeot 406

text: The design was originally offered to Fiat by Pininfarina in about 1990, only for Fiat to reject the design and design its own coupe.


title: Peugeot 406

text: For its final year on sale in the United Kingdom, the model was simply called the Peugeot Coupé, with the 406 branding dropped from the name. The 406 was notably successful in the United Kingdom, having broken into the country's key fleet sales market, with a high percentage of units becoming company cars and taxis.


title: Peugeot 406

text: In August 2002, a Peugeot 406 HDi set the world record for the longest distance driven on a single tank of fuel. The car travelled across Australia between Melbourne to Rockhampton, with a total distance of 2,348 km. Knock-down kit versions of the car were also built at the Yontrakit Industrial Factory in Lad Krabang, Bangkok, Thailand.


title: Peugeot 406

text: The facelifted 406 saloon was introduced in February 1999 and safety, strength and speed enhancements resulted in improved Euro NCAP performance. Where the old 406 had one star and a struck off star, the post facelift models gained three stars.


title: Peugeot 406

text: The changes included the new and improved EW/DW Engine Family HDI with greater power, torque and fuel efficiency along with increased refinement, making it comparatively quiet for a diesel. A downside was an increase in the car's insurance group from 9 to 12.


title: Peugeot 406

text: The exterior look was amended as the 406 featured more pronounced ribs, clear headlights, chrome trim and a new honeycomb grille. The rear lights were finished in red with a strip of the car's paint colour across the centre.


title: Peugeot 406

text: The interior was also redesigned to improve comfort and space. New equipment included automated digital climate control/air conditioning on most models except the most basic and a multi function display for warning messages, trip computer, radio and external temperature. There was a more extensive use of wooden trim, better quality plastics, including soft touch plastics, and in addition some models received electrically folding mirrors, with automatic headlights and wipers.


title: Peugeot 406

text: The top of the range "Executive" model was specified a ten speaker JBL sound system, electrically adjusted and heated leather seats, a memory position for the seats and mirrors, headlight washer jets, a rear sun blind, thicker carpeting, lights in the sun visors, satellite navigation and ambient lighting.


title: Peugeot 406

text: The Coupé received an interior facelift in April 1999 (new dashboard, steering wheel), followed by an exterior facelift four years later (bigger grill).


title: Peugeot 406

text: The 406 was awarded 1997 W"hat Car?" "Car of the Year", as well as 1997 and 2001 Caravan Club "Towcar of the Year". It was also awarded Semperit Irish Car of the Year for 1997, however, it lost out by a narrow margin of 15 points in the 1996 European Car of the Year award to the Fiat Bravo/Brava.


title: Peugeot 406

text: Laurent Aïello won the 1997 ADAC Deutsche Super Touren Wagen-Cup driving a Peugeot 406 for Peugeot Esso. The 406 was also used in the British Touring Car Championship between 1996 and 2004.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: "Genie in a Bottle" is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera from her self-titled debut studio album (1999). It was written by Pam Sheyne, Steve Kipner and David Frank, and produced by Kipner and Frank. The song was released on May 11, 1999, by RCA Records as the album's lead single. It is a teen pop and dance-pop song which incorporates elements from R&B. Lyrically, "Genie in a Bottle" uses sexual references to talk about the theme of self-respect.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: "Genie in a Bottle" received generally favorable reviews from contemporary music critics, most of whom praised the song's lyrics and Aguilera's vocals on the track. It was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. The single achieved commercial success, peaking atop the record charts of 21 countries. In the United States, the song peaked atop the "Billboard" Hot 100 and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having sold more than 2 million copies in the country.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: A music video for "Genie in a Bottle" was directed by Diane Martel and shot in Malibu, California. The video was well received by media outlets and gained a lot of play on music channels including VH1, BET and was featured heavily on the MTV program "Total Request Live". "Genie in a Bottle" has been widely recognized as one of Aguilera's signature songs, and was credited with establishing her name in the music industry as well as playing a huge part in teen pop culture. A Spanish version of the song titled "Genio Atrapado" was included on "Mi Reflejo" (2000), and the electropop remake "Genie 2.0" was included on "" (2008).


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: After receiving notification that the final season of "The New Mickey Mouse Club" (1993–94) would air, cast member Aguilera became determined to release her debut studio album during her senior year in high school. She began recording sessions with producers Roberts Alleca and Michael Brown, but was displeased with the pace of her developing career. Despite being offered free studio time with Alleca and Brown, Aguilera ventured to Japan in an effort to boost her career. While there, the pair offered her the opportunity to collaborate with Japanese pop star Keizo Nakanishi on the track "All I Wanna Do" (1994), though the project failed to achieve commercial success. As her international successes broadened, Aguilera caught the attention of future manager Steve Kurtz; she had previously had a verbal agreement with Ruth Inniss, which was never later formalized.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: Kurtz spent much of his time devoted to finding Aguilera a record deal, sending demos to multiple companies. Just as communications with RCA Records began, she was offered the chance to record "Reflection", the theme song for the 1998 Disney film "Mulan". Its success landed her a multi-album recording contract. RCA's financial state prevented them from contending with major labels at the time. In an attempt to encourage Aguilera to sign with them and maintain the hype surrounding "Reflection", they offered to record and release her debut studio album by January 1999, though such an arrangement ultimately failed to happen. Originally, Aguilera "wasn't too crazy" about the demo recording for "Genie in a Bottle", though she eventually became "proud" of the end result. RCA executive Ron Fair sympathized with her reaction to the release and inclusion of the track, finding that the marketing decision would be to release a "sugar candy" number one single, something that was not necessarily a "great song" so that her career could strengthen.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: EMI executive Carla Ondrasik introduced two of her most prominent songwriters, David Frank and Steve Kipner. They began working together, and later collaborated with writer Pamela Sheyne. The evening before their songwriting appointment, Frank awoke with an idea for a song which consisted of an eight-bar loop with "a lot of different changes". When presenting the track to Sheyne, she performed the lyrics "If you want to be with me", which Frank liked. The three writers continued adding lyrics to a "really fast" writing session; they agreed that intellect was an afterthought, with the main intention to create a "hit song". They agreed a female should serve as the lead singer, at which point Frank recommended that Aguilera record the track.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: Aguilera contributed a spoken hook for the song, commenting that there "wasn't enough time" between the "Mulan" soundtrack and "Christina Aguilera" recording sessions for her to provide lyrical offerings. She later claimed that she had a substantial role in the track's production, stating that she adjusted instruments and lyrics after being displeased with its "rough beginnings". Originally presented as "If You Want to Be With Me", Aguilera's management suggested the final name "Genie in a Bottle". The title was conceived to present an Arabian theme, which the label felt they could market with beaded jewelry and clothing to develop the record's theme. Prior to being recorded by Aguilera, the track received much interest from the writers of the up-and-coming girl group Innosense, who felt that the band was more likely to make the song a hit. However, after RCA Records executive Ron Fair pushed for the track, the writers allowed Aguilera to record the track, and had "no doubt" she was the right performer after she completed the recording.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: The demo track that the record company had heard was used as a basis for Aguilera's actual recording, as she only replaced the vocals on the demo with her own before the writers and producers edited it for improvement. However, after the first recording was completed they felt her vocals were too "hard" sounding; a second proved to deliver the "softer" quality they were after. During the recording process, co-writer Kipner was impressed by Aguilera's performance of complex R&B lines, something he had only come to expect from older artists, and compared her vocal style to that of Chaka Khan, Etta James, and Mariah Carey. The recording of "Genie in a Bottle" was detailed in an article by "Sound on Sound" in which David Frank described the development of the track. Before Frank had met Aguilera most of "Genie in a Bottle" had already been completed, he had heard a tape delivered by RCA featuring Aguilera's performance of "Reflection" but Frank feared she could not perform in a "hip-hop oriented style". The instrumental for "Genie in a Bottle" was almost complete before the entire composition had been finished, it was only when he was contacted by songwriter Pam Sheyne that they progressed in writing the track and later Frank contacted Steve Kipner "a good friend" of his, and after agreeing to collaborate the three continued writing "Genie in a Bottle".


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: Reviewers of "Genie in a Bottle" noted the youthful message with "The New York Times" saying "One of the summer's catchiest singles captures the moment's anxieties about teen-age sex". The track has been described as "blue-eyed-soul" and has been labelled "a skittish dance hit, propelled by indecision "My body's saying let's go [...] but my heart is saying no". The chorus then plays with "bubbly dance beats" as Aguilera metaphorically describes herself as a Genie trapped, and can only be released when rubbed "the right way". She explained "If you listen to the words "My body's saying let's go but my heart is saying no". My heart is saying no. So it's really a song about self-respect and treating me the way I want to be treated before I just give my love away to anybody". Celebrities such as Debbie Gibson spoke out against the song saying she was "horrified" with the lyricism being performed by an 18-year-old; the comment went on to upset Aguilera who found her being a female was restricting what she could perform. Lyricism in the track had sexual references which saw controversy arise, Larry Flick from "Billboard" commented, "Fueled by a chugging groove and richly layered vocals, the tune is punctuated by a breathy command to 'rub me the right way.'" Aguilera said that "the song is not about sex, It's about self-respect. It's about not giving in to temptation until you're respected." In Malaysia the controversial lyrics gained it a ban which led Aguilera to re-record some of the lyrics such as; "hormones racing" to "heart-beats racing" and "rub the right way" to "treat me the right way".


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: "Genie in a Bottle" is written in the key of F minor with a tempo of 88 beats per minute. The song follows a chord progression of Fm – E – D, and Aguilera's vocals span from F to B.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: Tom Lanham of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the song a B+ for its predictability after other performers from the "Mickey Mouse Club", writing, "Yet another ex-Mouseketeer scampers down the Britney-pop path with a suggestive synth ditty and a husky voice well beyond her 18 years." Lanham wrote that her vocal performance was "uncomfortably adult" but called the track "a sinfully sweet confection". A writer for the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" gave the song a positive review calling it a "smoldering soul-pop" track and described Aguilera's vocals as being "provocative" whilst calling the song a "pleasure" to listen to. In a review for the album "Christina Aguilera" critic Robert Christgau called the song a "dazzling clever piece of teen self-exploration cum sexploitation". Nana-Adwoa Ofori of the AOL Radio blog listed the song as her top Christina Aguilera song declaring it as her "signature" track. A writer from "Daily News" found Aguilera to be more capable vocally than the tracks limits but found the track to be "a slice of thumping sensuality".


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: Nicole Hogsett of Yahoo! found the song's appeal was due to the catchy chorus but found the song separated her from other pop stars at the time of the single's release. Hogsett found the song quickly "established she was different than your typical pop star". "People" called the song "sexy" and "pulsating". A writer for "The New York Times" "got" the song's youthful message and said "One of the summer's catchiest singles captures the moment's anxieties about teenage sex. 'Genie in a Bottle', sung by the blue-eyed former Mouseketeer Christina Aguilera, is a skittish dance hit propelled by indecision". Pier Dominquez, writer of "A Star Is Made" found the song could be deemed suggestive but stated the track does not promote sex or promiscuity. He found the sensuality of the song came from Aguilera's vocal delivery and found her ad-libbing something that would set her apart from other artists.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: Eliseo Cardona, CDNow senior editor, was not satisfied with the translation: "...when Aguilera sings her breakout hit "Genie in the Bottle" in a direct Spanish translation, "Genio atrapado", she sounds funny, if not ill at ease. Indeed, the overly literal Spanish lyrics make for both a good laugh and a better yawn." Parry Gettelman of "Orlando Sentinel" praised her vocals: "Aguilera's powerhouse style works best on the urban-flavored up-tempo numbers. She uses the more attractive lower end of her range on expanses of 'Genio Atrapado'." Sean Piccoli, music writer of "Sun-Sentinel", wrote a positive review: "'Genio Atrapado', the opener, is as cheesy-sexy-cool as the original, 'Genie in a Bottle', her first hit. The translation fits the tune, not vice versa, so Aguilera can still revel in her teenage awakening even without a Spanish equivalent of, 'Ya gotta rub me the right way'." The song was voted as the 18th best song of 1999 by Pazz & Jop. It was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: Based on strong airplay and CD sales, "Genie in a Bottle" reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, stayed there for five consecutive weeks and became the biggest summer song of 1999. At that point, it had the longest stay at number one for the entire year, tying Ricky Martin's "Livin' la Vida Loca" and Jennifer Lopez's "If You Had My Love", although Carlos Santana would later in the year take the single, "Smooth", to number one on the chart with a ten-week run. According to "Billboard", "Genie in a Bottle" was the second best-selling single of 1999, with 1,360,000 units sold, only behind Cher's "Believe" with 1,700,000 copies sold. It also became Aguilera's best-selling physical single to date.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: The song also crossed over successfully to other "Billboard" charts, topping the Top 40 Mainstream, Top 40 Tracks and Rhythmic Top 40 charts. The song even managed to reach the Adult Top 40, and the Spanish version of the song, "Genio Atrapado" (English: "Trapped Genie"), was a modest hit on the Latin chart. Strong sales assured the single a platinum certification. "Genie in a Bottle" stayed on "Billboard" Hot 100 for 25 weeks, and 24 weeks in the United Kingdom. Internationally, a similar chart dominance was seen, as the track went to number one in both the United Kingdom and Canada for multiple weeks. It charted within the top five in every country it charted. Overall, the song is Aguilera's second-highest charting single, behind "Lady Marmalade", a collaboration with Lil' Kim, Mýa and Pink. "Genie in a Bottle" was certified platinum in Germany for selling over 500,000 units. The single was also certified platinum in Australia for selling over 70,000 units.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: "Genie in a Bottle" was certified platinum in almost every country it was released in, later ending at No. 7 on the Year-End charts in the United States, and No. 7 on the European Year-End charts. In the United Kingdom, it sold 172,000 copies in the first week, and spent two weeks at number 1. As of October 2021, it was her third biggest song in the country with 1.04 million copies sold, and 37.2 million streams.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: The music video accompanying the track was directed by Diane Martel in April 1999, who had previously worked on Mariah Carey's "Dreamlover", and was shot in Malibu with surroundings of a beach and a wooden beach house. "I was out on the sand, greased up in, like, baby oil in shorts and a little cut-off top" she recalled, during the video, scenes saw her and others surrounding a campfire and despite this Aguilera recalled the video shoot was "freezing" with crew members all wearing large coats to keep them warm from the cold which Aguilera was struggling with. In most scenes of the video, Aguilera sings and performs a "genie" inspired choreography with her male dancers in front of the beach. As the video advances, the guys (with Christina's love interest in there) join the beach party. Near the end of the video, all the teens go outside and hang out around a bonfire. The video premiered on MTV the week ending on July 3, 1999.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: It received heavy rotation on VH1 and BET and reached top position on the MTV's chart of most played videos.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: Aguilera performed the track on the MTV show "TRL" among other tracks from her self-titled album. The particular day in which she performed the track, host Carson Daly was not present and Aguilera publicly declared she had "missed" him which led to a media frenzy surrounding a rumored romance between Daly and herself. The following month, Aguilera performed on the British television chart show "Top of the Pops" and during the same episode that her performance was aired on, Mariah Carey performed her track "Heartbreaker" which led Aguilera to announce to the media her appreciation and her willingness to meet the performer. Once again her performance on "Top of the Pops" had gathered more controversy than she had wished and soon a feud erupted from Carey's team which critics noted was due to the lack of success stemming from her album "Rainbow" and the consistent comparisons between the pair. Aguilera also performed at the National Building Museum for the Children's National Medical Center in the company of president Bill Clinton; later she performed for WFLZ's Y-2 concert in Florida with 15,000 fans viewing, wearing a silver top and gem studded jeans with a blue-sequined bandana performing the track on both occasions. It was announced by MTV in 1999 that Aguilera would perform live on their New Year's Eve Special. Wearing "tight" leather trousers, Aguilera performed the track live as the first song in her set which was then followed by "What a Girl Wants".


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: "Genie in a Bottle" was also performed during her 2002–03 Justified & Stripped Tour, a concert tour which was held in order to support Aguilera's album "Stripped" (2002) and Justin Timberlake's "Justified" (2002). The "Egyptian-turned-metal version" performance featured Aguilera in her pink straps attached to her outfit rolling on a giant "X", which portrayed her contemporary alter ego "Xtina". It included Middle Eastern keyboards and 80's hair-metal guitar, where she slowly released herself as a "genie" as male dancers danced around her. On November 23, 2008, she performed the song while promoting her compilation album "", at the 36th Annual American Music Awards. She opened the show with a seven-minute medley of her greatest hits, which also included "Beautiful", "Keeps Gettin' Better", "Dirrty", "Ain't No Other Man" and "Fighter".


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: In July 2021, Aguilera performed the song for two nights at the Hollywood Bowl with Gustavo Dudamel and the Los Angeles Philharmonic. She later performed a gothic-style, rock-inspired rendition of "Genie in a Bottle" during the 47th People's Choice Awards, and sang it again during her Dubai concert, at the Expo 2020.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: "Genie in a Bottle" has been widely regarded as one of Aguilera's signature songs. This song gained her mainstream success and credibility among music critics. It is also credited for redefining the sound of late 1990s music. "Rolling Stone" says about Aguilera, "Even in her teen-pop "Genie in a Bottle" days, she was modeling her dramatic, melismatic technique on old-school soul heroines like Etta James". It was ranked fifth on "Rolling Stone"s list of the biggest 1990s summer songs—a sentiment shared by the "Billboard" magazine in July 2020. It was also ranked #38th on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the '90s. In July 2020 a digital publication "The Pudding" carried out a study on the most iconic songs from the '90s and songs that are most known by Millennials and the people of Generation Z. "Genie in a Bottle" was the twentieth song with the highest recognisability rate.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: "Bustle" writer Sabienna Bowman called the song "a masterpiece of musical achievement" saying that the song "either about sex or self respect, depending on who you asked — was the anthem of the summer 1999". Bowman added that the song is "still everything that was so good about '90s pop music". "Vice" writer Nick Levine also agreed that song allowed Aguilera to take on a "full-on pop phenomenon" persona, adding that "Aguilera is the most iconic pop star of her era". In 2021, "Bustle" writers Anneliese Cooper and Jake Viswanath also added that Aguilera changed "the landscape of pop music forever". "Rolling Stone" writer Anthony Bozza noted that,


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: Aguilera’s introduction, "Genie in a Bottle", is sugary pop – once heard, never purged – but it doesn’t showcase her vocal strength or control. Unlike most teen poppers, Aguilera can cut it without a multitrack studio. Imagewise, she isn't the typical red-cheeked kid next door, either. She's a teen diva, a kind of legal Lolita, proffering precocious "Oops, did I say that?" innuendo and belting songs like her life depends on it. She comports herself like a pro, as if she were born with a mike in her hand, donning platform booties.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: In an effort to maintain the "buzz" surrounding both the record and Aguilera, RCA set up a guest spot for her to perform the track on the teen-marketed television shows "Beverly Hills 90210". The performance saw Aguilera in a bar performing at a birthday party for a character named David. During the 2014 US Open, the song was used whenever Eugenie Bouchard played on the court, "Genie" being her nickname. In the fifth season of "New Girl", Jessica "Jess" Day (played by Zooey Deschanel) sings Schmidt (Max Greenfield) to sleep with the lyrics. Colleen Ballinger performed the song in the "Haters Back Off" episode "Staring in a Musicall". The song was used in the Off-Broadway adaptation of "", acted out by Katie Stevens as Kathryn Merteuil. In January 2018 Erika Jayne gave a rendition of "Genie in a Bottle" during the Aguilera-themed episode on "Lip Sync Battle". Ewelina Lisowska covered the song in the Polish edition of a interactive talent show "Your Face Sounds Familiar" (2019). A slowed-down cover version of the song was used in the 2019 comedy-drama film "Yes, God, Yes".


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: In 2000, Aguilera recorded a Spanish version of "Genie in a Bottle" entitled "Genio Atrapado" for her second studio album, "Mi Reflejo". The song's lyrics were translated from English to Spanish by Cuban-American producer Rudy Pérez. "Genio Atrapado" peaked at number 13 on the "Billboard" Hot Latin Songs chart. The song received a Latin Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2000, which was awarded to Shakira for "Ojos Así". A music video for the song was directed by Diane Martel, who also directed the visual for "Genie in a Bottle".


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: In the fall of 2001, an unauthorized mashup remix by The Freelance Hellraiser which combined Aguilera's a cappella vocals with the Strokes' 2001 song "Hard to Explain" was released under the title "A Stroke of Genius", receiving considerable attention and some airplay; "The Guardian" described the remix as having "defined the decade" as an early example of remix culture. Scottish band Speedway covered "A Stroke of Genius" (using the original title "Genie in a Bottle") and released it as their debut single as a double A-side with another song, "Save Yourself", on August 25, 2003. "Genie in a Bottle"/"Save Yourself" reached No. 10 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: In 2008, Aguilera recorded a remake of "Genie in a Bottle" entitled "Genie 2.0" for her first greatest hits album, "". "Genie 2.0" is an electropop-oriented song; a reviewer from "Rolling Stone" compared the song to works by Lady Gaga. The song was released via the iTunes Store in the United States to promote the album. Nick Butler of Sputnikmusic likened the song's style to that of The Eurythmics's "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" and called it "awesome". To promote "Keeps Gettin' Better", Aguilera performed "Genie 2.0" at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards. The remake debuted at number 161 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: In 2016, Dove Cameron covered "Genie in a Bottle" for the Disney Channel short series "". The music video, directed by Jay Martin, has over 300 million plays on VEVO. Cameron's version was received with praise with MTV writer Jessica Norton saying, "Not only does the revived cover satisfy our love of reliving the '90s, it also introduces a whole new generation to the iconic pop track." Cameron's cover peaked at number 11 on "Billboard"'s Bubbling Under Hot 100.


title: Walker Zimmerman

text: Walker Dwain Zimmerman (born May 19, 1993) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a center-back for Major League Soccer club Nashville SC and the United States national team.


title: Walker Zimmerman

text: A native of Lawrenceville, Georgia, Zimmerman played two seasons in college with the Furman Paladins before signing a Generation Adidas deal with Major League Soccer. He was then selected in the 2013 MLS SuperDraft by FC Dallas as the 7th overall pick. Initially struggling for playtime due to injuries, Zimmerman established himself as a regular starter in 2016. He started in 38 matches as FC Dallas completed the double, winning the Supporters' Shield and the U.S. Open Cup. In December 2017, Zimmerman was traded to expansion side Los Angeles FC, helping the club win the Supporters' Shield in 2019. He was also selected for the MLS All-Star team and MLS Best XI. Zimmerman was then traded to another expansion side, Nashville SC, in February 2020. With Nashville SC, he won back-to-back Defender of the Year awards in 2020 and 2021.


title: Walker Zimmerman

text: Zimmerman made his debut for the United States in January 2017 against Jamaica. In 2019, he was selected into the squad that finished runners-up in the CONCACAF Gold Cup. He was also a member of the squad that won the tournament in 2021, starting all three group stage matches before having to leave the tournament due to a hamstring injury.


title: Walker Zimmerman

text: Zimmerman came through the youth academy at Gwinnett Soccer Association in Lilburn, Georgia, where he was mentored by former Atlanta Silverbacks and Charleston Battery manager Nuno Piteira. Zimmerman also went to Brookwood High School and played soccer there. He was coached by Daniel Klinect.


title: Walker Zimmerman

text: Zimmerman played college soccer at Furman University between 2011 and 2012. He was named First Team All-Conference 2011, Southern Conference Freshman of the Year 2011, and National Soccer Coaches Association of America NCAA Division I Men's All-America Second Team in 2012.


title: Walker Zimmerman

text: FC Dallas selected Zimmerman in the first round (No. 7 overall) of the 2013 MLS SuperDraft. He made his professional debut on May 11, 2013, as a late substitute in a 2–1 victory against D.C. United.


title: Walker Zimmerman

text: On December 10, 2017, Zimmerman was traded by FC Dallas to new expansion side Los Angeles FC in exchange for $250,000 in General Allocation Money and $250,000 in Targeted Allocation Money. The two clubs also swapped allocation rankings with FC Dallas moving to #1 and Los Angeles FC moving to #11. During the 2019 season, Zimmerman was also an assistant coach for the UCLA Bruins men's soccer program.


title: Walker Zimmerman

text: On February 11, 2020, Zimmerman was traded to Major League Soccer expansion club Nashville SC in exchange for up to $1.25 million in General Allocation Money and a 2020 international roster spot.


title: Walker Zimmerman

text: On April 29, 2022, Nashville announced they had signed Zimmerman to a contract extension through 2025, and that it would also make him a Designated Player on their roster. The new contract made Zimmerman only the fourth American defender to be signed to a DP deal in league history.


title: Walker Zimmerman

text: On January 6, 2017, Zimmerman was called up for the first time to the United States national team by coach Bruce Arena. Zimmerman earned his first cap and start against Jamaica in a January Camp friendly on February 3, 2017. He was named player of the match. He scored his first goal (a header) on May 28, 2018, against Bolivia. In a 2022 World Cup match against Wales, Zimmerman tackled Gareth Bale, the Welsh attacker for penalty in the 82nd minute. Bale scored the penalty and tied the game. The game ended 1-1. According to ESPN, it was "a clumsy and unnecessary challenge".


title: Walker Zimmerman

text: Zimmerman was born in Lawrenceville, Georgia, on May 19, 1993, to Becky and David Zimmerman. He has two older siblings, Dawson and Carter.


title: Mononym

text: A mononym is a name composed of only one word. An individual who is known and addressed by a mononym is a mononymous person. In some cases, a mononym selected by an individual may have originally been from a , a word which refers to one of many names for a person or an object. In other cases, it has been determined by the custom of the land or by some interested segment. In the case of historical figures, it may be the only one of the individual's names that has survived and is still known today.


title: Mononym

text: Many Afghans have no surname. It is also common to have no surname in Bhutan, Indonesia, Myanmar, and South India. Javanese names traditionally are mononymic, especially among people of older generations.


title: Mononym

text: The word "mononym" is a direct loanword from the Greek word "monṓnymo" (μονώνυμο), which is a combination of the words "mónos" (μόνος, "single"), and "ónoma" (ὄνομα, "name").


title: Mononym

text: The structure of persons' names has varied across time and geography. In some societies, individuals have been mononymous, receiving only a single name. Alulim, first king of Sumer, is one of the earliest names known; Narmer, an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, is another. In addition, Biblical names like Adam, Eve, Moses, or Abraham, were typically mononymous, as were names in the surrounding cultures of the Fertile Crescent.


title: Mononym

text: Ancient Greek names like Heracles, Homer, Socrates, and Aristotle, also follow the pattern, with epithets (similar to second names) only used subsequently by historians to avoid confusion, as in the case of Zeno the Stoic and Zeno of Elea; likewise, patronymics or other biographic details (such as city of origin, or another place name or occupation the individual was associated with) were used to specify whom one was talking about, but these details were not considered part of the name.


title: Mononym

text: A departure from this custom occurred, for example, among the Romans, who by the Republican period and throughout the Imperial period used multiple names: a male citizen's name comprised three parts (this was mostly typical of the upper class, while others would usually have only two names): "praenomen" (given name), "nomen" (clan name) and "cognomen" (family line within the clan) — the "nomen" and "cognomen" were almost always hereditary. Famous ancient Roman figures whom today we usually refer to with mononyms include Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) and Terence (Publius Terentius Afer). Roman emperors, such as Augustus, Caligula, and Nero, are also often referred to in English by mononyms.


title: Mononym

text: Mononyms in other ancient cultures include Hannibal, the Celtic queen Boudica and the Numidian king Jugurtha. However, the historical records of some of these figures are scanty or rely completely on the documentation of those outside the person's culture, so it is possible such figures may have had other names within their own cultures that have since been lost to history.


title: Mononym

text: During the early Middle Ages, mononymity slowly declined, with northern and eastern Europe keeping the tradition longer than the south. The Dutch Renaissance scholar and theologian Erasmus is a late example of mononymity; though sometimes referred to as "Desiderius Erasmus" or "Erasmus of Rotterdam", he was christened only as "Erasmus", after the martyr Erasmus of Formiae.


title: Mononym

text: Composers in the and styles of late medieval music were often known mononymously—potentially because their names were sobriquets—such as, Borlet, Egardus, Egidius, Grimace, Solage, Trebor.


title: Mononym

text: Between Columbus' arrival in the New World and the late 19th century, prominent indigenous peoples in the Americas were mononymous. Examples include Moctezuma (Mexico, 1398–1469), Anacaona (Haiti, 1464–1504), Agüeybaná (Puerto Rico, died 1510), Diriangén (Nicaragua, died 1523), Urracá (Panama, died 1531), Guamá (Cuba, died 1532), Atahualpa (Peru, 1497–1533), Lempira (Honduras, died 1537), Lautaro (Chile, 1534–1557), Tamanaco (Venezuela, died 1573), Pocahontas (United States, 1595–1617), Auoindaon (Canada, fl. 1623), Cangapol (Argentina, fl. 1735), and Tecumseh (United States, 1768–1813).


title: Mononym

text: Uniquely, the Dutch-Seneca diplomat Cornplanter received both a Seneca-language mononym (Kaintwakon, roughly "corn-planter") from his mother and a given name and surname (John Abeel) from his father, and he used both throughout his life. His later descendants, such as Jesse Cornplanter, used "Cornplanter" as the family name instead of "Abeel".


title: Mononym

text: In the 19th century, most chiefs involved in the Apache Wars had mononym birth names, and some replaced those with mononymous nicknames, such as Geronimo (born Goyaałé), Victorio (born Beduiat), and Cochise.


title: Mononym

text: Since the medieval period, mononyms in the West have almost exclusively been used to identify people who already had surnames. These nicknames were either adopted by the persons themselves or conferred by contemporaries.


title: Mononym

text: Some French authors have shown a preference for mononyms. In the 17th century, the dramatist and actor Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (1622–73) took the mononym stage name Molière.


title: Mononym

text: In the 18th century, François-Marie Arouet adopted the mononym Voltaire, for both literary and personal use, in 1718 after his imprisonment in Paris' Bastille, to mark a break with his past. The new name combined several features. It was an anagram for a Latinized version of his family surname, "Arouet, l[e] j[eune]" ("Arouet, the young"); it reversed the syllables of the name of the town, Airvault, where his father came from; and it has implications of speed and daring through similarity to French expressions such as "voltige", "volte-face" and "volatile". "Arouet" would not have served the purpose, given that name's associations with "roué" and with an expression that meant "for thrashing".


title: Mononym

text: The 19th-century French author Marie-Henri Beyle used many pen names, most famously the mononym Stendhal, adapted from the name of the little Prussian town of Stendal, birthplace of the German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann, whom Stendhal admired.


title: Mononym

text: In the 20th century, a fourth French writer, Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette (author of "Gigi", 1945), used her actual surname as her mononym pen name, Colette. Some French actors and singers have used as a stage mononym their given name or surname (Dalida) or a name of a different origin (Barbara).


title: Mononym

text: The controversial French physician and author Louis-Ferdinand Céline adopted, and was called by, the single name Céline.


title: Mononym

text: In the 17th and 18th centuries, most Italian castrato singers used mononyms as stage names (e.g. Caffarelli, Farinelli). The German writer, mining engineer and philosopher, Georg Friedrich Philipp Freiherr von Hardenberg (1772–1801), became famous as Novalis.


title: Mononym

text: The 19th-century Dutch writer Eduard Douwes Dekker (1820–87), better known by his mononymous pen name Multatuli (from the Latin "multa tuli", "I have suffered [or "borne"] many things"), became famous for the satirical novel, "Max Havelaar" (1860), in which he denounced the abuses of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).


title: Mononym

text: The Dutch writer Jan Hendrik Frederik Grönloh (1882–1961) wrote under the pseudonym Nescio (Latin for "I don't know").


title: Mononym

text: The 20th-century British author Hector Hugh Munro became known by his pen name, Saki. In 20th-century Poland, the theater-of-the-absurd playwright, novelist, painter, photographer, and philosopher Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz after 1925 often used the mononymous pseudonym Witkacy, a conflation of his surname ("Witkiewicz") and middle name ("Ignacy").


title: Mononym

text: A number of visual artists, such as Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, Caravaggio and Rembrandt, are commonly known by mononyms. The modern Russian artist Erté formed his mononymous pseudonym from the initials of his actual name, as did the Belgian comics writers Hergé and Jijé.


title: Mononym

text: Italian painter Bernardo Bellotto, who is now ranked as an important and original painter in his own right, traded on the mononymous pseudonym of his uncle and teacher, Antonio Canal (Canaletto), in those countries—Poland and Germany—where his famous uncle was not active, calling himself likewise "Canaletto". Bellotto remains commonly known as "Canaletto" in those countries to this day.


title: Mononym

text: Monarchs and other royalty, for example Napoleon, have traditionally availed themselves of the privilege of using a mononym, modified when necessary by an ordinal or epithet (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II or Charles the Great). This is not always the case: King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden has two names. While many European royals have formally sported long chains of names, in practice they have tended to use only one or two and not to use surnames.


title: Mononym

text: In Japan, the emperor and his family have no surname, only a given name, such as Hirohito, which in practice in Japanese is rarely used: out of respect and as a measure of politeness, Japanese prefer to say "the Emperor" or "the Crown Prince". Following an Emperor's death, but not his retirement, he is renamed according to the era of his reign. In India, the first six Mughal emperors were known by just one name, adopted by each emperor upon his accession.


title: Mononym

text: Roman Catholic popes have traditionally adopted a single, regnal name upon their election (except for John Paul I and II). The mononymous tradition reverted to form with the election and succession of Pope Benedict XVI in 2005 and Pope Francis in 2013.


title: Mononym

text: The Western practice of combining a given name (given name or forename) with a family name (surname) is not universal.


title: Mononym

text: Surnames were introduced in Turkey only after World War I, by the country's first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as part of his Westernization and modernization programs. His own surname, Atatürk, which was bestowed by the Turkish parliament, means "Father Turk". Common people can be addressed semi-formally by their given name plus the title Bey or Hanım (without surname), whereas politicians are often known by surname only (Ecevit, Demirel). Many Turkish sportspeople, especially football players, wear jerseys with only their first name (e.g. Çağlar).


title: Mononym

text: Mononyms are also common in Indonesia for Javanese individuals, both prominent government figures such as former presidents Sukarno and Suharto and weightlifter Triyatno.


title: Mononym

text: Most Icelanders do not have surnames, only patronymics (sometimes matronymics), and they address each other by their given name in both formal and informal situations. One notable example is the musician Björk.


title: Mononym

text: Some North American Indigenous people continue their nations' traditional naming practices, which may include the use of single names. In Canada, where government policy often included the imposition of Western-style names, one of the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada was for all provinces and territories to waive fees to allow Indigenous people to legally assume traditional names, including mononyms. In Ontario, for example, it is now legally possible to change to a single name or register one at birth, for members of Indigenous nations which have a tradition of single names.


title: Mononym

text: In modern times, in countries that have long been part of the East Asian cultural sphere (Japan, the Koreas, Vietnam and China), mononyms are rare. An exception pertains to the Emperor of Japan (a common opinion being that there is no higher state authority to bestow the family name () to the Emperor).


title: Mononym

text: Mononyms are common as stage names in the entertainment industry, usually when the performer's legal name is not publicly known; e.g., Ayaka, Becky, Gackt, hide, Hyde, Mana, Kamijo, Miyavi, Tsunku, and Yui. Additionally, Japanese baseball star Ichiro Suzuki is widely known in both Japan and North America as "Ichiro". In Hong Kong, a few musicians are also known by mononyms, e.g., Janice, Jin, and Justin Lo (who uses the Chinese mononym, ""). In Korea, singers such as BoA, Shoo, and Psy are known by their mononyms.


title: Mononym

text: Mononyms continue to be used in parts of India, especially the South. Mayawati, former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, chooses to use only a single name. They are also used to resist casteism, as surnames are generally a telltale sign of castes. Several Indian film personalities, such as Biswajit, Dharmendra, Govinda, Kajol, Pran, Rekha, Irrfan, and Tabu, are also mononymous. Govindjee, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Plant Biology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, an Indian-American and an authority on photosynthesis, publishes his research under his singular name. In the northeastern state of Mizoram, most people have a single name, mostly of four syllables (e.g., Lalthansanga, Thangrikhuma, Zorinmawia). Everyone also has a tribal or clan name inherited from their father, but they do not include it in their official name.


title: Mononym

text: South Indian film actors and actresses have, since inception, adopted the practice of being known mononymously by their first names. In case of any resemblance, for professional purposes, they adopt a different given name, use a patronymic surname, or use a fan-given title. This practice is reportedly to keep caste factors at bay. This norm is prevalent across languages. Some notable mononymous stars, among many others, include Rajkumar, Mammootty, Mohanlal, Chiranjeevi, Rajinikanth, Balakrishna, Asin, Malashri, Darshan, Sudeep, Vijay, Prabhas, Yash, Ramya, Upendra, Rambha, and Sridevi.


title: Mononym

text: Mononyms are also common in Indonesia, especially in Javanese names. In some cases, such as those of former Presidents Sukarno and Suharto, army general Wiranto and footballers Hariono, Hermawan, Zalnando and Zulfiandi, the mononym is the full legal name. Other mononyms, such as Rossa, Chrisye and Tohpati, are stage names taken from a nickname or are part of the full name.


title: Mononym

text: In Thailand, people usually address each other in informal situations by nicknames (). Given by parents or relatives in early childhood, these nicknames are typically one syllable (or worn down from two syllables to one). They may often be nonsense words or humorous, and usually have no relation to the person's actual name, although in some cases may be diminutive forms of their first name, like "Nok" for "Noknoi" which means respectively bird and little bird, the first used as nickname and the second being the first name. Many Thais have such a name, even the royal family, and they are freely used in everyday life.


title: Mononym

text: In Bhutan, most people use either only one name or a combination of two personal names typically given by a Buddhist monk. There are no inherited family names, but instead, Bhutanese differentiate themselves with nicknames or prefixes.


title: Mononym

text: Mononyms are common in Myanmar. U Thant, a Burmese diplomat, was the third Secretary-General of the United Nations (1961–71). "U" is an honorific in the Burmese language, roughly equal to "Mr". ""Thant"" was his only name per local convention. In Myanmar, he was known as "Pantanaw U Thant", in reference to his hometown, Pantanaw.


title: Mononym

text: In the Near East's Arab world, the Syrian poet Ali Ahmad Said Esber (born 1930) at age 17 adopted the mononym pseudonym, Adunis, sometimes also spelled "Adonis". A perennial contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature, he has been described as the greatest living poet of the Arab world.


title: Mononym

text: In the West, mononymity, as well as its use by royals in conjunction with titles, has been primarily used or given to famous people such as prominent writers, artists, entertainers, musicians and athletes.


title: Mononym

text: Some persons, such as the artists Vincent and Christo, the sculptor Chryssa and the singer-songwriter Basia, have had polynymous names that were unwieldy, or unfamiliar and difficult to remember or to pronounce in the community in which they were active, but have not wanted to entirely change their names to something more familiar to the broad public at the cost of abandoning their sense of self-identification and so have used only a single part of their full names.


title: Mononym

text: Some mononym stage names are the performer's given name (e.g. Brandy, Shakira, Adele, Prince, Mitski, Usher, Selena, Cher, Madonna, Björk, Kelis, Tiffany, Zendaya, Normani). Others may be the performer's middle name (e.g. Rihanna, Drake, Kennedy) or surname (e.g. Teller, Liberace, Mantovani, Morrissey, Feist). Some mononym stage names are invented (e.g. Eminem, Future, Lorde), adopted words (e.g. Capucine, French for "nasturtium", and Halsey, a street in Brooklyn) or nicknames (e.g., Sting, Bono, Fergie, Ye, JoJo). Musicians from non-Anglophone backgrounds may use an anglicized version of their given name (e.g. Enya) or surname (eg. Sori)


title: Mononym

text: Others are simply known by their surname such as Hitchcock. This extended into Hollywood, for example with "Bogie and Bacall" referencing husband and wife acting contemporaries, Humphrey Bogart (1899-1957) and Lauren Bacall (1924-2014), Katharine Hepburn and Greta Garbo to name a few.


title: Mononym

text: In Lusophone countries such as Portugal, Cape Verde and especially Brazil, footballers often adopt a mononym (e.g. Pelé, Nani, Ronaldo, Eusébio, Marta). In Spain, mononyms for football players are also common; they include the player's first name (Xavi, Sergi, Raúl), derivations of the player's surname (Coro, Guti), derivations of the player's first name (Juanfran, Kiko), diminutives (Juanito, Mista) and nicknames (Michel, Arteaga, Arzu). Because a large number of Spaniards have the same surnames (García, Pérez, López, Hernández), the use of mononyms makes it easier to distinguish between the many Garcías and Pérezes on each team. Mononyms are occasionally used by players from other countries, for example the Venezuelan Miku, the Ivorian Gervinho and the Serbian-born American Preki. Mononyms can be seen in other sports in these countries, with examples including Brazilian basketball players Hortência and Nenê.


title: Mononym

text: In Brazil, president-elect Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is known as "Lula", a nickname he officially added to his full name. Such mononyms, which take their origin in given names, surnames or nicknames, are used because Portuguese names tend to be rather long.


title: Mononym

text: The American writer of non-fiction and fiction Rodney William Whitaker (1931–2005) is best known for some novels that he wrote under a mononym pen name, Trevanian. The Armenian-Canadian portrait photographer Yousuf Karsh was commonly known as "Karsh of Ottawa".


title: Mononym

text: The comedian and illusionist Teller, the silent half of the duo Penn & Teller, legally changed his original polynym, Raymond Joseph Teller, to the mononym "Teller" and possesses a United States passport issued in that single name.


title: Mononym

text: The professional wrestler Warrior (born James Hellwig) legally changed his name to the mononym "Warrior" in an effort to boost his standing in a trademark dispute with his employer, the World Wrestling Federation. His children now use the Warrior name (as opposed to Hellwig) as their surname. Chyna did likewise when the now-WWE attempted to restrict her use of the name in pornographic titles; reports conflict as to whether she changed it back to her birth name, Joan Laurer, before she died.


title: Mononym

text: While some have chosen their own mononym, others have mononyms chosen for them by the public. Oprah Winfrey, famed American talk show host, is usually referred to by only her first name, Oprah. The public has referred to President George W. Bush by the mononym "Dubya" (eye dialect of "W"), to distinguish him from his father, President George (H.W.) Bush.


title: Mononym

text: Both mechanisms contributed in the case of Hillary Clinton, who has been called and has publicly called herself "Hillary". Peter Funt, of "Candid Camera", wrote in a February 21, 2007 "New York Times" op-ed piece, "The Mononym Platform": "Someone has apparently decided that Mrs. Clinton will be the first major single-name candidate since 1952, when Ike's P.R. gurus realized that 'Eisenhower' was tough to fit on a bumper sticker. ... In an apparent attempt to model her marketing on the likes of Madonna, Beyoncé and Cher, Mrs. Clinton's site proclaimed: 'Today, Hillary took the first step...'" Examples of mononyms also exist in modern popular culture. For instance, some characters on the NBC television sitcom "Seinfeld" are referred to only by their last names as a mononym, most prominently: Kramer, played by Michael Richards and Newman, played by Wayne Knight. Newman's name is clearly a true mononym, in that his first name is never used or even revealed. Kramer's first name, Cosmo, is revealed to the other characters and the audience, and so his name could be seen as less of a mononym. However, this does not occur until the show's sixth season, and after the revelation he is still referred to as Kramer. Additionally, on the ABC television sitcom "Home Improvement", the character Wilson, played by Earl Hindman, a next-door neighbor of the central characters, is only referred to as Wilson. His full name, Wilson Wilson Jr., is not revealed until the fourth season.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Harvard Extension School (HES) is the extension school of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Under the Division of Continuing Education in the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences, it offers more than 900 on-campus, online, and hybrid liberal arts and professional courses primarily catered to adult students. The school also offers graduate and undergraduate degrees, academic certificates, and a pre-medical program. While courses are generally open enrollment, degree candidate admission requires "B or better" grades in degree-credit coursework at Harvard, an application, and a formal admissions decision.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Founded in 1910 by Harvard President A. Lawrence Lowell, the Harvard Extension School grew out of the Lowell Institute, created according to the terms of a bequest by John Lowell. It was designed to serve the educational interests and needs of the Greater Boston community, particularly those "who had the ability and desire to attend college, but also had other obligations that kept them from traditional schools." It has since extended its academic resources worldwide.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: During the 1920s, affiliates traveled around New England to teach courses offsite. While they were primarily aimed at teachers, courses were offered whenever 40 or more students expressed an interest. Professors traveled on a weekly basis to places as far away as Yonkers, New York, some 200 miles away.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: In the early years, a commission composed of several Boston area schools ran the courses, though it was largely a Harvard-run program. Early faculty included Charles Townsend Copeland, William Yandell Elliott, William L. Langer, Oscar Handlin, Perry Miller, John Kenneth Galbraith, and Frank M. Carpenter.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: In his will, John Lowell asked his successors to develop courses "more erudite and particular corresponding to the age and wants of the age." By the 50th anniversary of the Commission of Extension in 1960, more than 1,400 courses had been offered for a total of over 85,000 enrollments. Lowell's bequest limited tuition to no more than "two bushels of wheat." During the Great Depression, this amounted to roughly $5 per semester course.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Several years after his retirement, President Lowell wrote that the Extension courses "have given a service to the public ... which seems to me of the utmost importance." In the 2010s, more than 100 years after its founding, the Extension School's classes were described as "surprisingly affordable" and the school itself was said to be a "thriving institution."


title: Harvard Extension School

text: The Extension School currently offers two degrees (and has offered these degrees since 1979): the Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies (ALB) and the Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies (ALM). From 1911 to 1933, the school offered an Associate in Arts, and from 1933 to 1960, it offered an Adjunct in Arts. Both were considered the equivalent of a bachelor's degree. From 1971 to 2014, the school offered an Associate of Arts in Extension Studies (AA), the equivalent of a two-year degree.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: A proposal before the Faculty of Arts and Sciences in 2009 and 2010 to rename the school and the degrees offered was not accepted. A committee led by Professor of Computer Science Harry R. Lewis proposed renaming the school the "Harvard School of Continuing and Professional Studies" and dropping the words "in Extension Studies" from degrees so that the school would offer Bachelor of Liberal Arts, Master of Liberal Arts, and Master of Professional Studies degrees. Some faculty objected, saying that those degrees were too similar to "Bachelor of Arts" and "Master of Arts" degrees already offered by the college and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: In 2016, a student group calling itself the Harvard Extension Degree Change Initiative rallied in front of University Hall to call for removing “Extension Studies” from the degree name and adding a student's field of study instead. "The Harvard Crimson" editorialized in favor, urging Harvard to "consider changing the title of Extension School degrees to include the field of study rather than the ambiguous 'Extension Studies.'" While the school retains "Extension Studies" in official degree titles, transcripts reflect students' area of academic concentration.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: In 2019, then-Dean Huntington D. Lambert stated agreement with student complaints that degrees awarded by the Harvard Extension School should be rephrased to more accurately reflect students’ programs of study, but he was not successful in making any changes.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Part of the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard Extension School offers more than 900 on-campus and online courses, most of which have open enrollment. The number of courses offered has continuously grown over the school's history.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Students may enroll full or part-time, and classes may be taken on campus, via distance-learning, or both. In order to earn an academic degree, students must complete a minimum number of on-campus-only credits at Harvard.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Non-degree students have access to the Harvard Library, including electronic resources and select computer facilities. Those registered for a course at the Extension School may also access writing tutorials at the Writing Center as well as assistance with math and related courses at the Math Question Center. Career services and academic advising are offered through the school's Career and Academic Resource Center.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Ropes, the school's first dean, said that "our aim will be to give the young people of Boston who have heretofore been prevented from securing a college education the same instruction they would receive were they undergraduates at Harvard." The Harvard Undergraduate Council found in a 2020 study of Extension courses that 156 were identical or nearly identical to courses at Harvard College and 95 were equivalent or similar, while 344 were unique to the Extension School. A "New York Times" guidebook stated that professors said some courses were "virtually identical." Courses at the college were $5,966.25 each in 2020, and courses at the Extension School were 69% less at $1,840.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: A number of on-campus Harvard courses are recorded and offered to Extension students online. For these courses, office hours and other student support are typically available through live or asynchronous software. Extension degree candidates may also apply for "Special Student status" to enroll for up to two courses in Harvard College, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, or another Harvard Graduate School. The majority of instructors at the Extension School, 52%, are Harvard affiliates; 48% are faculty from other schools and industry professionals. Nobel laureate Roy J. Glauber has taught Extension courses.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Harvard Business School Online's Credential of Readiness (CORe) program can be counted for Extension School undergraduate academic credit.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: The graduate program in Museum Studies has a partnership with the Smithsonian Institution. The partnered courses include two active learning weekends in Washington, D.C.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: A pre-medical program was established at the Extension School in 1980. Students who successfully complete the program are eligible for sponsorship and a committee letter of support in their applications to medical school.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Harvard Extension was a pioneer in distance education. Beginning on December 5, 1949, courses were offered on the Lowell Institute's new radio station. New Englanders could go to college six nights a week at 7:30 in their living rooms simply by tuning into courses on psychology, world history, and economics. The first course on radio was by Peter A. Bertocci of Boston University.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: The radio courses proved to be so successful that when the television station WGBH went on the air in October 1951 they began broadcasting an Extension class every weekday at 3:30 and 7:30. The first course, offered by Robert G. Albion, was on European Imperialism. In the late 1960s, three of the televised courses were offered in the Deer Island Prison. Students who watched the courses on television could attend six "conferences" and take a mid-term and a final exam at Harvard in order to gain credit for the class.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: , distance-learning courses at Harvard Extension School are offered in two formats: asynchronous video courses (lectures are recorded and uploaded within 24 hours of on-campus class meetings); and live web-conference courses (courses are streamed live, and typically allow for synchronous participation from students via a secondary online platform).


title: Harvard Extension School

text: The first online courses were offered in 1997. Between 2013 and 2016, the number of online classes grew from 200 to more than 450.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: To be eligible to apply to the Extension School's degree programs, students must "earn [their] way in" by passing the Test of Critical Reading and Writing Skills as well as completing two or three designated admission classes with a B or better. In 2016, then-Dean Huntington D. Lambert said that 32% of those who want to pursue an undergraduate degree (ALB) earn the grades necessary for admission, making admissions "very selective." If the admission requirements are met, acceptance is not guaranteed but very likely. About 85% of those admitted successfully earn their degree (ALB).


title: Harvard Extension School

text: ALB students may graduate "cum laude", but "magna"- and "summa"- "cum laude" are not offered. Extension students may earn the Dean's List Academic Achievement Award upon graduation based on a high GPA (at least 3.5 for ALB, 3.8 for ALM). Many courses are offered online, but a degree cannot be earned entirely online as students are required to take classes on campus before earning their degree.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Students who wish to earn degrees must be formally admitted by the Admissions Committee. Admitted degree candidates are granted full privileges to Harvard's libraries, facilities, and student resources, as well as access to Harvard's museums and academic workshops. As of 2019–20, an undergraduate degree cost about $58,800, and a graduate degree cost about $28,400–$34,080.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Of the over 30,000 students enrolled in the Extension School, 841 are admitted degree candidates for the Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies (ALB) and 2,577 are admitted degree candidates for the Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies (ALM).


title: Harvard Extension School

text: The undergraduate curriculum requires expository writing, quantitative reasoning, foreign language, moral reasoning, upper-level coursework, and an area of concentration. The expository writing class is known as a "gatekeeper course" as it will typically "determine whether [students] are prepared for the intensive and demanding curriculum."


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Once admitted as an ALB degree candidate, students must successfully complete 128 credits (Harvard courses are typically 4 credits each) and maintain good academic standing to meet graduation requirements. Upon admission into the ALB program, students may petition to transfer up to a maximum of 64 credits from other accredited post-secondary institutions, but 64 credits must be completed at Harvard. Students select one of three "areas of concentration" which are humanities, science, and social sciences.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: ALB degree candidates are also required to complete a minimum of 16 on-campus-only credits at Harvard; students must also complete a minimum of 12 writing-intensive credits and earn a minimum of 52 credits in courses that are taught by Harvard instructors. In addition to a concentration, degree candidates have the option to pursue one of twenty "fields of study" (similar to majors). In order to successfully complete a field of study, students must earn a B− or higher in 32 Harvard credits in one field, and maintain a B average in the field. Students may also complement their degree with up to two minors.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Undergraduate degree programs require pre-admission courses as well as a formal application process. Students must also hold a "high school diploma or its equivalent [which] must have been earned at least five years prior to enrolling in any ALB degree-applicable courses." Students applying for degree candidacy must complete three 4-credit liberal arts courses at Harvard with at least a B grade in each, and maintain a minimum 3.0 cumulative GPA. One of these three pre-admission courses must be EXPO E-25. To enroll in this course, students must either pass a placement test, which measures critical reading and writing skills, or enroll in EXPO E-15 (a course that acts as a precursor to EXPO E-25). Students failing to earn at least a B in a class can retake it once. Those who meet all these criteria are then eligible to apply for admission into the school's undergraduate degree programs.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: The Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies (ALM) includes 19 liberal arts fields of study and seven professional degree programs (Biotechnology, Information Technology, Journalism, Management, Mathematics for Teaching, Museum Studies, & Sustainability). Except for Museum Studies (10 courses), all ALM candidates must complete 12 courses—48 credit hours—with most requiring a thesis or capstone project crafted under the direction of an instructor or faculty member holding a teaching appointment in the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Application to a graduate degree program requires an accredited bachelor's degree (or foreign equivalent), passing the Test of Critical Reading and Writing Skills, the completion of two or three designated pre-admission courses with grades of B or higher, and a cumulative grade-point average of 3.0. One of the pre-admission courses must be the "proseminar" course for the intended area of study, which is akin to a traditional research methods course. Some disciplines have additional specified pre-admission coursework, while others have specific coursework that is required before submitting a master's thesis proposal (biology and psychology students must take a specific graduate statistics course). In addition, several programs require supplemental application materials; for instance, Creative Writing and Literature ALM candidates must submit original manuscripts. Students who meet these criteria are then eligible to submit an application for admission into the graduate degree programs (ALM).


title: Harvard Extension School

text: A student who fails to earn a grade of B after twice enrolling in the proseminar course—often considered a "gatekeeper" course—will be denied admission indefinitely.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Students who graduate from the Extension School become part of the Harvard Alumni Association. Extension students have dedicated study spaces, conferences rooms, an Extension library, and access to the dining hall in Lehman Hall. Alpha Sigma Lambda, the national honor society for nontraditional students, has a Harvard chapter. There is a student government body for the Harvard Extension School which participates in the Harvard Graduate Council. Admitted degree candidates have access to many of the same student privileges of other Harvard alumni, such as access to athletic facilities, libraries, and museums. Candidates may, for example, access:


title: Harvard Extension School

text: The class of 2019, the largest class to date, had 1,184 graduates. The graduates had an average age of 37 and were nearly evenly split between the genders, with 54% being male. 49 countries were represented in the graduating class.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: In 2016, 96% of the students enrolled for professional enrichment. Half took a single course, and half were pursuing a degree. The increase in online course offerings has fueled growth, and students from more than 150 countries are enrolled. In 2017, the school educated more students than all of the rest of Harvard combined.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: In 2000, there were 14,216 students, with the youngest in their early teens and the oldest in their late 80s. There is often a span of 60 years between the oldest and youngest students, and students as young as 11 years old have taken courses alongside those old enough to be their grandparents. Of the students enrolled in 2000, 75% had a bachelor's degree and 20% had a graduate degree. More than 1,700 were Harvard employees using the Tuition Assistance Program, and an estimated 10–15% were exclusively online students. Of the 255 Certificate of Special Studies graduates that year, 163 were international students hailing from 39 countries.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: In the early 2000s, there were 208 students under the age of 18. Most attended local high schools, but a growing number were home-schooled. The Extension School now requires that a high school diploma or its equivalent is earned at least five years prior to enrolling in any courses applicable to its undergraduate degree.


title: Harvard Extension School

text: Harvard Extension School enrolls about 4,000 international students each year. To be admitted to courses or degrees, a student must prove proficiency in the English language. If English is not a student's native language, then he or she must submit an official TOEFL or IELTS score with a minimum score of 100 for the TOEFL or a minimum score of 7.0 for the IELTS. International students, like American students, must meet the on-campus-only course requirements to earn a degree. The Extension School does not issue I-20s for the F-1 visa but the Summer School does. In 2013, students came from 118 countries and 46 states.


title: Mela (2000 film)

text: Mela () is a 2000 Indian masala film directed by Dharmesh Darshan. It stars Aamir Khan, his brother Faisal Khan, and Twinkle Khanna. The film bombed upon release .


title: Mela (2000 film)

text: The only soldier brother called Ram Singh (Ayub Khan) of a young woman, Roopa (Twinkle Khanna), returns to Chandanpur village to arrange her marriage. A festival is arranged in the happiness of Roopa's marriage, however Chandanpur's happiness is short-lived, as the village is raided by a group of terrorists. The leader of the terrorists, Gujjar, (Tinu Verma), murders a visiting politician, and to make matters worse, Roopa's beauty catches the eye of Gujjar. However, as Gujjar attempts to escape with the terrified Roopa, Ram comes to her rescue, only to be slain, much to the horror of the village, especially Roopa. Also, her best friend, Gopal (Master Om Kapoor), is killed too, much to the dismay of Gopal's mother (Tanvi Azmi) who tried to prevent her son from rescuing Roopa (due to his young age) which is what led Gujjar to kill him. Roopa, enraged by the fact that Ram and Gopal are no more, vows vengeance.


title: Mela (2000 film)

text: Gujjar threatens Roopa that she will only be his mistress and will never be able to have a brother nor lover. Enraged, Roopa attempts to commit suicide by jumping into a waterfall as she finds it better to kill herself rather than be a mistress. Destiny has other plans as Roopa survives and she steals the clothes of Kishan (Aamir Khan), a theatre actor. Kishan works with his best friend, truck driver, Shankar (Faisal Khan). When Kishan meets Roopa for the first time, he is smitten by her beauty and falls in love with her. Kishan decides to make Roopa the heroine of their dance show, however, Shankar warns him that Roopa will bring them in trouble. With no option, Roopa travels with them, and she tries to escape, but returns when chased by the gang and Surendra Pratap Singh, a drunken policeman who was chosen by her brother as her fiancée but who tries to rape her. However, Roopa is saved by Shankar and Kishan. Roopa feigns love for Kishan, who wants to marry her, and the two men agree to help her return to Chandanpur. When Kishan is going to marry Roopa, who feels guilty over her betrayal, led, she tells them her story.


title: Mela (2000 film)

text: Shankar becomes her brother, while Kishan, heartbroken, leaves in disgust. Roopa and Shankar return to Chandanpur, where Shankar mobilises the village, attempting to set a trap for Gujjar who has learnt of Roopa's survival and terrorizes the village to find out her whereabouts. The trap backfires horribly until Kishan returns with a suspended cop Pakkad Singh (Johny Lever). The trap is re-set with another carnival and the villains' attack as planned. Roopa is kidnapped and Kishan and Shankar give chase and are captured and taken to Gujjar's hideout where they are forced to fight him and his men. Eventually with the arrival of Chandanpur's villagers, good prevails and the terrorists meet a gory end thanks to Kishan mortally wounding and killing Gujjar with Shankar and Roopa's help while the villagers kill Gujjar's men in the process. Roopa is united with her brother Shankar and her lover Kishan.


title: Mela (2000 film)

text: At the end Kishan and Roopa get married and while driving their truck, Shankar happens to meet Champakali (Aishwarya Rai) and Kishan and Roopa watch them.


title: Mela (2000 film)

text: Karishma Kapoor, who had earlier collaborated with Dharmesh Darshan in the 1996 film "Raja Hindustani", was first offered the female lead role but due to date issues, she declined the offer. Also, main role was offered to Sonali Bendre and Raveena Tandon. However, due to lack of dates, both actresses couldn't be a part of the movie. The role ultimately went to Twinkle Khanna. Darshan told in an interview that the 1971 film "Caravan" was an inspiration for "Mela".


title: Mela (2000 film)

text: Aditya Pancholi was signed for villain's role but opted out as he did not want to be bare chested throughout the film.


title: Mela (2000 film)

text: Aamir Khan, approached and persuaded A. R. Rahman to do compose music for the film, but due to time constraints, Rahman declined the offer. The music was then composed by 4 composers, with Anu Malik, Rajesh Roshan, and Lesle Lewis composing the songs and Surinder Sodhi composing the film score.


title: Mela (2000 film)

text: The song placements in this movie were heavily criticised, particularly the excessive usage of the title track ‘Mela Dilon Ka’. The lyrics were also perceived to be inappropriate as they were paradoxical and contradictory in nature.


title: Mela (2000 film)

text: In her review for Rediff.com, Sharmila Taliculam called Aamir Khan the "saving grace" of the film and the "only one who does complete justice to his role". She found the film a mix of "The Seven Samurai", "Caravan" and "Sholay" and praised Tinu Verma's acting labeling his portrayal of the villain, "convincingly menancing". She noted that dubbing Khanna's voice was a "gamble that ... misfired" and "[added] unnecessary drama and aggression to her role". I its 3-star review, Sify praised Aamir Khan's and Tinu Verma's performances and noted that Khanna "[tried] very hard to emote while shedding tears".


title: Pokémon: Johto League Champions

text: Pokémon: Johto League Champions is the fourth season of "Pokémon" and the fourth season of Pokémon: The Original Series, known in Japan as . It originally aired in Japan from August 3, 2000, to August 2, 2001, on TV Tokyo, and in the United States from August 18, 2001, to September 7, 2002, on The WB (Kids' WB).


title: Pokémon: Johto League Champions

text: The season follows the adventures of the ten-year-old Pokémon trainer Ash Ketchum and his electric mouse partner Pikachu as they collect Gym Badges in the fictional Johto region so they can compete in the Johto League competition.


title: Pokémon: Johto League Champions

text: The Japanese opening songs are "OK!" by Rika Matsumoto for 34 episodes, and "Aim to be a Pokémon Master" (めざせポケモンマスター 2001, Mezase Pokémon Masutā 2001) by Whiteberry for 18 episodes. The ending songs are "Takeshi's Paradise" (タケシのパラダイス, Takeshi no Paradaisu) by Yūji Ueda for 5 episodes, "Exciting Pokémon Relay" (ポケモンはらはらリレー, Pokémon Hara Hara Rirē) by Rikako Aikawa and Chorus for 10 episodes, "To My Best Friend" (ぼくのベストフレンドへ, Boku no Besuto Furendo e) by Hiromi Iwasaki for 19 episodes, "Face Forward Team Rocket!" (前向きロケット団!, Maemuki Roketto-Dan!) by Jessie, James, & Meowth with Wobbuffet for 18 episodes, and the English opening song is "Born to Be a Winner" by David Rolfe. Its short version serves as the end credit song.


title: Pokémon: Johto League Champions

text: In the United States, Viz Video and Pioneer Entertainment (and later Ventura Distribution) released the series on DVD and VHS. The VHS versions continued on with the numbered volume sets consisting of three select episodes from the series, and were known as the "High-Voltage Collection". The DVD releases were known as the "Collector's Edition DVDs" and consisted of 7-10 episodes per DVD. These releases have long since gone out-of-print.


title: Pokémon: Johto League Champions

text: Viz Media released "Pokémon: Johto League Champions – The Complete Collection" on DVD in the United States on May 31, 2016.


title: Rich the Kid

text: Dimitri Leslie Roger (born July 13, 1992), professionally known as Rich the Kid, is an American rapper. He released his debut studio album, "The World Is Yours", on March 30, 2018. His second studio album, "The World Is Yours 2", was released on March 22, 2019, and his third studio album, "Boss Man", on March 13, 2020.


title: Rich the Kid

text: Dimitri Leslie Roger was born in Queens, New York City, on July 13, 1992. He is of Haitian descent and grew up speaking Haitian Creole fluently. After his parents' divorce, Roger moved with his mother to College Park, Georgia when he was 13.


title: Rich the Kid

text: Rich the Kid said he grew up listening to Nas, Jay-Z, 2Pac, Notorious B.I.G. & 50 Cent, but after moving to College Park, he started listening to T.I. and Young Jeezy. His first rap name was Black Boy Da Kid, but later changed it to Rich the Kid. He attended Elmont Memorial Junior – Senior High School in Elmont, New York.


title: Rich the Kid

text: In 2013, he released his debut solo mixtape, "Been About the Benjamins", and later that year released a collaborative mixtape series with Migos called "Streets On Lock" (volume 1 and 2), with volume 3 being released in 2014 and volume 4 being released in 2015. His second solo mixtape titled "Feels Good 2 Be Rich" was released in August 2014, and featured artists Migos, Young Thug, Kirko Bangz, Rockie Fresh, Stalley, Soulja Boy, RiFF RaFF, Jeremih, K Camp, Young Dolph, Yo Gotti, French Montana, Chinx & Kodak Black. In November 2014, Rich the Kid released the single "On My Way" featuring GS9 artists, Bobby Shmurda & Rowdy Rebel. In December 2014, he released his third mixtape "Rich Than Famous" which featured YG, Migos, Bobby Shmurda, Rowdy Rebel, Gucci Mane, Johnny Cinco and PeeWee Longway.


title: Rich the Kid

text: Rich the Kid's first release in 2015 was a collaborative mixtape titled "Still On Lock" with Migos. In August 2015, he released "Flexin' on Purpose". The 14-track project featured collaborations with Master P, Young Dolph, Ty Dolla $ign, Fetty Wap and Rich Homie Quan. In October 2015, he released Streets On Lock 4 with Migos with features from Jose Guapo, Skippa Da Flippa, Hoodrich Pablo Juan, Lil Duke, 2 Chainz, Jeezy, Waka Flocka, Young Dolph, PeeWee Longway, Mango Foo, Slim Jxmmi, iLoveMakonnen, Tray1, Migo Domingo, Migo Jerz, YRN Lingo and Young Greatness. Rich the Kid and iLoveMakonnen released "Whip It", featuring 8 tracks on Thanksgiving Day, November 26, 2015, with guest spots from Rome Fortune, Migos, T-Wayne and Key!. The next month "Dabbin' Fever" was released on Christmas Eve 2015, with features from Wiz Khalifa, Migos, Skippa Da Flippa, 21 Savage, ManMan Savage, Jose Guapo, Playboi Carti, Kodak Black and Curren$y. He released his "Trap Talk" mixtape in April 2016, which features 21 Savage, Ty Dolla $ign, Playboi Carti, Kodak Black, Migos, Famous Dex and PartyNextDoor. In October 2016, he released his mixtape Keep Flexin' which featured Desiigner, Migos, Famous Dex, Jeremih, Young Thug and Playboi Carti. In May 2017, he collaborated as a featured artist on the Diplo song, "Bankroll", which also features Rich Brian and Young Thug (the song originally featured Justin Bieber instead of Rich Brian).


title: Rich the Kid

text: On June 9, 2017, Rich the Kid announced that he had signed to Interscope Records. In an interview with "XXL", Roger talked about his decision on signing with Interscope:


title: Rich the Kid

text: I was talking to different labels, Columbia, RCA, Epic, I decided not to sign with Epic even after L.A. Reid offered me a crazy deal. [Senior Vice President of A&R at Interscope] Manny Smith & Interscope CEO John Janick understand me and my vision for myself and also my label. Interscope gave me the opportunity to take over the game completely and that's what I'm going to do.


title: Rich the Kid

text: Rich the Kid released the single "New Freezer" featuring Kendrick Lamar on September 26, 2017. The song was certified Platinum on March 27, 2018, by the RIAA. His debut studio album, "The World Is Yours", was released on March 30, 2018, and features guest appearances from Lil Wayne, Swae Lee, Quavo, Offset, Trippie Redd, Khalid, Kendrick Lamar, Rick Ross, Future, Jay Critch and Chris Brown with its second single, "Plug Walk" peaking at number 13 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. His second album, "The World Is Yours 2" was released a year later, on March 22, 2019. It debuted at number four on the US "Billboard" 200, marking his second US top 10 album.


title: Rich the Kid

text: On December 6, 2019, it was announced that Rich the Kid departed Interscope Records and signed with Republic Records, while still remaining under the UMG umbrella. He kept with the tradition of March-releases, with his third album "Boss Man" being released on March 13, 2020, and subsequently marking Rich's first release on Republic Records. He then signed to independent label, Empire Distribution and released his first project with them, "Nobody Safe", a collaborative mixtape with YoungBoy Never Broke Again.


title: Rich the Kid

text: On March 4, 2022, Rich was featured on "Jungle", the first single from Bored Ape Yacht Club DJ/producer duo Escape Plan.


title: Rich the Kid

text: On November 14, 2022, Rich the Kid signed with RCA Records. He also released a new single called "Motion".


title: Rich the Kid

text: Roger was married to Antonette Willis and has two children with her. In March 2018, Willis filed for divorce, seeking full physical custody while giving Roger visitation rights and joint legal custody. Willis is also seeking spousal support. This was shortly after Willis accused him of cheating on her with Blac Chyna and India Love, even alleging that he was in a relationship with the former. Willis later claimed that Roger abused her and forced her to have abortions regularly, saying it was commonplace for police to be called to their residence for domestic abuse.


title: Rich the Kid

text: Roger began dating Tori Hughes (professionally known as Tori Brixx) shortly following the filing of the divorce. On June 15, 2018, Roger was hospitalized following a home invasion at Hughes' home. According to a police report, several men entered Hughes' home carrying firearms and demanded money. When Roger attempted to confront them, he was beaten by them and the men left with a "significant" amount of money and jewelry. On December 29, 2018, Rich the Kid got into a UTV accident in Calabasas, CA, when Dimitri and his friend were driving around in a Polaris RZR 4-wheeler. Based on sources from TMZ, it seems that Dimitri lost control of it and fell off of his RZR 4-wheeler and severely injured his hand. He was taken to the hospital shortly after. In February 2019, he was robbed and shot at outside of the Westlake Recording Studio in West Hollywood, California.


title: Rich the Kid

text: Rich the Kid and Lil Uzi Vert's feud started on Twitter following a highly publicized label issue Lil Uzi Vert had with DJ Drama's Generation Now imprint in January 2018. Rich the Kid tweeted at Lil Uzi Vert, offering them a position in his imprint Rich Forever Music, in which Uzi replied "Boy I'm not signing for 20 racks". A month later on February 9, 2018, Rich The Kid said that he and Lil Uzi Vert had "personal issues". On February 27, 2018, Rich the Kid previewed a diss track directed at Lil Uzi Vert titled "Dead Friends" with production from DJ Mustard.


title: Rich the Kid

text: On March 26, 2018, Rich the Kid formally released "Dead Friends". Following the release of "Dead Friends", Rich the Kid said he thought Lil Uzi Vert would not respond. Uzi later responded on their SoundCloud with "Rich Forever Leaked" over the Chief Keef "Where" instrumental, to which Rich the Kid responded by saying "Fuck that nigga."


title: Rich the Kid

text: On June 2, 2018, Rich the Kid and Lil Uzi Vert confronted each other at a Starbucks in Philadelphia. The former ran from the latter shortly after. Videos of the altercation were posted online on social media.


title: Rich the Kid

text: In March 2016, Rich the Kid started his own record label called Rich Forever Music. The label's first artist signed up was Chicago based Famous Dex. He also signed his first producer to Rich Forever Music, The Lab Cook. In April 2016, Rich the Kid signed his second artist, rapper J $tash.


title: Rich the Kid

text: The record label's first release was a 15-track compilation titled "Rich Forever Music", and featured Offset, Skippa Da Flippa, Lil Yachty and OG Maco. Shortly after the release, J $tash parted ways with the label.


title: Rich the Kid

text: In June 2016, Rich the Kid signed a deal to have 300 Entertainment become a parent company for Rich Forever Music.


title: Rich the Kid

text: On July 4, 2016, Rich Forever Music released their second project "Rich Forever 2," a collaborative mixtape between Rich the Kid and Famous Dex, with appearances from Wiz Khalifa, Lil Yachty, Young Thug, Jaden Smith and Playboi Carti. In November 2016, Rich the Kid signed Brooklyn rapper Jay Critch to his label.


title: Rich the Kid

text: On March 17, 2017, the label released their third compilation mixtape "The Rich Forever Way". The label released their fourth compilation "Rich Forever 3" on June 16, 2017.