title: Steven Universe: The Movie

text: The film has been released among various international Cartoon Network feeds. In Australia, the film released on the streaming service Stan on September 30, 2019. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film was released a month later on October 1, 2019. In France, the film was premiered on October 27, 2019. In Romania, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, the film premiered on May 9, 2020. In Poland, the film premiered on May 17, 2020. In Germany, the film premiered on May 30, 2020.


title: Steven Universe: The Movie

text: In Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, the film was released theatrically from October 24 to October 30, 2019, in Cinemark Theatres.


title: Steven Universe: The Movie

text: A one-night theatrical sing-along screening through Fathom Events was planned for March 23, 2020, including a premiere screening of an episode of "Steven Universe Future", but the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Instead, the sing-along edition of the film premiered on Cartoon Network on March 6, 2020, preceding 2 new episodes of "Future", while the attached episode was released digitally on the event's original date.


title: Steven Universe: The Movie

text: "Steven Universe: The Movie" was seen by 1.57 million viewers on its original telecast, which was commercial-free. This made the film the highest-rated broadcast of the series in over three years.


title: Steven Universe: The Movie

text: The film was universally acclaimed by critics prior to broadcast, with the music, animation and characters highlighted in particular.


title: Steven Universe: The Movie

text: Speaking of its effectiveness as a stand-alone story in "Forbes", Dani Di Placido described the film as "both approachable to newcomers and deeply rewarding for longtime fans of the series". ComicBook.com's Rollin Bishop summarised that the film contains "amazing musical numbers with striking illustrations and breathtaking animation to outdo anything the franchise has attempted before", while Shamus Kelley of "Den of Geek" commented on the strong emotional content, saying that "this is a movie that will stick with you long after it’s finished airing. Like the best entertainment, it holds up a mirror and lets you examine your life in a safe way".


title: Steven Universe: The Movie

text: The first single from the film's soundtrack, "True Kinda Love", performed by Estelle and Callison, was released on July 19, 2019. The soundtrack was released on September 1, 2019.


title: Steven Universe: The Movie

text: The soundtrack peaked at number 57 on the US "Billboard 200" chart, number 6 on the Independent Albums chart, and number 5 on the Soundtracks chart. Additionally, two songs from the soundtrack charted on the Billboard Kid Digital Songs chart. "Other Friends" and True Kinda Love" peaked at number 1 and number 8 respectively. The song "Happily Ever After" was later adapted into the title theme of the epilogue limited series "Steven Universe Future".


title: Battle of Talikota

text: The Battle of Talikota (23 January 1565) was a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and an alliance of the Deccan sultanates. The battle resulted in the defeat of Aliya Rama Raya which led to the eventual collapse of the polity and reconfigured Deccan politics.


title: Battle of Talikota

text: The specific details of the battle and its immediate aftermath are notoriously difficult to reconstruct in light of the distinctly contrarian narratives present across primary sources. Defeat is usually blamed on the gap in relative military prowess. Orientalist and nationalist historians asserted of the battle to be a clash of civilizations between Hindus and Muslims; Contemporary scholars reject such characterizations as flawed.


title: Battle of Talikota

text: Rama Raya, after his installation of a patrimonial state and emerging as the ruler, adopted a political strategy of benefiting from the internecine warfare among the multiple successors of the Bahmani Sultanate, and it worked well for about twenty years of his reign.


title: Battle of Talikota

text: However, after a series of aggressive efforts to maintain hold over Kalyan and diplomatic dealings with the Sultanates laden with insulting gestures, the four Muslim Sultanates – Hussain Nizam Shah I and Ali Adil Shah I of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur to the west, Ali Barid Shah I of Bidar in the center, and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali of Golkonda to the east – united in the wake of shrewd marital diplomacy and convened to attack Aliya Rama Raya, in late January 1565.


title: Battle of Talikota

text: The details of the battle and immediate aftermath are often distinctly contrarian and even accounting for biases, reconstruction is difficult, if not impossible.


title: Battle of Talikota

text: The exact venue of clash has been variously mentioned as Talikota, Rakkasagi-Tangadigi and Bannihatti, all on the banks of river Krishna. There exists debate as to the precise dates. Span-lengths vary from hours to days; descriptions of battle formations and maneuvers vary too.


title: Battle of Talikota

text: Rama Raya was eventually beheaded either by Sultan Nizam Hussain himself or by someone else acting on his behest despite Adil Shah, who had friendly relations with Raya, intending against. In the resultant confusion and havoc, Raya's brother Tirumala deserted with the entire army; he did try to regroup in Vijaynagara but failed and moved to the outskirts. His other brother Venkatadri was blinded and likely, killed in action.


title: Battle of Talikota

text: The Sultanates' armies went on to plunder Vijayanagara, unopposed. Popular accounts and older scholarship describe Vijayanagara falling to ruins, in light of the widespread desecration of sacred topography; however, this view has been contested. Contemporary historians and archaeologists warn against conflating the state with the town as little evidence exists about any damage inflicted beyond the Royal Center; they further emphasize about the politically strategic nature of destruction and arson, since sites associated with sovereignty, royal power, and authority were subject to more wanton means.


title: Battle of Talikota

text: Nonetheless, the battle caused a political rupture for the state of Vijayanagara and permanently reconfigured Deccan politics. Patronage of monuments and temples ceased, the Vaishnava cult perished, and the Royal Center was never rebuilt. The Bijapur Sultanate reaped maximum gains but their alliance did not last long. Tirumala went on to establish the Aravidu dynasty, which held sway over fragments of the erstwhile empire and even operated out of Vijayanagara for two years, before shifting to Pengonda. But faced with successional disputes, rebellions by multiple local chieftains—primarily Telugu Nayak houses—who did not wish for the reemergence of any central authority, and continuous conflicts with the Bijapur Sultanate—who might have been invited by Rama Raya's son—, it moved southwards before disintegrating in the late 1640s.


title: Battle of Talikota

text: Vijayanagara side was winning the war, state Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund in a survey of Indian history, until two Muslim generals of the Vijayanagara army switched sides. Many scholars however reject this account of treachery as a post-battle speculation by Venetian merchant Cesare de Federici in "Viaggi", which would be taken up by a section of nationalist historians in their quest to identify traitors upon whom the responsibility of any and all Hindu defeats can be entrusted; a gulf of difference in military prowess—primarily stemming from a failure to incorporate gunpowder technology—is instead noted as the primary factor. The chroniclers of the Deccan Sultanates on the other hand, typically employ anti-Hindu language, in which Muslims, employed by the Sultans, are almost defined by their stand against the infidels. Several scholars such as S. B. Kodad argue that the Vijayanagara-Deccan wars were a religious conflict based on the language of the chroniclers, while scholars like Fischel, however, argue that the chroniclers of the Sultanates chose to employ religiously motivated language for the wars because it resonated with their own audiences.


title: Battle of Talikota

text: Colonial era historians (Robert Sewell, Jonathan Scott et al) drawing from the accounts of Firishta and later, nationalist historians (Aluru Venkata Rao, B. A. Saletore, S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, K. A. Nilakanta Sastri et al) lensed the battle as a Clash of Civilizations wherein the "Ramrajya" of Vijayanagara, a "Hindu bulwark" state fell to "Muhammedan" conquests driven by religious bigotry.


title: Battle of Talikota

text: Richard M. Eaton rejects that there were any religious motives behind the battle and described of the civilization-hypothesis as orientalist scholarship, which ignored the multiple alliances of Rama Raya with different Muslim rulers at different spans of time (in tune to his political strategy), the thorough perfusion of Persian Islamate culture with Vijaynagara Kingdom, as evident from court-sanctioned art, architecture and culture, and strategic alliances of Rama Raya's heirs (Aravidus) with heirs of the Deccan Sultans. Romila Thapar, Burton Stein, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Muzaffar Alam, Stewart N. Gordon and other scholars agree on the basis of similar analyses; additional arguments include that the Berar Sultanate did not join the battle and that the Sultanate-alliance dissipated soon enough. Harmonious Hindu-Muslim relations in the empire has been documented and there were high placed Muslims in Vijaynagara Court. According to Pletcher, the motives for the war were political rather than religious, based on the fact that the Deccan Sultanates continued to be divided after the success of the war, despite a Muslim historian's claim that the alliance was formed because of Rama Raya's bad treatment of Muslims.


title: Kevin Kline on screen and stage

text: Kline began his career on stage in 1972 with The Acting Company. He has gone on to win three Tony Awards for his work on Broadway, winning Best Featured Actor in a Musical for the 1978 original production of "On the Twentieth Century", Best Actor in a Musical for the 1981 revival of "The Pirates of Penzance". In 2003, he starred as Falstaff in the Broadway production of "Henry IV", for which he won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play and was nominated for a Tony. In 2017 he won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for the revival of Noël Coward's "Present Laughter".


title: Kevin Kline on screen and stage

text: He made his film debut in "Sophie's Choice" (1982) starring opposite Meryl Streep. For his role in the 1988 comedy hit "A Fish Called Wanda", he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He is also known for his performances in the films "The Big Chill" (1983), "Silverado" (1985), "Cry Freedom" (1987), "Grand Canyon" (1991), "Dave" (1993), "The Ice Storm" (1997), "In & Out" (1997), "Wild Wild West" (1999), "De-Lovely" (2004), "The Conspirator" (2010), "My Old Lady" (2014), and "Beauty and the Beast" (2017). Kline has voiced characters in such films as "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1996), "The Road to El Dorado" (2000), "The Tale of Despereaux" (2008) and the animated comedy series "Bob's Burgers" (2011–present).


title: Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon (season 2)

text: "" is a Japanese anime television series produced by Sunrise and is the anime spinoff sequel to "". On March 20, 2021, a second season of the series was announced following the end of the first one. The second season, subtitled Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon - The Second Act, aired from October 2, 2021, to March 26, 2022. From episodes 25–37, the first opening theme is "ReBorn" performed by NEWS while the first ending theme is "Toumei na Sekai" performed by Little Glee Monster. From episode 38–48, the second opening theme is "Kyōmei" (Resonance) performed by SixTONES, while the second ending theme is "Anaaki no Sora" (Perforated Sky) by Adieu (Moka Kamishiraishi).


text: On November 4, 2021, Viz Media announced an English dub for the season, which premiered the next day on Crunchyroll, Funimation and Hulu. The English dub of the season began broadcast on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block beginning on July 31, 2022.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: The 2022 presidential campaign of Leni Robredo began on October 7, 2021, when she filed her candidacy for the 2022 Philippine presidential election. At the time of her filing, Leni Robredo was the incumbent vice president of the Philippines, to remain so until June 30, 2022. Robredo was also formerly a representative of Camarines Sur's 3rd congressional district, from 2013 to 2016.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo had been considered as a potential presidential candidate for the 2022 elections since her win in the 2016 Philippine vice presidential election; in 2021, she publicly expressed her interest to run for the presidency. After being nominated by an opposition coalition, 1Sambayan, she officially announced her candidacy in a press conference on October 7, 2021. She ran as an independent candidate despite being the chairperson of the Liberal Party, a move she explained as signifying her openness to alliances. On October 8, Robredo announced that her running mate would be incumbent senator Francis Pangilinan. Their campaign was officially launched on February 8, 2022, in Robredo's hometown, Naga.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo ran on a platform of good governance and transparency. To address the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines and its effects on the economy, she vowed to prioritize improving the country's healthcare system, developing the country's industries, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, and providing stable employment.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo lost the election to Bongbong Marcos, garnering 27.94% of the vote and placing second. Robredo later urged her supporters to accept the results of the election, but did not explicitly concede to Marcos. Had Robredo been elected, she would have been the third female Philippine president after Corazon Aquino and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the first president to come from the Bicol Region, and the third vice president to run for the presidency and win.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Leni Robredo ran in the 2016 Philippine vice presidential election as the running mate of Mar Roxas under the Liberal Party ticket. She won with 14,418,817 votes, or 35.11 percent of cast ballots, narrowly defeating her closest rival, then Senator Bongbong Marcos, by 263,473 votes or by 0.64 percent, the narrowest margin since the 1965 vice presidential election. Marcos filed an electoral protest on June 29, 2016; this would be dismissed by the Presidential Electoral Tribunal on February 16, 2021. On June 30, 2016, Robredo was sworn in as vice president of the Philippines at the Quezon City Reception House.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo previously expressed disinterest in running for higher office. During her 2016 campaign, she stated that incumbent vice presidents should be barred from seeking the presidency. She reiterated her disinterest in November 2020 and March 2021, but in June 2021, she changed her position and expressed her openness to running for the presidency.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: In March 2021, former Supreme Court associate justice Antonio Carpio launched 1Sambayan (read as "isambayan", meaning "one nation"), a coalition that aimed to place one opposition candidate. Carpio was aiming not to split the vote, pointing out that Duterte won over Mar Roxas and Grace Poe in 2016 because those who were against him were not united. 1Sambayan formally began its selection process for a presidential and vice-presidential tandem on June 12, 2021, when they announced their six initial nominees. These included senator Grace Poe, vice president Leni Robredo, former senator Antonio Trillanes, human rights lawyer and former senatorial candidate Chel Diokno, incumbent house deputy speaker Vilma Santos-Recto, and CIBAC representative and house deputy speaker Eddie Villanueva. In the middle of 2022, Robredo, Trillanes, and Villanueva expressed their support for unity under 1Sambayan.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: On September 30, 2021, the 1Sambayan coalition of the opposition nominated Robredo as their standard bearer. Former education secretary Armin Luistro, one of the convenors of the group, announced Robredo's acceptance of the nomination and the filing of her candidacy on October 5. Robredo's spokesman later announced, however, that Robredo had yet to accept the nomination and would be announcing her decision before October 8.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: On October 7, 2021, Robredo officially announced her candidacy and later filed her certificate of candidacy for the election. She ran as an independent politician rather than under the Liberal Party despite being its chairperson. Robredo's camp explained that this move represented her openness to forming alliances with other political groups. During the , she explained that she broke her previous vow to not run for the presidency because of fake news and disinformation, an enabling of corruption, and the "politics of the past." In a separate interview, she cited Bongbong Marcos' candidacy as one of the reasons that pushed her to run.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: After Robredo announced her presidential candidacy, several sources from the Liberal Party indicated that the party's president, senator Francis Pangilinan, would be her running mate in her presidential bid. Pangilinan filed his candidacy for vice president a day after Robredo. While Robredo chose to file her candidacy as an independent candidate, despite remaining as the Liberal Party's chairperson, Pangilinan ran as the party's standard-bearer.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Despite running as an independent, figures from the Liberal Party and its allied parties remained as key participants in her campaign. This included:


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo described her campaign as a "people's campaign," citing her supporters' efforts in organizing her campaign, with rallies organized by local chapters of a volunteer-driven Robredo People's Council (RPC).


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: On its launch, the color her campaign used was hot pink, to signify "protest and change," and was popularized by 'Dapat si Leni', a group of Robredo supporters. This was a deviation from the bright yellow motif commonly associated with the Liberals. Her campaign initially planned to use blue as their main campaign color, but was yet to adopt a final theme color when pink was already being used by supporters and associated with Robredo and her campaign. According to Robredo, pink is "the color of a personality that is open, listening, and loving." The campaign's supporters adopted the moniker kakampink, a portmanteau of "kakampi", which is Filipino for "ally", and "pink".


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: On January 11, 2022, Robredo and her campaign team unveiled their campaign tagline, "Gobyernong Tapat, Angat Buhay Lahat" (Honest Government, a Better Life for All). Based on Robredo's Angat Buhay program under the Office of the Vice President, the slogan was made to reflect the campaign's platform of good governance and transparency. On February 7, a day before the official start of the election campaign season, Robredo's campaign adopted the pink rose flower as its official symbol.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Several songs were made for and used by the campaign. The song "Kay Leni Tayo" (We're for Leni) was created for free by Nica del Rosario, Mat Olavides, Jeli Mateo, and Justine Peña. Del Rosario wrote and recorded another song for the campaign, "Rosas" (Rose), featuring Gab Pangilinan (Francis Pangilinan's niece), while Ogie Alcasid released "Handa Ka Na Ba kay Leni" (Are You Ready for Leni). Other songs used in Robredo's campaign rallies included "Liwanag sa Dilim" (Light in the Dark) by Rivermaya and "Alapaap" by the Eraserheads.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: On October 24, 2021, Robredo campaign volunteers held a nationwide "caravan of hope." An estimated 10,000 supporters joined the caravan.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: On February 8, 2022, Robredo held her proclamation rally in Plaza Quezon in her hometown, Naga City, Camarines Sur. The proclamation rally was attended by Robredo, Pangilinan, and their senatorial slate. Prior to the proclamation rally, her campaign held a mini-rally in Libmanan, Camarines Sur.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: On February 13, 2022, Robredo and her supporters held a campaign rally at the Quezon Memorial Circle in Quezon City. The rally, dubbed "Pink Sunday," was attended by at least 20,000 supporters. Due to the sheer number of supporters, the event resulted in a spillover crowd that violated several safety protocols set by the local government. Robredo's camp later apologized for the incident.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: After the Pink Sunday rally, Robredo campaigned in the provinces of Capiz and Aklan. The following week, Robredo began her campaign in Mindanao with a rally and caravan in Iligan. Meanwhile, Pangilinan campaigned in Tarlac with his wife, Sharon Cuneta. On February 25, Robredo campaigned in Iloilo, with an estimated crowd of 40,000 joining her at the Iloilo Sports Complex. On March 2, Robredo campaigned in Manila, which was followed by a sortie in Cavite on March 4.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: On March 20, Robredo's campaign held a rally at Ortigas Center in Pasig, dubbed the "PasigLaban grand rally", which became her largest rally at that point. Organizers estimated that 180,000 attended, although the local police countered this with its own estimate placed at 137,000. This hitherto record turnout was later surpassed by the April 9 rally dubbed as "Manalakáran: Pampanga People's Rally" in San Fernando, which drew about 220,000. Regional police officials at first denied the organizers' estimate, saying that the venue could only accommodate 70,000 people; later, however, regional police director Matthew Baccay clarified that their 70,000 figure was for security planning purposes only and not meant to indicate audience size.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: On April 23, Robredo celebrated her 57th birthday at a rally, labeled as a street party by media outlets, along Macapagal Boulevard in Pasay. According to the organizers, they estimated the crowd to have been of 412,000 people, making it the campaign's largest rally at this point. The National Capital Region Police Office contested the estimate, however, stating that only around 70,000 to 80,000 people attended.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Finally, Robredo held her miting de avance in Makati, which drew 780,000 people, making it the campaign's biggest rally, surging ahead of the Pasay rally's crowd of 412,000.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Opinion polls conducted before the filing of candidacies showed Robredo garnering about 5 to 10 percentage points of voting intentions. Her numbers significantly improved by late 2021, after the filing of candidacies. A survey conducted by Pulse Asia on December 1–6 showed Robredo polling ahead of other presidential candidates but behind Bongbong Marcos, garnering 20 percent, 12 percentage points more than the pollster's previous survey conducted during the pre-filing period, specifically from September 6–11. Surveys conducted by OCTA Research and Publicus Asia during the same period showed Robredo polling 14 and 20.2 percent respectively.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: In early 2022, Robredo consistently ranked second behind frontrunner Marcos, garnering about 15 to 20 percent of voting intentions. After the and the first "PiliPinas Debates 2022", Robredo's numbers rose. A poll conducted by Pulse Asia on March 17–21 showed Robredo polling at 24 percentage points, nine points more than in the pollster's previous survey conducted at the start of the campaign period (February 18–23). This was corroborated by the Publicus Asia poll conducted on March 30 – April 6, with Robredo garnering 23 percentage points. Another poll by Laylo conducted on the same period showed Robredo at 19 percentage points.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo and Pangilinan endorsed the following candidates for the 2022 Philippine Senate election, thus forming the tandem's "senatorial slate" referred to as "Team Robredo–Pangilinan":


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Senate Majority Leader Juan Miguel Zubiri was initially included in the senatorial slate as a guest candidate. However, Zubiri later endorsed the presidential campaign of Bongbong Marcos, contrary to an agreement made with all guest candidates not to openly endorse a presidential candidate. Prompted by calls from their supporters to remove him from the slate, campaign spokesperson Barry Gutierrez confirmed on April 27, 2022, that Zubiri was no longer part of their slate, continuing their campaign with only 11 senatorial candidates fielded.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: After her bid was announced, Robredo received support from Filipino netizens in various social media platforms; the hashtags #LetLeniLead and #LabanLeni2022 trended on social media. Various personalities publicly expressed their support for Robredo. She also received endorsements from several politicians, particularly those aligned with the opposition.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Fellow presidential aspirant and incumbent senator Panfilo Lacson questioned Robredo's character after some of her campaign staff allegedly became amenable to dropping her running mate, Kiko Pangilinan, and fielding instead his running mate, Senator Tito Sotto, as Robredo's running mate, allegedly in exchange for more votes in some provinces. Robredo's spokesperson Barry Gutierrez debunked Lacson's allegations and reiterated that "Robredo has always been clear from the start that she will only campaign for her running mate, Pangilinan". However, during her 57th birthday, Robredo flew without Pangilinan all the way to the Moro Islamic Liberation Front's (MILF) headquarters in Camp Darapanan in Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao, during the official announcement of an endorsement by MILF chairman and Bangsamoro Interim Chief Minister Murad Ebrahim who also chairs the United Bangsamoro Justice Party (UBJP); the MILF and UBJP had yet to endorse a vice presidential candidate at that point. Later, while MILF and UBJP endorsed Robredo for president, the two groups eventually endorsed Davao City mayor Sara Duterte for vice president instead of Pangilinan. Earlier, Robredo also proceeded with her 2-day campaign in the island of Samar, despite Pangilinan skipping the campaign rally in Eastern Samar after he was informed by their campaign team that local officials in Eastern Samar wanted only to endorse Robredo and not his candidacy. However, during these trips to endorsing parties without Pangilinan alongside her, Robredo did not campaign for the endorsing parties' chosen vice presidential candidates.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo is not in favor of abortion, citing her faith as a Catholic. However, she is open to talks of decriminalization, at least in certain cases.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo does not support divorce, asserting that annulment in the country should be made more accessible first. She said women are often unable to leave their marriages because they are financially dependent on their husbands, and economic empowerment can help them become capable of walking away from abuses. She has, however, stated her openness to hear "divergent opinions" regarding abortion, divorce, and death penalty.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo has criticized the quality of education in the country, citing it as the cause for unemployment. On November 4, 2021, she released her "Kalayaan sa COVID" ("Freedom from COVID") plan, a portion of which was dedicated to education, "Kalayaan sa kakulangan sa education" ("Freedom from lack of education"). This included the reopening of face-to-face classes in low-risk areas, giving gadgets to students in high-risk areas, ensuring free access to quality education materials on the Internet, and establishing "community learning hubs" where students without Internet access and electronic devices can borrow such. In the plan, she would allocate ₱68 billion (about US$1.3 billion) in education aid for 22 million students, with each being given ₱300 (about $6). She also planned to raise the education budget to 6 percent of the country's GDP once elected. She also said she would declare an "education crisis" if she assumes office, so that the government can adopt an "all-hands-on-deck approach" to education.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: On December 11, 2021, Robredo's campaign team released her "Hanapbuhay para sa lahat" ("Livelihood for all") plan, detailing her agenda to revive industries, provide stable employment, and ensure the protection of workers' rights and improvement of labor conditions. She planned to develop the country's marine, manufacturing, climate, and technological industries. She also planned to modernize the agriculture sector and support the micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSME) sector. During the first PiliPinas Debates 2022, she re-emphasized her support for MSMEs and vowed to make a ₱100 billion (about $1.9 billion) stimulus package for small businesses.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo had called for the government to reassert its sovereign rights in the South China Sea (West Philippine Sea) amid the territorial dispute between China and various nations in Southeast Asia. She vowed to continue the full modernization of the armed forces and build a credible defense around the country's waters. She also pushed for multilateral talks in settling the maritime dispute with China. During a meeting with the Rotary Club of Manila on October 14, 2021, Robredo declared that she would only enter any deal with the government of China regarding the territorial disputes such as joint explorations if China recognizes the Permanent Court of Arbitration's 2016 ruling favoring the Philippines. She later clarified that her administration is nevertheless willing to cooperate with China on other policy areas, particularly trade and investment.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo's "Kalayaan sa COVID" ("Freedom from COVID") platform planned to address the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Major components of the plan included the implementation of the universal health care law, reform of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth), reducing the members of the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases, expanding health workers' benefits, and strengthening local health units. Robredo also supports efforts to boost testing and vaccination to withstand another COVID-19 surge.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: Robredo expressed support for the Build! Build! Build! infrastructure program of the Duterte administration. She vowed to continue the program, but said she will prioritize public–private partnerships (PPPs) instead of official development assistance (ODA) aids. She also said that her proposed infrastructure projects would be under one program.


title: Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign

text: In a campaign rally, Robredo committed to protect LGBT rights. She supports same-sex civil unions, but iterated that she is against same-sex marriage.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: Justine, or The Misfortunes of Virtue (French: Justine, ou Les Malheurs de la Vertu) is a 1791 novel by Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, better known as the Marquis de Sade. "Justine" is set just before the French Revolution in France and tells the story of a young girl who goes under the name of Thérèse. Her story is recounted to Madame de Lorsagne while defending herself for her crimes, en route to punishment and death. She explains the series of misfortunes that led to her present situation.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: "Justine" (original French title: Les infortunes de la vertu) was an early work by the Marquis de Sade, written in two weeks in 1787 while imprisoned in the Bastille. It is a novella (187 pages) with relatively little of the obscenity that characterized his later writing, as it was written in the classical style (which was fashionable at the time), with much verbose and metaphorical description.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: A much extended and more graphic version, entitled "Justine ou Les Malheurs de la vertu" (1791) (English title: "Justine, or The Misfortunes of the Virtue" or simply "Justine"), was the first of de Sade's books published.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: A further extended version, "La Nouvelle Justine ou Les Malheurs de la vertu" ("The New Justine"), was published in the Netherlands in 1797. This final version, "La Nouvelle Justine", departed from the first-person narrative of the previous two versions, and included around 100 engravings. It was accompanied by a continuation, "Juliette", about Justine's sister. The two together formed 10 volumes of nearly 4000 pages in total; publication was completed in 1801.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the arrest of the anonymous author of "Justine" and "Juliette", and as a result de Sade was incarcerated for the last 13 years of his life. The book's destruction was ordered by the Cour Royale de Paris on May 19, 1815.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: There is standard edition of this text in hardcover, having passed into the public domain. The text itself is often incorporated into collections of de Sade's work.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: A censored English translation of "Justine" was issued in the US by the Risus Press in the early 1930s, and went through many reprintings. The first unexpurgated English translation of "Justine" (by 'Pieralessandro Casavini', a pseudonym for Austryn Wainhouse) was published by the Olympia Press in 1953. Wainhouse later revised this translation for publication in the United States by Grove Press (1965). Another modern translated version still in print is the 1999 Wordsworth a translation of the original version in which Justine calls herself Sophie and not Thérèse.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: The final 1797 version "La Nouvelle Justine" has never been published in English translation, although it was published in French in the permissive conditions of the late 1960s, as part of two rival limited-editions of the definitive collected works of de Sade: Jean-Jacques Pauvert's "Oeuvres completes de Sade" (1968, 30 volumes) and Cercle du Livre Precieux's "Oeuvres completes du Marquis de Sade: editions definitive" (1967, 16 volumes).


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: The plot concerns Justine, a 12-year-old maiden ("As for Justine, aged as we have remarked, twelve") who sets off to make her way in France. It follows her until age 26 in her quest for virtue. She is presented with sexual lessons, hidden under a virtuous mask. The unfortunate situations include: the time when she seeks refuge and confession in a monastery, but is forced to become a sex slave to the monks, who subject her to countless orgies, rapes and similar rigours and the time when, helping a gentleman who is robbed in a field, he takes her back to his chateau with promises of a post caring for his wife, but she is then confined in a cave and subject to much the same punishment. These punishments are mostly the same throughout, even when she goes to a judge to beg for mercy in her case as an arsonist and then finds herself openly humiliated in court, unable to defend herself.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: These are described in true Sadean form. However, unlike some of his other works, the novel is not just a catalogue of sadism.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: Justine (Thérèse or Sophie in the first version) and Juliette were the daughters of Monsieur de Bertole. Bertole was a widower banker who fell in love with another man's lover. The man, Monsieur de Noirseuil, in the interest of revenge, pretended to be his friend, made sure he became bankrupt and eventually poisoned him, leaving the girls orphans. Juliette and Justine lived in a nunnery, where the abbess of the nunnery corrupted Juliette (and attempted to corrupt Justine too). However, Justine was sweet and virtuous. When the abbess found out about Bertole's death, she threw both girls out. Juliette's story is told in another book and Justine continues on in pursuit of virtue, beginning from becoming a maid in the house of the usurer Harpin, which is where her troubles begin anew.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: In her search for work and shelter Justine constantly fell into the hands of rogues who would ravish and torture her and the people she makes friends with. Justine was falsely accused of theft by Harpin and sent to jail expecting execution. She had to ally herself with a Miss Dubois, a criminal who helped her to escape along with her band. To escape, Miss Dubois arranged a fire to break out in the prison, in which 21 people died. After escaping the band of Dubois, Justine wanders off and accidentally trespasses upon the lands of the count of Bressac.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: The story is told by "Thérèse" ("Sophie" in the first version) in an inn, to Madame de Lorsagne. It is finally revealed that Madame de Lorsagne is her long-lost sister. The irony is that her sister submitted to a brief period of vice and found herself a comfortable existence where she could exercise good, while Justine refused to make concessions for the greater good and was plunged further into vice than those who would go willingly.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: The story ends with Madame de Lorsagne relieving her from a life of vice and clearing her name. Soon afterward, Justine becomes introverted and morose and is finally struck by a bolt of lightning and killed instantly. Madame de Lorsagne joins a religious order after Justine's death.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: The libertines derive as much satisfaction from defeating their opponents intellectually as they do from subduing and abusing them physically, while the victims themselves (and Justine offers the best example of this) rise admirably to the challenge with equally forceful and reasoned replies.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: James Fowler writes that "her piety offers her the most intense pleasure she can experience in life" and describes her responses to the libertine Marquis de Bressac as "pious hedonism".


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: In Lars von Trier's 2011 film "Melancholia", the main character, played by Kirsten Dunst, is named after de Sade's Justine.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: A retelling in contemporary terms is "The Turkish Bath", a 1969 novel published by Olympia Press, allegedly by Justine and Juliette Lemercier in an autobiographical format.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: The story has been adapted for film several times, most notably in a 1969 international co-production directed by Jesús Franco and starring Jack Palance, Romina Power, and Klaus Kinski as the Marquis, titled "". There has also been a graphic novel version by Guido Crepax. In 1972, French director Claude Pierson filmed a very faithful adaptation of Sade's work entitled "Justine de Sade", with French Alice Arno in the title role. In 1973, the Japanese director Tatsumi Kumashiro filmed an adaptation of "Justine" as part of Nikkatsu's Roman Porno series. The film was titled . In 1977, a film version of the novel, entitled "Cruel Passion", was released.


title: Justine (de Sade novel)

text: Julia Ducournau, director of the film "Raw", said in an interview with "Variety" that she named the protagonist after Sade's Justine.


title: Batman Ninja

text: While battling Gorilla Grodd at Arkham Asylum, Batman is caught in Grodd's Quake Engine time displacement machine and sent to feudal Japan. There, he is chased by samurai working for the Joker. During his escape, Batman meets up with Catwoman, who reveals everyone else arrived two years earlier (due to Batman being in the outermost area affected by the Quake Engine). He learns from her that all of Gotham City's top criminals have become feudal lords after deceiving the Sengoku daimyō, battling each other until only one state remains. In order to stop the villains from altering history, Batman and Catwoman must get to the Quake Engine in Arkham Castle (formerly the asylum).


title: Batman Ninja

text: Batman discovers that Alfred Pennyworth is also in the past and has built a Batcave outside Edo. When the Joker's troops ambush the hideout, Batman storms his way in his Batmobile towards Arkham Castle, which transforms into a giant robot fortress. Just as Batman confronts the Joker, he is forced to leave and save a mother and child below from being crushed by the robot's hand. He transforms his Batcycle into an armored suit to defeat a sumo Bane and stop the robot hand, only to learn the mother is Harley Quinn in disguise. As Batman is surrounded by the Joker's minions, he is suddenly whisked away by ninja led by Eian of the Bat Clan of Hida.


title: Batman Ninja

text: Batman learns the Bat Clan helped Nightwing, Red Hood, Red Robin and Robin upon their arrival and the clan has followed a prophecy of a foreign bat ninja restoring order to the land. Robin gives Batman an invitation from Grodd to a nearby hot spring. There, Grodd explains he intended to send the villains far away so he could take Gotham for himself, but Batman's interference sent them all to feudal Japan instead. Batman and Grodd agree to work together to return to Gotham. Batman, Grodd, Catwoman, the Bat-Family and the Bat Clan battle the Joker and his forces by the river.


title: Batman Ninja

text: They defeat the Joker and Harley, but Grodd turns on Batman, revealing his alliance with Two-Face before the Joker and Harley escape and blow up their own ship, taking Batman down with it. Having captured a power converter from Harley, Catwoman attempts to bargain with Grodd in bringing her back to Gotham; however, they need to obtain other power converters from the Penguin, Poison Ivy and Deathstroke to complete the Quake Engine. Two days later, Batman recovers from his wounds and encourages the Bat-Family to learn the ways of the ninja in order to defeat Grodd.


title: Batman Ninja

text: The Red Hood locates the Joker and Harley, but Batman discovers they lost their memories from the explosion and are living as farmers. A month later, the villains mobilize their castle robots for battle at the "Field of Hell". Batman leads the Bat-Family and the Bat Clan into the battlefield. After defeating the other villains, Grodd puts them under his mind control, with the intent of ruling the country himself. The Joker and Harley, however, crash his party from above, reclaiming their castle from Grodd. The Bat-Family saves Catwoman and Grodd before the Joker merges all of the castles into the super robot "Lord Joker".


title: Batman Ninja

text: An injured Grodd gives the control of his army of monkeys to Batman; Robin enables them to merge into one giant samurai monkey to battle the Joker's robot. The samurai monkey then combines with a swarm of bats to form the Batgod to defeat Lord Joker before the Bat-Family storm into the castle to battle the villains. The Joker reveals to Batman that as farmers, he and Harley planted special flowers that triggered their memories back once they bloomed. As the castle falls, Batman and the Joker engage in a sword fight. Using his ninjutsu skills, Batman defeats the Joker. With the Joker and the Gotham villains defeated, the Bat Clan begins work to restore feudal Japan to its original state and the Bat-Family takes the villains back to the present day.


title: Batman Ninja

text: In a mid-credits scene, Catwoman sells weapons and furniture from the castle robots to an antique shop, while Bruce rides a horse-driven Batmobile to a party hosted by the mayor.


title: Batman Ninja

text: The Nendoroid figures of "Pop Team Epic" characters Popuko and Pipimi, dressed as Batman and Joker respectively, were displayed at the Warner Bros. booth at AnimeJapan 2018. It was suggested by Junpei Mizusaki at Kamikaze Douga; the studio animated both this film and "Pop Team Epic" television series. The crossover figures were accompanied by a 15-second TV commercial, where Popuko and Pipimi (in the aforementioned costumes) re-enact a sketch from "Pop Team Epic" comics before it jumps to a "Batman Ninja" scene.


title: Batman Ninja

text: A manga adaptation by Masato Hisa was serialized in the "Monthly Hero's" magazine from June 30, 2018 to September 1, 2019. It was collected in two volumes.


title: Batman Ninja

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of .


title: Batman Ninja

text: IGN awarded "Batman Ninja" a score of 9.7 out of 10, saying, "DC tried something new by bringing in visionary Japanese animators to offer a refreshing take on one of the company's most beloved characters, and the finished product not only built upon the great adaptations that have come before, but surpassed them."


title: Batman Ninja

text: The film earned $680,508 from domestic DVD sales and $2,962,529 from domestic Blu-ray sales, bringing its total domestic home video earnings to $3,643,037.


title: Libreville

text: Libreville is the capital and largest city of Gabon. Occupying in the northwestern province of Estuaire, Libreville is a port on the Komo River, near the Gulf of Guinea. As of the 2013 census, its population was 703,904.


title: Libreville

text: The area has been inhabited by the Mpongwe people since before the French acquired the land in 1839. It was later an American Christian mission, and a slave resettlement site, before becoming the chief port of the colony of French Equatorial Africa. By the time of Gabonese independence in 1960, the city was a trading post and minor administrative centre with a population of 32,000. Since 1960, Libreville has grown rapidly and now is home to one-third of the national population.


title: Libreville

text: Various native peoples lived in or used the area that is now Libreville before colonization, including the Mpongwé tribe. French Admiral Louis Edouard Bouët-Willaumez negotiated a trade and protection treaty with the local Mpongwé ruler, Antchoué Komé Rapontcombo (known to the French as King Denis), in 1839.


title: Libreville

text: American missionaries from New England established a mission in Baraka, Gabon, on what is now Libreville, in 1842. In 1846, the Brazilian slave ship "L'Elizia", carrying slaves from the Congo, was captured near Loango by the French navy which was tasked with contributing to the British Blockade of Africa. Fifty-two of the freed slaves were resettled on the site of Libreville (French for "Freetown") in 1849. Following the French Revolution of 1848 and establishment of the French Second Republic, the former slaves organized an election to select leaders of the new village in 1849. A former slave named Mountier was elected Mayor of Libreville. Libreville was the administrative capital of the France's Congo-Gabon colony between 1888 and 1904, when the capital moved to Brazzaville.


title: Libreville

text: In 1910, Gabon became part of French Equatorial Africa ("Afrique équatoriale française", AEF). French companies were allowed to exploit the Middle Congo (modern-day Congo-Brazzaville). It soon became necessary to build a railroad that would connect Brazzaville, the terminus of the river navigation on the Congo River and the Ubangui River, with the Atlantic coast. As rapids make it impossible to navigate on the Congo River past Brazzaville, and the coastal railroad terminus site had to allow for the construction of a deep-sea port, authorities chose the site of Ponta Negra instead of Libreville as originally envisaged. Construction of the Congo–Ocean Railway began in 1921, and Libreville was surpassed by the rapid growth of Pointe-Noire, farther down the coast. Libreville received its first bank branch when Bank of West Africa (BAO) opened a branch in 1930. In 1940, Libreville was the central focus of the Battle of Gabon as Charles de Gaulle's Free French forces, supported by the Royal Navy, moved to consolidate control over French Equatorial Africa.


title: Libreville

text: With national independence on the horizon, Léon M'ba won Libreville's first free mayoral election in 1956. Mba was later the first president of independent Gabon. The city's population was only 32,000 at independence, but grew rapidly thereafter. It now houses one-third of the national population.


title: Libreville

text: From north to south, major districts of the city are the residential area Batterie IV, Quartier Louis (known for its nightlife), Mont-Bouët and Nombakélé (busy commercial areas), Glass (the first European settlement in Gabon), Oloumi (a major industrial area) and Lalala, a residential area. The city's port and train station on the Trans-Gabon Railway line to Franceville lie in Owendo, south of the main built-up area. Inland from these districts lie poorer residential areas. North-west of Equatorial Guinea is where the city stands, labeling the city as a part of north-west Gabon. In terms of the country's surrounding boundaries, north is Cameroon, east is Congo, and south-east is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It also rides the shores of the South Atlantic Ocean, which is on the country's west coast for reference. Additionally, in terms of aquatic geography, the Komo River passes through the city and empties into the ocean. The Komo River also stands as a potential hydroelectric source of power for the city which could generate supportive amounts of energy and power. Several city districts provide distinct and separate benefits throughout the city as well. In terms of nightlife, the Quartier Louis sector is most renowned. One of this zone's sides includes the coast, and this heavily influences the possible activities available in the area. Commercial areas within Libreville are housed in the Mont-Bouët and Nombakélé districts, which feature several shopping centers and stations selling purchasable goods. Oloumi contains much of the city's industry, integrating production separately from the districts that focus upon other aspects. Finally, Lalala and Batterie IV are residential and housing sectors, where much of the populace resides.


title: Libreville

text: Libreville features a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with a lengthy wet season and a short dry season. The city's wet season spans about nine months (September through May), with a great deal of rain falling during these months. Its dry season lasts from June through August, and is caused by the cold Benguela Current reaching its northernmost extent and suppressing rainfall. Despite the lack of rain, Libreville remains very cloudy during this time of year.


title: Libreville

text: As is common with many cities with this climate, average temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the course of the year, with average high temperatures at around .


title: Libreville

text: Léon-Mba International Airport is the largest airport in Gabon and is located around north of the city.


title: Libreville

text: National Taxis operate around the city. Each district has a colour for its taxis and Libreville's is red.


title: Libreville

text: The National Society of Transport (SOGATRA) launched new taxis that operate on a counter system in 2014.


title: Libreville

text: Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Libreville (Catholic Church), Église de l'Alliance chrétienne et missionnaire du Gabon (Alliance World Fellowship), Assemblies of God, Evangelical Church of Gabon. There are also Muslim mosques.


title: Libreville

text: Libreville is one of several African cities where French is truly becoming a native language, with some local features.


title: Libreville

text: The city is home to a shipbuilding industry, brewing industry, and sawmills. The city exports raw materials such as wood, rubber and cocoa from the city's main port, and the deepwater port at Owendo.


title: Libreville

text: Gabon Airlines has its headquarters in Libreville. Prior to their dissolutions, both Air Gabon and Gabon Express were headquartered on the grounds of Libreville International Airport.


title: Ebonics (word)

text: Ebonics (a portmanteau of the words "ebony" and "phonics") is a term that was originally intended to refer to the language of all people descended from African slaves, particularly in West Africa, the Caribbean, and North America. The term "Ebonics" was created in 1973 by a group of black scholars who disapproved of the negative terms being used to describe this type of language. Since the 1996 controversy over its use by the Oakland School Board, the term "Ebonics" has primarily been used to refer to the sociolect African-American English, a dialect distinctively different from Standard American English.


title: Ebonics (word)

text: The word "Ebonics" was originally coined in 1973 by African American social psychologist Robert Williams in a discussion with linguist Ernie Smith (as well as other language scholars and researchers) that took place in a conference on "Cognitive and Language Development of the Black Child", held in St. Louis, Missouri. His intention was to give a name to the language of African Americans that acknowledged the linguistic consequence of the slave trade and avoided the negative connotations of other terms like "nonstandard Negro English":


title: Ebonics (word)

text: We need to define what we speak. We need to give a clear definition to our language...We know that ebony means black and that phonics refers to speech sounds or the science of sounds. Thus, we are really talking about the science of black speech sounds or language.


title: Ebonics (word)

text: A two-year-old term created by a group of black scholars, Ebonics may be defined as "the linguistic and paralinguistic features which on a concentric continuum represent the communicative competence of the West African, Caribbean, and United States slave descendants of African origin. It includes the various idioms, patois, argots, idiolects, and social dialects of black people" especially those who have adapted to colonial circumstances. Ebonics derives its form from ebony (black) and phonics (sound, the study of sound) and refers to the study of the language of black people in all its cultural uniqueness.


title: Ebonics (word)

text: Other writers have since emphasized how the term represents a view of the language of Black people as African rather than European. The term was not obviously popular, even among those who agreed with the reason for coining it. Even within Williams' book, the term "Black English" is far more commonly used than the term "Ebonics".


title: Ebonics (word)

text: John Baugh has stated that the term "Ebonics" is used in four ways by its Afrocentric proponents. It may:


title: Ebonics (word)

text: "Ebonics" remained a little-known term until 1996. It does not appear in the 1989 second edition of the "Oxford English Dictionary," nor was it adopted by linguists.


title: Ebonics (word)

text: The term became widely known in the United States due to a controversy over a decision by the Oakland School Board to denote and recognize the primary language (or sociolect or ethnolect) of African-American youths attending school, and to thereby acquire budgeted funds to facilitate the teaching of standard English. Thereafter, the term "Ebonics" became popularized, though as little more than a synonym for African American English, perhaps differing in the emphasis on its claimed African roots and independence from English. The term is linked with the nationally-discussed controversy over the decision by the Oakland School Board, which adopted a resolution to teach children "standard American English" through a specific program of respect for students' home language and tutoring in the "code switching" required to use both standard English and Ebonics.


title: Ebonics (word)

text: While the term is generally avoided by most linguists, it is used elsewhere (such as on Internet message boards), often for ridiculing AAE, particularly when this is parodied as drastically differing from Standard American English. African American linguist John McWhorter argues that the use of the term does more to hinder black academic achievement than to help it, in that considering AAE to be a completely different language from English serves only to widen the perceived divide between whites and blacks in the United States. Walt Wolfram, a long-time researcher into AAE, points out that discussion of this variety of English "gets politicized and trivialized by the very term "Ebonics"."


title: Vsauce

text: Vsauce () is a YouTube brand created by educator Michael Stevens. The channels feature videos on scientific, psychological, mathematical, and philosophical topics, as well as gaming, technology, popular culture, and other general interest subjects.


title: Vsauce

text: On April 17, 2010, Michael Stevens launched the main Vsauce channel. According to episode #18 of "LÜT" on the original Vsauce channel, the name "Vsauce" was generated using the fake website generator portion of a site called Fake Name Generator. After Stevens generated the fake website Vsauce.com, he registered it and began uploading videos. Initially, the channel's programming focused on video games and featured a number of hosts. However, certain segments such as "IMG!" slowly took over, and Stevens became the sole host. The channel then became a mix of information and online activities, and solely educational segments popped up. The educational segments became more popular, and since September 9, 2012, only the educational segment (known as "DOT.") has been presented.


title: Vsauce

text: In December 2010, the Vsauce2 (on December 7) and Vsauce3 (on December 24) channels were created. On July 25, 2012, the WeSauce channel was created. Vsauce was one of the fastest growing channels during September 2012. During that month, the main Vsauce channel reached 1 million subscribers.


title: Vsauce

text: Stevens, in the video "A Defense of Comic Sans", notes that the text font Alsina was used by the Vsauce channels because of its close resemblance to the handwriting of Nik Guinta, the creator of the original Vsauce logo. A new branding scheme designed by Natasha Jen was adopted in December 2014 to bring a "grown-up" feel to the channels. It utilizes the DIN Next Rounded font and fluid designs to convey the idea of sauce that the name "Vsauce" implies.


title: Vsauce

text: The Vsauce channel, also known as Vsauce1 to distinguish it from the brand as a whole and the other channels, is presented by the founder, Michael Stevens, and features videos about science, mathematics, anthropology, and philosophy. The primary series features Stevens discussing a topic or question in a tangential manner, including various interpretations of the question and related facts and observations. In 2013, Stevens stated that he researches on Wikipedia and academic papers to find information for his videos. Stevens collaborated with educator and television personality Adam Savage in 2017 for a show titled "Brain Candy Live".


title: Vsauce

text: Videos by Vsauce have been featured on online news publications, such as "The Huffington Post", CBS, and Gizmodo.


title: Vsauce

text: "Mind Field" (a word play on minefield and mind) is an American web television series produced exclusively for YouTube Premium (formerly YouTube Red), created and presented by Michael Stevens. Three seasons of "Mind Field" have been released on Vsauce, each one with eight episodes. On October 1, 2019, all episodes became viewable, with ads, for free for those without YouTube Premium.


title: Vsauce

text: Vsauce2, hosted by Kevin Lieber, has covered topics concerning unusual knowledge, gadgets, and people. Since 2019, Vsauce2 has largely produced videos regarding probability, paradoxes, and dilemmas, most of which are mathematical or economic in nature and visualized through real-world situations. Before 2019, videos were released under recurring segments, such as "MindBlow, BiDiPi, 54321", and "BOAT".


title: Vsauce

text: In November 2018, Lieber and channel producer Matt Tabor launched "The Create Unknown" podcast, which interviews digital creators. The podcast has featured interviews with Casey Neistat, Derek Muller from "Veritasium", Destin Sandlin from Smarter Every Day, Dolan Dark, iDubbbz, and Grandayy.


title: Vsauce

text: Vsauce3 is hosted by Jake Roper and is dedicated to fictional worlds and video games. There are currently four recurring segments: "HeadShot", "Game LÜT", "9bit", and "Fact Surgery". Vsauce3 has collaborated with YouTubers Joe Hanson from "It's Okay to be Smart" and Vanessa Hill from "BrainCraft". He has also presented videos with celebrity guest appearances from Bill Nye, Jack Black, The Muppets, Paul Rudd, and Neil deGrasse Tyson. On November 25, 2015, Jake revealed that he has sarcoma, a rare form of cancer. On December 19, Jake announced that he had begun treatment and a tumor on his lower leg had been successfully removed by surgery.


title: Vsauce

text: WeSauce was a channel that compiled works from fans of the Vsauce channels. The channel featured segments "Your BiDiPi", "JAM", "Music LeanBack!", "Riddle Challenge", "This World of Ours", and "ITVS". WeSauce has remained inactive since October 15, 2015.


title: Vsauce

text: D!NG, formerly DONG (Do Online Now, Guys), is a spin-off channel by Vsauce that features unusual pages, apps, and games from around the Internet. Some videos also focus on various topics in mathematics and science. "DONG" was formerly a segment featured on the main Vsauce channel and then on the Vsauce3 channel before its own channel was launched in 2015, with the first video uploaded on October 29, 2015. The channel was renamed to D!NG on May 12, 2019, seemingly due to the channel being demonetized for having a name that was not considered advertiser-friendly.


title: Vsauce

text: Some people or channels Michael Stevens of Vsauce1 has collaborated with include Bill Nye, BrainCraft, Derek Muller, Good Mythical Morning, Filthy Frank, and others. The following collaborations were mentioned in publications. Vsauce has collaborated with Henry Reich of MinutePhysics on two videos: "Guns in Space" and "What if the Earth were Hollow?". In 2014, Jake of Vsauce3 had narrated two episodes of the series "Did You Know Gaming?" covering the Game Boy. In August 2016, Stevens served as a guest host on the show BattleBots. On March 24, 2018, Stevens was largely involved with a collaboration featured on HowToBasic's YouTube channel.


title: Vsauce

text: In 2014 and 2015, the channel won the Streamy Award for Best Science and Education Channel, Show, or Series.


title: Internet café

text: An Internet café, also known as a cybercafé, is a café (or a convenience store or a fully dedicated Internet access business) that provides the use of computers with high bandwidth Internet access on the payment of a fee. Usage is generally charged by the minute or part of hour. An Internet cafe will generally also offer refreshments or other services such as phone repair. Internet cafes are often hosted within a shop or other establishment. They are located worldwide, and many people use them when traveling to access webmail and instant messaging services to keep in touch with family and friends. Apart from travelers, in many developing countries Internet cafés are the primary form of Internet access for citizens as a shared-access model is more affordable than personal ownership of equipment and/or software. Internet cafés are a natural evolution of the traditional café. As Internet access rose many pubs, bars and cafés added terminals eroding the distinction between the Internet café and normal cafés.


title: Internet café

text: The early history of public access online networking sites is largely unwritten and undocumented. There are many experiments that can lay claim to being precursors to internet cafés.


title: Internet café

text: In March 1988, the "Electronic Café" was opened Hongik University in Seoul, South Korea by Ahn Sang-Su and Keum Nuri. Two 16bit computers connected to Online service networks through telephone lines. Offline meetings were held in the café, which served as a place that connected online and offline activities.


title: Internet café

text: In July 1991, the SFnet Coffeehouse Network was opened in San Francisco, United States by Wayne Gregori. Gregori installed coin-operated computer terminals in coffeehouses throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. The terminals dialed into a 32 line Bulletin Board System that offered an array of electronic services including FIDOnet mail and, in 1992, Internet mail.


title: Internet café

text: The concept of a café with full Internet access (and the name "Cybercafé") was invented in early 1994 by Ivan Pope. Commissioned to develop an Internet event for an arts weekend at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) in London, and inspired by the SFnet terminal based cafes, Pope wrote a proposal outlining the concept of a café with Internet access. For the event Seduced and Abandoned: The Body in the Virtual World. Over the weekend of March 12–13 in the theatre at the ICA, Pope ran a Cybercafe which consisted of multiple Apple Mac computers on cafe style tables with menus of available services.


title: Internet café

text: Inspired partly by the ICA event and associated with an Internet provider startup, EasyNet, in the same building, a commercial Internet café called Cyberia opened on September 1, 1994, in London, England.


title: Internet café

text: The first public, commercial American Internet café was conceived and opened by Jeff Anderson and Alan Weinkrantz in August 1994, at Infomart in Dallas, Texas, and was called The High Tech Cafe.


title: Internet café

text: A bar called "CompuCafé" was established in Helsinki, Finland in 1994 featuring both Internet access and a robotic beer seller.


title: Internet café

text: In January 1995, the CB1 Café in Cambridge installed an Internet connection. It was the longest running Internet Café in the UK, ultimately closing down in 2015.


title: Internet café

text: In June 1995, three Internet cafés opened in the East Village neighborhood of New York City: Internet Cafe, opened by Arthur Perley, the @Cafe, and the Heroic Sandwich. In 1996, the Internet café Surf City opened in downtown Anchorage, Alaska.


title: Internet café

text: By 2010, the rising popularity of internet-connected smartphones started having a major economic impact on internet cafes. It has been estimated that the number of internet cafes in South Korea dropped 17% from 19,000 in 2010 to 15,800 in 2012, and internet cafes in developing countries were struggling to grow.


title: Internet café

text: In China, a 2011 government report stated that 130,000 internet cafes had closed down over the previous six years, due to tightening regulations, which brought the number down to 144,000. One industry consultant estimated the number had reached 136,000 in 2012.


title: Internet café

text: In some locations, however, internet cafes continued to be used for reasons ranging from evading gambling regulations to building communities of language learners. As of 2021, internet cafes are still operating in South Korea for the purposes of online gaming.


title: Internet café

text: While most Internet cafés are private businesses many have been set up to help bridge the 'digital divide', providing computer access and training to those without home access. There are also Internet kiosks, Internet access points in public places like public libraries, airport halls, sometimes just for brief use while standing.


title: Internet café

text: Many hotels, resorts, and cruise ships offer Internet access for the convenience of their guests; this can take various forms, such as in-room wireless access, or a web browser that uses the in-room television set for its display (usually in this case the hotel provides a wireless keyboard on the assumption that the guest will use it from the bed), or computer(s) that guests can use, either in the lobby or in a business center. As with telephone service, in the US most mid-price hotels offer Internet access from a computer in the lobby to registered guests without charging an additional fee, while fancier hotels are more likely to charge for the use of a computer in their "business center."


title: Internet café

text: For those traveling by road in North America, many truck stops have Internet kiosks, for which a typical charge is around 20 cents per minute.


title: Internet café

text: Internet cafés come in a wide range of styles, reflecting their location, main clientele, and sometimes, the social agenda of the proprietors. In the early days they were important in projecting the image of the Internet as a 'cool' phenomenon.


title: Internet café

text: A variation on the Internet café business model is the LAN gaming center, used for multiplayer gaming. These cafés have several computer stations connected to a LAN. The connected computers are custom-assembled for gameplay, supporting popular multiplayer games. This is reducing the need for video arcades and arcade games, many of which are being closed down or merged into Internet cafés. The use of Internet cafés for multiplayer gaming is particularly popular in certain areas of Asia like India, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea and the Philippines. In some countries, since practically all LAN gaming centers also offer Internet access, the terms net cafe and LAN gaming center have become interchangeable. Again, this shared-access model is more affordable than personal ownership of equipment and/or software, especially since games often require high end and expensive PCs.


title: Internet café

text: In Asia, gaming is very popular at the Internet cafés. This popularity has helped create a strong demand and a sustainable revenue model for most Internet cafés. With growing popularity, there also comes with this a responsibility as well. In fighting for competitive market share, the Internet cafés have started charging less and hence are adopting alternate means to maximize revenue. This includes selling food, beverages, game and telephone cards to its patrons.


title: Internet café

text: In 2003 the EasyInternetcafé chain was found liable for copyright infringement occurring when customers used its CD-burning service to burn illegally downloaded music to their own CDs.


title: Internet café

text: In 2005 Italy began requiring entities such as Internet cafés to collect photocopies of the passports of Internet, phone, or fax-using customers as a result of anti-terrorism legislation passed in July of that year.


title: Internet café

text: By 2010, a variation of the Internet café known as a "sweepstakes parlor" had become widespread in certain regions of the United States. These facilities offered entries in a contest to customers who purchase Internet usage. Sweepstakes parlors faced scrutiny by local governments, who argued that sweepstakes parlors are a form of illegal gambling. A large number of these locations faced raids by officials, while a number of states enacted laws to ban them.


title: Internet café

text: There are European countries where the total number of publicly accessible terminals is also decreasing. An example of such a country is Germany. The cause of this development is a combination of complicated regulation, relatively high Internet penetration rates, the widespread use of notebooks, tablets and smartphones and the relatively high number of wireless internet hotspots. Many pubs, bars and cafés in Germany offer wireless Internet, but no terminals since the Internet café regulations do not apply if no terminal is offered. Additionally, the use of Internet cafés for multiplayer gaming is very difficult in Germany since the Internet café regulations and a second type of regulations which was originally established for video arcade centres applies to this kind of Internet cafés. It is, for example, forbidden for people under the age of 18 to enter such an Internet café, although particularly people under 18 are an important group of customers for this type of Internet café.


title: Internet café

text: Netcafe opened in St Kilda at the Deluxe Café on April 4, 1995, inspired by the Internet café phenomenon that was going on in Seattle. As Australia's first Internet café, founders included Gavin Murray, Rita Arrigo and Christopher Beaumont. Direct from London's Cyberia they were joined by Kathryn Phelps and partnerships with Adam Goudie of Standard Computers for hardware and Michael Bethune from Australia Online, Australia's first ISP for of course their Internet access. In 1995 it was delivered via a standard analogue phone line using a 9600-Baud US Robotics Modem. Cafe.on.net also opened on Rundle Street in Adelaide in 1995, with the support of Internode's Simon Hackett. The Cafe was founded by John Ruciak, and was notable because of its 100Mb ethernet connection.


title: Internet café

text: In Brazil, the initial concept brought by Monkey Paulista was based on the business model used by Internet cafés in South Korea, since this was the first house LAN to exist in Brazil, inaugurated in São Paulo, starting its activities in 1998. The company closed in 2010. However, just a week later for reasons of bureaucracy, the company Lan Game @ The House was opened and today is the first LAN house of Brazil in activity. Today it is seen as the country as a way to test new technologies and demonstration of games and products.


title: Internet café

text: According to the "Survey of China Internet Café Industry" by the People's Republic of China Ministry of Culture in 2005, Mainland China had 110,000 Internet cafés, with more than 1,000,000 employees contributing 18,500,000,000 yuan to P.R. China's GDP. More than 70% of Internet café visitors are from 18 to 30 years old. 90% are male, 65% are unmarried, and 54% hold a university degree. More than 70% of visitors play computer games. 20% of China's Internet users go to Internet cafés.


title: Internet café

text: Internet cafes allow individuals to go about the Internet anonymous, faster, and cheaper than at home. Large Internet cafes of major cities in China are expensive and heavily regulated by Government officials. Large Internet cafes are used by wealthy elite for business transactions and social gatherings. The majority of Internet cafes are small privately owned cafes comprising 90% of the market. (China Tightening Control, 2003) The majority of Internet cafes are unregistered because they do not meet the requirements of government standards or they do not want to go through the lengthy process of registering. According to Hong and Huang only 200 out of 2,400 cafes are registered in Beijing. The Chinese government is cracking down on the number of unregistered Internet cafes because some users spread propaganda, slander, allow pornography, and allow underage users. Crack downs by Chinese Government Officials banned 17,488 Internet Cafes in 2002 and another 27,000 were banned in 2003. (J. Hong, L. Huang) Internet cafes that are getting closed are being replaced with government approved businesses. These pre-approved businesses monitor patrons’ activities and help the government crackdown on offending users. (Xiao, 2003; Qiu 2003)


title: Internet café

text: In India, Internet cafés used by traveling people and business are declining since the arrival of widespread mobile Internet usage. A set of other services are also offered, such as printing of documents or webpages. Operators also help computer illiterates through some government processes (as a part of e-governance in India ). Low speed of mobile Internet and these services offered by Internet cafés help its survival. In India a positive government ID is compulsory for Internet café users in most states.


title: Internet café

text: In 2008, there were 180,000 cyber cafes in India but by 2017, it declined to 50,000, one of primary reasons for decline was rules of IT Act, which caused licensing issues and other restrictions.


title: Internet café

text: According to APWKomitel (Association of Community Internet Center), there are 5,000 Internet cafés in urban Indonesian cities in 2006 providing computer/printer/scanner rentals, training, PC gaming and Internet access/rental to people without computer or internet access. The website also contains a directory listing some of these warnet/telecenter/gamecenter in Indonesia. In urban areas, the generic name is (or "warung Internet") and in rural areas the generic name is telecenter. Warnets/netcafes are usually privately owned as bottom-up initiatives, while telecenters in rural villages are typically government or donor-funded as top-down financing. Information on netcafe/warnet in Indonesia can also be found in a book titled: "Connected for Development: Indonesian Case study".


title: Internet café

text: Currently, no special license is required to operate an Internet café or warnet in Indonesia, except for the ordinary business license applicable to cafes or small shops. Because of hype and poor business planning, many net cafes have closed down. Although the number of Internet cafes are growing, associations such as APWKomitel urge new Internet café owners to do a feasibility study before planning to open an Internet café, and provide a business model called multipurpose community Internet center or "MCI Center" to make the business more sustainable and competitive. Hourly usage rate varies between Rp 2500–15000 ($0,27 – 1,60)


title: Internet café

text: Japan has a strong Internet cafe culture, with most serving a dual purpose as joint Internet-manga cafes. Most chains (like Media Cafe Popeye and Jiyū Kūkan) allow offer customers a variety of seating options, including normal chair, massage chair, couch, and flat mat. Customers are then typically given unlimited access to soft drinks, manga, magazines, Internet, online video games, and online pornography. Most offer food and shower services for an additional fee. In fact, many purchase "night packs" and shower/sleep in the cafes, giving rise to a phenomenon known as "net cafe refugee" or "net cafe homeless".


title: Internet café

text: Internet cafés are prevalent in the city of Mombasa, as poverty and unreliable infrastructure do not make personal Internet a viable option for many citizens. The cafés are often combined with a variety of other businesses, such as chemists, manicurists, repair shops, and convenience stores. Video gaming has become particularly profitable in Internet cafés in Kenya in recent years.


title: Internet café

text: In the Philippines, Internet cafés or better known as computer shops are found on almost every street in major cities and there is at least one in most municipalities or towns. There are also Internet cafés in coffee shops and malls. High-end restaurants and fast food chains also provide free broadband to diners,rarely some internet cafés offers to make a gadget repairs, print or xerox copy, and other services. Rates range from P10 ($0.20 per hour or less based from PC specifications) on streets, up to P100 ($2 per hour) in malls.


title: Internet café

text: In some major cities with existing ordinances regulating Internet cafés (e.g. Valenzuela, Marikina, Davao, Lapu-lapu and Zamboanga), students who are below 18 years of age are prohibited from playing computer games during regular class hours. Depending on the city, regulations varies on their exact details and implementation. Such city ordinances usually also requires Internet café owners to:


title: Internet café

text: The first Internet café in Poland was opened in 1996. Such establishments soon became very popular among the Polish population, especially young people, who at the time still rarely had access to computers with high-speed Internet at home. They were commonly used to play games like Icy Tower or Counter-Strike, as well as for instant messaging on the Gadu-Gadu client. Internet cafés began losing popularity after Telekomunikacja Polska launched the ADSL "Neostrada" service in 2001, providing home Internet access to many Poles, and most establishments were shut down by the 2010s.


title: Internet café

text: In Slovakia, the first Internet café was opened officially in the city of Košice on July 17, 1996, providing services such as e-mail, Gopher, News, Telnet, WWW, Talk and others to the general public.


title: Internet café

text: In South Korea, Internet cafés are called PC bangs. They are ubiquitous in South Korean cities, numbering over 20,000. PC bangs mostly cater to online game playing for the younger generation. On average and mode, use of a PC bang computer is priced at around 1,000 won per hour (about $0.88 USD).


title: Internet café

text: Internet cafés are omnipresent in Taiwan, and especially concentrated in major cities, namely Taipei and Kaohsiung.


title: Internet café

text: The Internet café is called a "網咖" ("Wǎng kā") in traditional Chinese. The first character literally means "net" and the second character is the first syllable of "café."The rate is consistent at about NT$10~20 in the most part, but prominent districts, such as the Eastern District of Taipei, can charge users up to NT$35 per hour. With the growth of smartphone ownership and free Wi-Fi networks in all major public attractions, the Internet cafés now primarily cater to gamers, and some even provide food and drinks.


title: Internet café

text: In Vietnam, almost every Internet cafés advertises itself as a game center. Many Internet cafés charge a fairly cheap fee, usually $0.1 – $0.25 an hour. Services such as food and drink are also often available.


title: Internet café

text: Internet café in Vietnamese is "quán net" or "tiệm net" ("quán" or "tiệm" means "store" and "net" is "Internet").


title: Internet café

text: Reputedly, the first kosher cybercafe was the IDT Cafe in New York City's diamond district, opened in the spring of 1997.


title: Internet café

text: Internet cafés were prevalent in the 1990s but began to decline in popularity due to the expansion of home-based email and internet access points, and the later deployment of Wi-Fi and smartphones. As of 2022, LAN gaming centers can be found in metropolitan areas in the United States. Gaming centers are not as popular in the U.S. compared to East Asia. Like those in Asia, gaming centers typically offer Internet access, food, and drinks.


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: A Prayer Before Dawn is a 2017 biographical prison drama film directed by Jean-Stéphane Sauvaire and written by Jonathan Hirschbein and Nick Saltrese. The film stars Joe Cole and is based on the book "A Prayer Before Dawn: My Nightmare in Thailand's Prisons" by Billy Moore.


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: "A Prayer Before Dawn" had its world premiere at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival on 19 May, and was released in the United Kingdom on 20 July 2018, by Altitude, and in the United States on 10 August 2018, by A24.


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: Billy Moore, a young British boxer and troubled heroin addict, is arrested in Thailand after being charged with possession of stolen goods and a firearm.


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: Incarcerated into Klong Prem prison, Billy is quickly subjugated to the horrors of Thai prison life, including being moved into a crowded mass ruled by cell boss Keng, forced to sleep next to a corpse and witnessing at knifepoint the rape of a fellow inmate. Billy's experiences with the other prisoners and personnel are tense, at one point going into a violent frenzy and biting into the neck of a corrections officer after being refused painkillers. Following his punishment, Billy attempts to befriend a transgender prisoner named Fame. Life in prison worsens for Billy, and he retreats into heavy drug abuse; he subsequently beats two Muslim chefs half to death after being bribed ya ba by a corrupt corrections officer.


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: Billy's psyche finally breaks; he attempts suicide by slitting his wrist, though he survives. With a desperate need to fight again and battle his demons, Billy eventually joins the boxing team with the help of Fame, with whom he later develops a romance. Billy quickly adapts to the art of Muay Thai and wins his first bout in a close back-and-forth brawl. Impressed by his performance, prison warden Preecha has him transferred into the boxing team cell, being the first foreigner to compete in the national Muay Thai tournament and represent the prison.


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: There he soon develops a camaraderie with the other boxers, receiving a tattoo on his back. However, Billy is ambushed by Keng and his gang, who threaten him with a pin prick attack if he loses the tournament. Even worse, it is established that Billy is suffering from a hernia due to his drug abuse, and any subsequent damage could result in severe internal bleeding. Regardless, Billy still desires to compete. The resulting match is gruelling for Billy, as he takes multiple shots to the stomach and is also fouled by his opponent. However, Billy manages to knock him out with a spinning back elbow and wins the fight using what he learned. Despite the victory, the physical trauma is too much, and Billy ends up vomiting blood and passing out.


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: Billy is quickly rushed to the hospital, and after waking up, he sneaks out of the building and into the cityscape. Billy soon reconsiders his actions and returns to the hospital. After being transferred, he meets his father (played by the real Billy Moore), and the two exchange a solemn smile. Closing titles reveal that after serving three years, Billy Moore was transferred to a UK prison and released on an amnesty by the King of Thailand in October 2010. Since his release, he has devoted his life to working with other addicts and fighting to maintain his recovery.


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: In October 2014, Charlie Hunnam would star in the film, with Jean-Stéphane Sauvaire directing from a screenplay written by Jonathan Hirschbein and Nick Saltrese, based upon a memoir written by Billy Moore. Rita Dagher, Sol Papadopoulos, and Roy Boutler will serve as producers on their Senorita Films banner, alongside HanWay Films. In October 2015, Joe Cole joined the cast of the film, replacing Hunnam.


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: Thai authorities denied permission to film in the real Chiang Mai Central Prison and Klong Prem Central Prison, where Moore served his sentences, so production decided to film scenes set in both prisons at Nakhon Pathom prison, which was decommissioned in 2014 and now acts as a museum. The climax, however, was filmed at the courtyard of the Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center, known for the CPDRC Dancing Inmates. Several of CPDRC's inmates participated in the shoot.


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: "A Prayer Before Dawn: A Nightmare in Thailand" was first published in 2014 by Maverick House, Dublin, Ireland. In February 2017, A24 acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. In April 2017, Altitude Film Distribution acquired U.K. distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on 15 May 2017. It went onto screen at South by Southwest on 12 March 2018.


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: It was released in the United Kingdom on 20 July 2018, and in the United States through DirecTV Cinema on 12 July 2018, before being released in a limited release on 10 August 2018. a


title: A Prayer Before Dawn (film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 92% based on 63 reviews, and an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""A Prayer Before Dawn" is far from an easy watch, but this harrowing prison odyssey delivers rich rewards — led by an outstanding central performance from Joe Cole." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Democratization

text: Democratization, or democratisation, is the transition to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction. It may be a hybrid regime in transition from an authoritarian regime to a full democracy, a transition from an authoritarian political system to a semi-democracy or transition from a semi-authoritarian political system to a democratic political system.


title: Democratization

text: The outcome may be consolidated (as it was for example in the United Kingdom) or democratization may face frequent reversals (as happened in Chile). Different patterns of democratization are often used to explain other political phenomena, such as whether a country goes to a war or whether its economy grows.


title: Democratization

text: Whether and to what extent democratization occurs has been attributed to various factors, including economic development, historical legacies, civil society, and international processes. Some accounts of democratization emphasize how elites drove democratization, whereas other accounts emphasize grassroots bottom-up processes.


title: Democratization

text: Theories of democratization seek to explain a large macro-level change, the change in a political regime from dictatorship or authoritarianism to democracy. Some disagreements among scholars concern the concept of democracy. Other differences concern how to measure democracy - and what democracy index should be used.


title: Democratization

text: Some common measures used in this literature are those provided by Freedom House, Polity, and the V-Dem Institute.


title: Democratization

text: Freedom House produces one of the most comprehensive "freedom measures" nationally and internationally and by extension a measure of democratization. Freedom House categorizes all countries of the world according to a seven-point value system with over 200 questions on the survey and multiple survey representatives in various parts of every nation. The total raw points of every country places the country in one of three categories: Free, Partly Free, or not Free.


title: Democratization

text: One way to summarize the outcome theories of democratization seek to account is with the idea of waves of democratization


title: Democratization

text: A wave of democratization refers to a major surge of democracy in history. And Samuel P. Huntington identified three waves of democratization that have taken place in history. The first one brought democracy to Western Europe and Northern America in the 19th century. It was followed by a rise of dictatorships during the Interwar period. The second wave began after World War II, but lost steam between 1962 and the mid-1970s. The latest wave began in 1974 and is still ongoing. Democratization of Latin America and the former Eastern Bloc is part of this third wave.


title: Democratization

text: Waves of democratization can be followed by waves of de-democratization. Thus, Huntington, in 1991, offered the following depiction.


title: Democratization

text: The idea of waves of democratization has also been used and scrutinized by many other authors, including Renske Doorenspleet, John Markoff, Seva Gunitsky, and Svend-Erik Skaaning.


title: Democratization

text: According to Seva Gunitsky, from the 18th century to the Arab Spring (2011–2012), 13 democratic waves can be identified.


title: Democratization

text: The history of democracy shows that democractic development has often been slow, violent, and marked by frequent reversals.


title: Democratization

text: In Great Britain, there was renewed interest in Magna Carta in the 17th century. The Parliament of England enacted the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The English Civil War (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament, during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647. Subsequently, the Protectorate (1653–59) and the English Restoration (1660) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. The Glorious Revolution in 1688 established a strong Parliament that passed the Bill of Rights 1689, which codified certain rights and liberties for individuals. It set out the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of the rest of Europe, royal absolutism would not prevail. Only with the Representation of the People Act 1884 did a majority of the males get the vote.


title: Democratization

text: The American Revolution (1775–1783) created the United States. The new Constitution established a relatively strong federal national government that included an executive, a national judiciary, and a bicameral Congress that represented states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives. In many fields, it was a success ideologically in the sense that a relatively true republic was established that never had a single dictator, but voting rights were initially restricted to white male property owners (about 6% of the population). Slavery was not abolished in the southern states until the constitutional Amendments of the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War (1861–1865) and the Civil Rights given to African-Americans were only achieved in the 1960s.


title: Democratization

text: The French Revolution (1789) briefly allowed a wide franchise. The French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars lasted for more than twenty years. The French Directory was more oligarchic. The First French Empire and the Bourbon Restoration restored more autocratic rule. The French Second Republic had universal male suffrage but was followed by the Second French Empire. The Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) resulted in the French Third Republic.


title: Democratization

text: Germany established its first democracy in 1919 with the creation of the Weimar Republic, a parliamentary republic created following the German Empire's defeat in World War I. The Weimar Republic lasted only 14 years before it collapsed and was replaced by Nazi dictatorship. Historians continue to debate the reasons why the Weimar Republic's attempt at democratization failed. After Germany was militarily defeated in World War II, democracy was reestablished in West Germany during the U.S.-led occupation which undertook the denazification of society.


title: Democratization

text: The Kingdom of Italy, after the unification of Italy in 1861, was a constitutional monarchy with the King having considerable powers. Italian Fascism created a dictatorship after the World War I. World War II resulted in the Italian Republic.


title: Democratization

text: In Japan, limited democratic reforms were introduced during the Meiji period (when the industrial modernization of Japan began), the Taishō period (1912–1926), and the early Shōwa period. Despite pro-democracy movements such as the Freedom and People's Rights Movement (1870s and 1880s) and some proto-democratic institutions, Japanese society remained constrained by a highly conservative society and bureaucracy. Historian Kent E. Calder notes that writers that "Meiji leadership embraced constitutional government with some pluralist features for essentially tactical reasons" and that pre-World war II Japanese society was dominated by a "loose coalition" of "landed rural elites, big business, and the military" that was averse to pluralism and reformism. While the Imperial Diet survived the impacts of Japanese militarism, the Great Depression, and the Pacific War, other pluralistic institutions, such as political parties, did not. After World War II, during the Allied occupation, Japan adopted a much more vigorous, pluralistic democracy.


title: Democratization

text: Countries in Latin America became independent between 1810 and 1825, and soon had some early expriences with representative government and elections. All Latin American countries established representative institutions soon after independence, the early cases being those of Colombia in 1810, Paraguay and Venezuela in 1811, and Chile in 1818. Adam Przeworski shows that some experiments with representative institutions in Latin America occurred earlier than in most European countries. Mass democracy, in which the working class had the right to vote, become common only in the 1930s and 1940s.


title: Democratization

text: There is considerable debate about the factors which affect (e.g., promote or limit) democratization. Economic, cultural, and historical factors have been cited as impacting on the process. So too have historical and international factors. Moreover, some arguments are more structural in nature, while others focus on leadership and agency. It is useful to order the various arguments under different headings.


title: Democratization

text: Scholars such as Seymour Martin Lipset; Carles Boix and Susan Stokes, and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Stephens, and John Stephens argue that economic development increases the likelihood of democratization. Initially argued by Lipset in 1959, this subsequently been referred to as modernization theory. According to Daniel Treisman, there is "a strong and consistent relationship between higher income and both democratization and democratic survival in the medium term (10–20 years), but not necessarily in shorter time windows." Robert Dahl argued that market economies provided favorable conditions for democratic institutions.