title: Sledgehammer

text: Post mauls are similar to sledgehammers in shape, but are meant to drive wooden fence posts or tree stakes into the earth. Newer mauls have broad, flat circular faces that are significantly larger in diameter than the body of the head (where the handle attaches). Older post mauls are significantly larger than sledgehammers like their newer counterparts except the outside diameter (body) of older post maul designs remained the same large diameter as that of the faces of the hammer from one side to the other side. Sledgehammers usually have octagonal faces that are the same diameter or slightly smaller than the body of the head, and they are not nearly as large in overall diameter as a post maul.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Moroccan Jews ( ) are Jews who live in or are from Morocco. Moroccan Jews constitute an ancient community dating to Roman times. Jews began immigrating to the region as early as 70 CE. They were later met by a second wave of migrants from the Iberian peninsula in the period which immediately preceded and followed the issuing of the 1492 Alhambra Decree, when Jews were expelled from Spain, and soon afterward, from Portugal. This second wave of immigrants changed Moroccan Jewry, which largely embraced the Andalusian Sephardic liturgy, to switch to a mostly Sephardic identity.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: The immigration of Moroccan Jews to Israel has occurred throughout the centuries of Jewish history. Moroccan Jews built the first self-made neighborhood outside the walls of Jerusalem (Mahane Israel) in 1867, as well as the first modern neighborhoods in Tel Aviv, Haifa and Tiberias.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: At its peak in the 1950s, Morocco's Jewish population was about 250,000-350,000, but due to the migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel and other nations, including Operation Yachin from 1961 to 1964, this number has been reduced to approximately 5,000. The vast majority of Moroccan Jews now live in Israel, where they constitute the second-largest Jewish community, approximately half a million. Other communities are found in France, Canada, Spain, the United States and South America, mainly in Venezuela, Brazil and Argentina.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: The affection and respect between Jews and the Kingdom of Morocco is still palpable. Every year rabbis and community leaders across the world are invited for the Throne Celebration held every 30 July in Rabat. During the celebration in 2014, Rabbi Haim A. Moryoussef of Canada dedicated his book "Le Bon Oeil - Ben Porath Yossef" to the King Mohammed VI and offered him a handwritten blessing on parchment wishing him a healthy, long and successful life.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Moroccan Jews constitute an ancient community, immigrating to the region as early as 70 CE. Emily Gottreich contends that Jewish migration to Morocco predated the full formation of Judaism, as the Talmud was "written and redacted between 200 and 500 CE." In accordance with the norms of the Islamic legal system, Jewish Moroccans had separate legal courts pertaining to "personal law" under which communities (Muslim "sharia", Christian Canon law and Jewish "halakha" law-abiding) were allowed to rule themselves under their own system.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Particularly after the Alhambra Decree, many Sephardi Jews migrated from al-Andalus to the Maghreb as refugees fleeing the inquisition in Spain and Portugal. They are referred to as the "Megorashim", while the Jews already in Morocco are referred to as the "Toshavim". Many Iberian Jews settled in Fes and Marrakesh. In the following centuries, "Conversos" who had been banished to Iberian colonial possessions in the Americas and the Atlantic reclaimed their Judaism and also resettled in Morocco.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: In the mid 19th century, Moroccan Jews started migrating from the interior of the country to coastal cities such as Essaouira, Mazagan, Asfi, and later Casablanca for economic opportunity, participating in trade with Europeans and the development of those cities. The Alliance Israélite Universelle opened its first school in Tetuan in 1862.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: After the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and due to domestic strife in the 1950s, the next several decades saw waves of Jewish emigration to Israel, France and Canada. Shay Hazkani found that of the 20,000 who performed aliyah in 1948-1949, 1,000 served in the IDF, of which 70% wished to return home. Only 6% managed to do so, given various bureaucratic obstacles like the Israeli confiscation of their passports and Moroccan resistance to their repatriation. Moroccan Jews emigrated for a variety of reasons. Some have emigrated for religious reasons, some faced persecution, and others left for better economic prospects than they faced in post-colonial Morocco. With every Arab-Israeli war, tensions between Arabs and Jews would rise, sparking more Jewish emigration. By the time of the Yom Kippur War in 1973, the majority of Morocco's Jewish population had emigrated.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: As a protectorate of France, parts of Morocco were heavily influenced by French culture, while the same is true of the portions of the country that belonged to Spain. Traditionally, the Jews were classified as being French-Moroccan or Spanish-Moroccan depending on where in Morocco they lived, and remnants of these classifications can be felt today. These differences are reflected in language, foods, last names and even liturgy.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Most Jews in Morocco lived in desolate areas during the late 1930s. This was in part due to increased taxation by the French protectorate. In 1936, Léon Blum, a Jewish man, was appointed as prime minister of France. This gave some Moroccan Jews hope that they may be able to become French citizens at some point, as Algerian Jews gained French citizenship with the Crémieux Decree. Algerian Jews were granted right of passage to France, and this only furthered the desire of Moroccan Jews to embrace French culture to the extent of the Algerian Jews.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Early photographs of Moroccan Jewish families, taken in the early 20th century by German explorer and photographer Hermann Burchardt, are now held at the Ethnological Museum of Berlin.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: A small community of around 2,000–2,500 Jews live in Morocco today. However, in a rapidly increasing trend, young men from the community are emigrating to Israel and France. As of 2017, according to "The Economist", "No Arab country has gone to the lengths of Morocco to revive its Jewish heritage." The country has restored 110 synagogues and has the Arab world’s only Jewish museum. More than 50,000 Israelis visit Morocco annually.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: The Jewish quarters in Morocco were called "mellahs". Jews in Morocco were considered <nowiki>"</nowiki>"dhimmis"<nowiki>"'</nowiki> under Muslim law, meaning that they were a protected religious minority, that were distinguished from the Muslim majority, and were prevented from participating in certain activities. However, "dhimmis" such as Jews were tolerated, following the Pact of Umar in the 7th century, unlike the policy of intolerance that the Christians practiced with the Jews at that time in Europe. Sultans put Jews in the "mellahs," as what most see as an attempt to ostracize the Jews, and keep them from being exposed to insurgents. The Jewish quarters in Moroccan cities were called "Mellahs." The Sultans also wanted the Jews to be protected for political reasons. An attack on minorities was seen as an attack on the Sultan's power. The Sultan put the Jews in the "Mellah" for their safety, as well as to protect the Sultan rulings from being tested by insurgents. The word "mellah" is similar to the Hebrew word for salt, (מלח). The term "mellah" refers to the salty, marshy area where the Jews of Northern Morocco were originally transferred and gathered. The "mellah" was not a ghetto and was not structured in a way similar to Jewish quarters in Europe. By the 1900s, most Moroccan cities had a "mellah".


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Moroccan Jewry has developed as a hybrid of the many cultures that have shaped Morocco itself, namely Jewish, Arab, Berber, French and Spanish.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Even before the arrival of Sephardi Jews to Morocco, Moroccan Jews performed and developed the traditions of the Andalusian classical music and introduced it into their Liturgical music. In his book "Jews of Andalusia and the Maghreb" on the musical traditions in Jewish societies of North Africa, Haim Zafrani writes: ""In Spain and Morocco, Jews were ardent maintainers of Andalusian music and the zealous guardians of its old traditions ...""


title: Moroccan Jews

text: One of the most famous dishes of Moroccan Jewish cuisine is the traditional sabbath meal: "skhina" (, a literal translation of "hot"), also called "dfina" ( "buried"). There's also a kosher version of "pastilla".


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Mahia, an aperitivo distilled from dates or figs, is traditionally associated with Morocco's Jewish community.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Traditional Henna parties usually take place within the week before a special occasion, such as a wedding, Bnei Mitzvah, or baby showers. During pre-wedding Henna parties, the Matriarch of the family (often the grandmother) smudges henna in the palm of the bride and groom to symbolically bestow the new couple with good health, fertility, wisdom, and security. The henna is believed in Moroccan tradition to protect the couple from demons. The grandmother covers the henna, a dough-like paste produced by mixing crushed henna plant leaves with water, in order to lock in body heat and generate a richer color. Normally, the henna will dye skin orange for up to two weeks. In Moroccan folklore, the bride is exempt of her household duties until the henna completely fades. After the bride and groom are blessed with the henna, the guests also spread henna on their palms to bring good luck.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Although most Moroccan Jews tend to dress in styles of their adopted countries, traditional Moroccan clothing is sometimes worn during celebrations (Mimouna, weddings, Bar Mitzvas, etc.) or even during more intimate gatherings, such as Shabbat dinner. Men usually wear a white jellaba (jellabiya) cloak while women wear more ornate kaftans.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Mimouna is celebrated by many Moroccan Jews on the night following the last day of Passover. It has spread to be an almost national holiday in Israel where it is particularly prevalent in cities where there is a large concentration of Moroccan Jews like Ashdod, Ashkelon and Natanya.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Many Rabanim have passed through and sojourned in Morocco leaving behind great influence. In 2008, a project to preserve Moroccan Torah and the words of its Ḥakhamim was initiated. DarkeAbotenou.com was created by a few members of the Toronto Sephardic Community; devoting their time and effort to increasing global awareness of the customs and laws that Jews of Morocco live with every day. Daily emails are sent in both English and French containing the customs, laws, and traditional liturgy of both the French and Spanish parts of Morocco. This daily publication is currently broadcast in both English and French.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: The observer of a typical Moroccan Jewish prayer service will note the presence of Oriental motifs in the melodies. However, unlike the tunes of Eastern rites (Syrian, Iraqi, etc.), which were influenced by Middle Eastern sounds, Moroccan Jewish religious tunes have a uniquely Andalusian feel. Furthermore, just as Eastern liturgical melodies are organized into Maqams, Moroccan liturgy can be classified by Noubas. The Moroccan prayer rite itself is also unique among Sephardic customs. The Moroccan nusach has many unique components but has also incorporated numerous Ashkenazic customs due to the country's proximity and exposure to Europe. Some customs of the Moroccan nusach include:


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Moroccan Jews have held important positions in the Makhzen throughout their history. André Azoulay currently serves as an advisor to Muhammad VI of Morocco.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: In the 20th century, there were a number of prominent Moroccan Jewish Communists including Léon Sultan, Elie Azagury, Abraham Serfaty, and Sion Assidon. In the words of Emily Gottreich, "although the [Moroccan Communist Party] welcomed everyone, it held special appeal for urban educated elite; almost all of Morocco’s prominent Jewish intellectuals joined the party at one time or another."


title: Moroccan Jews

text: All ten of the founding members of the Israeli Black Panthers—a short-lived 1970-1971 protest movement that worked against "ethnic discrimination and the 'socioeconomic gap,'" a group inspired by anti-Zionist university students—were children of Moroccan immigrants.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: In Israel, many Moroccan Jews have risen to prominence in politics such as Amir Peretz, Orly Levy, Arye Deri, Miri Regev and Naama Lazimi.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Over the years, the Moroccan Jews' DNA was examined and studied by numerous studies, the general image of it showed that in terms of Y-DNA it was mainly from the same Levantine source as the vast majority of the world's Jewry, meaning that they too are descendants of the Ancient Hebrews/Israelites from the Biblical times. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular Moroccan Jews), who are apparently closely related, the non-Jewish component is mainly southern European.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Genetic research shows that about 27% of Moroccan Jews descend from one female ancestor. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of the Jewish populations of North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Libya) was the subject of further detailed study in 2008 by Doron Behar et al. The analysis concludes that Jews from this region do not share the haplogroups of the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups (M1 and U6) that are typical of the North African Berber and Arab populations.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: Behar et al. conclude that it is unlikely that North African Jews have significant Arab, or Berber admixture, "consistent with social restrictions imposed by religious restrictions," or endogamy. This study also found genetic similarities between the Ashkenazi and North African Jews of European mitochondrial DNA pools, but differences between both of these of the diaspora and Jews from the Middle East.


title: Moroccan Jews

text: In a 2012 study by Campbell et al., however, the Moroccan/Algerian, Djerban/Tunisian and Libyan subgroups of North African Jewry were found to demonstrate varying levels of Middle Eastern (40-42%), European (37-39%) and North African ancestry (20-21%), with Moroccan and Algerian Jews tending to be genetically closer to each other than to Djerban Jews and Libyan Jews. According to the study:"distinctive North African Jewish population clusters with proximity to other Jewish populations and variable degrees of Middle Eastern, European, and North African admixture. Two major subgroups were identified by principal component, neighbor joining tree, and identity-by-descent analysis—Moroccan/Algerian and Djerban/Libyan—that varied in their degree of European admixture. These populations showed a high degree of endogamy and were part of a larger Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish group. By principal component analysis, these North African groups were orthogonal to contemporary populations from North and South Morocco, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. Thus, this study is compatible with the history of North African Jews—founding during Classical Antiquity with proselytism of local populations, followed by genetic isolation with the rise of Christianity and then Islam, and admixture following the emigration of Sephardic Jews during the Inquisition."


title: Mildew

text: Mildew is a form of fungus. It is distinguished from its closely related counterpart, mould, largely by its colour: moulds appear in shades of black, blue, red, and green, whereas mildew is white. It appears as a thin, superficial growth consisting of minute hyphae (fungal filaments) produced especially on living plants or organic matter such as wood, paper or leather. Both mould and mildew produce distinct offensive odours, and both have been identified as the cause of certain human ailments.


title: Mildew

text: In horticulture, mildew is either species of fungus in the order Erysiphales, or fungus-like organisms in the family "Peronosporaceae". It is also used more generally to mean mould growth. In Old English, mildew meant honeydew (a substance secreted by aphids on leaves, formerly thought to distill from the air like dew), and later came to mean mould or fungus. Mildew grows on damp cloth, leather, or on plants, and growing on leaves can damage the plant.


title: Mildew

text: The term mildew is often used generically to refer to mould growth, usually with a flat growth habit. Moulds can thrive on many organic materials, including clothing, leather, paper, and the ceilings, walls and floors of homes or offices with poor moisture control. Mildew can be cleaned using specialized mildew remover, or substances such as bleach (though they may discolour the surface).


title: Mildew

text: There are many species of mould. The black mould which grows in attics, on window sills, and other places where moisture levels are moderate often is "Cladosporium". Colour alone is not always a reliable indicator of the species of mould. Proper identification requires a microbiologist or mycologist. Mould growth found on cellulose-based substrates or materials where moisture levels are high (90 percent or greater) is often "Stachybotrys chartarum." "Black mould," also known as "toxic black mould", properly refers to "S. chartarum". This species is commonly found indoors on wet materials containing cellulose, such as wallboard (drywall), jute, wicker, straw baskets, and other paper materials. "S. chartarum" does not, however, grow on plastic, vinyl, concrete, glass, ceramic tile, or metals. A variety of other mould species, such as "Penicillium" or "Aspergillus", may appear to grow on non-cellulosic surfaces but are actually growing on the biofilm that adheres to these surfaces. Glass, plastic, and concrete provide no food for organic growth and as such cannot support mould or mildew growth alone without biofilm present. In places with stagnant air, such as basements, moulds can produce a strong musty odour.


title: Mildew

text: The pink "mildew" often found on plastic shower curtains and bathroom tile is actually a red yeast, "Rhodotorula".


title: Mildew

text: Mildew requires certain factors to develop. Without any one of these, it cannot reproduce and grow. The requirements are a food source (any organic material), sufficient ambient moisture (a relative humidity of between 62 and 93 percent), and reasonable warmth ( to is optimal, but some growth can occur anywhere between freezing and ). Slightly acidic conditions are also preferred. At warmer temperatures, air is able to hold a greater volume of water; as air temperatures drop, so does the ability of air to hold moisture, which then tends to condense on cool surfaces. This can work to bring moisture onto surfaces where mildew is then likely to grow (such as an exterior wall).


title: Mildew

text: Preventing the growth of mildew therefore requires a balance between moisture and temperature. This can be achieved by minimizing the moisture available in the air.


title: Mildew

text: Air temperatures at or below will inhibit growth, but only if the relative humidity is low enough to prevent water condensation (i.e., the dew point is not reached).


title: Mildew

text: With warmer temperatures, the water holding capacity of the air increases. This means that if the amount of water vapour in the warming air remains the same, the air will become drier (i.e. it has a lower relative humidity). This again inhibits fungal growth. Warm, growth-favoring temperatures coupled with "high" relative humidity, however, will set the stage for mildew growth.


title: Mildew

text: Air conditioners are one effective tool for removing moisture and heat from otherwise humid warm air. The coils of an air conditioner cause moisture in the air to condense on them, eventually losing this excess moisture through a drain and placing it back into the environment. They can also inhibit mildew growth by lowering indoor temperatures. In order for them to be effective, air conditioners must recirculate the existing indoor air and not be exposed to warm, humid outside air. Some energy efficient air conditioners may cool a room so quickly that they do not have an opportunity to also effectively collect and drain significant ambient water vapour.


title: Colon cleansing

text: Colon cleansing, also known as colon therapy, or colon hydrotherapy, or a colonic, or colonic irrigation encompasses a number of alternative medical therapies claimed to remove unspecified toxins from the colon and intestinal tract by removing supposed accumulations of feces. Colon cleansing in this context should not be confused with an enema which introduces fluid into the colon, often under mainstream medical supervision, for a limited number of purposes including severe constipation and medical imaging.


title: Colon cleansing

text: Some forms of colon hydrotherapy use tubes to inject water, sometimes mixed with herbs or with other liquids, into the colon via the rectum using special equipment. Oral cleaning regimes use dietary fiber, herbs, dietary supplements, or laxatives. Those who practice colon cleansing believe in autointoxication, that accumulations of putrefied feces line the walls of the large intestine and that these accumulations harbor parasites or pathogenic gut flora, causing nonspecific symptoms and general ill-health.


title: Colon cleansing

text: Autointoxication, a term coined in 1884 by the French physician Charles Jacques Bouchard, is a hypothesis based on medical beliefs of the ancient Egyptians and Greeks and was discredited in the early 20th century. Nonetheless, during the 2000s Internet marketing and infomercials of oral supplements supposedly for colon cleansing increased.


title: Colon cleansing

text: There is no scientific evidence for the alleged benefits of colon cleansing. Certain enema preparations have been associated with heart attacks and electrolyte imbalances, and improperly prepared or used equipment can cause infection or damage to the bowel. Frequent colon cleansing can lead to dependence on enemas to defecate and some herbs may reduce the effectiveness of, or increase the risks associated with the use of prescription medications.


title: Colon cleansing

text: The symptoms that are attributed to autointoxication—headache, fatigue, loss of appetite and irritability—may be caused by mechanical distention within the bowel, such as irritable bowel syndrome, rather than toxins from putrefying food. The benefits anecdotally attributed to colon cleansing are vague and the claims made by manufacturers and practitioners are based on a flawed understanding of the body. There is little evidence of actual benefit to the procedure, and no evidence that it can alleviate the symptoms that are attributed to the theories of colon cleansing.


title: Colon cleansing

text: As the colon normally expels waste, colon cleansing is generally unneeded. Colonic irrigation can disrupt the bowel's normal flora, and, if done frequently, can result in electrolyte depletion with dehydration. Rare but severe adverse events have been rectal perforation, as well as amoebic infection, from poorly sterilised equipment. Others claim that colon cleansing may impede the colon's shedding of dead cells.


title: Colon cleansing

text: Excessive use of enemas has also been associated with heart problems, such as heart failure, as well as heart attacks related to electrolyte imbalances when performed as a coffee enema. Frequent enemas or other colon-cleansing tools may lead to dependence and inability to defecate without assistance, as well as potential withdrawal symptoms. Herbs taken orally may modulate the absorption or the activity of prescription medications.


title: Colon cleansing

text: Medical doctor Harriet Hall writes that "The colon cleanses itself... The idea that its walls are coated with years-old hamburger residue is preposterous".


title: Colon cleansing

text: The consumer advocacy news program Marketplace conducted a consumer trial with three women on the effectiveness of two colon supplements versus fiber. The results showed the supplements did not assist in weight loss and provided no additional benefit over a basic fiber supplement. According to the American Cancer Society, "Available scientific evidence does not support claims that colon therapy is effective in treating cancer or any other disease".


title: Colon cleansing

text: Colonic irrigation, also known as colon hydrotherapy, colonic hydrotherapy, or a "colonic", is a treatment which is used "to wash out the contents of the large bowel by means of copious enemas using water or other medication."


title: Colon cleansing

text: During a cleansing enema, liquid is introduced into the colon and retained for five to fifteen minutes. During a colonic, liquid is introduced into the colon and then it is flushed out and this is repeated until the entire colon is cleared.


title: Colon cleansing

text: Colonic irrigation has been described as an "unwise" procedure as it carries the risk of serious harm and has no proven benefit.


title: Colon cleansing

text: In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the production of equipment used in colon hydrotherapy but does not regulate their use, or the supplements used in oral colon-cleansing regimens. Manufacturer claims do not require verification or supporting evidence. The contents of the products are also not verified or tested. The FDA has issued several letters warning manufacturers and suppliers of colon hydrotherapy equipment about making false claims of effectiveness, safety issues, and quality control violations.


title: Colon cleansing

text: The concept of autointoxication, the idea that food enters the intestine and rots, provides a rationale for colon cleansing. The ancient Egyptians believed that toxins formed as a result of decomposition within the intestines, and moved from there into the circulatory system, causing fever and the development of pus. The Ancient Greeks adopted and expanded the idea, applying their belief in the four humours. In the 19th century, studies in biochemistry and microbiology seemed to support the autointoxication hypothesis, and mainstream physicians promoted the idea.


title: Colon cleansing

text: Daly notes that, historically, "purging was one of the few procedures that a physician could perform with visible, often impressive results and without immediate or obvious dangers".


title: Colon cleansing

text: Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) became the strongest supporter of the idea of colon cleansing; he thought that toxins could shorten the lifespan. Over time, the concept broadened to autointoxication, which supposes that the body cannot fully dispose of its waste products and toxins, which then accumulate in the intestine. In some cases, the concept led to radical surgeries to remove the colon for unrelated symptoms.


title: Colon cleansing

text: Autointoxication enjoyed some favor in the medical community in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but clinicians discarded it as advances in science failed to support its claims.


title: Colon cleansing

text: A 1919 paper entitled "Origin of the so-called auto-intoxication symptom" in the "Journal of the American Medical Association" marked the beginning of the rejection of the auto-intoxication hypothesis by the medical community.


title: Colon cleansing

text: Despite a lack of scientific support, autointoxication persists in the public imagination. In the 1990s the practice of colon cleansing experienced a resurgence in the alternative-medical community, supported by testimonials and anecdotal evidence and promoted by manufacturers of colon-cleansing products.


title: Money (Lisa song)

text: "Money" (stylized in all caps) is a song by Thai rapper, singer, and Blackpink member Lisa from her debut single album "Lalisa" (2021). It was released to US contemporary hit radio by Interscope Records as the second single from the album on November 9, 2021 after achieving viral success. The lyrics for the track were written by Bekuh Boom and Vince, with music being composed by them alongside 24 and R. Tee.


title: Money (Lisa song)

text: Commercially, "Money" peaked at number ten on the "Billboard" Global 200 and number seven on the Global Excl. U.S., becoming Lisa's second single to peak within the top ten and subsequently becoming the longest-charting song by a K-pop soloist on both charts. It topped the charts in Malaysia and figured within the record charts of 26 countries, and also became the longest-charting song by a K-pop female soloist on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart among others. The song was later certified gold in Poland and Portugal.


title: Money (Lisa song)

text: On August 25, 2021, YG Entertainment announced that Lisa would make her solo debut with the single album titled after her given name, "Lalisa". "Money" was confirmed as the B-side track on the tracklist of the single album on September 5. The song was released alongside the album on September 10, and received a performance video on September 24. Following its release, "Money" trended on TikTok and Instagram Reels in the form of dance covers, transformation edits, and edits to the television series "Squid Game", and began to rise in the international charts. In response to its viral success, the song was sent by Interscope Records to US contemporary hit radio as the second single from the album on November 9, 2021.


title: Money (Lisa song)

text: The song's lyrics were written by Bekuh Boom and Vince, and music was composed by them alongside 24 and R. Tee. Lyrically it is a boastful song about being rich and spending cash. The song is composed in the key of E minor and carries a tempo of 140 beats per minute, and is described as a dynamic hip hop song. Nolan Feeney from "Billboard" explained the music of the song is close to the "contemporary American rap" and is "built around a languid horn loop."


title: Money (Lisa song)

text: "Money" received mixed to positive reviews, with Lisa's performance and rapping receiving praise; on the other hand, some criticized the song's composition and lyrical content. Rhian Daly of "NME" criticized the lyrics as "cringe-y at best" and the sound as "obvious, safe and boring." In a more positive assessment, Starr Bowenbank of "Billboard" stated that the track exhibits the "full extent of her rap skills, star power and crossover appeal." Writing for "Teen Vogue", Maddy Meyer similarly stated that "from the start, this song draws the listener in" and that it "has all the confidence Lisa is known for."


title: Money (Lisa song)

text: On September 20, 2021, release of a "exclusive performance video" for "Money" was announced. Initially scheduled for the release on September 23, at 12 a.m. KST, the release was postponed by a day because of the delay in the post-production of the video due to "Chuseok" holiday. In March 2022, it became the fastest K-pop performance video to reach 500 million views on YouTube, doing so in less than sixth months.


title: Money (Lisa song)

text: In the video, Lisa along with the backup dancers gives a choreographed performance for the song in two inter-changing settings. The video starts with Lisa dancing in the middle of an abandoned road wearing a khaki-colored ensemble and green Celine chest. A billboard reading "money is a terrible master but an excellent servant" beams in the background. In the other setting, Lisa wears a checkered crop top and bralette combo, red tap shorts, and fur boots performing in a warehouse with a white LED screen at the back.


title: Money (Lisa song)

text: A dance practice video was additionally released on October 11, 2021. The dance practice video topped the worldwide trending list on YouTube and reached 10 million views in one day.


title: Money (Lisa song)

text: "Money" debuted at number 44 on the "Billboard" Global 200 and at number 24 on the Global Excl. U.S. for the chart issue dated September 25, 2021, and rose to number 19 and 11 respectively for the chart issue dated October 16. Following the dance practice video, the song rose from number 19 to 10 on the Global 200 with 66.3 million streams (up 28%) and 4,400 sold (up 6%) for the chart issue dated October 23. The song also rose from number 11 to 7 on the Global Excl. U.S. with 61.5 million streams (up 28%) and 3,000 sold (down 3%) for the same week. This marked Lisa's second top-ten hit on both charts after "Lalisa" and made her the third K-pop artist after BTS and Blackpink to appear in the top ten of the global chart more than once. "Money" charted on the Global 200 for 29 weeks and the Global Excl. U.S. for 34 weeks, becoming the longest charting song by a K-pop soloist and the second-longest charting song by any female K-pop act, behind Blackpink's single "How You Like That". The song also climbed to number five on the Spotify Global Chart and became the fastest by a K-pop soloist to surpass 100 million streams on Spotify, doing so in only 37 days.


title: Money (Lisa song)

text: In the United States, the song debuted at number eight on "Billboard"s Digital Song Sales chart dated September 25, 2021 with 6,900 online copies sold. It also debuted at number one on Rap Digital Song Sales, making Lisa the first female K-pop artist to so; and at number two on R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Song Sales. For the chart issue dated October 23, the song entered the Bubbling Under Hot 100 at number 7 and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs at number 49 with 4.8 million U.S. streams (up 27%) and 1,300 downloads sold (up 34%). "Money" was the second K-pop song ever to enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart as well as the highest-charting. It peaked on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 at number 6, for the chart issue dated October 30, and on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs at number 36, for the chart issue dated November 13. "Money" debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 90 on the chart issue dated November 6 as her second career solo entry on the chart after "Lalisa", and went on to become the first song by a female K-pop soloist to chart for multiple weeks. On the chart issue dated December 18, the song debuted on the "Billboard" Mainstream Top 40 at number 40, the first song by female K-pop soloist to appear on the ranking, and peaked at number 35 on the chart.


title: Money (Lisa song)

text: In South Korea, "Money" did not enter the Gaon Digital Chart but peaked at number 43 on the component Gaon Download Chart. The song also peaked at number one in Malaysia and number two in Singapore. In Canada, the song debuted at number 14 on the Canadian Digital Song Sales chart for the chart issue dated September 25. The song later entered the Canadian Hot 100 at number 95 for the chart issue dated October 9, and peaked at number 37 for the chart issue dated November 6, earning Lisa her first top 40 hit in the country. In the United Kingdom, "Money" debuted at number 81 on the UK Singles Chart and rose to a peak at number 46 for the chart dated October 29. The song charted in the UK for eight weeks, becoming the first song by a female K-pop soloist to spend multiple weeks on the chart and tying Blackpink and Selena Gomez's "Ice Cream" as the second-longest charting song by a female K-pop act.


title: Evelyn Ward

text: Evelyn Mae Ward (May 21, 1923 – December 23, 2012) was an American actress known from her stage musical performances and television appearances. Her son was the actor-singer David Cassidy.


title: Evelyn Ward

text: Ward was born and raised in West Orange, New Jersey, the daughter of Frederick and Ethel Laurinda (née Wheeler) Ward. Her ancestors were among the founders of Newark, New Jersey.


title: Evelyn Ward

text: Ward began her performing career as a teenager dancing with the Roxyettes at the Roxy Theater. After understudying Mary Martin in the musical "Dancing in the Streets", which closed "out of town" in the spring of 1943, Ward made her Broadway debut that summer in the musical "Early to Bed". Her subsequent Broadway musical credits include "The Firebrand of Florence" (1945), "Spring in Brazil" (1945), "Billion Dollar Baby" (1946), and "Along Fifth Avenue" (1949).


title: Evelyn Ward

text: Her subsequent theatrical credits were mostly in regional theater, but she did return to the Broadway musical stage in the spring of 1958, replacing Gwen Verdon in the lead role in "New Girl in Town". In 1967, Ward appeared in the play "And So to Bed" at the LA Theater Center and her son David Cassidy also was featured in the cast. In 1996, she left retirement to co-star in "Such a Pretty Face".


title: Evelyn Ward

text: She also performed in nightclubs in New York City and Boston, and in 1954 performed in a Las Vegas revue.


title: Evelyn Ward

text: In 1949, Ward was a regular on the CBS game show "Hold It Please", and in 1950–1951, she was a regular on the ABC variety series "The College Bowl" (also known as "The Chico Marx Show"). Her other television credits include "Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "Ben Casey", "Dr. Kildare", "Perry Mason", "Mike Hammer", "The Further Adventures of Ellery Queen", and "Hallmark Hall of Fame".


title: Evelyn Ward

text: Ward married actor Jack Cassidy on June 28, 1948: the couple had met in 1945 while appearing in the Broadway musical "The Firebrand of Florence". Ward and Cassidy had one son, David Bruce Cassidy, born on April 12, 1950. The family resided in Ward's native West Orange. The marriage of Jack Cassidy and Evelyn Ward ended in a Mexican divorce in July 1956.


title: Evelyn Ward

text: In August 1956, Cassidy married actress Shirley Jones, with whom he had been romantically involved since the previous summer. According to Jones, Cassidy and Ward had been separated twice and then got back together prior to her meeting Cassidy, and their marriage had remained rocky.


title: Evelyn Ward

text: After her divorce from Cassidy, Ward and the couple's son resided with Ward's parents in West Orange until 1961, when Ward married film director Elliot Silverstein.


title: Evelyn Ward

text: Ward had known Silverstein for several years, as she had acted in Boston-area stage productions directed by Silverstein in 1955 and 1957. Ward and Silverstein divorced in 1968. Ward is sometimes mistaken as the onetime wife of film director Norman Z. McLeod. However, McLeod's wife, also named Evelyn Ward, was born in Iowa between 1900 and 1902. Later, Ward married Al Williams, who died in 2005.


title: Evelyn Ward

text: Ward died on December 23, 2012, from complications from dementia. She was survived by her son, David (who died of liver failure on November 21, 2017), and two grandchildren, Katie Cassidy and Beau Cassidy.


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: Commonly misspelled English words (UK: misspelt words) are words that are often unintentionally misspelled in general writing.


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: Although the word "common" is subjective depending on the situation, the focus is on general writing, rather than in a specific field. Accepted spellings also vary by country or region, with some rejecting the American or British variants as incorrect for the region.


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: Within a particular field of study, such as computer graphics, other words might be more common for misspelling, such as "pixel" misspelled as "pixle" (or variants "cesium" and "caesium"). Sometimes words are purposely misspelled, as a form in slang, abbreviations, or in song lyrics, etc.


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: In general writing, some words are frequently misspelled, such as the incorrect spelling "" for "consensus"


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: Because many words can be extended with prefixes (such as "un-" or "anti-" or "re-") or suffixes (such as "-ly" or "-ing" or "-ness"), a comprehensive list of words prone to misspelling would contain thousands of variations from combining prefixes or suffixes (or both) added to the root words. To limit the scope to common words, the top 350 words are considered (according to various sources).


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: The following list, of about 350 words, is based on documented lists of the top 100, 200, or 400 most commonly misspelled words in all variants of the English language, rather than listing every conceivable misspelled word. Each word is followed by examples of misspellings:


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: Hence, phonetic misspelling is common, once a word is mispronounced. For example, the word "realise" may be misspelled as "".


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: Some of the errors listed may be due to mistyping rather than ignorance, for example "solider" for "soldier", although these forms of errors rarely ever happen in handwritten text.


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: Two (or more) differently spelled words with different meanings are homophones if they are nonetheless pronounced the same; e.g., "right", "rite", "wright", and "write"; "read" (most tenses of verb) and "reed"; "read" (past, past participle) and "red". This list includes only a few homophones although incorrect use of homophones is a very common error; the following words from the list are all correct English words, though often incorrectly used in place of their homophones:


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: Personal names and surnames may be pronounced like a standard English word, but with different spelling: "balance" and ""; "war" and "Evelyn Waugh" (if spoken with a non-rhotic accent); "marshal" and "George Marshall". Personal names do, of course, generally start with a capital letter. Furthermore, personal names themselves have spelling variations, e.g. "Catherine", "Katharine" and "Kathryn", or "Stewart" and "Stuart", and sometimes a writer may be unaware of the correct spelling of a given individual's name.


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: A misspelling in English might be made by someone used to a different spelling in another language; for example, "address" is translated "" in French and German. Many Spanish words are similar or identical to English words, but with an "n" inserted, or replacing an "m", leading to errors: "" from "", "" from "", "" instead of "comfortable". The English word 'lose' reasonably looks like it should be pronounced as 'lose' to Germans, as in German the lone 's' often has the sound of an English 'z', and a lone 'o' in English very seldom has the 'oo' sound.


title: Commonly misspelled English words

text: There can be confusion over a plural possessive form. If the singular is "book's title" and the plural "books' titles", the latter can appear as "book's", or even "books's". The plural can be written with an erroneous apostrophe ("grocer's apostrophe" in Britain): "apple's and pear's". Elision can lead to misspelling: "doesn't", where the apostrophe represents the elided "o", can be misspelled "".


title: Lois Sasson

text: Lois Sasson (April 28, 1940 – December 30, 2020) was an American jewelry designer, gay rights activist, and longtime partner of late singer-songwriter Lesley Gore.


title: Lois Sasson

text: Lois Sasson was born Lois Diane Kahaner on April 28, 1940, in Brooklyn, New York. Sol, her father, imported fine lace, and Helen (Seiden) Kahaner was a homemaker. Lois grew up in Jamaica Estates in Queens, New York. She went to Mount Ida Junior College in Newton, Massachusetts, and then New York University.


title: Lois Sasson

text: Her career in jewelry design began to grow in the 1970s. Her work was featured in "New York" magazine. Sasson created high-end jewelry, sometimes designed in partnership with Geoffrey Thomas, were sold in stores such as Bergdorf Goodman. She also had some of her work on display in art galleries. By 2015, Sasson became well known for her work with precious stones, encrusted cufflinks, and tuxedo button covers. On Valentine's Day that year a set of men's jewelry called "The Ambassador Set" went on sale for $16,000.


title: Lois Sasson

text: Sasson designed and donated "Compassion" cufflinks in support of the Center for the Advancement of Women. She also donated 35% of jewelry sales received at a benefit for a woman with aplastic anemia in 2013.


title: Lois Sasson

text: Her early marriage to Raymond Sasson ended in divorce. Lois lived with her partner, singer Lesley Gore ("It's My Party"), whom she started dating in the mid-1980s, for 33 years, until Gore's death in 2015.


title: Lois Sasson

text: Sasson died from COVID-19 at Weill Cornell Medical Center in New York City on December 30, 2020, aged 80. Her only survivor was her sister Susan Kahaner.


title: Bannock (food)

text: Bannock is a variety of flat quick bread or any large, round article baked or cooked from grain. A bannock is usually cut into sections before serving.


title: Bannock (food)

text: The word "bannock" comes from northern English and Scots dialects. The "Oxford English Dictionary" states the term stems from "panicium", a Latin word for "baked dough", or from "panis", meaning bread. It was first referred to as "" in early glosses to the 8th century author Aldhelm (d. 709), and its first cited definition in 1562. Its historic use was primarily in Ireland, Scotland and Northern England. The Scottish poet Robert Burns mentions bannock in his "Epistle to James Tennant of Glenconner", in reference to Alexander Tennant.


title: Bannock (food)

text: The original bannocks were heavy, flat cakes of unleavened barley or oatmeal dough formed into a round or oval shape, then cooked on a griddle (or "girdle" in Scots). In Scotland, before the 19th century, bannocks were cooked on a bannock stane (Scots for stone), a large, flat, rounded piece of sandstone, placed directly onto a fire, used as a cooking surface. Most modern bannocks are made with baking powder or baking soda as a leavening agent, giving them a light and airy texture. There is a suggestion that bannock cakes played a pivotal role in the deciding of a person for human sacrifice during the late Iron Age in the discovery of Lindow Man.


title: Bannock (food)

text: Bannock varieties can be named or differentiated according to various characteristics: the flour or meal from which they are made, whether they are leavened or not, whether they have certain special ingredients, how they are baked or cooked, and the names of rituals or festivals in which they are used. Historically, specially made bannocks were used in rituals marking the changing of the Gaelic seasons: St Bride's bannock for spring (February 1), Bealtaine bannock for summer (May 1), Lughnasadh or Lammas bannock for autumn harvests (August 1), and Samhain bannock for winter (end of October). Other special bannocks include beremeal bannock, bride's bannock, cod liver bannock, cryin' bannock, fallaid bannock, fife bannock, Hogmanay bannock, Marymas bannock, mashlum bannock, Michaelmas bannock, pease bannock, Pitcaithly bannock, salt bannock, sautie bannock, Silverweed bannock, St Columba's bannock, teething bannock, Yetholm bannock, and Yule bannock. Manx "bonnag" probably comes from the same root form as bannock and is made using similar ingredients. In the north of England, bannocks are often made using pastry rather than a bread dough.


title: Bannock (food)

text: Selkirk bannock from Scotland is well-known and named after the town in the Scottish borders where it is traditionally made. It is a spongy, buttery variety, sometimes compared to a fruitcake, made from wheat flour and containing a very large quantity of raisins. The first known maker of this variety was a baker named Robbie Douglas, who opened his shop in Selkirk in 1859. When Queen Victoria visited Sir Walter Scott's granddaughter at Abbotsford she is reputed to have taken her tea with a slice of Selkirk bannock, thus ensuring that its reputation was enshrined forever. Today, Selkirk bannocks are popular throughout Great Britain, and can be found at most large supermarkets.


title: The Fugitive (2020 TV series)

text: The Fugitive is an American action thriller television series developed by Nick Santora for Quibi. It is an update on the 1963 television series and the 1993 film, both of the same name, but with new characters. The series is directed by Stephen Hopkins.


title: The Fugitive (2020 TV series)

text: When a bomb rips through the Los Angeles subway train he is riding on, blue-collar Mike Ferro just wants to make sure his wife, Allison, and 10-year-old daughter, Pearl, are safe. But the faulty evidence on the ground and a “tweet-now, confirm-later” journalist paint a nightmarish picture: it looks to all the world that Mike was responsible for the heinous act. Wrongfully—and very publicly—accused, Mike must prove his innocence by uncovering the real perpetrator, before the legendary cop heading the investigation can apprehend him.


title: The Fugitive (2020 TV series)

text: The series was announced in July 2019, to be a part of the upcoming Quibi streaming service. In September, Stephen Hopkins was brought on to direct with filming beginning in October.


title: The Fugitive (2020 TV series)

text: In September 2019, Boyd Holbrook and Kiefer Sutherland were cast to star in the series. In November, Tiya Sircar was added to the cast. In December 2019, it was announced that several new cast members would be joining the lineup Natalie Martinez, Brian Geraghty, Genesis Rodriguez and Keilani Arellanes.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: The President, Directors and Company of the Bank of the United States, commonly known as the First Bank of the United States, was a national bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. It followed the Bank of North America, the nation's first "de facto" national bank. However, neither served the functions of a modern central bank: They did not set monetary policy, regulate private banks, hold their excess reserves, or act as a lender of last resort. They were national insofar as they were allowed to have branches in multiple states and lend money to the US government. Other banks in the US were each chartered by, and only allowed to have branches in, a single state.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power, along with a federal mint and excise taxes, championed by Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: The First Bank building, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, within Independence National Historical Park, was completed in 1797, and is a National Historic Landmark for its historic and architectural significance.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: In 1791, the Bank of the United States was one of the three major financial innovations proposed and supported by Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. In addition to the national bank, the other measures were an assumption of the state war debts by the U.S. government, establishment of a mint and imposition of a federal excise tax. The goals of Hamilton's three measures were to:


title: First Bank of the United States

text: According to the plan put before the first session of the First Congress in 1790, Hamilton proposed establishing the initial funding for the First Bank of the United States through the sale of $10 million in stock of which the United States government would purchase the first $2 million in shares. Hamilton, foreseeing the objection that this could not be done since the U.S. government did not have $2 million, proposed that the government purchase the stock using money lent to it by the bank; the loan to be paid back in ten equal annual installments. The remaining $8 million of stock would be available to the public, both in the United States and overseas. The chief requirement of these non-government purchases was that one-quarter of the purchase price had to be paid in gold or silver; the remaining balance could be paid in bonds, acceptable scrip, etc.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: Unlike the Bank of England, the primary function of the bank would be to issue credit to the government and private interests, for internal improvements and other economic development, per Hamilton's system of Public Credit. The business would be involved in on behalf of the federal government—a depository for collected taxes, making short-term loans to the government to cover real or potential temporary income gaps, serving as a holding site for both incoming and outgoing monies—was considered highly important but still secondary in nature.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: There were other, non-negotiable conditions for the establishment of the First Bank of the United States. Among these were:


title: First Bank of the United States

text: To ensure that the government could meet both the current and future demands of its governmental accounts, an additional source of funding was required, "for interest payments on the assumed state debts would begin to fall due at the end of 1791...those payments would require $788,333 annually, and... an additional $38,291 was needed to cover deficiencies in the funds that had been appropriated for existing commitments." To achieve this, Hamilton repeated a suggestion he had made nearly a year before—increase the duty on imported spirits, plus raise the excise tax on domestically distilled whiskey and other liquors. Local opposition to the tax led to the Whiskey Rebellion.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: Hamilton's bank proposal faced widespread resistance from opponents of increased federal power. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and James Madison led the opposition, which claimed that the bank was unconstitutional, and that it benefited merchants and investors at the expense of the majority of the population.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: Like most of the Southern members of Congress, Jefferson and Madison also opposed a second of the three proposals of Hamilton: establishing an official government Mint. They believed this centralization of power away from local banks was dangerous to a sound monetary system and was mostly to the benefit of business interests in the commercial north, not southern agricultural interests, arguing that the right to own property would be infringed by these proposals. Furthermore, they contended that the creation of such a bank violated the Constitution, which specifically stated that Congress was to regulate weights and measures and issue coined money (rather than mint and bills of credit).


title: First Bank of the United States

text: The first part of the bill, the concept, and establishment of a national mint, met with no real objection, and sailed through; it was assumed the second and third part (the bank and an excise tax to finance it) would likewise glide through, and in their own way they did: The House version of the bill, despite some heated objections, easily passed. The Senate version of the bill did likewise, with considerably fewer, and milder, objections. It was when "the two bills changed houses, complications set in. In the Senate, Hamilton's supporters objected to the House's alteration of the plans for the excise tax."


title: First Bank of the United States

text: The establishment of the bank also raised early questions of constitutionality in the new government. Hamilton, then Secretary of the Treasury, argued that the bank was an effective means to utilize the authorized powers of the government implied under the law of the Constitution. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson argued that the bank violated traditional property laws and that its relevance to constitutionally authorized powers was weak. Another argument came from James Madison, who believed Congress had not received the power to incorporate a bank or any other governmental agency. His argument rested primarily on the Tenth Amendment: that all powers not endowed to Congress are retained by the States (or the people). Additionally, his belief was that if the Constitution's writers had wanted Congress to have such power, they would have made it explicit. The decision would ultimately fall on President George Washington, following his deliberate investigation of the cabinet members' opinions.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: George Washington initially declared that he was hesitant to sign the "bank bill" into law. Washington asked for the written advice and supporting reasons from all his cabinet members—most particularly from Hamilton. Attorney General Edmund Randolph from Virginia felt that the bill was unconstitutional. Jefferson, also from Virginia, agreed that Hamilton's proposal was against both the spirit and letter of the Constitution. Hamilton, who, unlike his fellow cabinet members, came from New York, quickly responded to those who claimed incorporation of the bank unconstitutional. While Hamilton's rebuttals were many and varied, chief among them were these two:


title: First Bank of the United States

text: On February 25, 1791, convinced that the constitution authorized the measure, Washington signed the "bank bill" into law.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: On March 19, 1791 Washington appointed three Commissioners for the taking of subscriptions for this new bank: Thomas Willing, David Rittenhouse, and Samuel Howell.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: Willing was later elected as President on October 25, 1791, until he resigned due to ill health on November 10, 1807. He was succeeded by David Lenox, serving until the expiration of its charter on March 4, 1811.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: After Hamilton left office in 1795, the new Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott, Jr. informed Congress that, due to the existing state of government finances, more money was needed. This could be achieved either by selling the government's shares of stock in the bank or by raising taxes. Wolcott advised the first choice. Congress quickly agreed. Hamilton objected, believing that the dividends on that stock had been inviolably pledged for the support of the sinking fund to retire the debt. Hamilton tried to organize opposition to the measure but was unsuccessful.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: In 1811, the U.S. Senate tied on a vote to renew the bank's charter. Vice President George Clinton broke the tie and voted against renewal. The bank's charter thus expired in 1811.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: After the charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811, Stephen Girard purchased most of its stock as well as the building and its furnishings on South Third Street in Philadelphia and opened his own bank, later known as Girard Bank. Girard hired George Simpson, the cashier of the First Bank of the United States, as cashier of the new bank, and with seven other employees, opened for business on May 18, 1812. He allowed the Trustees of the First Bank of the United States to use some offices and space in the vaults to continue the process of winding down the affairs of the closed bank at a very nominal rent.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: Over its early history the bank was known as "Girard's Bank," or as "Girard Bank" or also as "Stephen Girard's Bank" or even the "Bank of Stephen Girard." Girard was the sole proprietor of his bank, and thus avoided the Pennsylvania state law which prohibited an unincorporated association of persons from establishing a bank, and which required a charter from the legislature for a banking corporation.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: The First Bank of the United States was established in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, while the city served as the national capital, from 1790 to 1800. The bank began operations in Carpenters' Hall in 1791, some 200 feet from its permanent home.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: Design of the bank building is credited to Samuel Blodgett, Superintendent of Buildings for the new capital in Washington, DC., although it has also been attributed to James Hoban. It was completed in 1795.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: The First Bank of the United States has received various designations as a historic building. It was included in Independence National Historical Park when the park was formed in 1956. The building's architecture was studied by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1958. With the rest of Independence National Historical Park, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966, and the bank was then declared a National Historic Landmark on May 4, 1987. It is described in the landmark designation as an early masterpiece of monumental Classical Revival design.


title: First Bank of the United States

text: Until about 2000, the building housed offices for Independence National Historical Park. A proposal to have it house the collection of the Philadelphia Civil War Museum was abandoned when funding from the state of Pennsylvania was not forthcoming. Future plans for the building are to house the National Park Service archaeology lab which is currently located across the street.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: Harry Osborn is a fictional character in Sam Raimi's "Spider-Man" film series. Based on the comic book character of the same name created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, he is portrayed by James Franco. In the films, Harry is Peter Parker's best friend and a rival for Mary Jane Watson's affections, though the three are friends for much of the series. Harry and Peter's friendship strains severely after the death of Harry's father Norman, who was the villainous Green Goblin, which he blames on Peter's alter-ego Spider-Man on top of some resentment towards Peter for seemingly "stealing" Mary Jane's affections from him. Upon finding out his best friend is actually the web-slinger, Harry, despite being reluctant at first, vows revenge on him, taking on the New Goblin mantle and utilizing the technology his father left behind.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: Despite receiving initial mixed reviews in the first two films, Franco's portrayal of Harry Osborn catapulted the actor to wider mainstream exposure as one of his first major film roles. He was nominated for four awards for his more warmly received performance in "Spider-Man 3".


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: First appearing in "The Amazing Spider-Man #31", Harry Osborn is depicted as the wealthy son of Norman Osborn, with his mother presumably dying at a young age. Harry and Peter Parker gradually become close friends after meeting in college, despite initially not getting along and battling over girls such as Gwen Stacy and Mary Jane Watson. Harry struggles to gain his father's approval, who is constantly at work, and becomes jealous of Norman becoming fond of Peter. After Mary Jane dumps him, he becomes addicted to drugs. He initially does not know his father becomes the Green Goblin while his best friend is actually Spider-Man. Harry takes on the Green Goblin persona and technology after his father's death, which he blames on Spider-Man and in turn Peter, and is influenced by hallucinations of his father to kill Peter, but sacrifices himself to save Peter, Mary Jane, and his son. Since dying in "The Spectacular Spider-Man" #200, Harry, like his father and Gwen Stacy, has since been resurrected or re-adapted into different forms in the comics.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: James Franco was cast as Harry for the 2002 "Spider-Man" film. Originally, Franco was considered for the lead role of Spider-Man/Peter Parker in the film before Tobey Maguire won the role, but upon seeing Franco's audition, Raimi's wife thought that Franco was perfect for the role of Harry. In a review of the first film, Todd McCarthy of "Variety" noted that there were "good moments" between Maguire and Franco. However, due to an off-hand remark that Franco made towards Maguire, a real-life feud emerged between the two actors for some time.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: In "Spider-Man 3", shooting was difficult for cinematographer Bill Pope during fight scenes that take place at night, as the symbiote Spider-Man, Venom, and the New Goblin were all costumed in black for those scenes. Upon Harry taking on his father's mantle and using leftover equipment, Harry's suit and glider have been modified, possibly due to the backlash that the original Green Goblin suit received in the first film. Instead of using a bulky helmet, the New Goblin uses a mask resembling a ski mask with goggles, and his glider, nicknamed the "Sky Stick" in the film's promotional materials, resembles a snowboard.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: As depicted in the Sam Raimi film series, Harry is a good man and a loyal friend, having always considered the nerdy Peter Parker his best friend and protected him in high school, which closely resembles their relationship in the "Ultimate Spider-Man" comics. In addition, he never allowed his wealth to make him spoiled or arrogant early in the series. However, Harry is also prone to stress, depression and obsession, and his desire to please his father strains his judgement and relationships, including treating his then-girlfriend Mary Jane Watson as a trophy to impress his father, and developing a jealousy towards his best friend, Peter. After his father's death, Harry becomes obsessed with Spider-Man, and develops a strong vendetta towards him. The "New Goblin" persona adapted in "Spider-Man 3" is the embodiment of Harry Osborn's hatred towards Spider-Man and only exists for completing his "vendetta". But after Harry comes to terms with his misguided hatred and his friendship with Peter, with no more doubts, he reconciles with his best friend and the two form an effective team fighting against adversaries.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: In an analysis of the leading male figures in "Spider-Man", including Tobey Maguire's Peter Parker and Willem Dafoe's Norman Osborn, James Whitbroook of "Gizmodo" writes that Harry is initially reluctant to bask in the Osborn name, hiding from public view while riding with his father in their limousine and resisting the urge to become spoiled by his inheritance, though he almost immediately takes advantage of Peter's bookish nature to flirt with Mary Jane, his best friend's crush, using a trivia bit that Peter brings up to impress her. Harry eventually gives in to using the Osborn name due to what it brings to him, eventually gambling on an ill-fated experiment by Dr. Otto Octavius in "Spider-Man 2" in an attempt to gain more power and influence rather than to benefit those around him. Harry is under the impression that his father was a good man killed by Spider-Man, and upon discovering his father's stash of weaponry, uses it to try and get revenge on the hero, even after he discovers that Peter, his best friend, is actually Spider-Man. Sam Raimi felt that Harry would not follow his father's legacy upon becoming the new Green Goblin, but be instead "somewhere between." Despite this, Raimi wanted the conflict between Harry and Peter to be resolved by the end of "Spider-Man 3".


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: Harry first appears riding with his father Norman Osborn in their limousine as Norman drops Harry off for a school field trip. The film establishes that Harry had flunked out of numerous private schools, forcing his enrollment at Midtown High School, and that Harry and Norman have a somewhat strained relationship. Upon seeing his best friend Peter Parker, Harry introduces him to his father, who immediately takes a liking to Peter, due to his intellect, to which Harry jokes that Norman wants to adopt him. Norman later attends their graduation and congratulates Harry, also taking time to console Peter for the loss of his uncle and warmly accepting him as a brother figure to Harry and thus a part of their family. At the same time, Harry notices that Mary Jane Watson, Peter's childhood crush, had broken up with her ex-boyfriend Flash Thompson.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: Some time after the end of school, Harry and Peter live together in a large apartment bought by Norman. Harry starts a relationship with Mary Jane, initially without telling Peter, who later finds out from MJ that the two are dating but hides his disappointment. Harry and MJ have an important date at a fair sponsored by his father's company Oscorp, where the flaws of their relationship are shown: Harry wants to impress his father with MJ, and MJ is evidently not truly interested in him. The couple, along with the whole Oscorp board, are suddenly attacked by the Green Goblin, a homicidal criminal who, unbeknownst to Harry, is actually Norman with an insane second personality due to an experiment gone wrong. Harry attempts to save MJ from falling down from a terrace, but is knocked out by falling debris, and she is instead saved by Spider-Man.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: On Thanksgiving, Harry tries again to present his girlfriend to his father during dinner with Peter and his Aunt May, but Norman, who discovers that Peter is Spider-Man, suddenly leaves in a hurry. Harry pleads with him to stay for dinner with him and Mary Jane, but Norman uncharacteristically insults MJ, ordering his son to dump her as soon as he is satisfied with her, and then storms off. Harry is saddened by the lack of attention by his father, and, to make it worse, MJ overhears Norman and calls him a creep, and an angry Harry defends him, saying that the "creep" was his father.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: While Aunt May is in hospital after being attacked by the Goblin, Harry goes to visit her, but finds Peter and MJ getting intimate with each other. With his feelings hurt, Harry goes to his father, telling him he was right about everything, MJ included, and unwittingly reveals to the Goblin Spider-Man's true weakness: Mary Jane. The Green Goblin uses this to bait Spider-Man into another fight by kidnapping MJ, but is killed by his own glider after attempting to kill Spider-Man. Following Norman's last wish to not let Harry know about his villainous split-personality, Spider-Man removes the Goblin's costume and returns Norman's body to the Osborn mansion, but Harry walks in. Distraught and assuming it was Spider-Man who killed Norman, Harry tries to shoot the hero, but Spider-Man vanishes.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: During Norman's funeral, Harry swears vengeance towards Spider-Man, but expresses his gratitude that Peter is the only family he has left.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: Two years after Norman's death, Harry takes over Oscorp. He remains good friends with Peter but still harbours animosity towards Spider-Man, and at Peter's birthday party, offers to introduce Peter to his idol, renowned scientist, Dr. Otto Octavius, whose research Harry is funding. Peter is, however, still fearful of how delicate his friendship with Harry has become because of Harry's vendetta against his alter-ego.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: Harry provides Octavius with tritium, a very rare form of hydrogen which Octavius needs for his nuclear fusion experiment. If the experiment succeeds, Oscorp would gain the rights on a new kind of energy source, making it one of the most important, powerful and rich energy companies in the world. However, during a live demonstration of the fusion, the experiment fails and despite Harry's warnings Otto refuses to shut down the machine and the resulting explosion permanently attaches four extendable robotic arms onto Octavius, who is taken to the hospital and later escapes, becoming the villainous "Doctor Octopus". Emotionally destroyed by the failure, Harry starts drinking heavily and focuses his anger onto Spider-Man. During a party, Harry gets drunk and starts lashing out at Peter, resenting him for being his father's favorite, accusing him of protecting Spider-Man for the profit of taking Spider-Man's newspaper photos and for "stealing" Mary Jane. During the argument, Harry slaps Peter, humiliating them both in public.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: His hatred towards Spider-Man goes so far that, when Doctor Octopus arrives at his penthouse demanding more tritium, he makes a deal with him: the tritium in exchange of Spider-Man's capture. When Doc Ock asks him how can he find the hero, Harry instructs him to use Peter Parker, who takes pictures of Spider-Man. After kidnapping Mary Jane and a long battle, Octavius delivers Spider-Man to Harry and leaves with his tritium. Armed with a dagger, Harry then proceeds to unmask the hero. He is shocked when he realized that his worst enemy was actually his best friend, but he reveals Doc Ock's whereabouts to Peter, who leaves to rescue Mary Jane.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: Still in shock, Harry sees visions of his father's ghost, who encourages his revenge towards Peter Parker/Spider-Man. Harry is reluctant to hurt his friend and struggles against Norman's will, trying to make the ghost go away; throwing a knife through the mirror in which Norman appears, Harry shatters it and discovers the Green Goblin's secret hideout, with all his weaponry and equipment. Now, Harry has both the motives and the tools for his revenge. Harry is later seen at Mary Jane and John Jameson's botched wedding as a guest.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: Following a year, Harry brushes off Peter's attempts to talk to him and explain the truth of Norman's death. He eventually opts to use a refined version of his father's performance-enhancing formula, utilizing his father's equipment as well. After Peter leaves a date with Mary Jane, Harry ambushes him as the New Goblin, intent on exacting revenge for his father's death. During their confrontation, Peter tells Harry the truth about Norman's death, but Harry refuses to believe it. Battling in an alley, Peter clotheslines Harry down and knocks him out. Recovering in the hospital, Harry–vaguely suffering from amnesia–forgets everything about his vendetta, Spider-Man, and the Goblin. He also re-embraces Peter and Mary Jane as his best friends, seemingly with his life finally at peace. Harry, having forgotten taking the Goblin Serum, is surprised by his enhanced physical capacities, such as his incredibly sharp reflexes.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: When Peter is overtaken by an alien symbiote which brings out the darker parts of his personality and thus starts distancing himself from his friends and focusing on his late uncle's recently revealed killer, Mary Jane is depressed over her lost acting career and finds solace with Harry. Harry welcomes her into his home and they bond with each other, seemingly becoming closer than their previous dating relationship. After she unwittingly kisses him and rushes away regretting it, the sudden surge of familiar stress unlocks Harry's memories and restored his vendetta. Again haunted by visions of his father, who gives him advice on emotional war, Harry decides to hurt Peter through Mary Jane and, after threatening her, forces her to break up with Peter, leaving Peter heartbroken. Later, Harry encounters Peter in a café and declares to him that he is MJ's new boyfriend. Realizing Harry's plot against him, Peter goes to the Osborn mansion, now armed with the aggression-inducing symbiote costume, and a new hatred for his old best friend, engaging Harry in a brutal fist-fight. Harry is defeated and insulted by Peter, who spitefully mocks his relationship with his father, and when he tries to hit Peter with a pumpkin bomb, Peter effortlessly slings the bomb back at his face and leaves, turning his back on the completely defeated Harry.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: After Peter realizes the symbiote's effects on him and his relationships, he gets rid of the suit, only for it to fall onto his rival, Eddie Brock, whom he had gotten fired for doctoring a photo of Spider-Man to depict him as a criminal, and create a new enemy, Venom. Peter pleads with Harry for help when Venom and Sandman kidnap Mary Jane, but a broken-spirited Harry, whose face is disfigured from the bomb, declines and Peter leaves. As Spider-Man takes on the two villains alone, Harry's butler reveals to him that while cleaning Norman's corpse, he discovered that Norman's death was a result of his own weaponry and not due to Spider-Man, but kept it as a secret all these years; Harry relents and comes to his old friend's aid just as Sandman is about to kill Spider-Man. Harry and Peter prove to be a formidable team and defeat Sandman in addition to saving Mary Jane. Venom proves to be more of a challenge, and as he prepares to stab Peter with Harry's glider, Harry takes the blade for Peter and is tossed aside, falling dozens of stories below. Peter finally manages to defeat Venom, and after coming to a truce and understanding with Sandman, finds a mortally wounded Harry down below with Mary Jane. The two friends forgive each other and reconcile before Harry dies with Peter and Mary Jane at his side.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: In the first two films, Harry's presence was noted as brooding by Anthony Lane of "The New Yorker". His conversion from one of the film series' main protagonists into a villain in the third movie was met with generally favorable responses. His portrayal in "Spider-Man 3" has been generally considered as a good conclusion to his arc and that Franco finally looked comfortable in his film role.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: James Franco also received greater mainstream exposure for his portrayal of Harry Osborn in the film series, especially in "Spider-Man 3", for which he received four award nominations.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: In the 2013 comedy film "This Is the End", which also stars James Franco portraying a fictionalized version of himself, the main characters find a cardboard cutout of Harry Osborn/New Goblin as he appears in "Spider-Man 3" in Franco's basement. In addition, the scene in which Harry relishes a slice of pie in "Spider-Man 3" has gained meme popularity over the years.


title: Harry Osborn (Sam Raimi film series)

text: The plot description and characterization were adapted from Harry Osborn (James Franco), Spider-Man (film), Spider-Man 2, and Spider-Man 3 at Spider-Man films Wiki and Harold Osborn (Earth-96283) at Marvel Movies Wiki, which are available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: Michelle Lynn Johnson, better known as Meshell Ndegeocello (; born August 29, 1968), is a German-born American singer-songwriter, rapper, and bassist. She has gone by the name Meshell Suhaila Bashir-Shakur which is used as a writing credit on some of her later work. Her music incorporates a wide variety of influences, including funk, soul, jazz, hip hop, reggae and rock. She has received significant critical acclaim throughout her career, being nominated for eleven Grammy Awards, and winning one. She also has been credited for helping to "spark the neo-soul movement".


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: Ndegeocello was born Michelle Lynn Johnson in West Berlin, Germany, to US Army Sergeant Major and saxophonist father Jacques Johnson and health care worker mother Helen. She was raised in Washington, D.C. where she attended Duke Ellington School of the Arts and Oxon Hill High School.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: Ndegeocello adopted her surname, which she says means "free like a bird" in Swahili. Early pressings of "Plantation Lullabies" were affixed with stickers to help pronounce her name. The spelling has changed in the hands of record labels a few times during her career; the correct spelling of her stage name as of 2001 is "Meshell Ndegeocello".


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: Ndegeocello honed her skills on the D.C. go-go circuit in the late 1980s with the bands Prophecy, Little Bennie and the Masters, and Rare Essence. She unsuccessfully tried out for Living Colour's bassist position, vacated in 1992 by Muzz Skillings. Going solo, she was one of the first artists to sign with Maverick Records, where she released her debut album, "Plantation Lullabies". This recording presented a distinctly androgynous persona.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: Her biggest hit is a duet with John Mellencamp, a cover version of Van Morrison's "Wild Night", which reached No. 3 on the "Billboard" charts. Her only other "Billboard" Hot 100 hit besides "Wild Night" has been her self-penned "If That's Your Boyfriend (He Wasn't Last Night)", which peaked at No. 73 in 1994. Also in 1994, Ndegeocello collaborated with Herbie Hancock on "Nocturnal Sunshine," a track for the Red Hot Organization's compilation album, "". The album, meant to raise awareness and funds in support of the AIDS epidemic in relation to the African American community, was heralded as "Album of the Year" by "Time" magazine.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: She had a No. 1 dance hit in 1996 with a Bill Withers cover song called "Who Is He (And What Is He to You)?" (briefly featured in the film "Jerry Maguire") as well as Dance Top 20 hits with "Earth", "Leviticus: Faggot", "Stay" and the aforementioned "If That's Your Boyfriend.. Last Night)". Ndegeocello played bass on the song "I'd Rather be Your Lover" for Madonna on her album "Bedtime Stories". Ndegeocello was also tapped, at the last minute, to perform a rap on the same song. This came after Madonna and producers decided to remove Tupac Shakur's rap (which he did while he and Madonna were dating in 1994), after he had criminal charges filed against him. Ndegeocello also performed a rap on Chaka Khan's single "Never Miss the Water", from the album "", released in 1996. The song reached #1 on Billboard's Dance Club Play Chart and #36 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Chart.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: Her music has been featured in a number of film soundtracks including "How Stella Got Her Groove Back", "Lost & Delirious", "Batman & Robin", "Love Jones", "Love & Basketball", "Talk to Me", "Tyler Perry's Daddy's Little Girls", "The Best Man", "Higher Learning", "Down in the Delta", "The Hurricane", "", and "Soul Men".


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: She has appeared on recordings by Basement Jaxx, Indigo Girls, Scritti Politti, and The Blind Boys of Alabama. On The Rolling Stones' 1997 album "Bridges to Babylon" she plays bass on the song "Saint of Me". On Alanis Morissette's 2002 album "Under Rug Swept", she plays bass on the songs "So Unsexy" and "You Owe Me Nothing in Return". Also that year, she appeared on Gov’t Mule’s record "The Deep End, Volume 2", playing on a cover of The Staple Singers’ song "Hammer And Nails". And in 2009, she appeared on Zap Mama's album "ReCreation", playing bass on the song "African Diamond".


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: She can also be seen in the documentary "Standing in the Shadows of Motown", singing The Miracles' "You've Really Got a Hold on Me" and The Temptations' "Cloud Nine". In the late 1990s, she toured with Lilith Fair. She also did a remake of the song "Two Doors Down" on the 2003 release "".


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: Ndegeocello was also a judge for The 2nd, 12th, 13 and the 2015 14th Annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: In 2016, she provided the theme song, "Nova", for the Oprah Winfrey-produced show "Queen Sugar". She also collaborated with French-Cuban duo Ibeyi in the song "Transmission/Michaelion" for the album "Ash" reciting a poem by Frida Kahlo.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: In December 2016, the world premiere of Ndegeocello's "Can I Get a Witness? The Gospel of James Baldwin", a new theatrical music and art work, was held in Harlem, New York.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: In June 2021, The Beatles Channel on Sirius XM Radio began broadcasting "A Shot of Rhythm and Blues: Exploring The Beatles and Black Music", a four-part series hosted by Ndegeocello. The series explores the relationship between the English rock band the Beatles and the black musicians that inspired them.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: In 2002, Ndegeocello collaborated with Yerba Buena on a track featuring Ron Black for the Red Hot Organization's tribute album to Fela Kuti, "Red Hot and Riot". Proceeds from the album went to various AIDS charities, per the Red Hot Organization's mission.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: In June 2010, she contributed a cover of U2's "40" to the Enough Project and Downtown Records' Raise Hope for Congo compilation. Proceeds from the compilation fund efforts to make the protection and empowerment of Congo's women a priority, as well as inspire individuals around the world to raise their voice for peace in Congo.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: In 2010, Ndegeocello contributed to the essay anthology "", edited by Dan Savage and Terry Miller in the vein of the It Gets Better Project.


title: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: Ndegeocello is bisexual and previously had a relationship with feminist author Rebecca Walker. Ndegeocello's first son, Solomon, was born in 1989. Since 2005, she has been married to Alison Riley, with whom she has a second son. She identifies as an atheist.


title: Jill Kelly (actress)

text: Jill Kelly (born February 1, 1971) is an American pornographic actress, director and producer. Kelly is an AVN Hall of Fame inductee.


title: Jill Kelly (actress)

text: Kelly's stage name was derived from the names of the "Charlie's Angels" characters portrayed by Farrah Fawcett and Jaclyn Smith. She started out as a stripper at the Babydolls adult entertainment theater in her hometown, first performing at the age of 15 with false identification. After she broke up with her then-boyfriend, he informed the club of her true age, which caused them to fire her. When Kelly turned 18 she returned to the club, commenting that "they didn't even recognize me."


title: Jill Kelly (actress)

text: Kelly has appeared in over 50 B movies, including "The Legend of the Roller Blade Seven", "Toad Warriors", and "Big Sister 2000". In the spring of 1998, she appeared in Spike Lee's "He Got Game".


title: Jill Kelly (actress)

text: Kelly started her own company, Jill Kelly Productions (JKP), in October 1998. In April 2005, following the company's bankruptcy filing, "Penthouse" magazine paid $1.765 million to acquire its assets, which included the entire JKP back catalogue and nearly 60 unreleased features.


title: Jill Kelly (actress)

text: A native of Southern California, Kelly was born in the Los Angeles suburb of Pomona. She married porn actor Cal Jammer, whom she met at a CES convention in Las Vegas in 1993. They were married a month later. Jammer introduced her to the world of adult movies and her career was launched. However, she separated from him due to his infidelities off-camera, which she called "the deal breaker". Jammer took the separation hard, committing suicide by shooting himself to death on the road in front of Kelly's house on January 25, 1995.


title: Jill Kelly (actress)

text: On May 6, 2000, she married adult star Julian Andretti, but the couple were divorced by the end of 2001. She then was married for a third time, to porn actor/producer/director Corey Jordan on September 20, 2003. This marriage would not last, either, and the couple parted ways a year later only to finalize their divorce in October 2004.


title: Jill Kelly (actress)

text: Kelly also had an off-screen relationship with her fellow female colleague P.J. Sparxx in the mid-'90s. The pair would tour together and dance on stage as part of a dance duo act called "Fire & Ice". They also released a porn feature film of the dance act called "Fire & Ice: Caught In The Act". Kelly and Sparxx elucidated on their relationship in the "Behind the Scenes" documentary series "Sex Under Hot Lights". Sparxx posited that she and Kelly had similar sexual personalities. Kelly stated that Sparxx had supported her following her husband's suicide in January 1995. Sparxx and Kelly claimed to be exclusively involved in terms of women, but were in an open relationship in regards to other men, with Kelly claiming she was also involved with a boyfriend at the time.


title: Tag (2015 film)

text: Tag, known in Japan as , is a 2015 Japanese action horror film directed by Sion Sono and inspired by the title of the novel "Riaru Onigokko" by Yusuke Yamada. It was released in Japan on July 11, 2015. The film's theme song, "Real Onigokko", was written and performed for the movie by the rock band Glim Spanky.


title: Tag (2015 film)

text: A quiet high school girl named Mitsuko survives a gust of wind that slices through her school bus, bisecting everyone else on board. The wind chases her and kills all the other girls she comes into contact with. Dazed, she stumbles onto a high school campus. She is greeted by girls named Aki, Sur, and Taeko. Aki comforts her and the girls cut class and go to the woods. They muse about whether there are multiple realities with multiple versions of themselves. Sur illustrates predetermination with a white feather, stating that it would mean the time it takes for the feather to fall and where it will land are all decided already. She suggests that fate can be tricked by simply doing something one would never normally do, thus changing the outcome.


title: Tag (2015 film)

text: Back at school, Mitsuko's teacher suddenly brandishes a machine gun and opens fire, killing all the girls except Mitsuko. Mitsuko is then dragged outside the classroom by Sur and Taeko. They reach a different classroom where they see another girl, who is killed by her teacher. Taeko tries to attack the teacher, however she fails, and is killed. As Sur and Mitsuko try to escape, Sur is shot on the way out. As Mitsuko runs out of the school, other classes are also fleeing from their rooms as well. As the remaining girls flee, one of them pleads for Mitsuko to think about why this is happening. The remaining girls are then sliced apart by the wind.


title: Tag (2015 film)

text: Mitsuko then wanders into town, where she is recognized as a police officer as Keiko. Mitsuko is horrified when the police officer puts a mirror to her and her appearance has completely changed. She is then taken into the police officer's car for her wedding. At the wedding, she recognizes Aki as one of the bridesmaids. She is then changed into a wedding outfit. Aki, with the help of Keiko, proceeds to kill all the bridesmaids who were helping Keiko get ready. Keiko, holding a broken bottle, walks up to the groom, who is in a coffin. The girls then begin stripping to bikinis, acting as if they were at a party. The coffin opens to reveal a pig head as a groom, and the girls walk up to her, and try to make Keiko kiss the pig head. After a little struggle, Keiko eventually stabs the groom in the neck, and it falls lifeless to the ground. Everyone begins freaking out, and the teachers from the school show up, in more bad-ass attire, and attack Aki and Keiko. After a while, Aki and Keiko win, and as they are leaving, Aki splits from Keiko to 'distract him.'


title: Tag (2015 film)

text: She eventually finds her way to a bridge, where a girl tells her to follow her. She does, and the two end up in the middle of a marathon run. Mitsuko's identity has once again changed to Izumi. She passes a mirror, and is once again horrified to see that her appearance has changed from a bloody wedding outfit to a marathon runner's outfit, and a ponytail. She eventually finds Aki, Sur, and Taeko, who are all running the race. The teachers show up again, as well as the pig head, and they begin chasing the girls, and kicking the other runners out of the way. She is then told to take a shortcut, where she finds a cave.


title: Tag (2015 film)

text: In that cave, she encounters a group of revenant girls who try to kill her, stating that so long as she lives, they will continue to die. She is rescued by Aki, who reveals that they are all in a fictional world being observed by "someone" and that this "someone" will continue to kill everyone else unless Mitsuko, as the "main character", does something to change it. Each of the scenarios is a different world, and to reach the final one, Aki says that Mitsuko must brutally kill her by pulling cables from her arms. Mitsuko reluctantly does so and a portal opens.


title: Tag (2015 film)

text: She finds herself in a lewd city called "Men's World," filled with only men who enjoy a violent 3D survival horror video game called "Tag", depicting Mitsuko, Keiko, and Izumi as playable characters. She passes out and awakens in a temple where all the girls are showcased like mannequins. She finds a decrepit old man playing the game on his TV, showing the various trials she went through, and is horrified to see full-size models of herself, Keiko, Izumi, Aki, and all the other girls. The man tells her that she is in the future; 150 years ago, she was a girl he had admired as a fellow student. When she died, he took her DNA and that of her friends and made clones for his 3D game. A younger version of the old man appears and strips, beckoning her to come to bed with him. The old man tells her that this final stage is the fulfillment of his deepest wish: to sleep with her.


title: Tag (2015 film)

text: Mitsuko attacks the younger man, screaming at him to stop playing with girls like toys. She rips one of the pillows, showering the room with feathers. Remembering what Sur said about tricking fate, she commits suicide, to the shock of the old man, who had not made that part of his game. Finding herself once again in the beginning of each scenario, she simultaneously commits suicide on the bus, at the wedding, and during the marathon before any of the violent scenarios can begin. She then awakens alone in a field of white snow and runs away, realizing that "it's over now".


title: Tag (2015 film)

text: "Tag" has an 92% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. In "Variety", Richard Kuipers described "Tag" as "grindhouse meets arthouse", praising the acting and photography. Clarence Tsui of "The Hollywood Reporter" lauded the work as "by turns absurd and affecting, bloody and beautiful, carnal and cerebral." Both critics noted the film's feminist undertones.


title: Trans-Saharan slave trade

text: During the Trans-Saharan slave trade, slaves were transported across the Sahara desert. Most were moved from Sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa to be sold to Mediterranean and Middle eastern civilizations; a small percentage went the other direction. Estimates of the total number of black slaves moved from Sub-Saharan Africa to the Muslim world range from 11-17 million, and the trans-Saharan trade routes conveyed a significant number of this total, with one estimate tallying around 7.2 million slaves crossing the Sahara from the mid-7th century until the 20th century.


title: Trans-Saharan slave trade

text: Records of slave trading and transportation in the Sahara date back as far as the 3rd millennium BC during the reign of the Egyptian king Sneferu who crossed the fourth cataract of the Nile into what is today modern Sudan to capture slaves and send them north. These raids for prisoners of war, who subsequently became slaves, were a regular occurrence in the ancient Nile Valley and Africa. During times of conquest and after winning battles, the ancient Nubians were taken as slaves by the ancient Egyptians .


title: Trans-Saharan slave trade

text: The Garamantes relied heavily on slave labor from sub-Saharan Africa. They used slaves in their own communities to construct and maintain underground irrigation systems known to Berbers as "foggara". Ancient Greek historian Herodotus recorded in the 5th century BC that the Garamantes enslaved cave-dwelling Ethiopians, known as Troglodytae, chasing them with chariots.


title: Trans-Saharan slave trade

text: In the early Roman Empire, the city of Lepcis established a slave market to buy and sell slaves from the Bantu African interior. In the 5th century AD, Roman Carthage was trading in black slaves brought across the Sahara. The empire imposed customs tax on the trade of slaves. Black slaves seem to have been valued as household slaves for their exotic appearance. Some historians argue that the scale of slave trade in this period may have been higher than medieval times due to the high demand for slaves in the Roman Empire. However the slave trade through the Sahara in antiquity may have been small and rare as Saharan trade didn't reach large dimensions until the Arabs and Berbers introduced large numbers of camels into the desert.


title: Trans-Saharan slave trade

text: Paul Lovejoy estimates that around 6 million black slaves were transported across the Sahara between the years 650 AD and 1500 AD. The trans-Saharan slave trade, established in Antiquity, continued during the Middle Ages. Following the early 8th-century conquest of North Africa, Arabs, Berbers, and other ethnic groups ventured into Sub-Saharan Africa first along the Nile Valley towards Nubia, and also across the Sahara towards West Africa. They were interested in the trans-Saharan trade, especially in slaves, as there was a constant demand for slaves in the eastern Arab nations and Constantinople. The Muslim slave traders distinguished themselves from the peoples on the other side of the Sahara, referring to these African populations as "Zanj" or "Sudan" meaning "black". Arabs would routinely acquire slaves through violent raiding, followed by capturing them and sending them on dangerous forced marches across the Sahara to slave markets where they would be treated as chattel i.e. as personal property that can be bought and sold. In North Africa, the main slave markets were in Morocco, Algiers, Tripoli and Cairo. Sales were held in public places such as souks.