title: Costa-Gavras

text: In a broader sense, this emphasis continues with "Amen." given its focus on the conservative leadership of the Catholic Church during the 1940s. In this political context, "L'Aveu" ("The Confession") provides the exception, dealing as it does with oppression on the part of a Communist regime during the Stalinist period.


title: Costa-Gavras

text: Costa-Gavras has brought attention to international issues, some urgent, others merely problematic, and he has done this in the tradition of cinematic story-telling. "Z" (1969), one of his most well-known works, is an account of the undermining in the 1960s of democratic government in Greece, his homeland and place of birth. The format, however, is a mystery-thriller combination that transforms an uncomfortable history into a fast-paced story. This is a clear example of how he pours politics into plot, "bringing epic conflicts into the sort of personal conflicts we are accustomed to seeing on screen."


title: Costa-Gavras

text: His accounts of corruption propagated, in their essence, by European and American powers ("Z", "State of Siege" and "Missing") highlight problems buried deep in the structures of these societies, problems which he deems not everyone is comfortable addressing. The approach he adopted in "L'Aveu" also "subtly invited the audience to a critical look focused on structural issues, delving this time into the opposite Communist bloc."


title: Costa-Gavras

text: Until 2019's "Adults in the Room", Costa-Gavras had never worked in Greece or made a film in the Greek language.


title: Costa-Gavras

text: Costa-Gavras films have been a significant influence on Political cinema. Wade Major of the Directors Guild of America mentioned that, "With films like Z and Missing, Costa-Gavras almost single-handedly created the modern political thriller".


title: Costa-Gavras

text: He has influenced directors such as Oliver Stone, William Friedkin and Steven Soderbergh. Stone mentioned that Costa-Gavras "was certainly one of my earliest role models...I was a film student at NYU when "Z" came out, which we studied. Costa actually came over with Yves Montand for a screening and was such a hero to us. He was in the tradition of Gillo Pontecorvo "The Battle of Algiers" and was the man in that moment... it was a European moment."


title: Costa-Gavras

text: The American filmmaker William Friedkin listed "Z" as one of his favorite films and mentioned the film's influence on him when directing his film "The French Connection": "After I saw "Z", I realized how I could shoot "The French Connection". Because he [Costa-Gavras] shot 'Z' like a documentary. It was a fiction film but it was made like it was actually happening. Like the camera didn't know what was gonna happen next. And that is an induced technique. It looks like he happened upon the scene and captured what was going on as you do in a documentary. My first films were documentaries too. So I understood what he was doing but I never thought you could do that in a feature at that time until I saw "Z"."


title: Costa-Gavras

text: The American filmmaker Steven Soderbergh listed "Z" as an inspiration on his film "Traffic" and even stated that he "wanted to make it like [Costa-Gavras's] "Z"". In 2020, Costa Gavras wrote the preface to the book "Opération Condor", by French writer and journalist Pablo Daniel Magee.


title: Costa-Gavras

text: Costa-Gavras's debut film, "Compartiment Tueurs", won National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was nominated for the Edgar Award for Best Screenplay in 1967.


title: Costa-Gavras

text: The film "Z" was the first film to be nominated for both the Best Picture and Best Foreign Language Film. It won the latter, as well as the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film. "Z" was also the first foreign-language film to win the Best Film award from the New York Film Critics Circle. Gavras won the Best Director award as well.


title: Costa-Gavras

text: Costa-Gavras has received an honorary doctorate from the Film School of the Aristotle University in 2013.


title: Costa-Gavras

text: He was interviewed extensively by "The Times" cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter and was featured prominently in her book "Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections on Contemporary French Arts and Culture" (1993, Da Capo Press).


title: Costa-Gavras

text: Costa-Gavras received the Magritte Honorary Award in 2013. He was the first filmmaker to receive the Catalonia International Prize (2017).


title: Costa-Gavras

text: His daughter Julie Gavras and his sons Romain Gavras and Alexandre Gavras are also filmmakers. He is the first cousin of filmmaker Penelope Spheeris and musicians Jimmie Spheeris and Chris Spheeris. He is a distant relative of actor Jordan Gavaris.


title: Costa-Gavras

text: In 2009, Costa-Gavras signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski, calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.


title: Tam Lin

text: Tam (or Tamas) Lin (also called Tamlane, Tamlin, Tambling, Tomlin, Tam Lien, Tam-a-Line, Tam Lyn, or Tam Lane) is a character in a legendary ballad originating from the Scottish Borders. It is also associated with a reel of the same name, also known as the Glasgow Reel. The story revolves around the rescue of Tam Lin by his true love from the Queen of the Fairies. The motif of winning a person by holding him through all forms of transformation is found throughout Europe in folktales.


title: Tam Lin

text: Most variants begin with the warning that Tam Lin collects either a possession or the virginity of any maiden who passes through the forest of Carterhaugh. When a young woman, usually called Janet or Margaret, goes to Carterhaugh and plucks a double rose, Tam appears and asks her why she has come without his leave and taken what is his. She states that she owns Carterhaugh because her father has given it to her.


title: Tam Lin

text: In most variants, Janet then goes home and discovers that she is pregnant; some variants pick up the story at this point. When asked about her condition, she declares that her baby's father is an elf whom she will not forsake. In some versions, she is informed of a herb that will induce abortion; in all the variants, when she returns to Carterhaugh and picks a plant, either the same roses as on her earlier visit or the herb, Tam reappears and challenges her action.


title: Tam Lin

text: She asks him whether he was ever human, either after that reappearance or, in some versions, immediately after their first meeting resulted in her pregnancy. He reveals that he was a mortal man, who, falling from his horse, was caught and captured by the Queen of Fairies. Every seven years, the fairies give one of their people as a teind (tithe) to Hell and Tam fears he will become the tithe that night, which is Hallowe'en. He is to ride as part of a company of elven knights. Janet will recognise him by the white horse upon which he rides and by other signs. He instructs her to rescue him by pulling him down from the white horse, so Janet "catches" him this time, and holds him tightly. He warns her that the fairies will attempt to make her drop him by turning him into all manner of beasts (see Proteus), but that he will do her no harm. When he is finally turned into a burning coal, she is to throw him into a well, whereupon he will reappear as a naked man, and she must hide him. Janet does as she is asked and wins her knight. The Queen of Fairies is angry but acknowledges defeat.


title: Tam Lin

text: In different variations, Tam Lin is reportedly the grandson of the Laird of Roxburgh, the Laird of Foulis, the Earl of Forbes, or the Earl of Murray. His name also varies between versions (Tam Lin being the most common) as Tom Line, Tomlin, Young Tambling, Tam-a-line and Tamlane.


title: Tam Lin

text: The ballad dates to at least as early as 1549 (the publication date of "The Complaynt of Scotland" that mentions "The Tayl of the Ȝong Tamlene" ('The Tale of the Young Tamelene') among a long list of medieval romances). Michael Drayton's narrative poem "Nimphidia" (1627) includes a character called Tomalin who is a vassal and kinsman of Oberon, King of the Fairies. Robert Burns wrote a version of Tam Lin based on older versions of the ballad, which was printed in James Johnson's "Scots Musical Museum" (1796).


title: Tam Lin

text: Francis James Child collected fourteen traditional variants in "The English and Scottish Popular Ballads" in the nineteenth century. (Another Child ballad, "Burd Ellen and Young Tamlane", has no connection with this ballad except for the similarity of the heroes' names.)


title: Tam Lin

text: Child took the threat to take out Tam Lin's eyes as a common folklore precaution against mortals who could see fairies, in the tales of fairy ointment. Joseph Jacobs interpreted it as rather a reversal of the usual practice; the Queen of Faeries would have kept him from seeing the human woman who rescued him.


title: Tam Lin

text: In some variants, "Hind Etin" has verses identical to this for the first meeting between the hero and the heroine.


title: Tam Lin

text: The ballad has been recorded several times from Scottish and Northern Irish people who learned it in the oral tradition. Eddie Butcher of Magilligan, County Londonderry knew a fragment of the ballad which can be heard via the Irish Traditional Music Archive, and Paddy Tunney of Mollybreen, County Fermanagh sang a version to Hugh Shields in 1968. In Scotland, Duncan Williamson of Auchtermuchty, Fifeshire, William Whyte of Aberdeen and Betsy Johnston of Glasgow all had traditional versions recorded, the latter two by Hamish Henderson.


title: Tam Lin

text: Following are some of the notable recordings of the ballad, including their artists, titles, albums, and years:


title: Patrick McHale (artist)

text: Patrick Nolen McHale (born November 17, 1983) is an American animator, screenwriter, songwriter, and director.


title: Patrick McHale (artist)

text: Known for his work in animation, he served as writer, creative director and storyboard artist for both the television series "Adventure Time" from 2010 to 2017, and the miniseries "Over the Garden Wall" in 2014, the latter of which he also created; he also co-wrote the 2022 film "Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio".


title: Patrick McHale (artist)

text: McHale graduated from the California Institute of the Arts in 2006 with a BFA in Character Animation. He began his professional career at Cartoon Network Studios in 2007, as writer and storyboard artist on Thurop Van Orman's "The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack". He helped Van Orman to create ten episodes in total. The one-shot character Punsie McKale was inspired by and modeled after McHale.


title: Patrick McHale (artist)

text: After leaving "Flapjack", he joined fellow CalArts alum and "Flapjack" storyboard artist Pendleton Ward to help develop Ward's "Adventure Time" short into an animated series. Once the show got picked up, McHale stayed on board as the show's creative director through the show's second season. He then moved to New York City with his wife and fellow filmmaker Jiwook Kim. He continued to freelance for the show in the capacity of writing some songs and providing input on story outlines. This lasted until the middle of season five.


title: Patrick McHale (artist)

text: In October 2011, he started work on the eight-minute animated short "Tome of the Unknown", which was produced as part of Cartoon Network's shorts development program. Unlike the other pilots, released online on Cartoon Network Video, the film was selected to be showcased during the festival circuit throughout 2013 and early 2014. It received The Bruce Corwin Award for Best Animated Short Film at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival.


title: Patrick McHale (artist)

text: The short became the basis for a ten-part miniseries "Over the Garden Wall", which premiered over five consecutive nights in November 2014. "Tome of the Unknown" was streamed online in May 2015. McHale won a National Cartoonists Society Reuben award as the creator of "Over the Garden Wall", in the category for TV Animation. The series won an Emmy Award for Best Animated Program. That same year, McHale's "Over the Garden Wall" won Best Animated Feature at the Ottawa International Animation Festival.


title: Patrick McHale (artist)

text: In 2016, McHale received an Eisner Award for Best Publication for Kids as the creator and a writer of the "Over the Garden Wall" comic book featuring the characters first appearing in the television series.


title: Patrick McHale (artist)

text: In 2015, Frederator Studios announced that McHale would direct an 11-minute adaption of "Costume Quest".


title: Patrick McHale (artist)

text: In 2017, director Guillermo del Toro announced that McHale would co-write the script to del Toro's stop-motion adaptation of "Pinocchio".


title: Patrick McHale (artist)

text: In February 2021, Netflix announced that McHale would serve as scriptwriter for an animated film adaptation of the novel "Redwall" by Brian Jacques.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Timothy Ray Bradley Jr. (born August 29, 1983) is an American former professional boxer. He competed from 2004 to 2016, holding multiple world championships in two weight classes, including the WBC light welterweight title twice between 2008 and 2011, the WBO light welterweight title from 2009 to 2012, and the WBO welterweight title twice between 2012 and 2016.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: In October 2013, Bradley was ranked as the world's third-best active boxer, pound for pound, by "The Ring" magazine. He is particularly known for his trilogy of fights against Manny Pacquiao, whom he fought in 2012, 2014, and 2016. Bradley will be inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2023.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Bradley had his first professional bout on August 20, 2004 knocking out Francisco Martinez in the second round. In his rise through the ranks, he won the WBC youth world welterweight and super lightweight crowns. He also beat future IBF lightweight champion Miguel Vazquez by a unanimous ten-round decision.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Bradley finally got his chance for a full world title when José Luis Castillo failed to make weight in a title eliminator for the WBC super lightweight belt. He then won the WBC super lightweight title by defeating British fighter Junior Witter on May 10, 2008 in Nottingham, England. Bradley's bank account was down to $11 when he made the decision to go to England to fight Junior Witter. Bradley came into the fight a 6–1 underdog against Witter. During the fight, Bradley controlled most of the action, and dropped Witter in his corner during the 6th round. Though the fight was scored a close split decision for Bradley, most observers and analysts thought Bradley should have comfortably been given a unanimous decision verdict. One judge scored the fight 115-112 for Witter and the remaining two judges scored the fight 115-113 and 114-113 respectively, for Bradley.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: On April 4, 2009 Bradley fought Kendall Holt to unify his WBC and Holt's WBO titles. Bradley was dropped in the first round by a huge left hook and was badly hurt but regrouped and outboxed Holt for most of the fight, before being sent to the canvas again in the 12th round. Nonetheless, Bradley got up and finished the fight. He won the fight by unanimous decision and became the new WBO champion.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Several days after his unification bout with Holt, Bradley was stripped of his WBC junior welterweight title, because of failure to fight Devon Alexander, his mandatory challenger. As a result, the title became vacant and Alexander stopped Witter at the end of eight rounds to win the belt.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: The Alexander-Witter fight was on the undercard of Bradley's August 1 fight with Nate Campbell in Bradley's hometown of Palm Springs. Campbell, a former lightweight champion, was coming up in weight after he failed to make the lightweight limit in his last fight. Bradley's fight with Campbell only lasted three rounds after Campbell chose not to continue when a cut formed over and behind his left eye. Bradley was awarded the TKO victory, but the verdict was later changed. A replay showed that the cut was caused by an accidental clash of heads. The rules state that if a fight is stopped by a cut caused by an accidental headbutt before the end of round four, it should be called a no contest. The California State Athletic Commission therefore changed the result.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: In April 2009, Lamont Peterson defeated French boxer Willy Blain for the vacant WBO Interim title, making him mandatory to full titleholder Bradley. The fight took place at Agua Caliente Casino in Rancho Mirage, California on December 12, 2009. Bradley dropped Peterson with an overhand right in the third round. However, Peterson got up and landed hard left hooks to the body. Peterson cut under the left eye from an accidental headbutt in round 12. After 12 rounds, the judges scored the fight 120-107, 119-108 and 118-110 in favour of Bradley, retaining his title and handing Peterson his first professional loss. The bout was televised as a main event on Showtime Championship Boxing. After the bout, Peterson told Showtime, "My game plan was to win the first round, but in the middle of the first round, I got hit real hard by a couple of right hands. It really bothered me. I lost the round, I fell behind, I got reckless. I couldn't make it up. I gave it all I had. He's a great champion."


title: Timothy Bradley

text: In his HBO Debut, Bradley was scheduled to face Luis Abregu in a non-title bout at welterweight. However, Bradley's promoter told ESPN.com that he had made a deal with Golden Boy Promotions to fight Interim title holder and knockout artist: Marcos "El Chino" Maidana, at the Agua Caliente Casino in Rancho Mirage, California, only a few miles from Bradley's hometown of Palm Springs. The fight was scheduled to take place on June 19, 2010 but was postponed after Maidana had suffered a back injury during training for the fight. As a result, the initial plan to move up in weight was made and the fight with Abregu was back on, scheduled for the Agua Caliente Casino, along with a set fight date of July 17, 2010. Although clearly out-sized, Bradley proved too quick and too skilled for the hard-hitting Abregu winning by unanimous decision, with the judges' scorecards reading 119–111, 118–112 and 117–113.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: At the end of the fight, Bradley openly made a challenge to pound-for-pound king Manny Pacquiao, calling for him to "Come break down this wall." Bradley also called out Devon Alexander, Amir Khan and Marcos Maidana.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: On January 29, 2011 Timothy Bradley defended his WBO junior welterweight title in a unification fight against fellow light welterweight title holder, WBC champion Devon Alexander, at the Silverdome Arena in Pontiac, Michigan. Bradley won via 10th round technical decision.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: As stipulated in the contract of the fight against Devon Alexander, Bradley would be given a $1.3 million payday regardless of whomever he selected as his opponent for his next fight. While the public wanted Bradley to fight the then WBA light welterweight champion Amir Khan and unify the division, Bradley opted to not take the fight.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Timothy Bradley was stripped of his title as he refused to fight then World Boxing Association light welterweight champion Amir Khan. Many had speculated that Bradley was not satisfied with the $1.3 million to fight a boxer of Amir Khan's caliber, although this was Bradley highest pay day in his entire career so far. Also, he had admitted that it was too risky to fight Amir Khan, asking rhetorically on the American radio show "Leave It In The Ring", "What if I lose then I am out the sweepstake to fight pound-for-pound-king Manny Pacquiao for 7.5 million dollars?" Bradley's refusal to take the fight led to a falling out between him and his promoter Gary Shaw. Subsequently, he was stripped of the WBC title due to inactivity.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Timothy Bradley joined Top Rank and made his debut for them on November 12, 2011 defending his WBO junior welterweight title against former lightweight titlist Joel Casamayor, 40, on the undercard of Pacquiao vs. Marquez III. Bradley won by TKO in the eighth round in making his case for a shot at Pacquiao.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Bradley fought Manny Pacquiao on June 9, 2012 for Pacquiao's WBO welterweight title. Bradley won a controversial victory over Pacquiao by way of split decision, with two of the judges scoring it 115–113 to Bradley and the other 115–113 to Pacquiao. The decision ended Pacquiao's 7-year undefeated streak and gave Bradley the title. According to Compubox, Pacquiao was ahead in punches landed, power punches landed, percentage of punches landed, and percentage of power punches landed. As a result of the controversial scoring, a special five-judge panel was created by World Boxing WBO President Francisco "Paco" Valcarcel to review the fight. All five judges of the panel reviewed a video of the bout and all 5 judges scored it in favor of Manny Pacquiao. Despite the panel's findings, WBO rules do not allow the decision to be overturned. The most the boxing body can do, according to Valcarcel, is to order a rematch.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Bradley won a close unanimous decision against Ruslan Provodnikov on March 16, 2013 for the WBO welterweight championship. Provodnikov was given the fight to serve as an easy target for Bradley, who was looking for a confidence booster after a controversial fight with Manny Pacquiao. Bradley came out on the attack early, fighting in an uncharacteristically aggressive fashion. Provodnikov made him pay, tagging him with hard shots in the first round, and staggering him in the second. Bradley said post-fight that he was concussed by a shot Provodnikov hit him with in the first round. Bradley boxed more conservatively as the fight wore on, winning most of the middle rounds. In the last round, Provodnikov again hurt Bradley badly and appeared ready to deliver a KO, but with time running out Bradley deliberately took a knee to get called for a knockdown. He was easily able to beat the count (which finished only seconds before the final bell) as a result and hung on to win the fight on points. Bradley was impressed by Provodnikov's power and said that "he's going to be a world champion someday."


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Bradley's bout with "Ring" #3 ranked pound for pound, "Ring" #5 ranked junior lightweight and WBO junior welterweight champion Juan Manuel Márquez was held on October 12, 2013 at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. Bradley was awarded a split decision win, in a fight where he wobbled Márquez in the final round with a left uppercut en route to winning via split decision with scorecards of 116–112, 115–113 and 113–115.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Bradley gave Manny Pacquiao a rematch on April 12, 2014. The second fight was closer than the first contest according to many pundits. Pacquiao pulled away on the scorecards in the second half of the fight winning with a unanimous decision (118–110, 116–112, 116–112), ending Bradley's undefeated streak.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Following his first career loss to Manny Pacquiao, Bradley fought former WBA welterweight interim champion Diego Chaves of Argentina, in Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada on December 13, 2014. The official scorecards led to a controversial split-draw (Julie Lederman 112–116 for Chaves, Burt A. Clements 115–113 for Bradley, while Craig Metcalfe 114–114 for an even). Harold Lederman, HBO's unofficial judge, had it 116–112 for Bradley and the Compubox statistics heavily favored a Bradley win as they stated he had connected with 225 of 572 punches versus the 152 of 570 blows Chaves connected with.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Bradley fought and beat the undefeated boxer Jessie Vargas on June 27, 2015 at StubHub Center, California, USA on HBO World Championship Boxing to capture the WBO Welterweight Interim title. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: On July 6, the WBO welterweight champion Floyd Mayweather was stripped of his title for failing to pay a $200,000 sanctioning fee for his bout with Manny Pacquiao and for not relinquishing his world titles in the Junior Middleweight division, as the WBO rules mandate that a champion of theirs can only hold titles in one division at a time. Therefore, Bradley was promoted to the full-time WBO welterweight champion.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: ESPN reported on September 8, 2015 that Bradley would make the first defence of his WBO title against 29 year old former WBA lightweight champion Brandon Ríos (33-2-1, 24 KOs) on November 7 at the newly refurbished Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas. Bradley also headlined the last card to take place at the Thomas & Mack Center on October 12, 2013. Negotiations were on and off for the fight and nearly broke down completely in August. Due to Sadam Ali being Bradley's mandatory, the WBO stated they would not sanction the fight unless Top Rank made a deal with Ali's promoter Golden Boy, to negotiate a step-aside fee.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Bradley fought and beat former Lightweight champion to retain the WBO Welterweight title. He was trained by his new coach and TV analyst Teddy Atlas. Bradley won the fight by technical knockout in Round 9 at 2:48, after he put Ríos down with a body shot and followed it up with a barrage of punches, dropping Ríos again and prompting referee Tony Weeks to wave off the fight.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: On December 30, 2015 Bob Arum announced that Manny Pacquiao (57-6-2, 38 KOs) would fight Bradley for the third time in what would be his last professional fight. The fight was set for April 9, 2016 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas. It was reported that Pacquiao would earn $20 million and Bradley would earn $4 million from the fight. In front of 14,665, Pacquiao knocked Bradley down twice and outpointed him throughout the fight, winning by unanimous decision after all three judges scored the bout 116-110 in his favor. ESPN.com scored it for 117-109 also in favor of Pacquiao. Bradley was down once in round seven and again in round nine. In the post fight Bradley spoke about how patience was the key difference in the fight, "Manny was very strong in there. Very heavy punches. He was also very patient. I wasn't professional enough to stay patient myself, and I walked into shots." CompuBox statistics showed that Pacquiao landed 122 of 439 punches (28%), whereas Bradley connected on 99 of his 302 punches thrown (33%). Many experts, including both fighters called the rubber fight the best of their trilogy. The fight drew 400,000 buys on HBO PPV, generating $24 million. This was considered a low number, as the main event's purses alone equalled $24 million. Pacquiao received a special version of the vacant WBO International title in recognition of his win.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: On July 27, 2017 Bradley stated he would announce his retirement. In a statement, referring to his fight against Ruslan Provodnikov, he said, “A few weeks after the fight, I was still affected by the damage that was done. My speech was a little bit off. I was slurring a little bit. But after about two months, I cleared up and I have my wits about me now.” On August 6, 2017 he officially announced his retirement from professional boxing after nearly 12 years in the sport. The announcement came when he posted the following on his Instagram page:


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Bradley was born in Palm Springs, California on August 29, 1983, and grew up in Cathedral City, California. He went to Cathedral City High School, along with future mixed martial artist and current UFC contender Cub Swanson. Prior to becoming a professional boxer, Bradley worked as a dishwasher and as a waiter. He married his high school friend, Monica Manzo, in 2010 and became an adoptive father to Manzo's two children, all together the couple have five children. In 2015, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.


title: Timothy Bradley

text: Bradley was on a vegan diet for his fights from 2008 onwards. He said that he first tried the vegan diet while preparing for his fight against Junior Witter. In this fight, which Bradley won by split decision, Witter was knocked down in 6th from overhand right. After the fight Bradley was proud of the results and maintained his diet. He added that when he was on the vegan diet, he felt superior over any athlete who gets in the ring because it gave him energy, helped with his reflexes and balance. This diet was abandoned prior to the Jessie Vargas fight in 2015.


title: Stir frying

text: Stir frying () is a cooking technique in which ingredients are fried in a small amount of very hot oil while being stirred or tossed in a wok. The technique originated in China and in recent centuries has spread into other parts of Asia and the West. It is similar to sautéing in Western cooking technique.


title: Stir frying

text: Scholars think that wok (or pan) frying may have been used as early as the Han dynasty (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.) for drying grain, not for cooking, but it was not until the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) that the wok reached its modern shape and allowed quick cooking in hot oil. Well into the 20th century, while only restaurants and affluent families could afford the oil and fuel needed for stir fry, the most widely used cooking techniques remained boiling and steaming. Stir fry cooking came to predominate over the course of the century as more people could afford oil and fuel, and in the West spread beyond Chinese communities.


title: Stir frying

text: Stir frying and Chinese food have been recommended as both healthy and appealing for their skillful use of vegetables, meats, and fish which are moderate in their fat content and sauces which are not overly rich, provided calories are kept at a reasonable level.


title: Stir frying

text: The English-language term "stir-fry" was coined by Yuen Ren Chao in Buwei Yang Chao's book "How to Cook and Eat in Chinese" (1945), to describe the "chǎo" technique. Although using "stir-fry" as a noun is commonplace in English, in Chinese, the word 炒 (chǎo) is used as a verb or adjective only.


title: Stir frying

text: The Chinese character "炒" is attested in inscriptions on bronze vessels from the Eastern Zhou period (771–256 BC), but not in the sense of stir frying. Dry stirring was used in the Han dynasty (206 BC 220 AD) to parch grain. Although there are no surviving records of Han dynasty stir frying, archaeological evidence of woks and the tendency to slice food thinly indicate that the technique was likely used for cooking.


title: Stir frying

text: The term "chao" appears for the first time in the sense of "stir frying" in the "Qimin Yaoshu", a sixth-century agricultural manual, including in a recipe for scrambled eggs. In sources from the Tang dynasty (618–907), "chao" refers not to a cooking technique, but to a method for roasting tea leaves. It reappears as a cooking method in a dozen recipes from the Song dynasty (960–1279). The Song period is when the Chinese started to use vegetable oil for frying instead of animal fats. Until then, vegetable oil had been used chiefly in lamps.


title: Stir frying

text: Historically, stir frying was not as important a technique as boiling or steaming, since the oil needed for stir frying was expensive. The technique became increasingly popular in the late Ming dynasty (1368–1644), in part because the wood and charcoal used to fire stoves were becoming increasingly expensive near urban centers, and stir-frying could cook food quickly without wasting fuel. "The increasingly commercial nature of city life" in the late Ming and Qing (1644–1912) periods also favored speedy methods. But even as stir frying became an important method in Chinese cuisine, it did not replace other cooking techniques. For instance, "only five or six of over 100 recipes recorded in the sixteenth-century novel "Jin Ping Mei" are stir fry recipes and wok dishes accounted for only 16 percent of the recipes in the most famous eighteenth century recipe book, the "Suiyuan shidan"".


title: Stir frying

text: By the late Qing, most Chinese kitchens were equipped with a wok range ("chaozao" 炒灶 or "paotai zao" 炮臺灶) convenient for stir-frying because it had a large hole in the middle to insert the bottom of a wok into the flames.


title: Stir frying

text: Stir frying was brought to America by early Chinese immigrants, and has been used in non-Asian cuisine.


title: Stir frying

text: The term "stir fry" as a translation for "chao" was coined in the 1945 book "How To Cook and Eat in Chinese", by the linguist Yuen Ren Chao. The book told the reader


title: Stir frying

text: Although using the term "stir-fry" as a noun is commonplace in English, in Chinese, the word 炒 (chǎo) is used as a verb or adjective only. In the West, stir frying spread from Chinese family and restaurant kitchens into general use. One popular cookbook noted that in the "health-conscious 1970s" suddenly it seemed that "everyone was buying a wok, and stir frying remained popular because it was quick." Many families had difficulty fitting a family dinner into their crowded schedules but found that stir-fried dishes could be prepared in as little as fifteen minutes.


title: Stir frying

text: Broadly speaking, there are two primary techniques: "chao" and "bao". Both techniques use high heat, but "chao" adds a liquid and the ingredients are softer, whereas "bao" stir fries are more crispy because of the Maillard reaction.


title: Stir frying

text: The "chao" (炒) technique is similar to the Western technique of sautéing. There are regional variations in the amount and type of oil, the ratio of oil to other liquids, the combinations of ingredients, the use of hot peppers, and such, but the same basic procedure is followed in all parts of the country.


title: Stir frying

text: First the wok is heated to a high temperature, and just as or before it smokes, a small amount of cooking oil is added down the side of the wok (a traditional expression is 热锅冷油 "hot wok, cold oil") followed by dry seasonings such as ginger, garlic, scallions, or shallots. The seasonings are tossed with a spatula until they are fragrant, then other ingredients are added, beginning with the ones taking the longest to cook, such as meat or tofu. When the meat and vegetables are nearly cooked, combinations of soy sauce, vinegar, wine, salt, or sugar may be added, along with thickeners such as cornstarch, water chestnut flour, or arrowroot.


title: Stir frying

text: A single ingredient, especially a vegetable, may be stir-fried without the step of adding another ingredient, or two or more ingredients may be stir-fried to make a single dish. Although large leaf vegetables, such as cabbage or spinach, do not need to be cut into small pieces, for dishes which combine ingredients, they should all be cut to roughly the same size and shape.


title: Stir frying

text: "Wok hei" () romanization is based on the Cantonese Chinese pronunciation of the phrase; when literally translated into English, it can be translated as "wok thermal radiation" or, metaphorically as the "breath of the wok". The phrase "breath of a wok" is a poetic translation Grace Young first coined in her cookbook, "The Wisdom of the Chinese Kitchen". In her book, "The Breath of a Wok", Young further explores the ideas and concepts of "wok hei". An essay called "Wok Hay: The Breath of a Wok" explains how the definition of "wok hei" varies from cook to cook and how difficult it is to translate the term. Some define it as the "taste of the wok," a "harmony of taste," etc.: "I think of wok hay as the breath of a wok—when a wok breathes energy into a stir-fry, giving foods a unique concentrated flavor and aroma."


title: Stir frying

text: When read in Mandarin, the second character is transliterated as "qi" ("ch'i" according to its Wade-Giles romanization, so "wok hei" is sometimes rendered as "wok chi" in Western cookbooks) is the flavour, tastes, and "essence" imparted by a hot wok on food during stir frying. Out of the Eight Culinary Traditions of China, wok hei is encountered the most in Cantonese cuisine, whereas it may not even be an accepted concept in some of the others.


title: Stir frying

text: To impart "wok hei" the traditional way, the food is cooked in a seasoned wok over a high flame while being stirred and tossed quickly. The distinct taste of "wok hei" is partially imbued into the metal of the wok itself from previous cooking sessions and brought out again when cooking over high heat. In practical terms, the flavour imparted by chemical compounds results from caramelization, Maillard reactions, and the partial combustion of oil that come from charring and searing of the food at very high heat in excess of . Aside from flavour, "wok hei" also manifests itself in the texture and smell of the cooked items.


title: Stir frying

text: In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the "bao" technique () of stir-frying on a high flame was typical of cuisine from the northern Chinese province of Shandong. The wok is first heated to a dull red glow over a high fire. The oil, seasonings, and meats are then added in rapid succession. The food is continually tossed, stopping only to add other ingredients such as broths, vegetables, or more seasonings. The purpose of "bao" is to highlight natural tastes, so minimal seasoning is added. Because of the high heat, "bao" is ideal for small amounts of food that cook quickly, so the juices do not flow out of the items. Meat is coated with egg white or starch in order to contain the juices. When the food is cooked it is poured and ladled out of the wok. The wok must then be quickly rinsed to prevent food residues from charring and burning to the wok bottom because of residual heat.


title: Stir frying

text: A larger amount of cooking fat with a high smoke point, such as refined plant oils, is often used in "bao". The main ingredients are usually cut into smaller pieces to aid in cooking.


title: Stir frying

text: Stir frying has been promoted as generally healthy and nutritious. Writers extolled the quick cooking at high heat for retaining color, texture, and nutritional value. A study by researchers at the Department of Food Science and Nutrition at Zhejiang University compared the effects of boiling, steaming, and stir frying on bamboo shoots. Boiling and steaming decreased the amount of protein, soluble sugar, ash, and total free amino acids by more than one third. Stir-frying bamboo shoots increased their fat content by 528.57% due to the addition of oil, but retained more of the anti-oxidant capacities. With 78.9% retention, stir frying preserved significantly more vitamin C than boiling. Taking into consideration the total retention of antioxidants, the study concluded that stir frying is the method best suited for bamboo shoots. Similar results were found for stir frying red peppers.


title: Stir frying

text: Another study from Zhejiang University examined the nutritional value of broccoli after five common cooking techniques: steaming, boiling, microwaving, stir-frying and stir-frying followed by deep frying. The study found that the two most common methods of home cooking in China, stir-frying and stir-frying combined with deep frying in soybean oil, resulted in a much greater loss of chlorophyll, soluble protein, soluble sugar and vitamin C. The method which affected these values the least was steaming. Stir frying for five minutes and stir frying combined with boiling caused the highest loss of glucosinolates, which according to this study are best preserved by steaming. A study performed by the Spanish National Research Counsel stir-fried the broccoli for only three minutes and thirty seconds and found that nutritional value of these broccoli samples varied depending on which cooking oil was used. Comparing these results to an uncooked sample, the study found that phenolics and vitamin C were reduced more than glucosinolates and minerals. Stir-frying with soybean, peanut, safflower or extra virgin olive oil did not reduce glucosinolates, and broccoli stir-fried with extra virgin olive oil or sunflower oil had vitamin C levels similar to uncooked broccoli. These levels were significantly lower with other edible oils.


title: Stir frying

text: Stir frying is not without health risks. Recent studies show that heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed by stir frying meat at very high temperatures. These chemicals may cause DNA changes that may contribute to increased risk of cancer.


title: Stir frying

text: The process of stir-frying is used in the preparation of some Chinese herbal medicines under the term 'dry-frying'. Stir frying a medical herb with honey is commonly used to increase its sweetness and therefore its spleen and stomach qi tonic effects. Stir frying in vinegar is typically used whenever one wants to direct the properties of an herb more to the liver based on the principle that the sour taste belongs to the liver.


title: Mark Feehily

text: Markus "Mark" Michael Patrick Feehily (born 28 May 1980) is an Irish singer and one of the two lead vocalists of the pop vocal group Westlife. Westlife has released twelve albums, embarked on thirteen world tours and won several awards, becoming one of the most successful musical groups of all time. With 15 number one appearances, he is also the highest-charting LGBT performer on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Mark Feehily

text: Feehily rose to fame as one of the two lead vocalists of the boy band Westlife, the other being Shane Filan. Before Westlife, Feehily, Filan and Kian Egan were members of the self-formed, six-piece, Sligo-based boy band IOYOU, previously named Six As One, which released the single "Together Girl Forever" and songs "Everlasting Love" and "Good Thing". Louis Walsh, the manager of Boyzone, was contacted by Filan's mother and learned of the group. The final line-up, established on 3 July 1998, consisted of Feehily, Filan and Egan from the original line-up, and Nicky Byrne and Bryan McFadden, new members who auditioned from Dublin. Boyzone singer Ronan Keating was brought in to co-manage the group with Walsh, assuming an advisory role.


title: Mark Feehily

text: During live performances, Feehily has also sung completely solo for the songs "Oh Holy Night", "Imaginary Diva", "Talk Me Down", "Before It's Too Late" and Boy George's "Il Adore". In addition to being a lead vocalist, Feehily has also co-written several songs, including some with his band members. Feehily has spoken to "The Boston Globe" of his embarrassment about Westlife's Rat Pack-tribute album, "...Allow Us to Be Frank"; he blamed Westlife's label for forcing them to record it after Robbie Williams had success with this type of music. He dismissed the instance as a "weird time" in Westlife's career. Despite this, he has referred to his role in Westlife as "the best job in the world".


title: Mark Feehily

text: As well as releasing music as part of Westlife, Feehily has also released music as a solo artist, under the name "Markus Feehily" rather than "Mark Feehily", which he was known as in Westlife. In February 2015, Feehily launched his solo career with a radio premiere of his debut single "Love Is a Drug" on RTÉ 2fm in Ireland. The next day the track premiered online, via "Wonderland Magazine". Moments after the premiere of the song, it was made available for pre-order on iTunes, with the official video for the track launching on his Vevo channel two weeks later. The song was released on 19 April 2015. He released his debut solo studio album "Fire" on 16 October 2015. It includes the singles "Love Is a Drug" and "Butterfly".


title: Mark Feehily

text: He was a support act for Wet Wet Wet and Mariah Carey. He was also invited by Russell Crowe at Olympia Theatre, Dublin, 1 October 2017, for his "Dublin Indoor Garden Party gig" to sing "Love Was My Alibi", written by Crowe and Carl Falk for the film "The Water Diviner", which Crowe both directed and starred in, accompanied by Alan Doyle and Falk. His second album "Christmas", featuring the track "River", a rendition of the song by Joni Mitchell, was released on 1 December 2017.


title: Mark Feehily

text: In October 2018, a video was posted to Westlife's official social media platforms announcing the group's reunion as a four-piece. In 2019 the group headlined "The 20 Tour", named in honour of Westlife's 20th anniversary since its formation and the release of its first single, "Swear It Again", in 1999. In addition to touring, Westlife also released new music. "Hello My Love", the first single from the group's upcoming album, debuted on the "Graham Norton Show" on 10 and 11 January 2019. In 2022, Feehily appeared on the third series of "The Masked Singer" as "Robobunny". He reached the final and finished in third place.


title: Mark Feehily

text: Feehily has co-written several Westlife songs, all fifteen tracks of his debut solo album and numerous unreleased songs.


title: Mark Feehily

text: He announced on social media that he and Shane Filan co-wrote the new single for Emeli Sandé and Ronan Keating called "One of a Kind" released in 2020.


title: Mark Feehily

text: Feehily was born in Sligo, County Sligo in Ireland. His parents are Marie (née Verdon) and Oliver Feehily, and he has two younger brothers as well as many cousins. He has expressed his love for Sligo's picturesque and artistic environment, which he credits for playing a critical role in inspiring his musical aspirations and pursuits. As a child, singing and playing the tin whistle were important elements in his life. His favourite singer has always been Mariah Carey, with whom Westlife collaborated on "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)". In his teenage years, he also enjoyed playing tennis and football.


title: Mark Feehily

text: In August 2005, he publicly revealed he was gay during an interview with the British tabloid "The Sun". Feehily had recognised his sexual orientation when he was 14 or 15 years old. His family, bandmates and close friends knew his sexual orientation. Westlife's manager Louis Walsh, however, was unaware of Feehily's sexual orientation when he began managing the group. As the only gay member of Westlife, Feehily had kept his sexual orientation private. Unlike his bandmates, Feehily did not discuss his private life in interviews, although he had dated women prior to his coming out. In yet another interview, he told "The Sydney Morning Herald" that despite the fact that the majority of Westlife's fans are female, there had really been no negative reaction.


title: Mark Feehily

text: During the interview with "The Sun", Feehily also announced his romantic relationship with British fashion photographer Kevin McDaid, a member of the now-defunct British boy band V. The pair, who lived together, had been dating since January 2005 after having met at a Cheerios Childline Concert in Ireland. Feehily said that while he did not intend to get married right away, he was happy to know he could form a civil partnership in Britain with the recent passing of the Civil Partnership Act. In December 2007, Feehily and Kevin appeared on the cover of "Attitude". The couple became engaged in February 2010. On 31 December 2011, Feehily announced via his Twitter account that the couple had split up.


title: Mark Feehily

text: Feehily is interested in charity works and supports the charity group "Aware". He was shortlisted in 2011 as one of the top 50 most influential gay individuals. He congratulated his local football club Sligo Rovers on its victory in the 2011 FAI Cup Final.


title: Mark Feehily

text: On 22 February 2019, he announced his engagement to Cailean O'Neill through his Instagram account, during their holiday on Hurawalhi in the Maldives. On 3 October, Feehily and O'Neill announced the birth of their daughter Layla via surrogacy.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: Thanga Magan () is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by Velraj. Dhanush produced and stars in the film alongside Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Amy Jackson.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: The film entered production in March 2015 and was released on 18 December 2015. The film performed decently at the box office.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: Tamizh, his wife Yamuna, and mother move into an uncomfortable home. Tamizh leaves them with his friend Kumaran while he looks for a job. All the companies are pleased with his resume but are hesitant to give him a job due to occurrences in his past job. Desperate, Tamizh gets a job at a roadside biriyani shop. He comes home for the night after he gets drunk, and flashback starts.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: 5 years earlier, college student Tamizh, Kumaran, and Tamizh's cousin Aravind were inseparable friends. One day, Tamizh's mother tells him to go to the temple for a pooja (blessing ceremony). There he meets Hema, who is an Anglo-Indian and architect student and likes her. Tamizh and Kumaran leave out Aravind, as they feel due to his better looks, he might hinder their attempts at the girls. Tamizh starts to woo her and the two eventually fall in love, while Kumaran and Tamizh's neighbour Revathi also fall in love. For their first anniversary, Tamizh, Hema, Kumaran, and Hema's friend Revathi go to Darjeeling without telling Aravind and Tamizh's father Vijayraghavan. Feeling guilty, he decides he will tell them both the truth once he goes back to Chennai. But Aravind has followed the group, says he never wants to see Tamizh again for betraying him, and storms off. Later, when Hema and Tamizh are discussing their future, Tamizh learns that Hema doesn't envision his parents living with them in their marital home. This infuriates Tamizh and they both fight, eventually leading to their breakup.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: They both move on with their own lives. Tamizh starts work as a junior officer at his father's Income Tax office, Hema marries Aravind. Later Tamizh's family arranges his marriage with Yamuna. They gradually fall in love with each other and eventually forgets Hema. One day, Vijayraghavan returns home tense and shouts at his wife. The next morning, when Yamuna opens the bathroom door, it is found that Vijayraghavan had hung himself. Everybody accuses him of stealing an important tax file from his office. Tamizh is also suspended without pay and the Govt Quarters Chief evicts him due to bad name. At the same time Yamuna informs her family that she might be pregnant.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: In the present, Tamizh tries to gather information about his father. A close friend of Vijayraghavan sees Tamizh and says Vijayraghavan once mentioned a bag of money. So Tamizh goes to see his boss Prakash, who tells him he gave Vijayraghavan 50 million rupees to protect from an impending raid, but Vijayraghavan forgot what he did with the money. Prakash thinks he stole it, so he took the tax file, and demanded Vijayraghavan return the money to get the file back. Tamizh remembers Vijayraghavan once arguing with Aravind, so he goes to see him about the money. Aravind denies knowing about it. Later, Hema confronts Aravind, who admits he took the money for his business, but was going to return it once he was settled, but Vijayraghavan killed himself before that. Hema meets Yamuna in the temple and tells her the truth behind the money. Tamizh searches Aravind's house and learns that Aravind is going to use the money to pay for a construction investment. Kumaran tricks the builder into revealing details about the deal closure, and convinces the dealer to change the meeting time from 7:00 to 11:00. Aravind shows up at 7:00 and encounters Tamizh there. After a brief altercation, Tamizh takes the money with him, but it amounts to just 10 million.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: That night, thieves try to steal the money, but Tamizh wards them off. The next day, Tamizh is tipped off that there will be an income tax raid at his house. Tamizh has Kumaran protect the money, but Aravind intercepts Kumaran and takes it back. Tamizh tracks down one of Aravind's associates who has 40 of the 50 million rupees. Tamizh beats him up and takes the money back. Aravind finds out about this and tries to protect the rest, eventually losing his mind in the process. Tamizh visits Aravind and reminds him how happy they were when before money was involved. Aravind realizes his mistake and gives the money back to Tamizh, asking for his forgiveness. Tamizh goes to Prakash with the money and asks for the tax file back. But Prakash reveals that he sold the file for 500 million rupees and that Tamizh should take 50 million to forget the issue. Tamizh doesn't want it and tells Prakash to accept his mistake and cancel his suspension.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: Same night, Tamizh takes Yamuna to the hospital because she is having labour pains. En route, Prakash's goons try to kill Tamizh, but he successfully fights back. He later calls Prakash and tells him to turn on the news, where his assistant is revealing Prakash's corrupt activities. Tamizh then tells him that he gave his assistant the 50 million rupees to confess. Prakash is arrested, and Yamuna gives birth to a boy. The film ends with a happy Tamizh leaving for work.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: Following the success of "Velaiilla Pattadhari" (2014), Dhanush and Velraj announced that they would work together for another project during October 2014, and stated the film would not be a sequel to their previous film. In December 2014, Jackson revealed via Twitter that she had been signed on to feature in the film. During the same month, Samantha Ruth Prabhu also joined the team, which reprised several crew members from the director's previous venture. Sathish was selected to play a supporting role, while K. S. Ravikumar and Raadhika were signed on to play Dhanush's parents in the film.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: The team began production in March 2015 without a title, and the project remained untitled until October 2015, a month before the film's release. It developed under the working title of "VIP 2", and the team denied reports of it being titled "Tea Kadai Raja" and "Thamizh Magan", before settling on "Thanga Magan". The first schedule involved Dhanush and Amy Jackson, with the former shaving his beard to appear as a teenager in the portions. Scenes involving Samantha portraying Dhanush's wife were shot in May 2015, with the team recreating the effect of rainy backdrop in a studio in Chennai. Amy Jackson finished work in the film in June 2015, after filming sequences alongside the other two lead actors. The film completed its final schedule in July 2015 by canning a fight scene and montage shots, without the presence of Velraj, who had to prioritise his work as a cinematographer for another film, "Paayum Puli". The director consequently denied reports that he had a fall out with the rest of the team.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: "Thanga Magan"'s Tamil Nadu theatrical rights were sold to Sri Green Productions. The film was released on 18 December 2015.


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: "DNA India" rated the film 3 stars and said, "Watch the movie for the fine performances by the lead actors." Filmibeat rated the film 3.0/5 and said, ""Thanga Magan", though not as impressive as "Velaiyilla Pattathari", manages to make you laugh and weep. It also most definitely, entertains you." "Behindwoods" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote, "On the whole, "Thanga Magan" does justice to its cause, which is to entertain, but doesn't keep the audience engrossed." Tamilglitz rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and called it "a simple movie which is worth [watching]".


title: Thanga Magan (2015 film)

text: The soundtrack of the movie was composed by Anirudh Ravichander and was released on 23 November 2015.


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: John MacDonald Coleman (born February 21, 1958) is an American actor who has played the role of Steven Carrington in the 1980s prime time soap opera "Dynasty" (1982–1988), Noah Bennet in the science-fiction drama series "Heroes" (2006–2010), State Senator Robert Lipton on "The Office" (2010–2013), and United States Senator William Bracken on "Castle" (2012–2015).


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: Coleman was born February 21, 1958 in Easton, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. He is a sixth-generation descendant of Benjamin Franklin. He attended Solebury School in Solesbury Township, Pennsylvania and Duke University, where he decided to pursue acting as a career. After graduating from Duke in 1980, he attended Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut.


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: Coleman's first major role was in "Days of Our Lives", where he appeared from 1981 to 1982 as the character of Jake Kositchek (aka "The Salem Strangler"). He also made an appearance on "Celebrity Bullseye".


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: In 1982, he joined the cast of "Dynasty" when he took over the role of Steven Carrington, one of the first gay characters on American television. Coleman played the role until the end of the show's eighth season in 1988.


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: He was a regular on the short-lived series "Nightmare Cafe" (1992), and appeared on the miniseries "Kingdom Hospital" (2004). He made guest appearances in "The Net", "", "Nip/Tuck", "Without a Trace", "", and "Entourage". He co-starred as Alyson & Amanda Michalka's father in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Cow Belles".


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: He was nominated for his performance in the play "Stand-up Tragedy" at the Mark Taper Forum, and won a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for his performance in "Bouncers". He wrote the screenplays for "Studio City", which he produced and acted in, and "Can't Help Falling".


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: Coleman was a main cast member of science-fiction series "Heroes", where he played Noah Bennet. Coleman states about portraying the character, "It's a combination of the light and dark. I don't want to just be a moustache twirling villain."


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: Coleman appeared in an episode of "The Mentalist" in October 2010. He played the role of a wealthy, arrogant murder suspect named Max Winter. He also played a patient named Joe Dugan (a campaign manager of a New Jersey senator) in the "House" episode of "Office Politics" in 2010.


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: In Hallmark Channel’s original movie "Rock The House" (2010), Jack Coleman played a lawyer named Max who finds a way to reconnect with his daughter and his old sense of joy when he gets back together with his music-making friends from his teenaged years. Starting in November 2010, Coleman had a recurring role on "The Office" as Pennsylvania State Senator Robert Lipton, the love interest for both Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) and Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez). He has appeared in the episodes "WUPHF.com", "Classy Christmas", "Michael's Last Dundies","Goodbye, Michael", "Jury Duty", "Fundraiser", "Free Family Portrait Studio" "New Guys", "Here Comes Treble", "The Boat", "The Whale", "Customer Loyalty" and "Vandalism".


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: From 2011 to 2012, he played Bill Forbes on the third season of the CW drama "The Vampire Diaries" in the episodes "The Hybrid", "The End of the Affair", "Disturbing Behavior", "The Ties That Bind" and "Bringing Out The Dead". In 2011, he appeared on the CBS drama "Criminal Minds", playing Bill Rogers, a serial rapist, in the episode "Hope". In July 2012, it was announced that Coleman joined the fifth season of "Castle" as a new antagonist for Stana Katic’s character Kate Beckett. He has appeared in the episodes "After the Storm", "Recoil", "In the Belly of the Beast", "Veritas", "XY", and "XX" playing Senator William H Bracken.


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: Coleman joined USA Network’s "Burn Notice" as a recurring part of the drama’s truncated (13-episode) seventh and final season. He played Andrew Strong, a ranking CIA officer who has seen it all. Noble, but also obsessive at times, Strong is a relentless taskmaster who pushes Michael (Jeffrey Donovan) to do whatever it takes to complete the mission.


title: Jack Coleman (actor)

text: In 2013, he played the closeted gay husband Daniel Douglas Langston of conservative Vice President Sally Langston on "Scandal". In February 2014, he appeared in "" Season 14 Episode 15 – "Love for Sale". In 2015, he reprised his role as Noah Bennet in an "event miniseries" "Heroes Reborn", which served as a continuation of the original "Heroes" storyline. In 2019, he starred in the movie version of Graham Farrow's award winning, critically acclaimed stage play 'Rattlesnakes'.


title: Noun phrase

text: In linguistics, a noun phrase, or nominal (phrase), is a phrase that has a noun or pronoun as its head or performs the same grammatical function as a noun. Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.


title: Noun phrase

text: Noun phrases often function as verb subjects and objects, as predicative expressions and as the complements of prepositions. Noun phrases can be embedded inside each other; for instance, the noun phrase "some of his constituents" contains the shorter noun phrase "his constituents".


title: Noun phrase

text: In some more modern theories of grammar, noun phrases with determiners are analyzed as having the determiner as the head of the phrase, see for instance Chomsky (1995) and Hudson (1990).


title: Noun phrase

text: Noun phrases can be identified by the possibility of pronoun substitution, as is illustrated in the examples below.


title: Noun phrase

text: A string of words that can be replaced by a single pronoun without rendering the sentence grammatically unacceptable is a noun phrase. As to whether the string must contain at least two words, see the following section.


title: Noun phrase

text: Traditionally, a phrase is understood to contain two or more words. The traditional progression in the size of syntactic units is "word < phrase < clause", and in this approach a single word (such as a noun or pronoun) would not be referred to as a phrase. However, many modern schools of syntax – especially those that have been influenced by X-bar theory – make no such restriction. Here many single words are judged to be phrases based on a desire for theory-internal consistency. A phrase is deemed to be a word or a combination of words that appears in a set syntactic position, for instance in subject position or object position.


title: Noun phrase

text: On this understanding of phrases, the nouns and pronouns in bold in the following sentences are noun phrases (as well as nouns or pronouns):


title: Noun phrase

text: The words in bold are called phrases since they appear in the syntactic positions where multiple-word phrases (i.e. traditional phrases) can appear. This practice takes the constellation to be primitive rather than the words themselves. The word "he", for instance, functions as a pronoun, but within the sentence it also functions as a noun phrase. The phrase structure grammars of the Chomskyan tradition (government and binding theory and the minimalist program) are primary examples of theories that apply this understanding of phrases. Other grammars such as dependency grammars are likely to reject this approach to phrases, since they take the words themselves to be primitive. For them, phrases must contain two or more words.


title: Noun phrase

text: A typical noun phrase consists of a noun (the head of the phrase) together with zero or more dependents of various types. (These dependents, since they modify a noun, are called "adnominal".) The chief types of these dependents are:


title: Noun phrase

text: The allowability, form and position of these elements depend on the syntax of the language in question. In English, determiners, adjectives (and some adjective phrases) and noun modifiers precede the head noun, whereas the heavier units – phrases and clauses – generally follow it. This is part of a strong tendency in English to place heavier constituents to the right, making English more of a head-initial language. Head-final languages (e.g. Japanese and Turkish) are more likely to place all modifiers before the head noun. Other languages, such as French, often place even single-word adjectives after the noun.


title: Noun phrase

text: Noun phrases can take different forms than that described above, for example when the head is a pronoun rather than a noun, or when elements are linked with a coordinating conjunction such as "and", "or", "but". For more information about the structure of noun phrases in English, see .


title: Noun phrase

text: Noun phrases typically bear argument functions. That is, the syntactic functions that they fulfill are those of the arguments of the main clause predicate, particularly those of subject, object and predicative expression. They also function as arguments in such constructs as participial phrases and prepositional phrases. For example:


title: Noun phrase

text: Sometimes a noun phrase can also function as an adjunct of the main clause predicate, thus taking on an adverbial function, e.g.


title: Noun phrase

text: In some languages, including English, noun phrases are required to be "completed" with a determiner in many contexts, and thus a distinction is made in syntactic analysis between phrases that have received their required determiner (such as "the big house"), and those in which the determiner is lacking (such as "big house").


title: Noun phrase

text: The situation is complicated by the fact that in some contexts a noun phrase may nonetheless be used without a determiner (as in "I like big houses"); in this case the phrase may be described as having a "null determiner". (Situations in which this is possible depend on the rules of the language in question; for English, see English articles.)


title: Noun phrase

text: In the original X-bar theory, the two respective types of entity are called noun phrase (NP) and N-bar (N, N′). Thus in the sentence "Here is the big house", both "house" and "big house" are N-bars, while "the big house" is a noun phrase. In the sentence "I like big houses", both "houses" and "big houses" are N-bars, but "big houses" also functions as a noun phrase (in this case without an explicit determiner).


title: Noun phrase

text: In some modern theories of syntax, however, what are called "noun phrases" above are no longer considered to be headed by a noun, but by the determiner (which may be null), and they are thus called "determiner phrases" (DP) instead of noun phrases. (In some accounts that take this approach, the constituent lacking the determiner – that called N-bar above – may be referred to as a noun phrase.)


title: Noun phrase

text: This analysis of noun phrases is widely referred to as the "DP hypothesis". It has been the preferred analysis of noun phrases in the minimalist program from its start (since the early 1990s), though the arguments in its favor tend to be theory-internal. By taking the determiner, a function word, to be head over the noun, a structure is established that is analogous to the structure of the finite clause, with a complementizer. Apart from the minimalist program, however, the DP hypothesis is rejected by most other modern theories of syntax and grammar, in part because these theories lack the relevant functional categories. Dependency grammars, for instance, almost all assume the traditional NP analysis of noun phrases.


title: Noun phrase

text: For illustrations of different analyses of noun phrases depending on whether the DP hypothesis is rejected or accepted, see the next section.


title: Noun phrase

text: The representation of noun phrases using parse trees depends on the basic approach to syntactic structure adopted. The layered trees of many phrase structure grammars grant noun phrases an intricate structure that acknowledges a hierarchy of functional projections. Dependency grammars, in contrast, since the basic architecture of dependency places a major limitation on the amount of structure that the theory can assume, produce simple, relatively flat structures for noun phrases.


title: Noun phrase

text: The representation also depends on whether the noun or the determiner is taken to be the head of the phrase (see the discussion of the DP hypothesis in the previous section).


title: Noun phrase

text: Below are some possible trees for the two noun phrases "the big house" and "big houses" (as in the sentences "Here is the big house" and "I like big houses").


title: Noun phrase

text: 1. Phrase-structure trees, first using the original X-bar theory, then using the current DP approach:


title: Noun phrase

text: The following trees represent a more complex phrase. For simplicity, only dependency-based trees are given.


title: Noun phrase

text: The first tree is based on the traditional assumption that nouns, rather than determiners, are the heads of phrases.


title: Noun phrase

text: The head noun "picture" has the four dependents "the", "old", "of Fred", and "that I found in the drawer". The tree shows how the lighter dependents appear as pre-dependents (preceding their head) and the heavier ones as post-dependents (following their head).


title: Noun phrase

text: The second tree assumes the DP hypothesis, namely that determiners rather than nouns serve as phrase heads.


title: Noun phrase

text: The determiner "the" is now depicted as the head of the entire phrase, thus making the phrase a determiner phrase. Note that there is still a noun phrase present ("old picture of Fred that I found in the drawer") but this phrase is below the determiner.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Eli (, ; ; ) was, according to the Books of Samuel, a high priest and Judge of the Israelites in the city of Shiloh, ancient Israel. When Hannah came to Shiloh to pray for a son, Eli initially accused her of drunkenness, but when she protested her innocence, Eli wished her well. Hannah's eventual child, Samuel, was raised by Eli in the tabernacle. When Eli failed to rein in the abusive behavior of his sons, God promised to punish his family, which resulted in the death of Eli and his sons. Later biblical passages mention the fortunes of several of his descendants, and he figures prominently in Samaritan religious tradition.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Eli was the high priest ("kohen gadol") of Shiloh, the second-to-last Israelite judge (succeeded only by Samuel) before the rule of the Kings of Israel and Judah.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: This story of Hannah, with which the Books of Samuel begin, involves Eli. Hannah was the wife of Elkanah. She was childless. Elkanah also had another wife (Peninnah) who bore him children. Peninnah, at every chance, teased and criticised Hannah about her barrenness, to the point of Hannah's deep despair. Their husband Elkanah saw Hannah's distress, and attempted to discover the cause of her distress by asking "Hannah, why do you weep? Why do you not eat? Why is your heart sad? Am I not more to you than ten sons?"


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: The story indicates that Hannah gave no answer to the questions, and instead rose and presented herself before God. She wept bitterly in the temple of Shiloh. In her despair, Hannah prayed to God for a child, and promising that if her prayer is granted, she would dedicate her son to God. When Eli found Hannah in the temple, she was praying silently with her lips moving. Eli witnessed this unusual behavior, and concluded that Hannah was intoxicated. After Hannah's explanation of her sobriety, Eli said, “Go in peace, and may the God of Israel grant you what you have requested.” Hannah went home, filled with hope. Subsequently, Hannah became pregnant; her child was named Samuel. At the time to offer the yearly sacrifice at the temple, Hannah remained home. She promised to go to the temple, when Samuel was weaned and planned to leave him with Eli to be trained as a Nazirite.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: The sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, meanwhile, were behaving wickedly, for example by taking for themselves all the prime cuts of meat from sacrifices, and by committing adultery with the women who serve at the sanctuary entrance. Eli was aware of their behavior but he rebuked them too lightly and ultimately did not stop them. The sons continued in their sinful behavior, and "a man of God" prophesied to Eli that Eli and his family would be punished for this, with all male descendants dying before reaching old age and being placed in positions subservient to prophets from other lineages. The curse alludes to a previous promise from God of Eli's lineage continuing eternally (Eli being a descendant of Aaron, to whom the promise was initially given ) (c.f. similar promises to King David and Jehonadab). While this continuation was not revoked, a curse was placed on all of Eli's male descendants forever. As a sign of the accuracy of this future, Eli was told that his sons would die on the same day.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Eli went on to train Samuel. When Samuel heard God speaking to him, he at first mistook God for Eli; Eli, who didn't hear God calling Samuel, eventually realized the truth, and instructed Samuel on how to respond. Samuel was told that God's threat would be carried out on Eli and his family. Eli asked Samuel what he had been told, insisting that he be told the whole truth, and so Samuel did; Eli reacted by saying that God will do as He judges best.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Some years later, the Philistines attacked Eben-Ezer, eventually capturing the Ark of the Covenant from the Israelites and killing Eli's sons who had accompanied the Ark to battle. The Israelites had brought the Ark with them to battle under the premise that it would bring them victory, an assumption that proved to be incorrect. Eli, who was nearly blind, was sitting at the front gate to hear the returning soldiers return was unaware of the event until he asked about all the commotion in the city. A soldier had returned brought the news of the battle to the people. He told Eli what happened. In reaction to the news that the Ark of God had been captured, Eli fell backwards out of the chair and died.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: He was a Judge of Israel for a total of 40 years. His daughter-in-law, the wife of Phinehas, was pregnant and near the time of delivery. When she heard the news that the Ark of God had been captured and that her father-in-law and husband were dead, she went into labour and gave birth, but was overcome by labour pains. As she lay dying, the women attending her said, "Don't despair; you have given birth to a son." But she did not respond or pay any attention. She named the boy Ichabod, saying "The Glory has departed from Israel", because of the capture of the Ark of God and the deaths of her father-in-law and her husband.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Samuel, who fought the Philistine incursions, judged Israel for 20 years. Some scholars, like Kessler, and Nowack have argued that there is likely to have been some overlap between the time of Samuel and that of Eli. However, the Book of Judges always mentions the years of oppression in contrast to the period of a judge's dispensation; since the early parts of Eli's rule do not appear to occur during a time of oppression, this appears to rule out any overlap with the Philistine oppression that Samson, a previous judge, had lived under.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Though his own genealogy is not given by the text, a number of scholars have determined a genealogy for Eli, based on that given to his sons in other passages. Abiathar is described by the Book of Chronicles as being a direct (paternal) descendant of Ithamar; the Books of Samuel state that Abiathar was a son of Ahimelech and that Ahimelech was a son of Ahitub, who is the brother of Ichabod. Consequently, since the narrative states that Ichabod was the son of Phinehas, and that Phinehas was the son of Eli, a number of scholars have drawn the conclusion that Eli must be a descendant of Ithamar.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: The rabbis described Samuel, Eli's student, as having ruled that it was legitimate for laymen to slaughter sacrifices, since the halakha only insisted that the priests "bring the blood" (cf. , Zevahim 32a). Eli is said to have reacted to this logic of Samuel by arguing that it was correct, but Samuel should be put to death for making legal statements while Eli (his mentor) was present.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Rabbinical commentators explain that the continuity of high priesthood is put forth to the descendants of Phineas from this noted verse. According to some rabbinical commentators Phineas sinned due to his not availing his servitude of Torah instruction to the masses at the time leading up to the Battle of Gibeah. In addition, he also failed to address the needs of relieving Jephthah of his vow. As consequence, the "high priesthood" was taken from him and given (temporarily, see next section) to the offspring of Ithamar, essentially Eli and his sons.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Upon the sin of Eli's sons, Hophni and Phinehas, it was prophesied that the high priesthood would be returned to the sons of Eleazar:


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: A number of scholars indicate that Zadok was the subject of the prophecy to Eli when Zadok, said to be of the progeny of Eleazar, was ultimately appointed as high priest.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Zadok, as a patrilineal descendant of Phinehas (son of Eleazar) assumed the high priesthood. His sons were Ahimaaz and Azariah followed by his descendants who held the high priesthood up to the destruction of the First Temple and, following the building of the Second Temple, resumed the high priesthood, as per Joshua the High Priest (along with Ezra) being of Sons of Zadok lineage.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: In addition to the individuals whose descent from Eli can be determined from the Biblical text, rabbinic literature cites other individuals as descendants of Eli.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: The Samaritans assert that Mount Gerizim was the original Holy Place of Israel from the time that Joshua conquered Israel and the ten tribes settled the land. According to the Bible, the story of Mount Gerizim takes us back to the story of the time when Moses ordered Joshua to take the Twelve Tribes of Israel to the mountains by Shechem and place half of the tribes, six in number, on the top of Mount Gerizim (Mount of the Blessing), and the other half in Mount Ebal (Mount of the Curse). The two mountains were used to symbolize the significance of the commandments and serve as a warning to whoever disobeyed them.


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Abu l-Fath, who in the fourteenth century C.E. wrote the major work of Samaritan history, comments on Samaritan origins as follows:


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Further, the Samaritan Chronicle Adler, or New Chronicle, believed to have been composed in the 18th century C.E. using earlier chronicles as sources states:


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: According to the Samaritans this marked the end of the Age of Divine Favor called רידון (Ridhwan) or רהוּתה (Rahuta), which began with Moses. Thus began the פנוּתה (Fanuta) Era of Divine Disfavor when God looks away from the people. According to the Samaritans the age of divine favor will only return with the coming of the Taheb (Messiah or Restorer).


title: Eli (biblical figure)

text: Likewise according to Samaritan sources, the high priests line of the sons of Phineas died out in 1624 C.E. with the death of the 112th High Priest Shlomyah ben Pinhas when the priesthood was transferred to the sons of Ithamar.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: Abrus precatorius, commonly known as jequirity bean or rosary pea, is a herbaceous flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae. It is a slender, perennial climber with long, pinnate-leafleted leaves that twines around trees, shrubs, and hedges.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: The plant is best known for its seeds, which are used as beads and in percussion instruments, and which are toxic because of the presence of abrin. Ingestion of a single seed, well chewed, can be fatal to both adults and children. The plant is native to Asia and Australia. It has a tendency to become weedy and invasive where it has been introduced.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: "Abrus precatorius" is commonly known as jequirity, Crab's eye, or rosary pea, paternoster pea, love pea, precatory pea or bean, prayer bead, John Crow Bead, coral bead, red-bead vine, country licorice, Indian licorice, wild licorice, Jamaica wild licorice, gundumani/kundumani (in India/Tamil), Akar Saga, coondrimany, gidee gidee, Jumbie bead, ratti / rettee / retty, goonjaa / gunja / goonja / gunjaa, or weather plant.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: "Abrus precatorius" is a severely invasive plant in warm temperate to tropical regions, so much so that it has become effectively pantropical in distribution. It had been widely introduced by humans, and the brightly coloured and hard-shelled seeds had been spread by birds. By the end of the twentieth century, it had been proclaimed as an invasive weed in many regions including some in Belize, Caribbean Islands, Hawaii, Polynesia and parts of the mainland United States. In Florida in particular, the plant has invaded undisturbed pinelands and hammocks, including the vulnerable pine rocklands.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: Once "Abrus precatorius" plants have grown to maturity under favourable conditions, their deep roots are extremely difficult to remove, and the plants' aggressive growth, hard-shelled seeds, and ability to sucker, renders an infestation extremely difficult to eradicate and makes it very difficult to prevent re-infestation. Herbicides such as glyphosate are effective, but need skilled application if they are not to do more harm than good.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: The toxin abrin is a dimer consisting of two protein subunits, termed A and B. The B chain facilitates abrin's entry into a cell by bonding to certain transport proteins on cell membranes, which then transport the toxin into the cell. Once inside the cell, the A chain prevents protein synthesis by inactivating the 26S subunit of the ribosome. One molecule of abrin will inactivate up to 1,500 ribosomes per second.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: Symptoms are identical to those of ricin, except abrin is more toxic by almost two orders of magnitude; the fatal dose of abrin is approximately 1/75 that of the fatal dose of ricin (though the abrin in ingested seeds may be absorbed much more slowly than the ricin in "Ricinus communis" even if the seeds are chewed and the coat penetrated, allowing time for successful rescue efforts in at least some cases.) Abrin has an of only 0.56 μg/kg in mice, and Kingsbury lists a toxic dose in humans at 0.00015% body weight, or approximately 0.1 mg for a 150 lb human. Ingesting intact seeds may result in no clinical findings, as they can pass undigested through the gastrointestinal tract because of their hard shell.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, vomiting, convulsions, liver failure, and death, usually after several days.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: The seeds of "Abrus precatorius" are much valued in native jewelry for their bright coloration. Most beans are black and red, reminiscent of a ladybug, though other colors exist. Jewelry-making with jequirity seeds is rumoured to be somewhat hazardous. There are persistent reports that the workers who pierce the seeds in order to thread them can suffer poisoning or even death from a pinprick, but there seems to be little evidence. An online search found 265 scientific papers referring to "Abrus precatorius", but not one of them dealt with occupational poisoning.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: In Trinidad in the West Indies the brightly colored seeds are strung into bracelets and worn around the wrist or ankle to ward off jumbies or evil spirits and "mal-yeux"—the evil eye. The Tamils use "Abrus" seeds of different colors. The red variety with black eye is the most common, but there are black, white and green varieties as well.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: In March 2012 a recall was issued for bracelets made using Jequirity Beans sold by the Eden Project and other outlets in the UK.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: The seeds of "Abrus precatorius" are very consistent in weight, even under different moisture conditions due to the water-impermeable seed-coat. Formerly Indians used these seeds to weigh gold using a measure called a "Ratti", where 8 Ratti = 1 Masha; 12 Masha = 1 Tola (11.6 Grams).


title: Abrus precatorius

text: Abrus seeds are the agents by which the Chamàr or "Native Skinner" caste of India carry on the felonious poisoning of cattle for the purpose of securing their hides. This is done by means of small spikes, called "sui" (needles) or "sutari" (awls), which are prepared by soaking the awl in a thin paste of the water-soaked, pounded seeds, and then drying the weapon in the sun, after which it is oiled and sharpened upon stone, affixed in a handle, and then used to puncture the skin of the animal.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: An 1881 work by the District Superintendent of Police for British-occupied Bengal details the preparation and use of the "sutari" for the killing of cattle and in at least six murder cases. A native, promised a reduced sentence for the poisoning of a fellow villager's bullock in exchange for his testimony, demonstrated the technique. First the outer shells of red or white seeds were cracked between stones, then the two cotyledons from within thirty or forty seeds were soaked in water for ten minutes. These seeds were ground to a paste and rolled up into six sharp-ended one-inch cones, which were inserted into either end of three pieces of straw and "exposed to the moderate influence of the sun" to dry, whereupon they regained some of the original hardness of the seed. In this account, the sutaries were described as being these cones, entirely made up of the hardened seed paste. The dried cones were checked for sharpness, and if need be, whetted with a brick and re-set. Finally, to prevent softening, they were waterproofed by "burying them for a night in some sort of animal grease." For testing, which Major Ramsay asked to be done exactly like a surreptitious killing, the prisoner set two sutaries into a 1.5-inch wooden handle meant to be held in the hand by pressing them into a rag stretched over sockets in the wood. A wandering "Brahmanee bull" was procured, and the prisoner brought the sutari down in one direction and away in the other, so as to break off the cones inside the animal's flesh behind the horn, then pressed the skin over the broken ends leaving no obvious trace of the injury. This process was repeated with two more cones to the base of the animal's tongue. The bull died after 34.5 hours, leaving no visible trace of the sutaries but a small amount of pus at the wound site, whose swelling had mostly subsided by the time of death.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: The 1890 "Pharmacographia Indica" gives an account, based in part on the above work, describing the sutaris or suis (the terms being equivalent, depending on district, with the former based on the object's resemblance to the point of a cobbler's awl). It describes the sutaris as 3/4 inch long and weighing 1.5 to 2 grains, varying in color from dirty white to black, and describes the handle as 3 to 3.5 inches long and frequently made from two joints of bamboo wood, with sockets 1/4 to 3/8 inch deep and with the cavity exposed at one end for storage of additional sutaris. The weapons were sometimes made with the milky juice of "Calotropis gigantea" instead of water, which was said to speed the effect, and were sometimes supplemented with metallic mercury, dhatura, aconite, and/or arsenic. It is added that "any attempt to withdraw the sutari by pulling at the pieces sticking out, invariably breaks it, a portion being left in the wound." One man murdered by a single blow with a pair of sutaris died after three days; another, from whom the material had been successfully excised, died three days later of tetanus. The price of one of these killings was said to total 16.5 rupees; the killers were punished by transportation for life.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: "Abrus precatorius", called "Gulaganji" in Kannada, "kundu mani" in Tamil, "Guruvinda ginja" in Telugu and 'Kunni kuru' in Malayalam, has been used in Siddha medicine for centuries. The white variety is used to prepare oil that is claimed to be an aphrodisiac. A tea is made from the leaves and used for fevers, coughs and colds. Seeds are poisonous and therefore are only consumed after heat treatment. The Tamil Siddhars knew about the toxic effects in plants and suggested various methods which is called "suththi seythal" or purification. This is done by boiling the seeds in milk and then drying them. Like with castor oil, the protein toxin is denatured when subjected to high temperatures rendering it innocuous.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia’ records that "The roots of this plant are used in India as a substitute for liquorice, though they are somewhat bitter. In Java the roots are considered demulcent. The leaves, when mixed with honey, are applied to swellings, and in Jamaica are used as a substitute for tea. Under the name of "Jequirity" the seeds have recently been employed in cases of ophthalmia, a use to which they have long been put in India and Brazil."


title: Abrus precatorius

text: The plant is also used in Ayurveda and is said to promote hair growth. It is sometimes used as an ingredient in Indian hair products.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: A variety of pharmacological effects have been observed in rodents, but have not been demonstrated clinically in humans, including:


title: Abrus precatorius

text: In Rajasthan, India, Chirmi song is associated with this plant. There is also evidence that this plant has significant economic value to the traditional Zulu people, due to the fact that it is a form of income for Zulu people that make and sell crafts that were made from the seeds of this plant.


title: Abrus precatorius

text: During the Tang dynasty, Wang Wei wrote a poem titled "One-hearted" ("Xiāng Sī" / 相思), which most likely refers to "Abrus precatorius" as a "red bean" ("hóng dòu" / 红豆).


title: Abrus precatorius

text: In Mathura, India, the god Vishnu and Krishna is associated with the seeds of the plant. Lord Krishna is sometimes depicted wearing the seeds on a mala (rosary).


title: Syndrome

text: A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms which are correlated with each other and often associated with a particular disease or disorder. The word derives from the Greek σύνδρομον, meaning "concurrence". When a syndrome is paired with a definite cause this becomes a disease. In some instances, a syndrome is so closely linked with a pathogenesis or cause that the words "syndrome", "disease", and "disorder" end up being used interchangeably for them. This substitution of terminology often confuses the reality and meaning of medical diagnoses. This is especially true of inherited syndromes. About one third of all phenotypes that are listed in OMIM are described as dysmorphic, which usually refers to the facial gestalt. For example, Down syndrome, Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome, and Andersen–Tawil syndrome are disorders with known pathogeneses, so each is more than just a set of signs and symptoms, despite the "syndrome" nomenclature. In other instances, a syndrome is not specific to only one disease. For example, toxic shock syndrome can be caused by various toxins; premotor syndrome can be caused by various brain lesions; and premenstrual syndrome is not a disease but simply a set of symptoms.


title: Syndrome

text: If an underlying genetic cause is suspected but not known, a condition may be referred to as a genetic association (often just "association" in context). By definition, an association indicates that the collection of signs and symptoms occurs in combination more frequently than would be likely by chance alone.


title: Syndrome

text: Syndromes are often named after the physician or group of physicians that discovered them or initially described the full clinical picture. Such eponymous syndrome names are examples of medical eponyms. Recently, there has been a shift towards naming conditions descriptively (by symptoms or underlying cause) rather than eponymously, but the eponymous syndrome names often persist in common usage.


title: Syndrome

text: The defining of syndromes has sometimes been termed syndromology, but it is usually not a separate discipline from nosology and differential diagnosis generally, which inherently involve pattern recognition (both sentient and automated) and differentiation among overlapping sets of signs and symptoms. Teratology (dysmorphology) by its nature involves the defining of congenital syndromes that may include birth defects (pathoanatomy), dysmetabolism (pathophysiology), and neurodevelopmental disorders.


title: Syndrome

text: When there are a number of symptoms suggesting a particular disease or condition but does not meet the defined criteria used to make a diagnosis of that disease or condition. This can be a bit subjective because it is ultimately up to the clinician to make the diagnosis. This could be because it has not advanced to the level or passed a threshold or just similar symptoms cause by other issues. Subclinical is synonymous since one of its definitions is "where some criteria are met but not enough to achieve clinical status"; but subclinical is not always interchangeable since it can also mean "not detectable or producing effects that are not detectable by the usual clinical tests"; i.e., asymptomatic.


title: Syndrome

text: In medicine, a broad definition of syndrome is used, which describes a collection of symptoms and findings without necessarily tying them to a single identifiable pathogenesis. Examples of infectious syndromes include encephalitis and hepatitis, which can both have several different infectious causes. The more specific definition employed in medical genetics describes a subset of all medical syndromes.


title: Syndrome

text: Psychiatric syndromes often called "psychopathological syndromes" (psychopathology refers both to psychic dysfunctions occurring in mental disorders, and the study of the origin, diagnosis, development, and treatment of mental disorders).


title: Syndrome

text: In Russia those psychopathological syndromes are used in modern clinical practice and described in psychiatric literature in the details: asthenic syndrome, obsessive syndrome, emotional syndromes (for example, manic syndrome, depressive syndrome), Cotard's syndrome, catatonic syndrome, hebephrenic syndrome, delusional and hallucinatory syndromes (for example, paranoid syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, Kandinsky-Clérambault's syndrome also known as syndrome of psychic automatism, hallucinosis), paraphrenic syndrome, psychopathic syndromes (includes all personality disorders), clouding of consciousness syndromes (for example, twilight clouding of consciousness, amential syndrome also known as amentia, delirious syndrome, stunned consciousness syndrome, oneiroid syndrome), hysteric syndrome, neurotic syndrome, Korsakoff's syndrome, hypochondriacal syndrome, paranoiac syndrome, senestopathic syndrome, encephalopathic syndrome.


title: Syndrome

text: Some examples of psychopathological syndromes used in modern Germany are psychoorganic syndrome, depressive syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, obsessive-compulsive syndrome, autonomic syndrome, hostility syndrome, manic syndrome, apathy syndrome.


title: Syndrome

text: Münchausen syndrome, Ganser syndrome, neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome, olfactory reference syndrome are also well-known.


title: Syndrome

text: The most important psychopathological syndromes were classified into three groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856—1926). The first group, which includes the mild disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, hysterical, delirious, and impulsive. The second, intermediate, group includes two syndromes: schizophrenic syndrome and speech-hallucinatory syndrome. The third includes the most severe disorders, and consists of three syndromes: epileptic, oligophrenic and dementia. In Kraepelin's era, epilepsy was viewed as a mental illness; Karl Jaspers also considered "genuine epilepsy" a "psychosis", and described "the three major psychoses" as schizophrenia, epilepsy, and manic-depressive illness.


title: Syndrome

text: In the field of medical genetics, the term "syndrome" is traditionally only used when the underlying genetic cause is known. Thus, trisomy 21 is commonly known as Down syndrome.


title: Syndrome

text: Until 2005, CHARGE syndrome was most frequently referred to as "CHARGE association". When the major causative gene ("CHD7") for the condition was discovered, the name was changed. The consensus underlying cause of VACTERL association has not been determined, and thus it is not commonly referred to as a "syndrome".


title: Syndrome

text: In biology, "syndrome" is used in a more general sense to describe characteristic sets of features in various contexts. Examples include behavioral syndromes, as well as pollination syndromes and seed dispersal syndromes.


title: Syndrome

text: In orbital mechanics and astronomy, Kessler syndrome refers to the effect where the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade in which each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions.


title: Syndrome

text: In quantum error correction theory syndromes correspond to errors in code words which are determined with syndrome measurements, which only collapse the state on an error state, so that the error can be corrected without affecting the quantum information stored in the code words.