title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: an outbreak of bubonic plague devastated Bavaria during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Bad Kohlgrub was so depopulated that only two married couples remained alive. The village of Oberammergau remained plague-free until 25 September 1633, when a man named Kaspar Schisler returned home after working in the nearby village of Eschenlohe. Over the next 33 days, 81 villagers would die, half of Oberammergau's population. On 28 October 1633, the villagers vowed that if God spared them from the plague, they would perform a play every 10 years depicting the life and death of Jesus. Nobody died of plague in Oberammergau after that vow, and the villagers kept their word to God by performing the passion play for the first time in 1634.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The legend is a distorted account of the actual plague. There was an outbreak of plague in Oberammergau, but it took place from September 1632 to March 1633, when there were a total of 84 deaths from all causes. Deaths followed an epidemic curve instead of ending suddenly. There was one death in September 1632, rising to 20 deaths in March 1633, and ending with one death in July 1633. There is also no record of a man named Kaspar Schisler. Only two couples got married in Bad Kohlgrub in 1634, instead of only two couples surviving the plague. There were 39 marriages in Bad Kohlgrub in 1635, so hundreds of villagers must have survived.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The errors may have been introduced by the retelling of an oral history that was not written down until 1733. The original work has been lost, and only fragments of the oral history survive as quotations in other works. The legend is told in the play "The Plague of 1633" (), which used to be performed the year before the Passion Play. It was retold as recently as the 1999 vow ceremony, which marked the beginning of rehearsals for the 2000 play. The town of Oberammergau now claims that Kaspar Schisler came home for a church festival in 1632 instead of 1633.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The production involves over 2,000 people: actors, musicians, stage technicians, and others, all residents of the village. The play comprises spoken dramatic text, musical and choral accompaniment and "tableaux vivants", which are scenes from the Old Testament depicted for the audience by motionless actors accompanied by verbal description. These scenes are the basis for the typology, the interrelationship between the Old and New Testaments, of the play. They include a scene of King Ahasuerus rejecting Vashti in favor of Esther, the brothers selling Joseph into slavery in Egypt, and Moses raising up the nehushtan (bronze serpent) in the wilderness. Each scene precedes that section of the play that is considered to be prefigured by the scene. The three "tableaux" mentioned are presented to the audience as prefiguring Christianity superseding Judaism, Judas selling information on the location of Jesus, and the crucifixion of Jesus.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The evolution of the Passion Play was about the same as that of the Easter Play, originating in the ritual of the Latin Church, which prescribes, among other things, that the Gospel on Good Friday should be sung in parts divided among various persons.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The prologue and chorus greet the audience. Two tableaux are presented. In the first, Adam and Eve, wearing sheepskins are banished from the Garden of Eden by a winged angel who holds a sword in the form of a flame. Behind the angel stands a burst of gilded rays symbolizing the tree of forbidden fruit. The second living picture traditionally showed a number of girls and smaller children surrounding a cross at center stage. The adoration represents the time in 1633 when villagers swore their vow before a huge crucifix bearing a twelve-foot-high Jesus.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Jesus and the Money Changers." Jesus enters Jerusalem on a donkey to the shouts and exultation of the people on Palm Sunday. He drives the money changers and traders from the Temple then returns to Bethany.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Conspiracy of the High Council." In the past, this act began with a tableau showing the sons of the patriarch Jacob conspiring to kill Joseph in the Plain of Dothan; the frieze was deleted from the 1980 presentation. The act consists of discussions between the traders and Sanhedrin, who agree that Jesus must be arrested to preserve Mosaic law.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Parting at Bethany." Two tableaux presage the action. In the first, the young Tobias departs from his parents while the angel Raphael, played by another boy, waits, crook in hand, stage left. In the second, the loving bridesmaid from the Song of Solomon laments the loss of her groom. In the play, Christ is anointed by Mary Magdalene, then takes leave of his mother and friends. Judas is angered by the waste of the spikenard oil.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "The Last Journey to Jerusalem." A controversial tableau (now deleted) showed Queen Vashti dishonored at the court of King Ahasuerus. The old queen (Judaism, explains the Prologue) has been displaced by Esther (Christianity). Jesus sends two disciples to secure a Paschal lamb. He enters Jerusalem for the last time and weeps over the fate of the city. Judas contemplates betraying his master and is tempted by Dathan and other merchants.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "The Last Supper." The Passover Seder or Last Supper is celebrated in a scene evocative of the famous Da Vinci painting. Jesus washes the feet of his disciples and institutes the mass with wine and thick, brown, leavened bread. Two tableaux show Moses with rays or horns protruding from his head, bringing manna and grapes to the people in the wilderness.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "The Betrayer." In a tableau, Joseph, a boy nude to the waist, is sold by his brothers to the Midianites for twenty pieces of silver. In accompanying action, Judas appears before the Sanhedrin and promises to deliver Jesus for thirty pieces of silver. After his departure, the Pharisees plan at great length the death of Jesus.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Jesus at the Mount of Olives." Two more Old Testament scenes introduce the soliloquy of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane. The first, a non-sequitur, which we are told explains that man must earn his food by the sweat of his brow, shows Adam, in sheepskin and assisted by a brood of similarly attired children, drawing a plow across a field. The second frieze more appropriately offers a helmeted Joab, surrounded by soldiers stabbing an unsuspecting Amasa in the ribs. Christ agonizes over his fate while his apostles doze. Judas enters with an armed band and betrays Jesus with a kiss.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Jesus before Annas." The Old Testament parallel has Micah slapped on the cheek by Zedekiah, priest of Baal, for daring to predict King Ahab would die in battle. In like manner, Jesus is taken before a waiting, eager Annas and is struck on the face for his insolence. Soldiers also deride Christ as he is led through the streets by a rope.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Condemned by the High Council." Two more tableaux emphasize the humiliation of Christ. In one, the aged Naboth is condemned by false witnesses and is stoned to death by the sons of Jezebel. In the other, Job, sitting on a dunghill is railed at by his friends, servants, even his wife and children. Meanwhile, Jesus is questioned by Caiaphas about his messiah-ship and is condemned. A tortured Judas tries to get the Sanhedrin to repeal its verdict. When his efforts prove unsuccessful, he tosses the money back at them and storms off.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Despair of Judas." Judas and all who identify with him are linked with Cain in the opening tableau. The battered body of Abel appears at center stage. To the right is Cain, clad in a leopard skin and holding a club in one hand. His other hand is at his brow, attempting to conceal the brand of God. In this short act Judas offers a speech of remorse then hangs himself.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Christ before Pilate." Originally there was a frieze that heralded Christ's first appearance before Pilate. The tableau of Daniel in the great pillared hall of Darius was deleted from later twentieth-century productions. Pilate's interrogation, coupled with news of his wife's dream, convinces the governor that Jesus should be prosecuted by Herod Antipas for lese majesty.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Christ Before Herod." The scene stands without the original living picture which showed a blinded Samson mocked by the Philistines. Herod treats Christ with scorn, demanding a miracle, then sends him back to Pilate, cloaked in a red mantle of royalty. Responding to the urging of the Sanhedrin, Pilate reluctantly agrees to have Jesus scourged. Roman guards beat Jesus and press a crown of thorns into his scalp.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Christ Sentenced to Death on the Cross." Two graphic pictures showing the presentation of Joseph's bloodied coat to Jacob, and Abraham about to stab Isaac on Mt. Moriah have been rejected from contemporary versions of the Passion. Retained, however, are tableaux which show Joseph riding a sedan chair as vizir of Egypt and another which supposedly represents the scapegoat offering of Yom Kippur. Following the tableaux, the stage is swarming with action as priests and Pharisees bring mobs from every direction. Pilate gives Jesus another hearing then offers the people a choice between Jesus and Barabbas. They demand and receive a final judgement on Christ.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "The Way of the Cross." The final segment of the Passion is introduced by a more sublime image of the "Akedah," or binding of Isaac. In this tableau, the boy, like Jesus, carries wood on his back as he and Abraham climb Mt. Moriah. Another frieze, showing Moses and a bronze serpent intertwined about the cross has been deleted. When the chorus withdraws from the stage Christ bears his cross to Golgotha. As he passes through the streets he encounters his mother, Veronica, and Simon of Cyrene. The women of Jerusalem weep for him.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Jesus on Calvary." For the first time the chorus appears in black traditional mourning garb. There is no tableau. He is mocked by members of the Sanhedrin and the soldiers and utters his last words. The legs of the criminals are broken. A soldier pierces the side of Christ with a lance and blood gushes forth. Jesus' followers slowly and reverently take down the body and lay it before his mother in a replica of the Pieta. The Sanhedrin insists that guards be posted before the tomb which is to hold Christ's body.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: "Resurrection and Apotheosis." For the first time, action precedes a tableau. Roman guards see a light at the tomb. Mary Magdalene and the other women encounter an angel and recite the same lines as "Quem Quaeritis." The final tableau shows Jesus resplendent in white with his apostles, angels, the Virgin Mary, and Moses. The Passion ends with a proclamation by the chorus.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The running time has varied due to the many revisions that have taken place through the years. In 2010 it had a running time of 5 hours, beginning at 2:30 pm and ending at 10:00 pm, with a meal break. It was staged a total of 102 days and ran from May 15 until October 3 that year. According to a record from 1930, the play then had running time of approximately seven hours. It started at 8:00 am and ended at 5:00 pm with a meal break. Audiences come from all over the world, often on package tours, the first instituted in 1870. Admission fees were first charged in 1790. Since 1930, the number of visitors has ranged from 420,000 to 530,000. Most tickets are sold as part of a package with one or two nights' accommodation.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The play is performed every ten years. From 1634 to 1674, it was performed in years ending in 4. Since 1680, it has been performed in years ending in the digit zero. There have been several cancellations and off-cycle performances.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: Oberammergau's original parish church proved to be far too small for performances of the Passion Play, so it was decided to hold the Play in the graveyard of the church, before the graves of the villagers who had died in the plague.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The fame of the Play must have spread quickly to the surrounding towns and villages for as early as 1674 records show that seats were to be provided for the audience.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: Over the following years, sets and stage mechanics were added to the simple wooden stage structure. By the middle of the 18th century, it was obvious that the graveyard was also too small and a new venue was found on a field close by; however, the stage had to be specially built every year of the Play.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The first permanent stage seems to have been built in 1815 to a design by the then-local parish priest. In 1830 he was asked to help build a new, larger stage on the site of the present theatre. When it rained the audience got wet: umbrellas would have obscured the view of people sitting behind them.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: However, in 1890 a new, purpose-built theatre was built and, apart from some of the scenes on the side of the stage, it would have looked much as it does today. It was ready in time for the 1900 performance, with the six-arched hall capable of holding over 4000 spectators.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The theatre was enlarged in time for the 1930 and 1934 seasons and whilst it was considered ugly and uncomfortable it was praised for its superb acoustics and sight of the stage.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: Following the 1990 production both the interior and façade of the theatre were renovated and the stage mechanics modernised.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: It has now been transformed – new more comfortable seating has been installed along with under-floor heating; cloakrooms have been extended; the foyer made accessible for wheelchair users; exhibition areas added; safety and toilet facilities improved. In 2010 a retractable glass roof was installed over the stage, which before then had been open to precipitation.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: Previous versions of the play were considered antisemitic in character, blaming the Jews for the "murder" of Christ. Adolf Hitler indicated, according to Abe Foxman, approval of these allegedly anti-Semitic elements in the Oberammergau Passion Play.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The play had been largely based on a mid-19th century version edited by pastor Alois Daisenberger. After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the passion play came under increasing pressure from American Jews because of its anti-Semitic elements. In 1950, playwright Arthur Miller and composer Leonard Bernstein led a petition to cancel the passion play. However, the townspeople defiantly restaged the 1934 play. In the 1960s, Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, Paul Celan, and other prominent intellectuals called for a boycott due to the play's antisemitism. In the 1970s, Oberammergau invited representatives from Jewish organizations to revise the play, and revisions were approved by a Christian theological advisor. However, only minor revisions were made in the 1980 play. Change finally came in 1986, when generational turnover in the Community Council resulted in the 24-year-old Christian Stückl becoming director. Stückl narrowly outlasted an attempt by conservative members of the Community Council to fire him in 1989. Stückl, alongside dramaturgist Otto Huber, made considerable changes to the 1990 version to remove antisemitism from the text. The most radical changes came in 2000, when the story was reinterpreted as an inter-Jewish conflict, with some Jews supporting and others opposing the crucifixion of Jesus. Muslims were allowed to perform in the Passion Play for the first time in 2000.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: A 2010 review in the Jewish newspaper "The Forward" stated: "It is undeniably true that the play was virulently antisemitic through most of its history, and that it gained an extra dose of notoriety after Hitler endorsed the 1934 production." The review noted that the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) stated that the play "continues to transmit negative stereotypes of Jews" and that even the Catholic Church demanded changes to the play, to bring it more in line with church policies expressed by the Second Vatican Council, 1962–1965, in the Apostolic Constitution, "Nostra aetate", 4, October 28, 1965 ("[T]he Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God as if this followed from Sacred Scripture"). 2000 and 2010 director Christian Stückl told "The Forward" that Jesus "lived as a Jew." Therefore, in the revised play, Jesus and his disciples pray in Hebrew. After viewing the play, the reviewer was sympathetic to its artistry and felt less offended by its message than by "Wagner's antisemitic caricatures and religious mysticism". Nonetheless, the review quoted a report from the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations, which reviewed the 2010 script and objected that the play still makes use of "elements that are historically dubious" from the Gospels. The review stated that "It seems unfair" to accuse the play of anti-semitism when it recounts material in Christianity's sacred texts and noted that the ADL's national director Abe Foxman had said that if the play is "about a Crucifixion in which the Jews kill Christ, you can never clean it up enough" to avoid an anti-semitic message.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: For the 2022 play, the American Jewish Committee convened an Academic Advisory Group led by their Director of Interreligious and


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: Relations, composed of experts in the play, Christian-Jewish relations, New Testament studies, and German-Jewish relations. This group was created to recommend, through ongoing dialogue, paths by which the play’s leadership can further advance a decades-long process to rid the play of any lingering anti-Jewish tropes. AJC has described the collaborative process with the Oberammergau community as productive: “The Oberammergau leadership desire for ongoing improvement is genuine,” even as “there remain concerns about points within the play that do not properly reflect" the range of first century Jewish opinion on Jesus’s leadership. This reflects both the historic progress in Christian-Jewish relations in the past decades and also lingering tensions over the anti-Jewish implications of certain traditional Christian interpretations of the Gospels’ narratives of Jesus’s conviction and execution.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The changes to the play since World War II have included the manner in which the play presents the charge of deicide, collective guilt, supersessionism and typology, as well as the following:


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: The special jubilee season of the Oberammergau Passion Play in 1934, marking the 300th anniversary of the original vow to stage the play every ten years thereafter, was the first and only performance after the Nazi regime's rise to power the previous year. Among other things, the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ordered the official poster for the jubilee season amended to include the message "Deutschland ruft dich!" ("Germany is calling you!"), and the "Kraft durch Freude" scheme's discount-travel programme offered special cut-rate packages for the Passion Play, including train fare, tickets and accommodations.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: Official propaganda described the Passion Play as "peasant drama ... inspired by the consecrating power of the soil", and Hitler attended a performance. An attempt to rewrite the Passion Play script to bring it into line with Nazi ideology was rejected, however, by the more conservative element.


title: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: Missio Canonica is a canonical certification necessary for preaching. In 19th-century Germany, it was extended to teaching as well. In 1922 the Catholic Church gave the play a "Missio Canonica". It is a certification that the beliefs of the Catholic Church are being taught or, in this case, being presented.


title: Apnea

text: Apnea, BrE: apnoea, is the temporal cessation of breathing. During apnea, there is no movement of the muscles of inhalation, and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged. Depending on how blocked the airways are (patency), there may or may not be a flow of gas between the lungs and the environment, but if there's sufficient flow, gas exchange within the lungs and cellular respiration wouldn't be severely affected. Voluntarily doing this is called holding one's breath.


title: Apnea

text: Apnea may first be diagnosed in childhood, and it is recommended to consult an ENT specialist, allergist or sleep physician to discuss symptoms when noticed; malformation and/or malfunctioning of the upper airways may be observed by an orthodontist.


title: Apnea

text: Apnea can be involuntary—for example, drug-induced (such as by opiate toxicity), mechanically / physiologically induced (for example, by strangulation or choking), or a consequence of neurological disease or trauma. During sleep, people with severe sleep apnea can have over thirty episodes of intermittent apnea per hour every night.


title: Apnea

text: Apnea can also be observed during periods of heightened emotion, such as during crying or accompanied by the Valsalva maneuver when a person laughs. Apnea is a common feature of sobbing while crying, characterised by slow but deep and erratic breathing followed by brief periods of breath holding when crying.


title: Apnea

text: Another example of apnea are breath-holding spells; these are sometimes emotional in cause and are usually observed in children as a result of frustration, emotional stress and other psychological extremes.


title: Apnea

text: Voluntary apnea can be achieved by closing the vocal cords, simultaneously keeping the mouth closed and blocking the nasal vestibule, or constantly activating expiratory muscles, not allowing any inspiration.


title: Apnea

text: Under normal conditions, humans cannot store much oxygen in the body. Prolonged apnea leads to severe lack of oxygen in the blood circulation, leading to dysfunction of organ systems. Permanent brain damage can occur after as little as three minutes and death will inevitably ensue after a few more minutes unless ventilation is restored. However, under special circumstances such as hypothermia, hyperbaric oxygenation, apneic oxygenation (see below), or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, much longer periods of apnea may be tolerated without severe detrimental consequences.


title: Apnea

text: Untrained humans usually cannot sustain voluntary apnea for more than one or two minutes, since the urge to breathe becomes unbearable. The reason for the time limit of voluntary apnea is that the rate of breathing and the volume of each breath are tightly regulated to maintain constant values of CO tension and pH of the blood more than oxygen levels. In apnea, CO is not removed through the lungs and accumulates in the blood. The consequent rise in CO tension and drop in pH result in stimulation of the respiratory centre in the brain which eventually cannot be overcome voluntarily. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the lungs will eventually irritate and trigger impulses from the respiratory center part of the brain and the phrenic nerve. Rising levels of carbon dioxide signal the body to breathe and resume unconscious respiration forcibly. The lungs start to feel as if they are burning, and the signals the body receives from the brain when CO levels are too high include strong, painful, and involuntary contractions or spasms of the diaphragm and the muscles in between the ribs. At some point, the spasms become so frequent, intense and unbearable that continued holding of the breath is nearly impossible.


title: Apnea

text: When a person is immersed in water, physiological changes due to the mammalian diving reflex enable somewhat longer tolerance of apnea even in untrained persons as breathing is not possible underwater. Tolerance can in addition be trained. The ancient technique of free-diving requires breath-holding, and world-class free-divers can hold their breath underwater up to depths of and for more than four minutes. Apneists, in this context, are people who can hold their breath for a long time.


title: Apnea

text: Voluntary hyperventilation before beginning voluntary apnea is commonly believed to allow the person involved to safely hold their breath for a longer period. In reality, it will give the impression that one does not need to breathe, while the body is actually experiencing a blood-oxygen level that would normally, and indirectly, invoke a strong dyspnea and eventually involuntary breathing. Some have incorrectly attributed the effect of hyperventilation to increased oxygen in the blood, not realizing that it is actually due to a decrease in in the blood and lungs. Blood leaving the lungs is normally fully saturated with oxygen, so hyperventilation of normal air cannot increase the amount of oxygen available, as oxygen in blood is the direct factor. Lowering the concentration increases the pH of the blood, thus increasing the time before blood becomes acidic enough so the respiratory center becomes stimulated, as described above. While hyperventilation will yield slightly longer breath-holding times, any small time increase is at the expense of possible hypoxia, though it might not be felt as easily. One using this method can suddenly lose consciousness unnoticed—a shallow water blackout—as a result. If a person loses consciousness underwater, there is considerable danger that they will drown. An alert diving partner or nearby lifeguard would be in the best position to rescue such a person. Static apnea blackout occurs at the surface when a motionless diver holds their breath long enough for the circulating oxygen in blood to fall below that required for the brain to maintain consciousness. It involves no pressure changes in the body and is usually performed to enhance breath-hold time. It should never be practiced alone, but under strict safety protocols with a safety guard or equipment beside the diver.


title: Apnea

text: Because the exchange of gases between the blood and airspace of the lungs is independent of the movement of gas to and from the lungs, enough oxygen can be delivered to the circulation even if a person is apneic, even if the diaphragm doesn't move. With the onset of apnea, low pressure develops in the airspace of the lungs because more oxygen is absorbed than CO is released. With the airways closed or obstructed, this will lead to a gradual collapse of the lungs and suffocation. However, if the airways are open, any gas supplied to the upper airways will follow the pressure gradient and flow into the lungs to replace the oxygen consumed. If pure oxygen is supplied, this process will serve to replenish the oxygen stored in the lungs and resume sufficient ventilation. The uptake of oxygen into the blood will then remain at the usual level, and the normal functioning of the organs will not be affected. A detriment to this hyperoxygenation is the occurrence of nitrogen washout, which can lead to absorption atelectasis.


title: Apnea

text: However, no CO is removed during apnea. The partial pressure of CO in the airspace of the lungs will quickly equilibrate with that of the blood. As the blood is loaded with CO from the metabolism without a way to remove it, more and more CO will accumulate and eventually displace oxygen and other gases from the airspace. CO will also accumulate in the tissues of the body, resulting in respiratory acidosis.


title: Apnea

text: Under ideal conditions (i.e., if pure oxygen is breathed before onset of apnea to remove all nitrogen from the lungs, and pure supplemental oxygen is insufflated), apneic oxygenation could theoretically be sufficient to provide enough oxygen for survival of more than one hour's duration in a healthy adult. However, accumulation of carbon dioxide (described above) would remain the limiting factor.


title: Apnea

text: Apneic oxygenation is more than a physiologic curiosity. It can be employed to provide a sufficient amount of oxygen in thoracic surgery when apnea cannot be avoided, and during manipulations of the airways such as bronchoscopy, intubation, and surgery of the upper airways. However, because of the limitations described above, apneic oxygenation is inferior to extracorporal circulation using a heart-lung machine and is therefore used only in emergencies, short procedures, or where extracorporal circulation can't be accessed. Use of PEEP valves is also an accepted alternative (5 cm HO in average weight patients and 10 cm HO significantly improved lung and chest wall compliance in morbidly obese patients).


title: Apnea

text: In 1959, Frumin described the use of apneic oxygenation during anesthesia and surgery. Of the eight test subjects in this landmark study, the highest recorded PaCO was 250 millimeters of mercury, and the lowest arterial pH was 6.72 after 53 minutes of apnea.


title: Apnea

text: A recommended practice for the clinical diagnosis of brain death formulated by the American Academy of Neurology hinges on the conjunction of three diagnostic criteria: a coma, absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnea (defined as the inability of the patient to breathe unaided: that is, with no life support systems like ventilators). The apnea test follows a delineated protocol. Apnea testing is not suitable in patients who are hemodynamically unstable with increasing vasopressor needs, metabolic acidosis, or require high levels of ventilatory support. Apnea testing carries the risk of arrhythmias, worsening hemodynamic instability, or metabolic acidosis beyond the level of recovery and can potentially make the patient unsuitable for organ donation (see above). In this situation a confirmatory test is warranted as it is unsafe to perform the apnea test to the patient.


title: Apnea

text: The word "apnea" (or "apnoea") uses combining forms of "a-" + "-pnea", from Greek , from ἀ-, privative, πνέειν, to breathe. See pronunciation information at "dyspnea".


title: Potter Stewart

text: Potter Stewart (January 23, 1915 – December 7, 1985) was an American lawyer and judge who served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1958 to 1981. During his tenure, he made major contributions to, among other areas, criminal justice reform, civil rights, access to the courts, and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.


title: Potter Stewart

text: After graduating from Yale Law School in 1941, Stewart served in World War II as a member of the United States Navy Reserve. After the war, he practiced law and served on the Cincinnati city council. In 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Stewart to a judgeship on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. In 1958, Eisenhower nominated Stewart to succeed retiring Associate Justice Harold Hitz Burton, and Stewart won Senate confirmation afterwards. He was frequently in the minority during the Warren Court but emerged as a centrist swing vote on the Burger Court. Stewart retired in 1981 and was succeeded by the first female United States Supreme Court justice, Sandra Day O'Connor.


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart wrote the majority opinion in notable cases such as "Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.", "Katz v. United States", "Chimel v. California", and "Sierra Club v. Morton". He wrote dissenting opinions in cases such as "Engel v. Vitale", "In re Gault" and "Griswold v. Connecticut". His concurring opinion in "Jacobellis v. Ohio" popularized the phrase "I know it when I see it."


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart was born in Jackson, Michigan, while his family was on vacation. He was the son of Harriett L. (Potter) and James Garfield Stewart. His father, a prominent Republican from Cincinnati, Ohio, served as mayor of Cincinnati for nine years and was later a justice of the Ohio Supreme Court.


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart earned an academic scholarship to attend the prestigious Hotchkiss School, where he graduated in 1933. He then went on to Yale University, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter) and Skull and Bones graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1937 with a Bachelor of Arts degree "cum laude". He served as chairman of the "Yale Daily News". After studying international law at the University of Cambridge in England for a year, Stewart enrolled at Yale Law School where he graduated "cum laude" in 1941 with a Bachelor of Laws. While at Yale Law School, he was an editor of the "Yale Law Journal" and a member of Phi Delta Phi. Other members of that era included Gerald R. Ford, Peter H. Dominick, Walter Lord, William Scranton, R. Sargent Shriver, Cyrus R. Vance, and Byron R. White. The last would later become his colleague on the United States Supreme Court.


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart served in World War II as a member of the U.S. Naval Reserve aboard oil tankers. In 1943, he married Mary Ann Bertles in a ceremony at Bruton Episcopal Church in Williamsburg, Virginia (at which his brother Zephalso an initiate of Delta Kappa Epsilon and Skull and Bones, and eventually a professor of classics at Harvardwas the best man). They eventually had a daughter: Harriet (Virkstis), and two sons: Potter Jr. and David. He was in private practice with Dinsmore & Shohl in Cincinnati. During the early 1950s, he was elected to the Cincinnati City Council.


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on April 6, 1954, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit vacated by Judge Xenophon Hicks. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 23, 1954, and received his commission on April 27, 1954. His service terminated on October 13, 1958, due to his elevation to the Supreme Court of the United States.


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart received a recess appointment from President Eisenhower as an associate justice on the U.S. Supreme Court on October 14, 1958, to succeed Harold Hitz Burton. He took the judicial oath of office that same day. He was formally nominated to the same position by President Eisenhower on January 17, 1959. Public hearings were held before the Senate Judiciary Committee on April 9 and 14, 1959, and the Committee voted on May 5, 1959 to forward his nomination with a favorable report. He was confirmed by the Senate in a 70–17 vote on May 5, 1959. All 17 votes against his confirmation came from Southern Democrats (both senators from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia, plus Spessard Holland of Florida). He served as Circuit Justice for the Sixth Circuit from October 14, 1958 to July 3, 1981, and as Circuit Justice for the Fifth Circuit from October 12, 1971 to January 6, 1972.


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart came to a Supreme Court controlled by two warring ideological camps and sat firmly in its center. A case early in his Supreme Court career showing his role as the swing vote during that time is "Irvin v. Dowd".


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart was temperamentally inclined to moderate, pragmatic positions, but was often in a dissenting posture during his time on the Warren Court. Stewart believed that the majority on the Warren Court had adopted readings of the First Amendment Establishment Clause ("Engel v. Vitale" (1962), "Abington School District v. Schempp" (1963)), the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination ("Miranda v. Arizona" (1966)), and the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of Equal Protection with regard to voting rights ("Reynolds v. Sims" (1964)) that went beyond the framers' intention. In "Engel", Stewart found no precedent to remove school sponsored prayer, and in "Abington", Stewart refused to strike down the practice of school sponsored Bible reading in public schools; he was the only justice who took this position in both cases. Stewart dissented in "Griswold v. Connecticut" (1965) on the ground that, while the Connecticut statute barring the use of contraceptives seemed to him an "uncommonly silly law", he could not find a general "Right of Privacy" in the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause.


title: Potter Stewart

text: Before the appointment of Warren Burger as Chief Justice, many speculated that President Richard Nixon would elevate Stewart to the post, some going so far as to call him the front-runner. Stewart, though flattered by the suggestion, did not want again to appear before—and expose his family to—the Senate confirmation process. Nor did he relish the prospect of taking on the administrative responsibilities delegated to the Chief Justice. Accordingly, he met privately with the president to ask that his name be removed from consideration.


title: Potter Stewart

text: On the Burger Court, Stewart was seen as a centrist justice and was often influential, joining the decision in "Furman v. Georgia" (1972) that invalidated all death penalty laws then in force, and then joining in the Court's decision four years later, "Gregg v. Georgia", which upheld the revised capital punishment legislation adopted in a majority of the states. Despite his earlier dissent in "Griswold", Stewart changed his views on the "Right of Privacy" and was a key mover behind the Court's decision in "Roe v. Wade" (1973), which recognized the right to abortion under the "Right of Privacy". Stewart opposed the Vietnam War and on a number of occasions urged the Supreme Court to grant certiorari on cases challenging the constitutionality of the war.


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart consistently voted against claims of criminal defendants in the area of federal habeas corpus and collateral review. He was concerned about broad interpretations of the due process and equal protection clauses.


title: Potter Stewart

text: He was the lone dissenter in the landmark juvenile law case "In re Gault" (1967). That case extended to minors the right to be informed of rights and the right to an attorney, which had been granted to adults in "Miranda v. Arizona" (1966) and "Gideon v. Wainwright" (1963), respectively.


title: Potter Stewart

text: In the obscenity case of "Jacobellis v. Ohio" (1964), Stewart wrote in his short concurrence that "hard-core pornography" was hard to define, but that "I know it when I see it, and the motion picture involved in this case is not that." Justice Stewart went on to defend the movie in question (Louis Malle's "The Lovers") against further censorship. One commentator opined that: "This observation summarizes Stewart's judicial philosophy: particularistic, intuitive, and pragmatic."


title: Potter Stewart

text: Justice Stewart commented about his second thoughts about that quotation in 1981. "In a way I regret having said what I said about obscenity—that's going to be on my tombstone. When I remember all of the other solid words I've written," he said, "I regret a little bit that if I'll be remembered at all I'll be remembered for that particular phrase."


title: Potter Stewart

text: Before 1967, Fourth Amendment protections were mostly limited to notions of property: possessory geographical locations such as apartments, or physical objects.


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart's opinion in "Katz v. United States" established that the Fourth Amendment "protects people, not places." Stewart wrote that the government's installation of a recording device in a public phone booth violated the reasonable expectation of privacy; the government was committing "seizure" of callers' words. "Katz" therefore extended the reach of the Fourth Amendment beyond just physical intrusions; it would also protect against the seizure of incorporeal words. In addition, the reach of the Amendment was no longer defined solely by property limits, now going as far as a person's reasonable privacy expectation. The "Katz" case made government wiretapping by both state and federal authorities subject to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirements.


title: Potter Stewart

text: In "Chimel v. California" (1969), Stewart wrote an opinion stating that arresting a suspect in his house does not give the police the right to perform a warrantless search of the entire house, only the area surrounding the arrestee.


title: Potter Stewart

text: In "Almeida-Sanchez v. United States" (1973), Stewart wrote that roving patrols of the United States Border Patrol must have some justifiable reason before stopping a car; it could not stop and search automobiles without probable cause merely because a stop was made within from the international border.


title: Potter Stewart

text: In "Whalen v. Roe" (1977), Stewart, in his concurrence, objected to any broad establishment of a right to privacy; he said prior Court decisions did not "recognize a general interest in freedom from disclosure of private information".


title: Potter Stewart

text: Justice Stewart was a leader in trying to maintain access to federal courts in civil rights cases. Stewart was one of the strongest dissenters in the trend of denying litigants access to the federal courts.


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart wrote the Court's opinions in "Sierra Club v. Morton" (1972) and "United States v. SCRAP" (1973), broadly laying out the requirements of standing in federal actions.


title: Potter Stewart

text: In "Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co." (1968), Stewart extended the 1866 Civil Rights Act to outlaw private refusals to buy, sell, or lease real or personal property for racially discriminatory reasons. In 1976, Stewart extended the Act again in "Runyon v. McCrary"—private schools open to all white students could no longer exclude black children, and all other offers to contract made to the general public were also made subject to the 1866 Act.


title: Potter Stewart

text: In "Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham" (1965), Stewart held for the Court that police could not use an anti-loitering law to keep civil rights workers from standing or demonstrating on a sidewalk.


title: Potter Stewart

text: In a dissenting opinion in "Ginzburg v. United States", , Stewart said "Censorship reflects a society's lack of confidence in itself. It is a hallmark of an authoritarian regime."


title: Potter Stewart

text: Stewart announced his retirement from the Court on June 18, 1981, and stepped down on July 3. President Ronald Reagan nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to succeed Stewart; she would become the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court.


title: Potter Stewart

text: He assumed senior status upon retirement, serving in that status until his death on December 7, 1985. After his retirement, he appeared in "", a 13-episode learning course series broadcast in 1984 about the United States Constitution with Fred W. Friendly.


title: Potter Stewart

text: On January 20 and 21, 1985, Stewart administered the oath of office for Vice President George H. W. Bush. He died later that year after suffering a stroke near his vacation home in Sugar Hill, New Hampshire, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.


title: Potter Stewart

text: Most of Stewart's personal and official papers are archived at the manuscript library of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where they are now available for research. The files concerning Stewart's service were closed to researchers until all the justices with whom Stewart served had left the court; the last of these was Justice John Paul Stevens who considered him his judicial hero. Additional papers also exist in other collections.


title: Sasha Alex Sloan

text: Alexandra Artourovna Yatchenko (; born March 11, 1995), known professionally as Sasha Alex Sloan (previously Sasha Sloan), is an American singer-songwriter. Her debut album, "Only Child", was released on October 16, 2020. It was met with critical acclaim by music critics, deeming it as a solid and outspoken debut album. Sloan's second studio album "I Blame the World" was released on May 13, 2022.


title: Sasha Alex Sloan

text: Sloan grew up outside of Boston and taught herself to play on a piano her mother purchased when she was five. Her grandparents lived in Siberia, Russia, and she spent summers on their farm there as a child. When Sloan was nineteen, she moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career as a songwriter; she worked at a coffee shop to support herself. She made her US national TV debut on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" on February 6, 2019.


title: Sasha Alex Sloan

text: In 2015, Sloan was featured in the song "Phoenix" by Kaskade, as well as being credited for songwriting. Sloan continued her career by writing for artists including Idina Menzel, Maggie Lindemann and Camila Cabello.


title: Sasha Alex Sloan

text: Her second EP, "Loser", was released by RCA on November 29, 2018. On the same day, she announced her first headlining tour to support the album. Her single "Older" from the album was performed on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" on February 6, 2019.


title: Sasha Alex Sloan

text: Sloan released her third EP "Self-Portrait" on October 18, 2019. She stated that "this EP is more about being OK with the fact that I have a lot of anxiety, and that I don’t want to go to parties."


title: Sasha Alex Sloan

text: On April 3, 2020, Sloan released the single "I'll Wait" produced by Kygo for his album "Golden Hour". The following day, a music video was released starring American couple Rob Gronkowski and Camille Kostek containing personal footage of their life together.


title: Sasha Alex Sloan

text: On August 3, Sloan announced that her debut album "Only Child" would be released in the fall, with the lead single "Lie" released on August 7. On August 25 she released the song "House With No Mirrors" as the second single from her debut album. On August 28 she announced that her debut album "Only Child" would be released on October 16.


title: Sasha Alex Sloan

text: On November 17, Sloan announced a collaboration with singer/songwriter Charlie Puth, a song called "Is It Just Me?", which would be released on November 19, 2020.


title: Sasha Alex Sloan

text: On April 22, 2021 Sasha teamed up with country superstar Sam Hunt to release an acoustic-driven song titled "when was it over?" that finds Hunt and Sloan in a post-breakup state of misery questioning the cause of their respective romantic splits. Sloan said that the track is about not being able to let go of someone even when you know there's nothing left. The song was co-written with Shane McAnally who came up with the song's title. Other co-writers include King Henry and Emi Dragoi.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The first laptop with X1 branding was the ThinkPad X1 - the 13-inch sub-compact model, the thinnest and fastest charging business laptop at the time. Instead of previous 13-inch X Series models (X300 and X301), they have only one RAM slot and only one storage slot.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In early August 2012, Lenovo released the ThinkPad X1 Carbon as the 14-inch successor to the earlier ThinkPad X1. The X1 Carbon was first released in China due to the popularity of ThinkPads in that market. In November 2012, Lenovo announced a touch-screen variant called the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Touch designed for use with Windows 8. Its display makes use of multi-touch technology that can detect simultaneous inputs from up to ten fingers. On the performance of the X1 Carbon Touch's SSD, Engadget states, "The machine boots into the [s]tart screen in 11 seconds, which is pretty typical for a Windows 8 machine with specs like these. We also found that the solid-state drive delivers equally strong read and write speeds (551 MB/s and 518 MB/s, respectively), which we noticed the last time we tested an Ultrabook with an Intel SSD."


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: An addition to the lightweight X series, weighing between 1.36 kg to 1.72 kg depending on configuration. It was the thinnest ThinkPad laptop to date at 16.5 (front) and 21.5 mm (rear). The screen is a LED-backlit HD infinity panel with (WXGA) resolution. Base configuration uses an Intel Sandy Bridge 2.5 GHz Core i5-2520M (up to 3.20 GHz) with 4 GiB of RAM (up to 8 GiB), SATA SSD or hard drive, Intel Integrated HD Graphics, USB 3.0, backlit keyboard, 802.11 b/g/n WiFi and an average of eight hours of battery life. The battery is internal and not removable, and there is no optical drive.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The ThinkPad X1 laptop was released by Lenovo in May 2011. Notebook Review offered a positive opinion of the ThinkPad X1, saying that it was, "A powerful notebook that combines the durability and features of a business-class ThinkPad with the style of a consumer laptop." A 13.3-inch X1 ThinkPad was announced to be available in the UK on June 7, 2011.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The X1 Carbon features a solid-state drive (SSD) instead of a hard drive. The base model has 4GiB of memory, an Intel Core i5-3317U processor, and a 128GiB SSD. The most expensive model has an Intel Core i7 processor and a 256GiB SSD. The X1 Carbon requires the use of a dongle to access wired ethernet and some models include 3G or 4G cellular modems.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The base model X1 Carbon has a TN screen with a resolution of 1600 by 900 pixels. The X1 Carbon weighs and measures by by (at its thickest). The X1 Carbon's roll cage is made of light-weight carbon-fiber and has a matte black finish.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In November 2012, Lenovo announced a touch-screen variant called the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Touch designed for use with Windows 8. Its display makes use of multi-touch technology that can detect simultaneous inputs from up to ten fingers.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In a review published for CNET, Dan Ackerman wrote, "At first glance, the ThinkPad X1 Carbon looks a lot like other ThinkPads, but in the hand it stands out as very light and portable. The excellent keyboard shows up other ultrabooks, and the rugged build quality is reassuring. With a slightly boosted battery and maybe a lower starting price, this could be a serious contender for my all-around favorite thin laptop."


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In another review for CNET, Nicholas Aaron Khoo wrote, "For this geek, there are many things to like about this 14-inch (1600x900 HD+) Ultrabook when it comes to usability when traveling on economy class. These include the backlit and spill-resistant keyboard, side-positioned ports, nice viewing angles, TrackPoint (which not everyone likes), nicely implemented touchpad and biometric login. Unlike poorer cousin, the Lenovo IdeaPad U410, it is able to go into hibernate mode without having the user jump through hoops to enable it."


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: On the X1 Carbon Touch's SSD performance Engadget states, "The machine boots into the [s]tart screen in 11 seconds, which is pretty typical for a Windows 8 machine with specs like these. We also found that the solid-state drive delivers equally strong read and write speeds (551 MB/s and 518 MB/s, respectively), which we noticed the last time we tested an Ultrabook with an Intel SSD."


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In a review for Engadget, Dana Wollman wrote, "Starting with ergonomics, this has one of the best keyboard / touchpad combinations we've seen on a laptop, and that's not even counting that signature red pointing stick. We're also enamored with the design: aside from being well-made, the X1 Carbon Touch is also notably thin and light ["at 1.55kg"] for a 14-inch machine, especially one with a touchscreen. The display is hardly our favorite, what with the narrow viewing angles, but at least the 1,600 x 900 resolution is nice and crisp."


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In its review of the X1 Carbon Touch, "Wired" wrote, "Lenovo also hasn't forgotten about the things that users actually care about. Audio is impressive and Dolby-certified. The keyboard is backlit and fully usable, and the glass touchpad was rock solid on this go-round with the Carbon." In its final verdict Wired stated that an "Excellent combination of performance, portability, and durability" and "the best keyboard going" make the Touch 'Wired."


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The 2014 X1 Carbon features a 4th generation Intel processor and an "Adaptive Keyboard" touch bar where the function keys are normally located. The Home and End keys replaced the Caps Lock key, requiring the user to double-press the Shift key to activate Caps Lock. The Delete key was also repositioned to the right of the Backspace key instead of above it.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: Peter Bright wrote a disparaging review for Ars Technica. He found the X1 Carbon with the Lenovo named "Adaptive Keyboard" to be near perfect but unusable because the keyboard was so non-standard when compared with that of a desktop, the older Thinkpad T410s and Lenovo Helix keyboards. As a touch typist, he despairs at the removal of the function keys, and the repositioning of Caps Lock, replacing it with Home End, and, that pretty much each little-finger key has moved.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The 2015 X1 Carbon came with a 2560 by 1440 screen. Lenovo reverted to the traditional Function row from the innovative but confusing Adaptive Function Row, and resumed using dedicated mouse buttons under the TrackPoint in the 2015 model. A fingerprint reader is to the right of the keyboard and can be used to log into Windows.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In a review for Laptop Magazine, Mark Spoonauer wrote, "The ThinkPad X1 Carbon is easily one of the best business ultraportables available. While on the pricey side, the $1,754 configuration I reviewed delivers everything I want in a laptop: long battery life, a comfortable typing experience and strong overall performance. The X1 Carbon's design doesn't wow, but it's light and feels like it can stand up to abuse. However, the lack of an SD card slot is annoying, and I wish the 14-inch display were as bright as it is sharp


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In January 2016 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their fourth generation X1 Carbon.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The first generation of the X1 Yoga was released in 2016, featuring a touchscreen with a 360-degree hinge. Unlike many other laptops in the X1 series, it features a stylus and a dedicated slot for it. Like many others in the X1 series, the X1 Yoga features a built-in fingerprint sensor, multiple USB ports, an HDMI port, and support for up to Intel i7 processors.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The ThinkPad X1 tablet is a modular device that uses what Lenovo calls an "Ultra Connect" system to tie together removable modules such as an extra battery pack, a pico projector, a 3D camera, a detachable keyboard, etc. The X1 tablet is powered by an Intel Core m7 processor paired with up to 16GiB of memory and solid state drives up to 1TiB in capacity. The X1 tablet's 12-inch multi-touch screen has a resolution of (32 aspect ratio).


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In January 2017 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their fifth generation X1 Carbon, 1.14 kg weight, which delivers up to 15.5 hours of battery life starting at $1,329. A silver version was also introduced.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The ThinkPad X1 Carbon 5th Generation laptops built before 2017-11-01 were recalled after reports that a screw left in the laptop during manufacturing could damage one of the lithium batteries causing one of the cells to short out, leading to rapid overheating and failure. 83,500 of the laptops had been sold in the US and Canada before the recall.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: Changes from previous X1 Yoga includes the use of 7th generation Intel Core i ('Kaby Lake') processors, addition of Thunderbolt 3 ports, USB-C connector for power adapter, 'wave' style keyboard featuring matte finish on the keyboard.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In January 2018 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their sixth generation X1 Carbon, weighing 1.13 kg. This is the first X1 Carbon model to have a quad-core processor. It features an 8th generation Intel Core i5 or i7 processor, along with up to 16 GiB of RAM and up to 1 TiB of storage. X1 branding is also now present on the cover. The ThinkPad logo has changed to black instead of the previous silver branding.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The design is derived from 6th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon, with the ThinkShutter privacy camera included by default (except for models with an IR camera), 15W 8th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus. OLED screens are no longer an option.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The first 15.6-inch ThinkPad X-series laptop. Also, in contrast to the regular 14-inch Thinkpad X series models, the X1 Extreme has user-upgradable RAM and the full-power HQ-series mobile Intel CPUs.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In January 2019 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their seventh generation X1 Carbon, weighing . It comes with the latest Intel i5 or i7 processors, optional 4K display featuring Dolby Vision HDR, and a thinner chassis than the last generation. It also supports a new optional carbon fiber weave top cover.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The design is derived from 7th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon. This is notably the first ThinkPad with aluminum chassis. 15W 8th/10th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The updated version of first generation; the first non-Yoga ThinkPad laptop with an OLED screen option.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In January 2020 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their eighth generation X1 Carbon. It comes with Intel Comet Lake processors, optional PrivacyGuard display, and WiFi 6 support. The Fedora Linux distribution is also offered pre-installed on the laptop.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: The design is derived from 8th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon. 10th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: Lenovo unveiled the first X1 Nano in September 2020. X1 Nano is the lightest ThinkPad ever at just 1.99 pounds (907g) and also Lenovo's first ThinkPad based on Intel Evo platform, powered by 11th Gen Intel Core processors. The machine has a 13-inch 16:10 screen with 4 speakers with Dolby Atmos and 4 360-degree microphones.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In 2021, Lenovo released the X1 Titanium Yoga, a 13.5-inch laptop with an 11th Gen Intel Core i5 or i7 processor and integrated Intel Iris Xe graphics.


title: ThinkPad X1 series

text: In January 2021 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their ninth generation X1 Carbon. It comes with a 16:10 aspect ratio display, wider touchpad, and a larger battery.


title: Folk costume

text: A folk costume (also regional costume, national costume, traditional garment, or traditional regalia) expresses an identity through costume, which is usually associated with a geographic area or a period of time in history. It can also indicate social, marital or religious status. If the costume is used to represent the culture or identity of a specific ethnic group, it is usually known as ethnic costume (also ethnic dress, ethnic wear, ethnic clothing, traditional ethnic wear or traditional ethnic garment). Such costumes often come in two forms: one for everyday occasions, the other for traditional festivals and formal wear.


title: Folk costume

text: Following the rise of romantic nationalism, the pre-industrial peasantry of Europe came to serve as models for all that appeared genuine and desirable. Their dresses are crystallized into so-called "typical" forms, and enthusiasts adopted that attire as part of their symbolism.


title: Folk costume

text: In areas where Western dress codes have become usual, traditional garments are often worn at special events or celebrations; particularly those connected with cultural traditions, heritage or pride. International events may cater for non-Western attendees with a compound dress code such as "business suit or national dress".


title: Folk costume

text: In modern times, there are instances where traditional garments are required by sumptuary laws. In Bhutan, the traditional Tibetan-style clothing of "gho" and "kera" for men, and "kira" and "toego" for women, must be worn by all citizens, including those not of Tibetan heritage. In Saudi Arabia, women are also required to wear the abaya in public.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: Trichomoniasis (trich) is an infectious disease caused by the parasite "Trichomonas vaginalis". About 70% of affected people do not have symptoms when infected. When symptoms occur, they typically begin 5 to 28 days after exposure. Symptoms can include itching in the genital area, a bad smelling thin vaginal discharge, burning with urination, and pain with sex. Having trichomoniasis increases the risk of getting HIV/AIDS. It may also cause complications during pregnancy.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) which is most often spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. It can also spread through genital touching. People who are infected may spread the disease even when symptoms are not present. Diagnosis is by finding the parasite in the vaginal fluid using a microscope, culturing the vaginal fluid or urine, or testing for the parasite's DNA. If present, other STIs should be tested for.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: Methods of prevention include not having sex, using condoms, not douching, and being tested for STIs before having sex with a new partner. Although not caused by a bacteria, trichomoniasis can be cured with certain antibiotics (metronidazole, tinidazole, secnidazole). Sexual partners should also be treated. About 20% of people get infected again within three months of treatment.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: There were about 122 million new cases of trichomoniasis in 2015. In the United States, there are about 2 million women affected. It occurs more often in women than men. "Trichomonas vaginalis" was first identified in 1836 by Alfred Donné. It was first recognized as causing this disease in 1916.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: Most people infected with "Trichomonas vaginalis" do not have any symptoms and can be undetected for years. Symptoms experienced include pain, burning or itching in the penis, urethra (urethritis), or vagina (vaginitis). Discomfort for both sexes may increase during intercourse and urination. For women there may also be a yellow-green, itchy, frothy, foul-smelling ("fishy" smell) vaginal discharge. In rare cases, lower abdominal pain can occur. Symptoms usually appear within 5 to 28 days of exposure. Sometimes trichomoniasis can be confused with chlamydia because the symptoms are similar.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: The human genital tract is the only reservoir for this species. Trichomonas is transmitted through sexual or genital contact.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: The single-celled protozoan produces mechanical stress on host cells and then ingests cell fragments after cell death.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: A draft sequence of the "Trichomonas" genome was published on January 12, 2007, in the journal "Science" confirming that the genome has at least 26,000 genes, a similar number to the human genome. An additional approximately 34,000 unconfirmed genes, including thousands that are part of potentially transposable elements, brings the gene content to well over 60,000.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: Use of male condoms or female condoms may help prevent the spread of trichomoniasis, although careful studies have never been done that focus on how to prevent this infection. Infection with trichomoniasis through water is unlikely because "Trichomonas vaginalis" dies in water after 45–60 minutes, in thermal water after 30 minutes to 3 hours and in diluted urine after 5–6 hours.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: Currently there are no routine standard screening requirements for the general U.S. population receiving family planning or STI testing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends trichomoniasis testing for females with vaginal discharge and can be considered for females at higher risk for infection or of HIV-positive serostatus.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: The advent of new, highly specific and sensitive trichomoniasis tests present opportunities for new screening protocols for both men and women. Careful planning, discussion, and research are required to determine the cost-efficiency and most beneficial use of these new tests for the diagnosis and treatment of trichomoniasis in the U.S., which can lead to better prevention efforts.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: A number of strategies have been found to improve follow-up for STI testing including email and text messaging as reminders of appointments.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: Evidence from randomized controlled trials for screening pregnant women who do not have symptoms for infection with trichomoniasis and treating women who test positive for the infection have not consistently shown a reduced risk of preterm birth. Further studies are needed to verify this result and determine the best method of screening. In the US, screening of pregnant women without any symptoms is only recommended in those with HIV as "Trichomonas" infection is associated with increased risk of transmitting HIV to the fetus.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: Treatment for both pregnant and non-pregnant women is usually with metronidazole, by mouth once. Caution should be used in pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. Sexual partners, even if they have no symptoms, should also be treated. Single oral dose of nitroimidazole is sufficient to kill the parasites.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: For 95–97% of cases, infection is resolved after one dose of metronidazole. Studies suggest that 4–5% of trichomonas cases are resistant to metronidazole, which may account for some "repeat" cases. Without treatment, trichomoniasis can persist for months to years in women, and is thought to improve without treatment in men. Women living with HIV infection have better cure rates if treated for seven days rather than with one dose.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: Topical treatments are less effective than oral antibiotics due to Skene's gland and other genitourinary structures acting as a reservoir.


title: Trichomoniasis

text: There were about 58 million cases of trichomoniasis in 2013. It is more common in women (2.7%) than males (1.4%). It is the most common non-viral STI in the U.S., with an estimated 3.7 million prevalent cases and 1.1 million new cases per year. It is estimated that 3% of the general U.S. population is infected, and 7.5–32% of moderate-to-high risk (including incarcerated) populations.


title: Zain Imam

text: Zain Imam is an Indian actor who predominantly works in Hindi television. He is best known for his portrayal of Neil Khanna in "Star Plus" show "Naamkaran " and Yuvraj Luthra in Zee TV's "Tashan-E-Ishq" which earned him Gold Awards for Best Actor in Negative Role. In 2019, Imam participated in Colors TV's stunt-based reality show "".


title: Zain Imam

text: Imam started his career as a model, working for agencies such as Aldo Group, and also did few TV commercials before debuting in Hindi television. His first work as an actor came with MTV India television series "Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan" where he played Abhimanyu Thakkar.


title: Zain Imam

text: From 2015 to 2016, he played a grey-shaded character of Yuvraj Luthra in Zee TV's love triangle "Tashan-e-Ishq" opposite Jasmin Bhasin. The show proved a breakout for him, he won the Gold Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role.


title: Zain Imam

text: Then, he was cast as Abir Dharmadhikari, new male lead of Zee TV's "Yeh Vaada Raha" when it took a large leap, from October 2016 to January 2017.


title: Zain Imam

text: Imam got his biggest success when he was introduced as ACP Neil Khanna in StarPlus's romantic-drama "Naamkarann" opposite Aditi Rathore after a generation leap. The show wrapped up in May 2018.


title: Zain Imam

text: After doing an episodic in &TV's "Laal Ishq" with Mahhi Vij, Imam entered the popular StarPlus's series "Ishqbaaaz" as Mohit Malhotra, a full-fledged antagonist in September 2018.


title: Zain Imam

text: Venturing into reality shows, Imam made his debut in reality with participated in the adventure stunt-based show "" in 2019 where he finished at 9th place.


title: Zain Imam

text: His subsequent fictional role as Kabir Mittal, a former army officer in StarPlus' mystery revenge drama "Ek Bhram Sarvagun Sampanna" failed to impress audience. He was next seen in the music video "Tanhaai" by Tulsi Kumar under T-Series in 2020.


title: Zain Imam

text: In 2021, Imam progressed into digital platform with the web series "Crashh" portrayed Dr. Rishabh Sachdeva co-starring Rohan Mehra, Kunj Anand, Aditi Sharma and Anushka Sen.


title: Zain Imam

text: Imam returned to television after a long break of 3 years with his role of Agastya Raichand an obsessive/possessive lover, the main protagonist in Gul Khan production "" on Colors TV opposite Reem Shaikh. for which he received praise from audience. The show ended on 2 September 2022.


title: Zain Imam

text: He was appeared in the Times of India's Top 20 "Most Desirable Men" list rank at No. 5 in 2018 and at No. 15 in 2019.


title: Frances Bay

text: Frances Evelyn Bay (née Goffman; January 23, 1919 – September 15, 2011) was a Canadian-American character actress. In a career that spanned 35 years, she acted in a variety of roles both in film and television. Bay was inducted in Canada's Walk of Fame in 2008.


title: Frances Bay

text: Frances Evelyn Goffman was born January 23, 1919 in Mannville, Alberta, to Ukrainian Jewish immigrant parents, Ann (née Averbach) and Max Goffman, and was raised in Dauphin, Manitoba. Her younger brother was the noted sociologist Erving Goffman. Before World War II she acted professionally in Winnipeg and spent the war hosting the Canadian Broadcasting Company's radio show, "Everybody's Program", aimed at service members overseas.


title: Frances Bay

text: She married Charles Irwin Bay (December 15, 1918 – June 18, 2002) in 1946, and moved to Cape Town, South Africa, living in the Constantia and Camps Bay areas. She studied with Uta Hagen at this time. Charles and Frances Bay had one son, Josh ("Eli Joshua"; March 14, 1947 – June 6, 1970), who died at the age of 23.


title: Frances Bay

text: Bay returned to acting in the 1970s, appearing in television and film roles until 1976 while in her mid-50s, beginning with a small part in "Foul Play", a 1978 comedy starring Goldie Hawn and Chevy Chase. A year earlier, she appeared as Mrs. Hamilton in the Christmas television special "Christmastime with Mister Rogers". In 1990, she appeared in the episode "When I'm 64" of the TV series "ALF" as the faded movie star Louise Beaumont residing in a retirement home.


title: Frances Bay

text: Bay's first major television appearance occurred playing the grandmother to the character of Fonzie on "Happy Days". She described Henry Winkler, who played Fonzie, as "just a sweet guy. He lost his own grandmother in the Holocaust, and he wrote me a letter saying I was his virtual grandmother".


title: Frances Bay

text: In 1983, she played the grandmother in "Little Red Riding Hood" in "Faerie Tale Theatre" for Showtime. She appeared in the final episodes of two long-running sitcom series: "Happy Days", and "Who's the Boss?" Bay played Cousin Winifred in the fourth to last episode of "Road to Avonlea", a role for which she won a Gemini Award. Bay's feature film work includes small roles in films like "The Karate Kid" (1984), "Movers & Shakers" (1985), "Big Top Pee-wee" (1988), "Twins" (1988), "The Grifters" (1990), "The Pit and the Pendulum" (1991).


title: Frances Bay

text: In 1986, Bay appeared as the doddery aunt of Kyle MacLachlan's character in David Lynch's "Blue Velvet". Lynch cast her in several subsequent works, including as a foul-mouthed madam in "Wild at Heart", and as Mrs. Tremond on "Twin Peaks" and its feature film prequel "".


title: Frances Bay

text: In 1994, she played Mrs. Pickman in John Carpenter's "In the Mouth of Madness". In 1996, she played Adam Sandler's grandmother in the feature film "Happy Gilmore". In 1999, she played Thelma, the head security guard at the Bradford robotics laboratory in the film "Inspector Gadget". Bay's other roles included a supporting role in "The Rye", a notable 1996 episode of "Seinfeld" in which she played a woman who got into a physical altercation with Jerry over a loaf of marble rye bread.


title: Frances Bay

text: Bay appeared in the 2002 music video for Jimmy Fallon's comedy song "Idiot Boyfriend". In 2005, she reunited with her "The Pit and the Pendulum" director Stuart Gordon to play a fortune teller in "Edmond". From 2009 to 2011, Bay had a recurring role as "Aunt Ginny" on the television series "The Middle". Her character was subsequently written out of the show after her death in September 2011, and the death was addressed in the episode "The Map". She also worked in theatre, winning both the Drama-Logue Award and Gemini Award.


title: Frances Bay

text: Bay was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame on September 6, 2008, in large part thanks to a petition with 10,000 names which was submitted on her behalf. The selection committee also received personal letters from Adam Sandler, Jerry Seinfeld, David Lynch, Henry Winkler, Monty Hall, and other celebrities.


title: Frances Bay

text: In 2002, Bay was involved in an auto accident in Glendale, California, which required her to have her leg amputated below the knee.


title: Frances Bay

text: Bay died in Tarzana, California on September 15, 2011, of complications from pneumonia at the age of 92.


title: EPMD

text: EPMD is an American hip hop duo from Brentwood, New York. The duo's name is a concatenation of the members' names "E" and "PMD" or an acronym for "Erick and Parrish Making Dollars", referring to its members: emcees Erick Sermon ("E" a.k.a. E Double) and Parrish Smith ("PMD" a.k.a. Parrish Mic Doc). During an interview on college radio station WHOV in 1987, Parrish Smith stated that the name evolved from the original: "We were originally known as "EEPMD" (Easy Erick and Parrish the Microphone Doctor), but chose to go with EPMD because it was easier to say." He also stated that they dropped the two "E's" because N.W.A.'s Eric Wright was already using "Eazy-E" as his stage name. The group has been active for years (minus two breakups in 1993 and 1999).


title: EPMD

text: Hailing from Brentwood, Long Island, New York, EPMD's first album, "Strictly Business", appeared in 1988 and featured the underground hit "Strictly Business," which sampled Eric Clapton's version of Bob Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff." Many critics cite this first album as the group's most influential. The group's brand of funk-fueled sample-heavy hip-hop proved to be a major force in the genre. Unlike old school hip hop, which was originally based on disco hits but eventually became more electronic, EPMD based its music mainly on lifting funk and rock breaks for samples and helped to popularize their usage, along with Marley Marl and Public Enemy. "You're a Customer" combined snippets of Steve Miller's "Fly Like an Eagle," Kool & the Gang's "Jungle Boogie, the bass line from ZZ Top's "Cheap Sunglasses" and drum beat (Roger Linn LM-2 machine). "Jane," about a romantic rendezvous gone bad, would be revisited on no less than five sequels; a first for hip-hop. "You Gots to Chill" used 1980s funk band Zapp's "More Bounce to the Ounce," which has become one of the most enduring sample sources for hip-hop. EPMD later appeared on the single "Everybody (Get Up)" by Zapp frontman Roger Troutman on his last solo album, "Bridging The Gap", in 1991. "I'm Housin'" was covered some 12 years later by Rage Against the Machine. Managed early on by Russell Simmons' RUSH Management, the group toured with such hip-hop luminaries as Run-DMC, Public Enemy, and DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince.


title: EPMD

text: EPMD signed with Fresh/Sleeping Bag Records, which eventually released its debut album, "Strictly Business", by electro funk pioneer Kurtis Mantronik, who also worked as an A&R representative for the label. Propelled by several strong singles ("You Gots to Chill" and the album's title track), the album was eventually certified gold, selling over 500,000 copies, as did 1989's follow-up, "Unfinished Business". Financial frustrations followed when Sleeping Bag went under in 1992. The two EPMD albums and Nice & Smooth's debut album were acquired by Priority/EMI Records before the label was sold to Warlock Records. The duo's Sleeping Bag contract was acquired by Def Jam. EPMD returned in 1990 with "Business As Usual" and "Business Never Personal" two years later. By 1992, the group presided over an extended family dubbed the Hit Squad, which included Redman, K-Solo, Das EFX, Hurricane G, and Knucklehedz.


title: EPMD

text: In 1992, EPMD had a hit with its song "Crossover," which lamented rappers making blatant concessions to pop sensibilities in order to get mainstream attention from music audiences. The song became a hit, peaking at No. 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 and in doing so becoming their biggest hit to date.


title: EPMD

text: EPMD called it quits in 1993, under controversial circumstances. According to interviews in "The Source" and "Rap Pages", in late 1991, Smith's house was burglarized by armed intruders. According to Smith, in the ensuing police investigation, one of the apprehended culprits supposedly gave up Sermon's name as having allegedly paid them to do it. Sermon was arrested and briefly detained for questioning, but no charges were filed. Still, it led to lingering tensions, and by the time of the break-up, Sermon alleged financial impropriety on Smith's part. The duo found itself as solo artists by default: Sermon debuted in 1993 with "No Pressure", followed by "Double or Nothing" (1995), "Def Squad Presents Erick Onasis" (2000), "Music" (2001), and "React" (2002). Smith released 1994's "Shade Business", followed by "Business is Business" in 1996.


title: EPMD

text: The duo reunited in 1997, recording a comeback LP, "Back in Business". In 1998, a remix of the song "Strictly Business" appeared by the A&R man who signed the duo while at Fresh/Sleeping Bag, Kurtis Mantronik. Sermon released an album with Redman and Keith Murray as the Def Squad in 1998: "El Niño" was certified gold that same year. EPMD's last LP, "Out of Business", was released in 1999 as both a single CD and a limited edition double CD. The limited edition double CD contained both new material and rerecorded versions of its greatest hits. Smith released "The Awakening" (2003) on his own Hit Squad label, and Sermon released "Chilltown, N.Y." (2004) on Motown/Universal. A Hit Squad compilation LP (overseen by Smith, featuring a new EPMD track) was released on Nervous Recordings in 2004.


title: EPMD

text: A reunited EPMD with DJ Scratch performed live at the Rock the Bells Tour in New York on October 14, 2006 at "B.B. King Blues Club & Grill", their first NYC show in eight years. The tour also featured former Hit Squad members Keith Murray, Das EFX, and Redman.


title: EPMD

text: Two months later, EPMD and Keith Murray released a new song, titled "The Main Event," produced by DJ Knowhow. In the March 2007 issue of Swedish hip-hop magazine "Quote", Erick Sermon and Parish Smith talked about whether the duo planned to record together again. On its recent tour, the group announced that it was working on a new album, tentatively titled "We Mean Business".


title: EPMD

text: On June 27, 2007, the group appeared on BET's "Rap City" to freestyle. EPMD's new single, "Blow", was released on vinyl from Unique Distribution during August 2007 as a prelude to a new album that was to be released in 2008. The song instantly became a regular feature on the Funkmaster Flex show. The same month, the duo made a number of surprise live appearances, including the Rock the Bells tour with Rage Against the Machine, Wu-Tang Clan, Cypress Hill, Mos Def and others.


title: EPMD

text: In June 2008, during an interview with HipHopGame, Erick and Parish confirmed that "We Mean Business" would be released on September 9. The album eventually emerged in December 2008, and featured guest appearances from the likes of KRS-One and Redman amongst others. In the end of the interview, they mentioned the possibility of a Hit Squad/Def Squad double disc album, but that they had problems with K-Solo.


title: EPMD

text: On August 3, 2008, EPMD joined Method Man & Redman on stage at the Rock the Bells concert at Jones Beach, New York.


title: EPMD

text: The following month, EPMD took the stage as part of AllHipHop.com's "Breeding Ground" event at S.O.B.'s in New York City. The duo performed many of their early hits and featured Keith Murray as a guest.


title: EPMD

text: In March 2011, EPMD performed at the Lawyer4Musicians Hiphop showcase at Venue 222 in Austin, Texas. It was the duo's first time performing in Austin, where they performed many of their early hits as well as cover songs and freestyle rhymes.


title: Toyota G engine

text: The Toyota Motor Corporation G-family engine is a family of straight-6 piston engines produced from 1979 to 2008. It is notable in that only a single displacement, , was produced in this series. Initially belt-driven OHC non-interference engines (except the VVT-i version which is an interference engine), multivalve DOHC (except the 1G-EU SOHC 12 valve engine) and variable valve timing were added later during the production run. The 1G-GEU was Toyota's first mass produced four-valve twincam engine. A prototype version of the 1G-GEU called the LASREα–X, featuring twin-turbos, variable valve timing and intake as well as variable displacement, was fitted to the Toyota FX-1 show car at the 1983 Tokyo Motor Show. It showcased a number of technologies which were later to become commonplace.


title: Toyota G engine

text: These engines were used as a lower-displacement alternative to the more upmarket M family and JZ family straight-sixes.


title: Toyota G engine

text: For ten months (in 1967-1968), Toyota also offered Hino's GR100 engine as the "Toyota G" in the shortlived Briska light truck.


title: Toyota G engine

text: After Toyota's takeover of Hino Motors in 1967, the Briska one-tonne truck was sold with Toyota badging for ten months. The engine code was changed from Hino's "GR100" to "G" for these cars. The engine is a 1251 cc watercooled OHV inline-four with distant Renault origins and was originally developed by Hino for their Contessa passenger car. Bore and stroke are , maximum power at 5500 rpm. Hino's earlier models had a variety of power outputs ranging from 52 to 65 PS.


title: Toyota G engine

text: Since just one displacement was offered, all G-family engines are marked 1G and share the same "square" bore and stroke.


title: Toyota G engine

text: The export-spec two-valve 1G-E had no emissions controls and were used in commercial vehicles and for a few export markets, mostly southeast Asia. Typical specifications:


title: Toyota G engine

text: The Japan-spec 1G-EU was produced from 1979 through 1988. This and the 1G-E are the only two-valve SOHC members of the family. Output was at 5400 rpm and at 4400 rpm.


title: Toyota G engine

text: The DOHC 1G-FE uses a narrow valve angle and other fuel economy optimizations. It was introduced in 1988, it features a cast iron block with aluminum cylinder head. Output was at 5,600 rpm and at 4,400 rpm. In 1998 VVT-i was added, which bumped output to at 6,200 rpm and at 4,400 rpm for the Altezza/IS 200. Production of this engine family ceased in 2008 after the discontinuation of the Crown Sedan mild hybrid.


title: Toyota G engine

text: The 24-valve DOHC 1G-GEU was intended for high performance and featured a pent-roof combustion chamber. Introduced in August 1982 and produced through 1986, mostly for the Japanese market, output was at 6,200 rpm and at 5,600 rpm. This was Toyota's first multi-valve twincam engine to make it to the market, and won the "JSME Medal for New Technology" (Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers) in 1982. To minimize the downsides of a multi-valve setup, the 1G-GEU was also equipped with T-VIS (Toyota Variable Induction System), increasing low to mid-engine speed torque. Like all following twin cam Toyotas, it used a timing belt rather than chain, for less noise and lower maintenance requirements. In August 1983, the fuel injection system was changed to EFI-D, which measures the pressure in the intake manifold to determine the proper air-fuel mixture.


title: Toyota G engine

text: The 1G-GE replaced the 1G-GEU in 1988. It was detuned from to and served the same cars as 1G-GEU did. Torque was at 5600 rpm. It was produced for the Supra GA70 until 1993.


title: Toyota G engine

text: The 24-valve DOHC 1G-GTE added two CT-12 turbochargers to the versatile motor. There were 3 generations of this engine both air-to-air and air-to-water intercoolers were used, pushing output from at 6200 rpm and at 3800 rpm using the air-to-air over the air-to-water. This was the most powerful engine of the whole G family. In May 1991 it was replaced with the 280 PS 1JZ-GTE on most Toyota cars.


title: Toyota G engine

text: The 1G-GP and 1G-GPE was an LPG version of the 1G-GE engine. Output is at 5600 rpm and torque is at 2400 rpm.


title: Toyota G engine

text: The 1G-GZE was a supercharged version produced from 1986 till 1992. Output is at 6000 rpm and at 3600 rpm. Like the turbo, it was a 24-valve DOHC engine but featured a distributorless ignition system (DIS). The 1G-GZE was mated only with automatic gearboxes. In August 1991 it was replaced with the 1JZ-GE on the Mark II/Chaser/Cresta, while serving on the Crown until 1992.


title: Pachisi

text: Pachisi (, Hindustani: [pəˈtʃiːsiː]) is a cross and circle board game that originated in Ancient India. It is described in the ancient text "Mahabharata" under the name of "Pasha". It is played on a board shaped like a symmetrical cross. A player's pieces move around the board based upon a throw of six or seven cowrie shells, with the number of shells resting with the aperture upward indicating the number of spaces to move.


title: Pachisi

text: The name of the game is derived from the Hindi word "paccīs", meaning "twenty-five", the largest score that can be thrown with the cowrie shells; thus this game is also known by the name "Twenty-Five". There are other versions of this game where the largest score that can be thrown is thirty.


title: Pachisi

text: In addition to chaupar, there are many versions of the game. (barsis) is popular in the Levant, mainly Syria, while Parchís is another version popular in Spain and northern Morocco. Parqués is its Colombian variant. Parcheesi, Sorry!, and Ludo are among the many Westernised commercial versions of the game. The Jeu des petits chevaux (Game of Little Horses) is played in France, and Mensch ärgere Dich nicht is a popular German variant. It is also possible that this game led to the development of the Korean board game Yunnori, through the ancient kingdom Baekje.


title: Pachisi

text: Gamesmen similar to chaupar with different colour schemes along with dice have been identified from the Iron Age during the Painted Grey Ware period from sites in Mathura and Noh (1100-800 BC.) Cruciform boards have been depicted from art reliefs of Chandraketugarh dated to 2nd century BC-1st century BC. A 6th- or 7th-century representation of Shiva and Parvati said to be playing Chaupar (a closely related game) in fact depicts only dice and not the distinctive board. In a similar period, a board identical to pachisi was discovered in the Ellora cave system. A Song Dynasty (960–1279) document referencing the Chinese game "ch'u-p'u" (Wade–Giles, pinyin chūpú), "invented in western India and spread to China in the time of the Wei dynasty (AD 220–265)" may relate to Chaupar, but the actual nature of the Chinese game (which may be more closely related to backgammon) is uncertain. Speculation that Pachisi derived from the earlier game of Ashtapada is plausible but unsubstantiated.


title: Pachisi

text: The game of Pachisi was played by Akbar in a truly regal manner. The Court itself, divided into red and white squares, being the board, and an enormous stone raised on four feet, representing the central point. It was here that Akbar and his courtiers played this game; sixteen young slaves from the harem wearing the players' colours, represented the pieces, and moved to the squares according to the throw of the dice. It is said that the Emperor took such a fancy to playing the game on this grand scale that he had a court for pachisi constructed in all his palaces, and traces of such are still visible at Agra and Allahabad.


title: Pachisi

text: To date, these grandiose boards still represent the earliest secure evidence for the existence of the game in India. The game's role in the history of India still remains to be investigated. It is often assumed that the gambling game that plays so significant a role in the "Mahabharata", the classical literary epic, is "pachisi", but the descriptions, such as they are, do not tie in with the game, and this conclusion is perhaps erroneous.


title: Pachisi

text: In 1938, the American toy and game company Transogram introduced a mass market board game version called Game of India, later marketed as Pa-Chiz-Si: The Game of India.


title: Pachisi

text: Pachisi is a game for two, three, or four players, four usually play in two teams. One team has yellow and black pieces, the other team has red and green. The team which moves all its pieces to the finish first wins the game.


title: Pachisi

text: Each player has four beehive-shaped pieces (this can be increased to up to 16 pieces on each side in some versions). The pieces of one player are distinguishable from another by their colours: black, green, red, and yellow.


title: Pachisi

text: Six cowrie shells are used to determine the amount to move the players' pieces. The shells are thrown from the player's hand and the number of cowries which fall with their openings upwards indicate how many spaces the player may move:


title: Pachisi

text: The board is usually embroidered on cloth. The playing area is cruciform. There is a large square in the centre, called the Charkoni, which is the starting and finishing position of the pieces. The four arms are divided into three columns of eight squares. The players' pieces are moved along these columns during play.


title: Pachisi

text: Twelve squares are specially marked as castle squares. Four of these are positioned at the end of the middle columns of each arm; the other eight are four squares inwards from the end of the outer columns on each arm. A piece may not be captured by an opponent while it lies on a castle square.


title: Pachisi

text: Each player's objective is to move all four of their pieces completely around the board, counter-clockwise, before their opponents do. The pieces start and finish on the Charkoni.


title: Pachisi

text: The playing order is decided by each player throwing the cowries. The player with the highest score starts, and turns continue counter-clockwise around the board. In some versions, each player throws the cowrie shells and pieces cannot move until a 2, 3, or 4 is thrown.


title: Pachisi

text: If a 6, 10, or 25 is thrown, the player gets a "grace", which enables the player to introduce one of their pieces from the Charkoni onto the board. The player then repeats his or her turn. In other versions, this includes 10, 25, or 35 to introduce another of their pieces. The newly introduced pawn will be landed on square number 1, which is the very first square for every respective player: here, it is said that on throwing 10 or 25, or 35, you will introduce your new pawn at square number 1, and then you will add the second throw numbers that will be appeared on your cowries and 7, 14 as a "grace" without the introduction of pieces (here, it should be clear to players that on throwing 7 or 14, you can not introduce your new pawn, you only get an extra turn). A player needs to have at least one piece on the board to be able to throw a 7 or 14.


title: Pachisi

text: Simply put, on throwing 10 or 25, or 35, you can not introduce your new pawn directly to 10 or 25, or 35 number square directly, you have to land the new pawn on square number 1 and then add your remaining numbers. Once your all pawns have entered the game, throwing 10 or 25, or 35 allows you to move the respective numbers ahead.


title: Pachisi

text: Each player's first piece may leave the Charkoni on any throw after it has been introduced onto the board. Each player moves their pieces down the centre column of their own arm of the board, then counter-clockwise around the outside columns.


title: Pachisi

text: A player may have any number of pieces on the board at one time. Only one piece may be moved with a single throw, or if the player chooses, they can decline to move any piece on a throw. In some versions, a player can move any number of their pieces with a single throw. Also, if the player casts a value higher than they are eligible to move in a single throw, then the player automatically loses that turn.


title: Pachisi

text: More than one piece of the same team may occupy a single square (not true for all squares in some versions). However, a piece may not move onto a castle square that is already occupied by an opponent's piece.


title: Pachisi

text: If a piece lands on a square (other than a castle square) occupied by any number of the opponent's pieces, those pieces are "captured'/"killed" and must return to the Charkoni. Captured pieces may only enter the game again with a grace throw. A player making a capture is allowed another turn (not true in some versions).


title: Pachisi

text: In some versions, a player cannot take their pieces back to the Charkoni/home, unless they have "captured'/"killed" at least one of the opponent's pieces. Some versions have a rule where if, for example, two players are playing against each other, and Player 1 captures a piece of Player 2, then Player 2, in their immediate turn after being captured for the first time, captures the same piece Player 1 just used to capture, in the same square where the capture took place, then Player 1's "capture"/"kill" is invalidated. Player 1 will need to recapture Player 2's piece again to be able to go back to the Charkoni, but Player 2 is free to go ahead to their respective Charkoni unless the above repeats.


title: Pachisi

text: A piece completes its trip around the board by moving back up its central column. Returning pieces may be placed on their side in order to distinguish them from pieces that have just entered. A piece can only return to the Charkoni by a direct throw.


title: Pachisi

text: Four of the castle squares are placed so they are exactly 25 moves from the Charkoni. A common strategy is for returning pieces to stay on these squares, where they are safe from capture until a 25 is thrown. The pieces can then finish the game directly. This is where the name of the game comes from.


title: Pachisi

text: In some versions, where more emphasis is put on the throwing of the cowries, experienced players can cause cowries to land in a specific way, so there are certain other rules to make the game more exciting.


title: A. J. Brown

text: Arthur Juan Brown Sr. (born June 30, 1997) is an American football wide receiver for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Ole Miss and was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the second round of the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: A. J. Brown

text: Brown attended Starkville High School in Starkville, Mississippi, where he played football and baseball. As a senior at Starkville, he recorded 83 catches for 1,371 yards and 13 touchdowns and led his team to a 6A state championship. He was named first-team All-State by USA Today, The Clarion-Ledger's Dandy Dozen, and the Mississippi Association of Coaches.


title: A. J. Brown

text: As a top recruit in both football and baseball, Brown became the second player after Kyler Murray, to play in both the Under Armour All-America Football Game and the Under Armour All-America Baseball Game. In the 2016 Under Armour All-America Game, he caught four passes for 79 yards and a touchdown.


title: A. J. Brown

text: Brown was a consensus 4-star prospect by the major recruiting services. He was ranked the No. 45 overall recruit by Scout, No. 47 by 247Sports, No. 53 by Rivals and No. 66 by ESPN. He was also listed as the No. 5 wide receiver prospect in the country by 247Sports and Scout and was ranked the second-best player in the state by 247Sports and third-best by Scout. On February 3, 2016, Brown committed to play both college baseball and college football at the University of Mississippi.


title: A. J. Brown

text: Brown was drafted as an outfielder by the San Diego Padres in the 19th round of the 2016 Major League Baseball Draft. He signed with the Padres, which prevented him from playing baseball at Ole Miss, but he was still eligible to play football. At Ole Miss, he majored in General Studies with an emphasis in Education, Journalism and Legal Studies.


title: A. J. Brown

text: In Brown's first game of his collegiate career, he started and recorded two catches for 48 yards against Wofford. As a true freshman at Ole Miss in 2016, Brown played in all 12 games and finished fifth on the team with 29 receptions for 412 yards and two touchdowns. He finished fourth among SEC freshmen with 2.4 catches per game and fifth with 34.3 receiving yards per game.


title: A. J. Brown

text: During the first game of his sophomore season in 2017, Brown hauled in eight catches, two of which were touchdowns of 71 and 77 yards. He tied the school record with 14 receptions against Louisiana along with 185 yards and 2 touchdowns, and set the school record for receiving yards in a game with 233 against South Alabama (later broken by Elijah Moore).