title: No Surprises

text: The song "Bishop's Robes" refers to Yorke's experience of cruelty at school. Though he claims that he suffered no physical punishment as a schoolboy, violence was felt in ghastly mind games, and in the teacher's cruelty: hence the line "bastard headmaster". The song covers similar thematic material as The Smiths' "The Headmaster Ritual", which Radiohead covered in one of their 2007 webcasts. "Bishop's Robes" is also included on the "Street Spirit (Fade Out)" 'CD1' single.


title: No Surprises

text: All songs written by Radiohead (Thom Yorke, Jonny Greenwood, Ed O'Brien, Colin Greenwood and Philip Selway).


title: No Surprises

text: Versions have also been recorded by K's Choice, Luka Bloom, Malia, Blake Morgan, Yaron Herman Trio, Christopher O'Riley, Paige, Peter Jöback, Motorama, Louis Durra, Stanisław Sojka, Scott Matthew, Northern State, and Postmodern Jukebox. American singer songwriter Amanda Palmer recorded a version of this song for her album of Radiohead covers performed on ukulele, "Amanda Palmer Performs the Popular Hits of Radiohead on Her Magical Ukulele". It was also covered by Blake Morgan on his 2006 album "Silencer". A piano interpretation of the song was used in the second episode of the HBO show "Westworld" in 2016. Roman GianArthur, of Janelle Monáe's Wondaland Arts Society, released "OK Lady", an EP of Radiohead R&B mash-up covers including "No Surprises" (featuring Monáe) in the fall of 2015.


title: No Surprises

text: Regina Spektor, alternative pianist and anti-folk musician, released a one-track charity single of the song on April 27, 2010. All proceeds of the song go to the Doctors Without Borders Emergency Relief Fund.


title: Robot series

text: The "Robot" series is a series of 37 science fiction short stories and six novels by American writer Isaac Asimov, featuring positronic robots. Later, Asimov would merge the "Robot" series with his "Foundation" series.


title: Robot series

text: The series started in 1940, with the story "Robbie" in the September 1940 "Super Science Stories" (appearing under the title "Strange Playfellow", which was not Asimov's title). Although it was originally written as a stand-alone story, the following year Asimov published a series of additional robot stories, which fit together into a narrative that was then put together as the book "I, Robot".


title: Robot series

text: Most of Asimov's robot short stories, which he began to write in 1939, are set in the first age of positronic robotics and space exploration. The unique feature of Asimov's robots is the Three Laws of Robotics, hardwired in a robot's positronic brain, with which all robots in his fiction must comply, and which ensure that the robot does not turn against its creators.


title: Robot series

text: The stories were not initially conceived as a set, but rather all feature his positronic robots—indeed, there are some inconsistencies among them, especially between the short stories and the novels. They all share a theme of the interaction of humans, robots, and morality. Some of the short stories found in "The Complete Robot" (1982) and other anthologies appear not to be set in the same universe as the "Foundation" universe. "Victory Unintentional" has positronic robots obeying the Three Laws, but also a non-human civilization on Jupiter. "Let's Get Together" features humanoid robots, but from a different future (where the Cold War is still in progress), and with no mention of the Three Laws. The multiple series offers a sense of completeness, because all of its works are interconnected. Some characters appear in more than one of the stories, and the manufacturer of the robots is often identified as the (fictional) corporation "U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men".


title: Robot series

text: "The Complete Robot" contains most of Asimov's robot short stories. Missing ones were either written after its publication, or formed the text connecting the stories in "I, Robot".


title: Robot series

text: The first book (not a true novel) is "I, Robot" (1950), a collection of nine previously published short stories woven together as a 21st-century interview with "robopsychologist" Dr. Susan Calvin. The next four robot novels "The Caves of Steel" (1953), "The Naked Sun" (1955), "The Robots of Dawn" (1983), and "Robots and Empire" (1985) make up the Elijah Baley (sometimes "Lije Baley") series, and are mysteries starring the Terran Elijah Baley and his humaniform robot partner, R. Daneel Olivaw. They are set thousands of years after the short stories and focus on the conflicts between Spacers — descendants of human settlers from other planets — and the people from an overcrowded Earth. "Mirror Image", one of the short stories from "The Complete Robot" anthology, is also set in this time period (between "The Naked Sun" and "The Robots of Dawn") and features both Baley and Olivaw. Another short story (found in "The Early Asimov" anthology), "Mother Earth", is set about a thousand years before the robot novels, when the Spacer worlds chose to become separated from Earth.


title: Robot series

text: "The Caves of Steel" and "The Naked Sun" are both considered classics of the genre, but the later novels were also well received, with "The Robots of Dawn" nominated for both the Hugo and Locus Awards in 1984, and "Robots and Empire" shortlisted for the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel in 1986.


title: Robot series

text: One source of inspiration for Asimov's robots was the Zoromes, a race of mechanical men that featured in a 1931 short story called "The Jameson Satellite", by Neil R. Jones. Asimov read this story at the age of 11, and acknowledged it as a source of inspiration in "Before the Golden Age" (1975), an anthology of 1930s science fiction in which Asimov told the story of the science fiction he read during his formative years. In Asimov's own words:


title: Robot series

text: It is from the Zoromes, beginning with their first appearance in "The Jameson Satellite," that I got my own feeling for benevolent robots who could serve man with decency, as these had served Professor Jameson. It was the Zoromes, then, who were the spiritual ancestors of my own "positronic robots," all of them, from Robbie to R. Daneel.


title: Robot series

text: The 1989 anthology "Foundation's Friends" included the positronic robot stories "Balance" by Mike Resnick, "Blot" by Hal Clement, "PAPPI" by Sheila Finch, "Plato's Cave" by Poul Anderson, "The Fourth Law of Robotics" by Harry Harrison and "Carhunters of the Concrete Prairie" by Robert Sheckley. Not all of these stories are entirely consistent with the Asimov stories. The anthology also included "Strip-Runner" by Pamela Sargent, set in the era of the Elijah Baley novels.


title: Robot series

text: Shortly before his death in 1992, Asimov approved an outline for three novels ("Caliban", "Inferno", "Utopia") by Roger MacBride Allen, set between "Robots and Empire" and the "Empire" series, telling the story of the terraforming of the Spacer world Inferno, and about the robot revolution started by creating a "No Law" Robot, and then New Law Robots.


title: Robot series

text: There is also another set of novels by various authors (Isaac Asimov's "Robot City", "Robots and Aliens" and "Robots in Time" series), which are not generally considered canon. They are loosely connected to the Robots series, but contain many inconsistencies with Asimov's books.


title: Robot series

text: The Asimov estate authorized the publication of another trilogy of robot mysteries by Mark W. Tiedemann. These novels, which take place several years before Asimov's "Robots and Empire", are "Mirage" (2000), "Chimera" (2001), and "Aurora" (2002). These were followed by yet another robot mystery, Alexander C. Irvine's "Have Robot, Will Travel" (2004), set five years after the Tiedemann trilogy.


title: Robot series

text: In November 2009, the Asimov estate announced the upcoming publication of "Robots and Chaos", the first volume in a trilogy featuring Susan Calvin by fantasy author Mickey Zucker Reichert. The book was published in November 2011 under the title "I, Robot: To Protect", and was later followed by two sequels: "I, Robot: To Obey" (2013) and "I, Robot: To Preserve" (2016).


title: Robot series

text: In the late 1970s, Harlan Ellison wrote a screenplay based on Asimov's book "I, Robot" for Warner Bros. This film project was ultimately abandoned, but Ellison's script was later published in book form as "I, Robot: The Illustrated Screenplay" (1994).


title: Salutation

text: A salutation is a greeting used in a letter or other communication. Salutations can be formal or informal. The most common form of salutation in an English letter is wed by the recipient's given name or title. For each style of salutation there is an accompanying style of complimentary close, known as valediction. Examples of non-written salutations are bowing (common in Japan), waving, or even addressing somebody by their name. A salutation can be interpreted as a form of a signal in which the receiver of the salutation is being acknowledged, respected or thanked.


title: Salutation

text: Another simple but very common example of a salutation is a military salute. By saluting another rank, that person is signalling or showing his or her acknowledgement of the importance or significance of that person and his or her rank. Some greetings are considered vulgar, others "rude" and others "polite".


title: Salutation

text: To address a group of people, "A'ezza'e" for informal correspondence, and in formal correspondence "Sadati" is commonly used and followed by "Al A'ezza'a" or "Almuhtarameen".


title: Salutation

text: To add more formality, it is common to begin the salutation with "Ela" (to), followed by the salutation and a full name.


title: Salutation

text: Formal : "Sa'adat Assayid Ahmed Abdullah", "Sa'adat Assayidah Sarah Ibrahim", "Sadati members of the team Almuh-tarameen".


title: Salutation

text: Common salutation for both formal and informal correspondence : "Sa'adat Alostath Ahmed Abdullah", "Sa'adat Alostatha Sarah Ibrahim".


title: Salutation

text: It is common to conclude the salutation with a Doa such as "May god bless him/her" or "May god protect him/her". This Concluding Doa comes right after the full name of the correspondent.


title: Salutation

text: The salutation "Dear" (প্রিয়) in combination with a name or a title is by far the most commonly used salutation in Bengali, in both formal and informal correspondence. It is commonly followed by either an honorific and a surname, such as "Shrôddheyô" or "Manônīyô" (শ্রদ্ধেয়/মাননীয়), or by a given name, such as "Shrôddheyô/Manônīyô John" (শ্রদ্ধেয়/মাননীয় জন). However, it is not common in Bengali to use "both" a title of address "and" a person's given name: "Shrôddheyô/Manônīyô John Smith" (শ্রদ্ধেয়/মাননীয় জন স্মিথ) would not be correct form.


title: Salutation

text: Dutch has two standard forms of salutation: one formal and the other informal. A person's title and surname always follow the salutation, regardless of formality. The formal salutation, "Geachte", is most commonly used in present formal communication, while the informal salutation "Beste" appears in informal communication. However, there is a tendency, especially among the younger generations, to also use this salutation in formal situations."


title: Salutation

text: If the informal Dutch salutation is used in a formal context, the salutation is followed by a title, a name and a comma:


title: Salutation

text: In Dutch if the first name or initial is included, the prefix is never capitalized. E.g. "Dhr. Van den Berg" (Mr. From the Mountain) is named "Jan" (John) so his name is written with first name as "Jan van den Berg" and with initials as "J. van den Berg". This convention is also used when writing in Dutch to people of foreign nationality. The exception to this rule is when writing to a Flemish person. In that case the rule for Belgian names is used, and the surname prefixes are capitalized as registered.


title: Salutation

text: The salutation "Dear" in combination with a name or a title is by far the most commonly used salutation in both British and US English, in both formal and informal correspondence. It is commonly followed either by an honorific and a surname, such as "Dear Mr. Smith," or by a given name, such as "Dear Mark." However, it is not common in English to use "both" a title of address "and" a person's given name: "Dear Mr. John Smith" would not be common form. Sometimes, the salutation "To" is used for informal correspondence, for example "To Peter".


title: Salutation

text: A comma follows the salutation and name, while a colon is used in place of a comma only in US business correspondence. This rule applies regardless of the level of formality of the correspondence.


title: Salutation

text: In older British usage and current US usage, the abbreviations "Mx", "Ms", "Mr", "Dr", and "Mrs" are typically followed by a period (full stop), but it is common in recent British usage to drop the period after all such titles. Professional titles such as "Professor" are frequently used both in business and in social correspondence, as are those of dignitaries and holders of certain public offices, such as "Mr. President" or "Dear Madam Secretary".


title: Salutation

text: "Mx." is an English–language neologistic honorific for use alongside Mr., Ms., etc. that does not indicate gender. It is often the only option for nonbinary people, as well as those who do not wish to reveal their gender. It is a gender-neutral title that is now accepted by much of the United Kingdom's government and some businesses in the United Kingdom.


title: Salutation

text: "Ms." is the marital-status-neutral honorific for an adult woman and may be applied in cases in which the marital status is irrelevant or unknown to the author. For example, if one is writing a business letter to a woman, "Ms." is acceptable. "Mrs." denotes an adult female who is married. "Miss" can apply to specifically unmarried women, however, the term is being replaced more and more by "Ms." "Miss" can apply to an unmarried woman or more generally to a younger woman.


title: Salutation

text: "Miss" is the proper form of address for female children and unmarried women, although some consider the latter use to be dated. "Master" is used in formal situations for addressing boys typically aged under 16, after which it is "Mr." "Master" in this case is of old English origin.


title: Salutation

text: "Messrs." or "Messieurs" is a historically used term to address many men rather than "Mr Pink, Mr White, et al." Messrs is the abbreviation (pronounced "messers") for messieurs and is used in English. Mesdames addresses many women; pronounced "Meydammes".


title: Salutation

text: On occasion, one may use "Sir" or "Madam" by itself as the salutation, with nothing preceding. The severe and old-fashioned formality of such a salutation makes it appropriate for very formal correspondence (for example, addressing a head of state, or a letter to the editor), but in the same way, the formality and stiffness of such a salutation would make its use in friendly social correspondence inappropriate.


title: Salutation

text: The standard French salutation uses the normal style of address to the recipient of the letter, followed by a comma:


title: Salutation

text: When writing specifically to a female where her marital status is irrelevant and/or unknown, the author should use "Madame", unless she is a child. When writing to an adult woman, one uses "Madame", unless one knows the person prefers "Mademoiselle".


title: Salutation

text: According to a traditional custom which is sometimes still followed by some people, one could also use "Mademoiselle" when writing to a female artist (actress, singer, etc.), regardless of the marital status and age of the person.


title: Salutation

text: When the gender of the person to whom one is writing is unknown, the appropriate salutation is (on two lines)


title: Salutation

text: In the case where the author knows the recipient well or is on friendly terms with him or her, one may add "Cher/Chère" in front of the address:


title: Salutation

text: A salutation using "Chère/Cher" and a title ("Madame/Monsieur/Docteur") followed by a person's name (e.g. "Cher Monsieur Dupuis") used to be considered incorrect. However, maybe following English usage, such a construction is now rather common and deemed relatively formal.


title: Salutation

text: In case the author and the recipients are close friends or intimates, one may use the given name of the recipient immediately after "Cher/Chère".


title: Salutation

text: In case they are family, they may use their familial link preceded by "Cher/Chère". This is almost compulsory if the author is a younger member of the family (child to parent, nephew to aunt/uncle, grandchild to grandparent, godchild to godparent) and is left to the author's discretion in other cases.


title: Salutation

text: In French, the abbreviation for Monsieur is M.—the English "Mr." is incorrect though often used, especially by banks.


title: Salutation

text: In this case, one should always use "Madame", and never "Mademoiselle". In Québécois usage, many titles will be rendered in the feminine, contrary to practice in France (i.e. "Madame la Présidente, Madame la Professeure, Madame la Directrice.")


title: Salutation

text: If the recipient is a doctor, it is possible to use "Docteur," or, more formally, "Monsieur/Madame le Docteur," or, more casually, "Cher Docteur", as salutation.


title: Salutation

text: This is often done for doctors of medicine. For other doctors, it is not common, even if the use is increasing, following the Anglo-Saxon custom. Basically one has to be consistent with the address: a letter sent to "Dr N. N." will use a salutation formula including "Docteur", whereas a letter sent to "M./Mme N. N." will not.


title: Salutation

text: If the recipient is a lawyer, notary (or various other legal positions), the proper salutation will be "Maître" ("Master").


title: Salutation

text: For some specific professions (lawyers, physicians, for instance), two persons exercising the same such profession will always use "Cher Confrère" (feminine: "Chère Consœur").


title: Salutation

text: German has two types of general salutations that are mutually distinguishable from one another—a formal and an informal form.


title: Salutation

text: The formal form distinguishes between the male or female gender of the recipient as a matter of courtesy. The male formal salutation begins with "Sehr geehrter Herr", while the female formal salutation begins with "Sehr geehrte Frau". Both formal salutations are followed by the recipient's academic degree (if any) and the recipient's family name (e.g. "Sehr geehrter Herr Schmidt" or "Sehr geehrte Frau Dr. Schmidt"). It is possible but uncommon to include the full name (e.g. "Sehr geehrter Herr Johann Schmidt"). With an unknown recipient, "Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren" (meaning "Dear Sir or Madam") is used with no variation on this. Due to insufficient functionality of computer software used for mass communication, some companies tend to use more clumsy gender neutral formal salutations (e. g. "Sehr geehrte(r) Herr/ Frau Schmidt").


title: Salutation

text: Informal salutations in German tend to begin with "Hallo", meaning "hello", which is used universally, written and spoken, and which is gender neutral. Depending on the region, informal salutations also tend to begin with "Moin" (north of Hannover), "Servus" (typically in the south and south west), or other words, although only used by locals. A more personal informal salutation begins with "Lieber" (male) or "Liebe" (female), meaning "dear", (e.g. "Lieber Paul", "Liebe Annette")—the latter should only be used if the recipient has been actually met in person or similar. It should be used with care because it can be otherwise perceived as patronizing or inappropriate, depending on the difference in age or social status.


title: Salutation

text: Specific salutations appear in German very similar to the way they do in English, with the exception that in the address block of a letter German must include all or multiple salutations that can be abbreviated "Herr Dr. Schmidt", or "Herr Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. Krämer", and can leave out the "Herr" or "Frau". While in the opening of a letter the direct salutation is reduced to only the most important title "Sehr geehrter Herr Dr. Schmidt", or "Sehr geehrter Herr Professor Krämer". The same applies to female variant, "Sehr geehrte Frau Prof. Krämer".


title: Salutation

text: In position of the English "Dear" are the words पूज्य (Pūjya), आदरणीय (Ādaraṇīya), or प्रिय(Priya) (from most formal to most informal), for social writing (e.g., relatives/friends). They would not usually be used for business writing. The second may be used in some instances, for example if writing to a teacher.


title: Salutation

text: Formal ways of salutation include "Shri", "Sriman", "Shrimati", "Chiranjīv", "Chiranjīvī. Of these, "Shri" and "Shrimaan" are used to respectfully address married (or presumed married) men. "Shrimati" (Abbr: "Smt.") is used for married women.


title: Salutation

text: Shri is most commonly used salutation in Hindi for a married male, while for a married woman, Shrimati is used. For unmarried and young boys Kumar is used, whereas Kumari is the salutation used for unmarried and young girls.


title: Salutation

text: The standard Italian salutation uses the normal style of address to the recipient of the letter, followed by a comma:


title: Salutation

text: Written salutation includes "Sreeman/Sree" (ശ്രീമാൻ/ശ്രീ) for men and "Sreemathi" (ശ്രീമതി) for women. The language also uses Bahumaanappetta, Aadaranieya (ബഹുമാനപ്പെട്ട, ആദരണീയ) for both genders which has a meaning similar to `Respected` in English. In Malayalam, a formal speech begins with Namaskaaram, Vandanam (നമസ്കാരം, വന്ദനം) and ends with Krithanjatha, Nandi (കൃതജ്ഞത, നന്ദി)


title: Salutation

text: In Persian language, formal and informal phrases are used for salutation and they are referred to as "ehteramat" (احترامات):


title: Salutation

text: If the corresponding person is a doctor or holds Ph.D, or he or she is an engineer, Doktor (دکتر) or Mohandes (مهندس) must be added to the titles respectively. Same rules is practiced in military environments.


title: Salutation

text: The standard formal Portuguese salutation uses an addressing expression such as "Caro" (Dear) or "Excelentíssimo Senhor" (Most Excellent Sir), followed by the addressee titles (e.g. "Eng.") and addressee name.


title: Salutation

text: Most expressions must be modified to account for addressee gender and number. Caro, for example, becomes:


title: Salutation

text: Addressee titles can be professional and are often preceded by "Sr." (Mr.) and almost always abbreviated (e.g. "Arquitecto" – "Arq." (Architect), "Engenheiro" – "Eng." (Engineer), "Padre" – "Pe." (Priest)). An exception to this rule is the Medical Doctor ("Médico Doutor"), often addressed as "Doutor", being the abbreviation "Dr." instead used to address anyone holding a baccalaureate degree. Each military or ecclesiastic rank has one abbreviation, and, historically, nobility ranks also had one—for example, one of the ways of addressing the Portuguese Monarch would be "Sua Majestade" (Your Majesty) abbreviated as "S.M." .


title: Salutation

text: Informal salutations may or may not be followed by the name of the addressee, and almost never contain any titles.


title: Salutation

text: When addressing a formal letter whose recipient is not known by name, the salutation of preference is "Stimate Domn, Stimată Doamnă" (equivalent to "Dear Sir or Madam" in English). When the recipient is known by name, "Stimate Domnule" or "Stimată Doamnă", followed by the person's last name, is used for a man or a woman respectively. For unmarried women, "Stimată Domnișoară" is acceptable for close relations, though this title is falling out of use in written communication and can be considered inappropriate or offensive.


title: Salutation

text: When the addressee has additional titles, such as "Doctor" or "Profesor", they are interposed between "Domnule"/"Doamnă" and the person's last name, although it is sometimes acceptable to drop the last name altogether when the intended recipient is clear. It is also preferred to write out a person's title when addressing a letter and abbreviations such as "Prof." or "Acad." are best avoided. An exception is "Dr." for "Doctor", which is still acceptable in the salutation. If the recipient has multiple titles, generally only the most important one is used.


title: Salutation

text: For women, it is current practice to use the masculine form of the title, preferring, for instance, "Doamnă Director" instead of "Doamnă Directoare". Some titles may lose their intended meaning when used in their feminine form. For instance, "Profesor"/"Profesoară" are titles which may be associated with a male/female school teacher. When used to mean a university professor ("profesor universitar"), however, only the masculine form carries this meaning. The feminine "profesoară universitară" is not in common use.


title: Salutation

text: In very formal situations there can be slight variations in the choice of wording. Most often, more emphasis is added to the adjective "stimat" (esteemed), becoming "mult stimat" (much esteemed) or "onorat" (honoured). When addressing groups, the latter is preferred.


title: Salutation

text: The most widespread salutation for informal letters is, by a large margin, "dragă" (equivalent to English "dear"). This can be used independently of the recipient's gender and is normally followed by the first name. An alternative which is less familiar is "salut" (equivalent to English "hi", "hello"), followed by the first name. This version is typical of the workplace, where using "dragă" would be too familiar.


title: Salutation

text: During Romania's communist period, it was generally frowned upon to use "domn"/"doamnă" (meaning "Mr."/"Mrs.") to address people, preferring "tovarăș" (comrade) or "cetățean" (citizen) instead. This was reflected in written communication from that period. Today, society has reverted to using "domn"/"doamnă" as the standard way to address or refer to others. Today, salutations using the distinctly communist-sounding "tovarăș" or "cetățean" are only used in closed communist circles or humorously.


title: Salutation

text: The oldest surviving document written in Romanian, a 16th-century letter from a Wallachian boyar to the mayor of Brașov, contained a salutation in Slavonic, a "lingua franca" of the region at that time.


title: Salutation

text: "Mudromu I plemenitomu, I cistitomu I B[o]gom darovannomu zupan Hanăș Begner ot Brașov mnog[o] zdravie ot Nécșul ot Dlugopole." (To the most wise and noble and honoured and by God gifted master Hanăș Bengner [that is, Johannes Benkner] from Brașov, much health from Neacșu from Câmpulung.)


title: Salutation

text: Various forms of salutation in Telugu are as follows: "Sri / Shri" ( శ్రీ ) is used to address men, "Srimathi / Shrimathi" ( శ్రీమతి ) is reserved for married woman. Unmarried girls are usually addressed as "Kumari" ( కుమారి ). In addressing a person in letter, usually in case of elders, "Poojyulaina" (పూజ్యులైన / పూజ్యనీయులైన) is often used although "Ganga Bhagirathi Samanulaina" ( గంగా భాఘీరతి సమానులైన )is used for female elders. When addressing a person who is younger, "Chiranjeevi" ( చిరంజీవి ) is commonly used irrespective of all genders. "Kumari" ( కుమారి ) is sometimes used for unmarried women and "Chiranjeevi Lakshmi Sowbhagyavathi ( చిరంజీవి లక్ష్మీ సౌభాగ్యవతి ), Chi. La. Sow. ( ఛి. ల. సౌ. ) in short for married women


title: Salutation

text: In addition, a suffix "garu" ( గారు ) is added as a respect or to address an elderly person irrespective of gender.


title: Salutation

text: In Turkish, there are two forms of salutations, formal and informal. Like most other languages, gender doesn't play a role in the salutation. When addressing somebody in formal writing, one can use "Sayın "Surname"" without having to refer to the gender. If the title of the recipient is known, it is better to use it in place of the name, as in "Sayın Doktor".


title: Salutation

text: In a formal salutation, if the recipient's name is unknown, one uses "Sayın Yetkili", which is similar to "Dear Sir/Madam" in English.


title: Salutation

text: These salutations are used with the first names. When the surname is intended to be used, it is combined with "Sayin" instead. If a lady is named "Nihan Erten" for instance, she is referred to as either ""Nihan Hanim"" or ""Sayin Erten"".


title: Salutation

text: When an older person salutes a younger one in a formal way, he/she can refer to the younger person as "Hanim kizim" for females and "Bey oglum" for males where "kizim" is intended as "daughter" and "oglum" is intended as "son". In the informal way "Kizim" and "Oglum" are enough without having to use "Hanim/Bey".


title: Salutation

text: In an informal salutation, one can also use "Sevgili "Name"", which has almost the same meaning with "Dear "Name"".


title: Salutation

text: In correspondence and during conversations, Ukrainian speakers use the words "Шановний/Шановна" (Shanovnyy/Shanovna) or "Вельмишановний/Вельмишановна" (according to male/female gender) as a salutation, followed by the given name (sometimes also uses patronymic). Salutation to unknown persons often use "Пане/Пані" (Pane/Pani) (according to gender) or "Панове", "Панство" (Panove/Panstvo) (to unknown parties).


title: Lewes

text: Lewes () is the county town of East Sussex, England. It is the police and judicial centre for all of Sussex and is home to Sussex Police, East Sussex Fire & Rescue Service, Lewes Crown Court and HMP Lewes. The civil parish is the centre of the Lewes local government district and the seat of East Sussex County Council at East Sussex County Hall.


title: Lewes

text: A traditional market town and centre of communications, in 1264 it was the site of the Battle of Lewes. The town's landmarks include Lewes Castle, Lewes Priory, Bull House (the former home of Thomas Paine), Southover Grange and public gardens, and a 16th-century timber-framed Wealden hall house known as Anne of Cleves House. Other notable features of the area include the Glyndebourne festival, the Lewes Bonfire celebrations and the Lewes Pound.


title: Lewes

text: The place-name 'Lewes' is first attested in an Anglo-Saxon charter circa 961 AD, where it appears as "Læwe". It appears as "Lewes" in the Domesday Book of 1086. The addition of the <-s> suffix seems to have been part of a broader trend of Anglo-Norman scribes pluralising Anglo-Saxon place-names (a famous example being their rendering of "Lunden" as "Londres", hence the modern French name for London).


title: Lewes

text: The traditional derivation of "Læwe", first posited by the Tudor antiquarian Laurence Nowell, derives it from the Old English language word "hlæw", meaning 'hill' or 'barrow', presumably referring to School Hill (on which the historic centre of Lewes stands) or to one of the five ancient burial mounds, all now levelled, in the vicinity of St John sub Castro.


title: Lewes

text: However, this etymology has been challenged by the Swedish philologist Rune Forsberg on the grounds that the loss of the initial in "hlæw" would be unlikely phonologically in this context. He suggested that the name "Læwe" instead derives from the rare Old English word "lǣw" ('wound, incision'), and reflects the fact that from the top of School Hill Lewes overlooks the narrow, steep-sided 'gash' where the River Ouse cuts through the line of the South Downs. This theory was endorsed in 2011 by "A Dictionary of British Place Names".


title: Lewes

text: A third possibility has been advanced by Richard Coates, who has argued that "Læwe" derives from "lexowia", an Old English word meaning 'hillside, slope' (of which there is no shortage in the Lewes area). This unusual word was borrowed into Old English from Old Welsh, the Modern Welsh spelling being "llechwedd".


title: Lewes

text: Lewes is located at the point where the River Ouse flows through a narrow gap in the east-west line of the South Downs. The immense strategic value of the site, which is able to command traffic between the Channel coast and the Sussex interior, was recognised as early as the Iron Age, when a hill-fort was built on Mount Caburn, the steep-sided hill that overlooks the Ouse (and the modern town of Lewes) from the east.


title: Lewes

text: During the Roman period there was an aristocratic villa at Beddingham, at the foot of Mount Caburn, and there have been several finds of Roman coins and pottery sherds in Lewes itself. The Victorian historian Thomas Walker Horsfield therefore reckoned that there must have been a Roman settlement on the site, and he identified it with the otherwise unlocatable town of "Mutuantonis". Another antiquarian, John Elliot, even suggested that central Lewes's distinctive network of twittens was based on the layout of a Roman legionary fortress; however modern historians are rather more cautious about the possibility of a Roman Lewes, as there is as yet no archaeological evidence for a built-up area dating back to the Roman period.


title: Lewes

text: The earliest phase of Anglo-Saxon settlement in Sussex was concentrated between the Rivers Ouse and Cuckmere, and Anglo-Saxon finds begin to appear in Lewes from the sixth century. The town of Lewes was probably founded around this time, and it may have been one of the most important settlements in the Kingdom of Sussex, along with Chichester and Hastings, though the evidence for this early period is very sketchy.


title: Lewes

text: By the ninth century, the Kingdom of Sussex had been annexed to the Kingdom of Wessex, and in 838 Ecgberht, King of Wessex donated the estate of Malling, on the opposite side of the Ouse from Lewes, to the Archbishop of Canterbury. As a result the Parish of Malling became a 'peculiar', which means that the parish was directly subject to the Archbishop of Canterbury rather than the Bishop of Chichester like every other parish in Sussex. Malling would retain this anomalous status until as late as 1845.


title: Lewes

text: Information about Lewes becomes much more plentiful from the reign of Alfred the Great onward, as it was one of the towns which he fortified as part of the network of "burhs" he established in response to the Viking raids. The peace and stability brought by Alfred and his successors evidently stimulated economic activity in the area, for in the late Anglo-Saxon period Lewes seems to have been a thriving boom town – during the reign of Alfred's grandson Æthelstan it was assigned two royal moneyers, more than any other mint in Sussex, and according to Domesday Book it generated £26 of revenue for the crown in 1065, almost twice the amount of any other town in the county.


title: Lewes

text: After the Norman invasion, William the Conqueror rewarded his retainer William de Warenne by making him Earl of Surrey and granting him the Rape of Lewes, a strip of land stretching along the Ouse valley from the coast to the Surrey boundary. De Warenne constructed Lewes Castle within the walls of the Saxon "burh", while his wife Gundreda founded the Priory of St Pancras, a Cluniac monastic house, in about 1081.


title: Lewes

text: During the Second Barons' War, King Henry III was ambushed at Lewes by a force of rebel barons led by Simon de Montfort. Henry marched out to fight de Montfort, leading to a pitched battle on the hills above the town (roughly in the area of modern Landport Bottom). The king's son Prince Edward, commanding the right wing of the royal army, succeeded in driving off some of the baronial forces, but he got carried away with the pursuit, which took him as far as Offham. In Edward's absence the remainder of the royal army was attacked by de Montfort and Gilbert de Clare and decisively defeated. The king's brother Richard of Cornwall was captured, and the king himself was forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, a document which does not survive but was probably aimed at forcing Henry to uphold the Provisions of Oxford. Despite this uncertainty about its consequences, the battle is often seen as an important milestone in the development of English democracy.


title: Lewes

text: The de Warenne family died out with Earl John in 1347, whereupon lordship of the Rape of Lewes passed to his sororal nephew Richard Fitzalan, 4th Earl of Arundel. Fitzalan preferred to reside at Arundel Castle rather than at Lewes, and the town therefore lost the prestige and economic advantages associated with being the seat of an important magnate. This was only the beginning of a series of misfortunes that struck Lewes, for in 1348 the Black Death arrived in England and later on in the century the Hundred Years War led to a series of French and Castilian raids on Sussex, which badly disrupted trade. On one occasion in 1377 the Prior of St Pancras, John de Charlieu, was abducted by the raiders and held to ransom. Furthermore, after the main branch of the Fitzalan family died out in 1439, the Rape of Lewes was subsequently partitioned between the three sororal nephews of the last earl, namely John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Edward Neville, 3rd Baron Bergavenny, and Edmund Lenthall. As a result of this dismemberment the district became even more neglected by its lords, although feudal politics was starting to become less important anyway due to the centralising reforms of the Yorkist and Tudor kings.


title: Lewes

text: The English Reformation was begun by one of these Tudor monarchs, Henry VIII, and as part of this process the monasteries of England were dissolved; Lewes Priory was consequently demolished in 1538 and its property seized by the crown. Henry's daughter Mary I reversed the religious policy of England, and during the resulting Marian Persecutions of 1555–1557, Lewes was the site of the execution of seventeen Protestant martyrs, most of them actually from the Weald rather than Lewes itself, who were burned at the stake in front of the Star Inn (now the site of Lewes Town Hall). Commemoration of the martyrs is one of the main purposes of Lewes Bonfire, and a stone memorial to the martyrs was unveiled on Cliffe Hill in 1901.


title: Lewes

text: Lewesian politics was dominated by a strongly Puritan faction in the reign of Charles I, and during the English Civil War it was one of the most important Parliamentarian strongholds in Sussex. As such it became the target of a royalist attack in December 1642, but the royalist army was intercepted and defeated at the Battle of Muster Green by Parliamentarian forces commanded by Herbert Morley, one of the two Members of Parliament (MPs) for Lewes.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes recovered relatively quickly after the Civil War, and prospered during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It had always been one of the principal market towns of Sussex, as well as an important port, and by the end of the Georgian era it also had well-developed textiles, iron, brewing, and ship-building industries.


title: Lewes

text: The severe winter of 1836–7 led to a large build-up of snow on Cliffe Hill, whose sheer western face directly overlooks the town. On Tuesday 27 December 1836 this snow cornice collapsed, and the resulting Lewes avalanche was the deadliest ever recorded in Britain. The avalanche struck the cottages on Boulters Row (now part of South Street), burying fifteen people, of whom eight died. A pub in South Street is named "The Snowdrop" in memory of the event.


title: Lewes

text: In 1846 the town became a railway junction, with lines constructed from the north, south and east to two railway stations. The development of Newhaven ended Lewes's period as a major port. During the Crimean War, some 300 Finns who had served in the Russian army during the Åland War and been captured at Bomarsund were imprisoned in the naval prison at Lewes. Lewes became a borough in 1881. Lewes Town Hall opened in 1893 in premises converted from the former Star Inn and in 1913 Council Offices were added in Arts-and-Crafts style.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes Victoria Hospital opened in 1909 in its current premises, as Victoria Hospital and Infirmary, having previously been on School Hill where it opened as the Lewes Dispensary and Infirmary in 1855.


title: Lewes

text: In October 2000 the town suffered major flooding during an intense period of severe weather throughout the United Kingdom. The commercial centre of the town and many residential areas were devastated. In a government report into the nationwide flooding, Lewes was officially noted the most severely affected location. As a result of the devastation, the Lewes Flood Action group formed, to press for better flood protection measures.


title: Lewes

text: The name Lewes is also the name of the parliamentary constituency and the local district council as well as Lewes Town Council. Lewes is also where the East Sussex County Council has its main offices, located at County Hall in St Anne's Crescent. Lewes District Council is administered from offices in Southover House on Southover Road. Lewes Town Council is based in Lewes Town Hall on Lewes High Street.


title: Lewes

text: For many years, Lewes was dominated by the Conservatives at local level. In 1991, however, the Liberal Democrats won the District Council for the first time, and the constituency returned a Liberal Democrat MP for the first time in 1997. The Conservatives won back control of the District Council in 2011, and strengthened this position in 2015. The elections in May 2019 made the Conservatives the largest party but without overall control of the Council. A Co-operative Alliance of Greens, Liberal Democrats, Labour and Independents succeeded in ousting the Conservative Leader in July 2019 and electing the first Green Leader of the Council, Zoe Nicholson who appointed a Cabinet of Co-operative Alliance Members. The Chair of the Council is Stephen Gauntlett, Liberal Democrat.


title: Lewes

text: The Parliamentary constituency Lewes (UK Parliament constituency) has also been held the Conservatives since the 1870s, with the exception of the period from 1997 to 2015 when Liberal Democrat Norman Baker held the seat for 18 years, before being defeated by Maria Caulfield who retained her seat in the 2017 and 2019 general elections.


title: Lewes

text: In organisational terms, Lewes became one of the non-county boroughs within the then Sussex, East county under the Local Government Act 1933. In 1974, Lewes District Council was formed on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of the former borough of Lewes along with Newhaven and Seaford urban districts and Chailey Rural District. The election in 2015 was the first time in which Green Councillors had been elected to the Lewes District Council, all from the wards in the town of Lewes.


title: Lewes

text: The town of Lewes became a civil parish with the title of town; there are four wards, Bridge – 5 Councillors, Castle – 4, Central – 1 and Priory – 8.


title: Lewes

text: The representation from Lewes wards at local government levels, as at the latest elections (2019 for the Town and District Councils and 2017 for the County Council), is as follows.


title: Lewes

text: On 31 March 2009 Hilary Benn, Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, announced his decision to confirm the designation of the South Downs National Park, which came into being exactly one year later and includes the town of Lewes within its boundaries.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes is situated on the Greenwich or Prime Meridian, in a gap in the South Downs, cut through by the River Ouse, and near its confluence with the Winterbourne Stream. It is approximately seven miles north of Newhaven, and an equal distance north-east of Brighton.


title: Lewes

text: The South Downs rise above the river on both banks. The High Street, and earliest settlement, occupies the west bank, climbing steeply up from the bridge taking its ancient route along the ridge; the summit on that side, 2.5 miles (4 km) distant is known as Mount Harry. On the east bank there is a large chalk cliff, Cliffe Hill that can be seen for many miles, part of the group of hills including Mount Caburn, Malling Down (where there are a few houses in a wooded area on the hillside, in a development known as Cuilfail) and Golf Hill (home to the Lewes Golf Club). The two banks of the river are joined by Willey's Bridge (a footbridge), the Phoenix Causeway (a recent concrete road bridge, named after the old Phoenix Ironworks) and Cliffe Bridge (an 18th-century replacement of the mediaeval crossing, widened in the 1930s and now semi-pedestrianised).


title: Lewes

text: The High Street runs from Eastgate to West-Out, forming the spine of the ancient town. Cliffe Hill gives its name to the one-time village of Cliffe, now part of the town. The southern part of the town, Southover, came into being as a village adjacent to the Priory, south of the Winterbourne Stream. At the north of the town's original wall boundary is the St. John's or Pells area, home to several 19th-century streets and the Pells Pond. The Pells Pool, built in 1860, is the oldest freshwater "lido" in England. The Phoenix Industrial Estate lies along the west bank of the river and contains a number of light industrial and creative industry uses, as well as car parks and a fire station. A potential regeneration project (formerly "The North Street Quarter", renamed "The Phoenix Project" by the Lewes-based eco-development company Human Nature which took on ownership of the land in December 2020) for the area would be the largest in Lewes since the South Malling residential area was developed in the 1950s and 1960s and in the South Downs since it became a National Park.


title: Lewes

text: Malling lies to the east of the river and had 18th- and 19th-century houses and two notable breweries. Road engineering and local planning policy in the 1970s cleared many older buildings here to allow the flow of traffic; the main road route east from the town now goes along Little East Street, across the Phoenix Bridge and through the Cuilfail Tunnel to join the A27.


title: Lewes

text: The town boundaries were enlarged twice (from the original town walls), in 1881 and 1934. They now include the more modern housing estates of Wallands, South Malling (the west part of which is a previously separate village with a church dedicated to St. Michael), Nevill, Lansdown and Cranedown on the Kingston Road.


title: Lewes

text: Countryside walks can be taken starting from several points in Lewes. One can walk on Mount Caburn to the village of Glynde starting in Cliffe, traverse the Lewes Brooks (an RSPB reserve) from Southover, walk to Kingston near Lewes also from Southover, head up Landport Bottom to Mount Harry and Black Cap along the edge of the old Lewes Racecourse, or wander up along the Ouse to Hamsey Place from the Pells. The South Downs Way crosses the Ouse just south of Lewes at Southease and hikers often stop off at the town. A new route reaching the town at the Railway Land – the Egrets Way – initially conceived in 2011 by the Ouse Valley Cycle Network, has been designed as a network of walking and cycling paths linking Lewes and Newhaven with the villages in between.


title: Lewes

text: Three Sites of Special Scientific Interest lie within the parish: Lewes Downs, Lewes Brooks and Southerham Works Pit. Lewes Downs is a site of biological interest, an isolated area of the South Downs. Lewes Brooks, also of biological importance, is part of the floodplain of the River Ouse, providing a habitat for many invertebrates such as water beetles and snails. Southerham Works Pit is of geological interest, a disused chalk pit displaying a wide variety of fossilised fish remains. The Railway Land nature reserve is on the east side of the town next to the Ouse, and contains an area of woodland and marshes, which now includes the Heart of Reeds, a sculpted reed bed designed by local land artist Chris Drury. The Winterbourne stream, a tributary of the Ouse, flows through it. This stream flows most winters and dries up in the summer, hence its name. It continues through Lewes going through the Grange Gardens and often travelling underground. The Heart of Reeds is one of the sites in East Sussex and Kent home to the marsh frog, an introduced species. It is popular with pond-dippers and walkers. A centre for the study of environmental change is due to be built at the entrance to the nature reserve.


title: Lewes

text: Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).


title: Lewes

text: The Roman Catholic church is dedicated to St. Pancras in memory of the Priory and is a red-brick building over the street from St. Anne's.


title: Lewes

text: In 2001 the service industries were by far the biggest employers in Lewes: over 60% of the population working in that sector. A little over 10% are employed in manufacturing, mostly in the smaller industrial units.


title: Lewes

text: The town is a net daytime exporter of employees with a significant community working in London and Brighton whilst it draws in employees of the numerous local government and public service functions on which its local economy is strongly dependent.


title: Lewes

text: An important part of the town's economy is based on tourism, because of the town's many historic attractions and its location.


title: Lewes

text: As referenced in the governance section, the town is also where three tiers of local government have their headquarters, and the head office of Sussex Police is also in Lewes.


title: Lewes

text: The town's most important annual event is the Lewes Bonfire celebrations on 5 November, Guy Fawkes Night. In Lewes this event not only marks the date of the uncovering of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605, but also commemorates the memory of the seventeen Protestant martyrs burnt at the stake for their faith during the Marian Persecutions. The celebrations, which controversially involve burning an effigy of Pope Paul V, who was pope during the Gunpowder Plot, are the largest and most famous Bonfire Night celebrations in the country.


title: Lewes

text: The Lewes Chamber of Commerce represents the traders and businesses of the town. The town has been identified as unusually diversified with numerous specialist, independent retailers, counter to national trends toward 'chain' retailers and large corporate retail outlets.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes Farmers' Market, one of the first in the UK, was started in the 1990s by Common Cause Co-operative Ltd and is a popular re-invention of Lewes as a market town. The Farmers' Market takes place in pedestrianised Cliffe High Street on the first and third Saturdays of every month, with local food producers coming to sell their wares under covered market stalls. A weekly food market in the Lewes Market Tower was established in July 2010 by Transition Town Lewes to allow traders to sell local produce. Occasionally French traders from the twin town of Blois attend, vending on Cliffe Bridge.


title: Lewes

text: From 1794 beers, wines and spirits were distributed from Lewes under the "Harveys" name, and the town is today the site of Harvey & Son's brewery celebrated as one of the finest ale producers in England.


title: Lewes

text: In September 2008, Lewes launched its own currency, the Lewes Pound, in an effort to increase trade within the town. One Lewes Pound is equal to £1. Like the similar local currency in Totnes, the initiative is part of the Transition Towns movement. The Lewes Pound and the Transition Towns movement have received criticism for a failure to address the needs of the wider Lewes population, especially lower socio-economic groups. Such local currency initiatives have been more widely criticised in light of limited success stimulating new spending in local economies and as an unrealistic strategy to reduce carbon emissions. The Lewes Pound can be exchanged for the same amount of pounds sterling in several shops in Lewes and can be spent in a wide range of local businesses. Many of the notes were sold on eBay at a higher amount. Early numbers and sequenced notes fetched very high prices from foreign collectors.


title: Lewes

text: The town is the location of several significant historic buildings, including Lewes Castle, the remains of Lewes Priory, Bull House (the former home of Thomas Paine), Southover Grange and public gardens, and a 16th-century timber-framed Wealden hall house known as Anne of Cleves House because it was given to her as part of her divorce settlement from Henry VIII, though she never lived there. Anne of Cleves House and the castle are owned and maintained by the Sussex Archaeological Society (whose headquarters are in Lewes). The Round House, a secluded former windmill in Pipe Passage, was owned by the writer Virginia Woolf.


title: Lewes

text: The steep and cobbled Keere Street is home to many historic buildings, including a timber framed antiquarian bookshop. The gardens of the buildings on the east side of the street border the old Town Walls. The Prince Regent once drove his carriage down the street, and a sign at the bottom commemorates this event.


title: Lewes

text: The ancient street pattern survives extensively as do a high proportion of the medieval building plots and oak framed houses, albeit often masked with later facades. The 18th-century frontages are notable and include several, like Bartholomew House at the Castle Gate, that are clad in mathematical tiles which mimic fine brick construction. Numerous streets of 18th- and 19th-century cottages have survived cycles of slum clearance as models of attractive town housing.


title: Lewes

text: At the highest point of the old town the Portland stone and Coade stone facade of the Crown Court (1808–12, by John Johnson), the brick Market Tower and florid Lewes War Memorial mark the historic centre, although trade has tended to concentrate on the lower land in modern times. At the lowest part of the town, by the river, Harvey & Son's Brewery, 'The Cathedral of Lewes' is an unspoilt 19th-century tower brewery and is the only one of the town's five original major breweries still in use. Nearby Fitzroy House is a George Gilbert Scott designed building, constructed as a library in memory of Lewes MP Henry FitzRoy in 1862 and now a private residence. The railway station is the other important monument of the industrial era.


title: Lewes

text: Southover Grange is a grade II*listed Tudor manor house built in 1572 with Caen limestone taken from the ruins of Lewes Priory. The house and its gardens were bought by Lewes District Council and opened to the public in 1945. The house is now owned by East Sussex County Council, and it is currently being refurbished into a wedding venue, registry office and community facility. The east wing is leased to an art shop and the Window café (open in spring and summer). The Grange gardens are divided by the Winterbourne stream and contain formal bedding displays, a wildflower area, a knot garden and some notable trees, including a large Magnolia grandiflora, a mulberry tree dating perhaps to the 17th century and a tulip tree planted by Queen Elizabeth II. The gardens are open to the public during daylight hours all year round.


title: Lewes

text: Pelham House dates back to the 16th century and features architecture of all subsequent eras and a private landscaped garden facing the Downs. It now serves as an independent hotel. The Shelleys, also now a hotel, is likewise of some antiquity with a private garden and family associations with Percy Shelley.


title: Lewes

text: The centre of Lewes is notable for a consistently high calibre of regional vernacular architecture and variety of historic construction materials and techniques. A comprehensive survey of all historical plaques was conducted in 2013 by a local civic society, the Friends of Lewes.


title: Lewes

text: A distinctive feature of the centre of Lewes is the network of alleyways or 'twittens' which run north–south on either side of the High Street and date back to Anglo-Saxon times. According to the Dictionary of the Sussex dialect and collection of provincialisms in use in the county of Sussex published in Lewes in 1875. "Twitten is a narrow path between two walls or hedges, especially on hills. For example, small passageways leading between two buildings to courtyards, streets, or open areas behind". Some twittens (e.g. Broomans Lane, Church Twitten, Green Lane, Paine's Twitten) remain flint-wall-lined pedestrian thoroughfares, others (e.g. Watergate Lane, St Andrew's Lane and renamed Station Street (formerly St Mary's Lane)) are now narrow usually one-way roads. The most notable of all Lewes' twittens is Keere Street. A weekly Sunday morning run up and down all the twittens on the south side of the High Street – the so-called Twitten Run – has operated in the town since November 2015.


title: Lewes

text: With Eric Gill's move to Ditchling, the artistic community there gave rise to other sculptors in the Lewes district such as his nephew John Skelton and Joseph Cribb. Skelton's studio in Streat has continued as an educational and artist's workshop since his death in 1999. Eric Gill and Jacob Epstein conceived "a great scheme for doing some colossal figures together" around 1910 for a modern Stonehenge on 6 acres of land at Asheham House, Beddingham, south-east of Lewes. William Rothenstein agreed to buy the lease but the scheme failed.


title: Lewes

text: Edward Perry Warren first saw Lewes House in 1889 and with his partner John Marshall they were prodigious collectors of fine antique sculpture there. Eric Gill was introduced to Warren by Roger Fry and the stone carving Ecstasy purchased, which is now in the Tate Gallery collection. William Rothenstein suggested that Warren might like to acquire Rodin's new sculpture "The Kiss" and after several visits, in 1904 the Lewes "Kiss" arrived at Lewes House. In 1906 Rodin requested that Warren lend "The Kiss" to an important exhibition in Regent Street, London. This made it famous in Britain for the first time. "The Kiss" was returned to the stables at Lewes House, where it remained until 1914 until offered to Lewes Town Council. It was placed in the Town Hall, at the South End of the Assembly Room on 2 December 1914. Early in 1915, "The Kiss" was wrapped in canvas and marked off with a guard rail. The Town Council returned the statue, saying only that the room did 'not lend itself to such a noble piece of statuary.' On 26 February 1917, "The Kiss" was once more taken to the stable block where it was to remain until Warren's death in 1928. After a short period on loan to Cheltenham, "The Kiss" was purchased in 1953 by public subscription and is now one of the Tate's most popular attractions.


title: Lewes

text: "The Helmet" (1964), by Enzo Plazzotta, stands in the grounds of Lewes Priory. The "Cuilfail Spiral" (1983) by Peter Randall-Page sits on the roundabout at the north end of the Cuilfail Tunnel; made of 7 pieces of Portland limestone. The "Magnus Inscription" (c. 1200) sits in the East wall of St John Sub Castro on the Junction of Abinger Place and Lancaster Street. The "Janus Head" (1997) by John Skelton and "Lewes Group" (2010) by Jon Edgar sit in Southover Grange Gardens. "Sculpture to Thomas Paine" by Marcus Cornish commissioned as a private donation was unveiled in July 2010 outside the new Lewes Library in Styles Field.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes, from its inception, has been an important transport hub. Its site as a bridging point was probably originally a ford: today the main routes avoid the town centre. The A27 trunk road taking traffic along the south coast between Eastbourne and Southampton passes to the south of the town. The A26 from Maidstone to Newhaven; and the A275 (the London road) both come in from the north. The Brighton & Hove bus company and Compass Travel serve the town. The bus station was closed for a while but reopened in late 2008.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes railway station was originally the junction for six routes. The town still enjoys hourly fast trains from London. The two erstwhile rural rail routes to the north, linking to East Grinstead and Uckfield respectively, are both now closed, but the East Coastway Line, connecting Brighton with Eastbourne and Hastings, and the branch to Seaford remain.


title: Lewes

text: The Vanguard Way, a long-distance footpath from London to Newhaven, passes through countryside east of the town. The South Downs Way also passes close to Lewes, crossing the Ouse at Southease, some four miles south of the town. The Greenwich Meridian Trail, a long-distance path that follows the Greenwich Meridian from Peacehaven in East Sussex to Sand le Mere in East Yorkshire passes through the middle of the town. A festival celebrating and encouraging walking and cycling, the Lewes Hike and Bike Festival, was created in 2012 but only ran for three years. The Eastbourne and Lewes Walking Festival was created in 2018 to promote walking in the local urban and rural South Downs area.


title: Lewes

text: Western Road and Southover School, despite being separate schools, are housed in linked buildings. The original Southover buildings are of red brick in the Queen Anne style, dating back to the early 20th century. The additions to it now forming the Western Road buildings date from after 1945. The two schools share a field. Pells Primary School closed in 2017. The alternative independent primary school, Lewes New School, closed in 2018.


title: Lewes

text: East Sussex College, formerly Sussex Downs College, has one of its campuses in Lewes, and provides a range of courses including A Levels, GCSEs, Functional Skills and Access courses and vocational qualifications such as NVQs and BTECs.


title: Lewes

text: Located four miles (6 km) outside of Lewes is Glyndebourne opera house. Founded in 1934, the venue draws large audiences for its Summer Festival and has attracted a host of international talent throughout its history. Lewes Operatic Society (founded 1911) and New Sussex Opera are also based in the town of Lewes.


title: Lewes

text: A number of other local classical music series operate in the town, including the Nicholas Yonge Society; and the baroque and early classical Workshop Series. The Musicians of All Saints is a Lewes-based chamber orchestra founded in 1987 who perform both new works and standard repertoire. A new annual music series, the Lewes Chamber Music Festival, was created in summer 2012. The Lewes Festival of Song was created in 2015 and the Lewes BaroqueFest in 2019. Other local music groups include the Lewes Concert Orchestra founded in 1993; and the Lewes, Glynde & Beddingham Brass Band, founded in 1922.


title: Lewes

text: The East Sussex Bach choir is based in Lewes, as well as a number of other active amateur choirs, including Pro Musica Chamber Choir, the Everyman Ensemble, the Paddock Singers, Lewes Vox and East Sussex Community Choir.


title: Lewes

text: Orlando Gough's opera "The Finnish Prisoner" is set in Lewes, telling the story of the Finnish prisoners of war held in Lewes after the Crimean War.


title: Lewes

text: The principal town museum is Barbican House Museum at Lewes Castle, which hosts the Lewes Town Model as well as four galleries of Sussex archaeology. Anne of Cleves House has various collections relating to the history of Lewes. There are several independent art galleries in the town including the Star Brewery Gallery in a former brewery in Market Street; the artist-run Chalk Gallery in North Street and occasional art exhibitions at the Town Hall. Other galleries are listed in Gallery Guide Lewes and Art Map Lewes.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes Little Theatre was created in 1939 and is based in dedicated premises on Lancaster Street. It puts on half a dozen or more productions each year. Supporters of the creation of the Theatre include John Maynard Keynes.


title: Lewes

text: A new independent three-screen cinema, the Lewes Depot, opened in May 2017 in a multimillion-pound redevelopment of a former Harvey's brewery depot close to Lewes station. The architects were Burrell Foley Fischer and the work was given a Friends of Lewes award, and highly commended in the South Downs National Park design awards. The Lewes Film Club, which also produces short movies (including the recent adaptation of George Orwell's "Animal Farm"), and Film at All Saints' (the Film Club in collaboration with Lewes Town Council), show films based in the All Saints' Centre, a former church.


title: Lewes

text: Several scenes in the 1962 film Jigsaw, which was loosely based on the Hillary Waugh novel 'Sleep Long, My Love' and the real-life Brighton trunk murders, were set and filmed in Lewes.


title: Lewes

text: Local dance schools and clubs include Lewes Dance Club, East Sussex Dance and ballet groups. Starfish Youth Music is based at Priory School and the young bands who take part regularly perform in local venues such as the Paddock and the All Saints' Centre.


title: Lewes

text: Popular music gigs take place at a number of venues and pubs across the town including the Lewes Con Club, the Snowdrop Inn, the Volunteer pub, the Lewes Arms, the John Harvey Tavern, the Pelham Arms, and the Lansdown. The Elephant and Castle hosts the Saturday Folk Club. Union Music Store based in Lewes has become a centre for modern folk, country and Americana, both promoting and hosting live gigs, and recording and producing local musicians. A monthly comedy club based at the Con Club was created in 2010. A new organisation to support local music and musicians, Lewes Ripple, was created in 2018 and as well as online platforms is looking to create live concerts in 2021.


title: Lewes

text: A regular local music festival, Lewes Live (previously Rock in the Bog), takes place in the summer. The town of Lewes was also the UK location for the Mumford and Sons' Gentlemen of the Road tour stopover in 2013. A large jazz festival, Love Supreme Festival was founded in 2013 at nearby Glynde Place. Other local festivals include the Brainchild Festival, based just north of Lewes in the grounds of Bentley Wildfowl and Motor Museum


title: Lewes

text: Annual arts events include ArtWave and the children's Patina Moving on Parade. An annual Lewes Guitar Festival which started in 1999 has not operated since the late 2000s. The annual Charleston Festival is hosted at nearby Charleston Farmhouse near the village of Firle some 6 miles east of Lewes.


title: Lewes

text: An annual festival of light – Lewes Light – was created in 2015 during the UNESCO Year of Light and has run since then as an annual art installation and environmental awareness project.


title: Lewes

text: The Reeves Studio, which is thought to be the oldest continuously operated photographic studio in the world, has been running from the same premises in Lewes since 1855.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes has been influenced by its close proximity to the University of Sussex and Brighton University in terms of significant numbers of academics and students living in the town.


title: Lewes

text: The Headstrong Club whose notable members include Thomas Paine was relaunched in 1987 and continues to operate. A branch of the popular Skeptics in the Pub movement was created in 2011 in Lewes, based at the Elephant and Castle.


title: Lewes

text: The Lewes Literary Society (until 2015 the Monday Literary Society) was founded in Lewes in 1948 by authors Barbara Willard and Frances Howell, chaired by Leonard Woolf from 1954 to 1969, and currently by the poets John Agard and Grace Nichols, who live in the town. The Needlewriters is a co-operative of poets and writers which hosts a quarterly evening of poetry and prose at the Needlemakers Cafe, showcasing writers from across Sussex and Kent. The poetry imprint Frogmore Press, founded in Folkestone in 1983, moved to Lewes in 2010. Lewes Live Literature (LLL) was founded 1995 as a promoter of art and literature events, with an autumn festival which ran 2001–2007 bringing together spoken word with performance, music, film and visual art. Since 2007, LLL has concentrated on live literature production work.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes History Group was founded in 2009 and supports an active programme of talks, information and research into the history of the town and surrounding areas. The Lewes Speakers Festival was created in the mid-2010s and brings a range of national speakers to the town each year, on a range of political, literary and historical topics.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes is home to a number of small craft breweries, alongside the renowned Harvey & Son's brewery in the heart of Lewes. These include Abyss Brewing which started life in the Pelham Arms and opened a new brewing base and taproom in 2021 in Daveys Lane in the middle of Lewes inside the old maltings building previously part of the South Downs Brewery, and Beak Brewery, which began as a so-called "gypsy" or nomad brewery before setting up in the town. The renowned craft brewery Burning Sky is based in nearby Firle.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes also has a strong tradition of distinctive local pub games, including Toad in the hole (game) (a local pub league and international competition are held in the town), Dwyle Flunking (the local spelling of Dwile flonking), and the World Pea Throwing Championships.


title: Lewes

text: With a number of authors having lived in or near Lewes, it features, explicitly or disguised, in a number of books.


title: Lewes

text: Possibly the earliest substantial reference in fiction is in "The Wanderer: Or, Female Difficulties", an 1814 novel by Fanny Burney, in which the heroine spends time in Lewes and Brighton.


title: Lewes

text: Eve Garnett lived in Lewes and her "The Family from One End Street" series of children's stories are set in 'Otwell-on-the-Ouse'. Matthew de Abaitua's dystopian novel "If Then" is set in a fictionalised Lewes. There are strong parallels with Lewes in the setting of Cliffe House which appears in a story called "Bloody Baudelaire", by R. B. Russell.


title: Lewes

text: "The Collector" by John Fowles is set near Lewes with the characters visiting the town, and the Roy Grace crime series by Peter James (writer) based in Brighton has scenes set in Sussex Police HQ based in Lewes. Graham Greene's first novel "The Man Within" has scenes set in Lewes at the Lewes assizes.


title: Lewes

text: Three novels by William Nicholson (writer) – "The Secret Intensity of Everyday Life", "All the Hopeful Lovers" and "Golden Hour" – are based in Lewes and surrounding villages. "Three Round Towers" and "Retribution" by Beverley Elphick are set in and around Lewes at the end of the 18th century. "Hope Cottage" by Julian Fane is about a family who swap their flat in London for their friends' cottage in Lewes for twelve months.


title: Lewes

text: Other writers to have set works of fiction in Lewes include Andrew Soutar, Judith Glover, and primatologist Alison Jolly who wrote a series of books for children.


title: Lewes

text: The personal diaries of Lewes-based writer Alice Dudeney who wrote popular fiction in the first half of the 20th century were published in 1998 as "A Lewes Diary: 1916–1944" describing her life in Lewes with Henry Dudeney before and during the interwar years.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes also features in a range of works of other non-fiction, but notable examples would include "To The River" by Olivia Laing which follows her walk along the River Ouse and "The Old Ways" by Robert Macfarlane (writer) features walks on the South Downs close to Lewes.


title: Lewes

text: In 2015, American writer Joseph Cannizzo Jr. published a collection of poetry about Lewes entitled "When in Lewes", () following a brief stay in the town.


title: Lewes

text: The "Sussex Express" newspaper (formally the "Sussex Express and County Herald") was established in 1837 in Lewes as the "Sussex Agricultural Express" and merged with the Sussex County Herald in 1938. Now headquartered in Horsham, it serves Lewes and much of East Sussex. It has four editions and includes extensive coverage of the local sports scene. It is part of the Johnston Press network of newspapers.


title: Lewes

text: "Viva Lewes" was founded as a weekly web magazine in January 2006 and also as a monthly print handbook in October 2006 covering events and activities in and around the Lewes area. It ceased publication in 2020.


title: Lewes

text: In December 2018 a monthly lifestyle publication Town & County Magazine was launched, with coverage of local life, history, and culture, and celebrity interviews, across Lewes district as well as Alfriston & Ditchling.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes has its own RSL radio station, Rocket FM, which broadcasts via FM and the Internet for three weeks in October/November each year, covering the Bonfire period.


title: Lewes

text: In November 2012, EE launched a series of advertisements promoting its 4G mobile service. All of the adverts, which featured actor Kevin Bacon, were filmed in Lewes.


title: Lewes

text: In 1694, accounts of Sir John Pelham record 2s 6d paid for a wager concerning a cricket match at Lewes, one of the sport's earliest references.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes Priory Cricket Club is based at the Stanley Turner Ground, Kingston Road. The club were Sussex League champions in 1986 and 1990 and Division 2 winners in 1999, 2006 and 2008. The club has active senior, junior and social sections


title: Lewes

text: Lewes Rugby Football Club, founded in 1930, runs several rugby teams at various competitive levels, including the senior men's sides, the women's, girls' and junior teams. Lewes RFC's home turf is the Stanley Turner Ground, Kingston Road.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes Hockey Club, based at Southdown Sports Club on Cockshut Road, was founded in 1903 and is one of the oldest and largest hockey clubs in Sussex.


title: Lewes

text: The local football team is Lewes FC The club was founded in 1885 and play at the Dripping Pan. In July 2017, the club became the first in the world to introduce equal pay to the men's and women's teams. The Lewes FC Women's team were appointed to the second tier of the Women's Super League in May 2018.


title: Lewes

text: The town is also home to Lewes Bridge View which has adult teams competing in the Mid Sussex Football League and Lewes and District Sunday League. In 2016 Lewes Bridge View Juniors joined in partnership with Lewes FC to form Lewes FC Juniors – running Under 8s to Under 16s, with boys and girls teams.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes Athletic Club caters for junior and senior athletes. The club trains at the all-weather 400m track at the end of Mountfield Road, and other locations in the area. Lewes Swimming Club was reconstituted in 1975 by Commonwealth gold medal-winning swimmer Christine Parfect (née Gosden) and others. The club has 300+ members and organises swimming sessions at Lewes, Ringmer, Newlands School, Newhaven and Seaford Head pools during term-time. Lewes Wanderers Cycling Club was reconstituted in 1950. The club organises regular time trials throughout the summer.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes Tennis/Hockey Club (Southdown Sports Club) has 16 tennis courts, four squash courts, two netball courts and a floodlit astro/hockey pitch. Lewes Bowls Club situated behind the Mount on Mountfield Road was founded in 1922. It is affiliated to Bowls England and members play in the Meridian League and the Brighton League, as well as in informal games for pleasure. Between April and September members play on a flat lawn green with six rinks and inside the clubhouse on short mat for the winter season. Lewes Golf Club is set on downland above Cliffe Hill on the east-side of Lewes, where the sport has been played since 1896.


title: Lewes

text: The Moyleman, an off-road marathon event over the hills around Lewes, starting and finishing in the town, was created in 2014 and first run in 2015.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes Racecourse, located immediately to the west of the town on the slopes of the Downs, operated for 200 years until closed in 1964. It is still used as a training course, and there are several stables nearby. Race days are held at nearby Plumpton Race Course.


title: Lewes

text: There are a number of Service Clubs in Lewes, including Lewes Lions Club which is a member of Lions Clubs International. The club runs various events including the Christmas Concert in December each year with the LGB Brass and the annual 'International 'Toad-in-the-Hole' Competition' and holds street collections to raise funds so as to assist people and organisations in and around Lewes. Since the 1960s, the Lewes Rotary Club has hosted its distinctive annual skittles tournament in the gardens of Southover Grange in June each year.


title: Lewes

text: Among the many notable former residents of Lewes is Thomas Paine (1737–1809), who was employed as an excise officer in the town for a time from 1768 to 1774 when he emigrated to the American colonies. The Paine association sits at the centre of a radical tradition that is represented today by writers working in the town.


title: Lewes

text: The sciences and natural enquiry are represented by Gideon Mantell who is credited with the first discovery and identification of fossilised dinosaur (iguanodon) teeth. Lewes doctor Richard Russell popularised the resort of Brighton.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes is the birthplace of 16th-century madrigalist Nicholas Yonge. In the 1960s it was home to Charlie Watts of the Rolling Stones, as it is now to other musicians, including Herbie Flowers, Arthur Brown and Tim Rice-Oxley from Keane.


title: Lewes

text: Daisy Ashford lived from 1889 to 1896 at Southdown House, 44 St Anne's Crescent, where she wrote "The Young Visiters". Edward Perry Warren, an eccentric American collector, lived in Lewes House. In 1919 Virginia Woolf briefly owned – but never lived in – the Round House, a windmill in Pipe Passage, before moving to her final home, Monk's House in Rodmell. Diarist John Evelyn spent his boyhood at Southover Grange.


title: Lewes

text: The fact that Lewes has a Crown Court, and a prison, is reflected by the fact that many notorious people have been connected with the town. During the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland several prominent figures involved in it were in Lewes Prison, including Éamon de Valera (1882–1975); Thomas Ashe (1885–1917); Frank Lawless (1871–1922); and Harry Boland (1887–1922). Others have included George Witton (1874–1942) involved in shooting prisoners during the Boer War.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes assizes saw many important trials. In 1949 serial killer John George Haigh was sentenced to death. In 1956 suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams had his committal hearing in Lewes before being sent to the Old Bailey, London for trial. He was subsequently tried and convicted in Lewes in 1957 for fraud, lying on cremation forms and obstructing a police search. An early case was that of Percy Lefroy Mapleton (1860–1881) hanged for murder and the subject of the first composite picture on a wanted poster.


title: Lewes

text: Lewes is twinned with Waldshut-Tiengen, Germany, since 1974 and with Blois, France, since 1963, although informal links between these two towns began in 1947.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: GIC Private Limited is a sovereign wealth fund in Singapore that manages its foreign reserves. Established by the Government of Singapore in 1981 as the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, its mission is to preserve and enhance the international purchasing power of the reserves with the aim of achieving good long-term returns above global inflation over the investment time horizon.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: With a network of 10 offices in key financial capitals worldwide, GIC invests internationally in developed market equities, emerging market equities, nominal bonds and cash, inflation-linked bonds, private equity and real estate. The Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute (SWFI) had estimated the fund's assets at US$690 billion as of June 2022 while Forbes estimated the fund's assets at US$744 billion after legislation were passed to transfer about USD137b from the central bank.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: Besides GIC, Singapore also owns another sovereign wealth fund Temasek Holdings with managed assets at about US$630 billion of assets under management and the national pension plan Central Provident Fund with asssets of US$397 billion (S$540 billion), giving a total assets under management AUM of US$1.64 trillion.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: In 1981, Goh Keng Swee, then first Deputy Prime Minister and Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), saw the trend of Singapore's rapidly growing foreign reserves and decided to invest Singapore's reserves for the future of the nation and the welfare of its people. He was advised by the British merchant bank, N M Rothschild & Sons, and established the GIC.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: The government then embarked on a change in investment policy by investing the bulk of its foreign reserves in longer-term, high-yielding assets rather than in liquid but low-yielding assets.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: An undisclosed number of those who left the MAS in 1981 went to work for GIC. In the late 1990s, four of its most senior positions were held by former MAS officers.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: GIC has the ability to invest across a full spectrum of financial assets, from sovereign debt to infrastructure, and manages approximately 80 per cent of its portfolio in-house.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: Traditionally, GIC keeps alow profile in its investments. During the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007–2010, however, a number of its investments attracted controversy. In 2013, according to the Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute, the GIC was one of the most active SWF investors for the year.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: In 2006, at the height of the US real estate bubble, it made a US$200 million investment in the equity of Stuyvesant Town—Peter Cooper Village, the largest apartment complex in Manhattan (as well as US$575 million in secondary loans). The management of the complex, Tishman Speyer Properties and BlackRock Realty, defaulted on their loan in 2010, effectively wiping out the investment.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: In late 2007, during the first phase of the crisis, GIC invested $11 billion Swiss francs for a 7.9% stake in the Swiss bank UBS. The loans were converted into equity in 2010, with an estimated 70% loss of value, though partially offset by a 9% fixed coupon. GIC had acknowledged that the timing for the investment could have been better. It also stated that other investments made at that time have had positive returns which offset the losses on UBS. GIC's total portfolio has fully recovered to its value prior to the global financial crisis.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: In 2008, GIC invested US$6.88 billion for a 9% stake in Citigroup. In 2009, it pared its stake to less than 5%, realising a $1.6 billion profit, with another $1.6 billion paper profit on its remaining holding.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: On 30 July 2013, Singapore's GIC was part of a consortium to acquire Transport et Infrastructures Gaz France (TIGF) which is Total's gas transportation and storage business for an enterprise value of €2.4 billion (US$3.25 billion). The consortium includes Snam (45%) an Italian gas storage and transport operator, Singapore's GIC (35%) and EDF (20%).


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: As of 2017, GIC holds around 34% of its portfolio in the US; 3% in Latin America; 6% in the rest of Americas; 6% in the United Kingdom; 12% in the Eurozone; 6% in the Middle East, Africa and the rest of Europe; 19% in Asia excluding Japan; 12% in Japan and 2% in Australasia.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: In 2017 it was reported that GIC would purchase a 10% stake in British specialist bank OakNorth for £90 million.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: In 2008, GIC published for the first time a report containing information on its 20-year returns and more information on how it is managed and governed, and how it invests Singapore's foreign reserves.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: GIC does not disclose the amount of funds it manages and its annual profit and loss. Revealing the exact amount would expose the full size of Singapore's financial reserves and make it easier for speculators to attack the Singapore dollar during periods of vulnerability.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: Since 2011, GIC had also published the 5-year and 10-year nominal rates of return to provide a sense of the ongoing medium-term investment performance, even while GIC maintains its sights on the long term. It included two composite portfolios and volatility statistics to reflect the level of portfolio risk and to offer perspective in reading the 5-year and 10-year figures.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: For the year ended 31 March 2017, its annualised 20-year real rate of return was 3.7%. In USD nominal terms, GIC achieved an annualised return of 5.1%, 4.3% and 5.7% for the 5-year, 10-year and 20-year time periods respectively.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: In August 2021, their estimates also put the total figure of AUM at US$744 billion – or just over S$1 trillion, for the first time in GIC’s history after a 37.5 per cents in return.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: The funds managed by GIC are owned by the Singapore Government. Its investment returns supplement the country's annual budget in areas such as education, R&D, health care and physical environment.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: As a Fifth Schedule company under the Singapore Constitution, GIC is accountable in various key areas to the President of Singapore who is empowered under the constitution to obtain information to enable her to safeguard the country's reserves. The Auditor-General, who is appointed by the President of Singapore, submits an annual report to the President and Parliament on his audit of the Government and other bodies managing public funds.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: GIC manages risk by investing in a well-diversified portfolio, with a balanced distribution of asset classes and their underlying business sectors and geographies. This, too, is why GIC's performance has to be measured on the basis of its overall portfolio rather than by how much it makes or loses on individual investments. Its approach to "risk management" has three distinct components: portfolio risk; process risk and people risk.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: As a board member of the International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds, the successor of the International Working Group of SWFs that developed the Santiago Principles in October 2008, GIC publishes how it adopts and implements the voluntary set of principles and practices.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: GIC implemented a new investment framework in 2013 to give it more flexibility to focus on "investments that may be riskier in the short term but would generate returns in the long-term."


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: The new framework defines more clearly GIC's risk and return drivers, its long-term investment objectives and the responsibilities of the GIC board and management.


title: GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)

text: Firstly, a 'Reference Portfolio is 65% made up of global equities and 35% of global bonds representing global markets. It characterises the risk that the Government is prepared for GIC to take in its long-term investment strategies. Next, the Policy Portfolio is made up of six core asset classes and aims to achieve superior returns over the long horizon and is the main driver of long-term returns. Last is the Active Portfolio, which seeks to outperform the Policy Portfolio, is of skill-based strategies, adopted by GIC's management within risk limits. The skill-based strategies includes choosing investment opportunities within each asset class and investing in asset classes not contained in the simplified Policy Portfolio and cross-asset class strategies.


title: Lizze Broadway

text: Elizabeth Broadway (born February 16, 1998) is an American actress best known for her role as Emma Shaw in "Gen V", and for her roles in "The Rookie", "Splitting Up Together", "Here and Now", and "".


title: Lizze Broadway

text: In 2021, she was cast in "" (a spin-off of "The Boys") as Emma Shaw. She's represented by Coast to Coast Talent Group.


title: Lizze Broadway

text: For her role in "Bones", she was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series - Guest Starring Young Actress 14–16 at "35th Young Artist Awards".


title: SS blood group tattoo

text: SS blood group tattoos () were worn by members of the "Waffen-SS" in Nazi Germany during World War II to identify the individual's blood type. After the war, the tattoo was taken to be "prima facie" evidence of being part of the "Waffen-SS", leading to potential arrest and prosecution.


title: SS blood group tattoo

text: The SS blood group tattoo was applied, in theory, to all "Waffen-SS" members, except members of the British Free Corps. It was a small black ink tattoo located on the underside of the left arm. It generally measured around long and was placed roughly above the elbow. The tattoo consisted of the soldier's blood type letter, either A, B, AB or O. The discovery of the Rh factor had been made in 1937, but was not fully understood during World War II, so was not implemented. In the early part of the war, tattoos were printed in Fraktur, while later on they were printed in Latin-style.


title: SS blood group tattoo

text: The purpose of the tattoo was to identify a soldier's blood type in case a blood transfusion was needed while unconscious, or his "Erkennungsmarke" (dog tag) or "Soldbuch" (pay book) were missing. The tattoo was generally applied by the unit's "Sanitäter" (medic) in basic training but could have been applied by anyone assigned to do it at any time during his term of service.


title: SS blood group tattoo

text: Not all "Waffen-SS" men had the tattoo, particularly those who had transferred from other branches of the military to the "Waffen-SS", or those who transferred from the "Allgemeine SS", the "General" or non-military "SS". Some non-"SS" men also had the tattoo: if a member of a branch of the "Wehrmacht" was treated in an "SS" hospital, he would often have the tattoo applied.


title: SS blood group tattoo

text: Although the tattoo was widely used in the early war years, over the course of the war it was gradually applied to fewer and fewer soldiers, and towards the end of the war, having the tattoo was more the exception than the rule. The application of the tattoo to foreign volunteers was apparently an issue of contention with some, such as the British Free Corps, not required to have it, while other foreign units did not object. Very little specific information exists regarding the tattoo and foreign units, but it is claimed by some that the men of the 33rd "Waffen" Grenadier Division of the "SS" Charlemagne (1st French) had the tattoo applied. Johann Voss of the 6th "SS" Mountain Division Nord and author of "Black Edelweiss", did not have the tattoo applied because he was visiting his father on that particular day, although the rest of his training company did.


title: SS blood group tattoo

text: When the war ended, the Allies were keen to catch all "Waffen-SS" members on account of the high volume of war crimes committed by some units. The blood group tattoo helped greatly in identifying former members, leading to their prosecution and, in some cases, their execution.


title: SS blood group tattoo

text: Because of the lack of perfect consistency between having the tattoo and having served in the "Waffen-SS", some "SS" veterans were able to escape detection. Some members of the "SS" who evaded capture in part because they did not have the blood group tattoo included Josef Mengele and Alois Brunner.


title: SS blood group tattoo

text: Towards the end of the war and after, some (former) "SS" members tried to remove their blood group tattoos by various means, including surgery, self-inflicted burns and even shooting themselves there (the U.S. Army published a pamphlet on how to identify self-inflicted wounds to this part of the body).


title: Jaya Janaki Nayaka

text: Jaya Janaki Nayaka is a 2017 Indian Telugu-language action film directed by Boyapati Srinu and produced by Miryala Ravinder Reddy, under "Dwaraka Creations". It stars Bellamkonda Sreenivas, Rakul Preet Singh and Jagapathi Babu, while Sarath Kumar, Suman and Tarun Arora play other pivotal roles. Pragya Jaiswal appears in an extended cameo appearance. The music was composed by Devi Sri Prasad. The film was released on 11 August 2017 and garnered mixed reviews from critics and audience.


title: Jaya Janaki Nayaka

text: Sweety is a college-going student, who meets his co-student Gagan when he saves her friend from being harassed by Vikram Verma, the son of the Central Minister who makes it a point to take down Gagan and his family. Gagan lives with his businessman father Chakravarthy and brother Pruthvi. The trio enjoys their life from drinking alcohol to eating roadside foods and beating up wrongdoers in society. Sweety gets attracted to Gagan and start to hang out, and she comes to house and makes a change in their lifestyle for their own sake, for which Chakravarthy happily agrees. Sweety learns about Pruthvi's love failure and ends up reconciling with the would-be bride's parents, and the marriage is conducted in a grand manner. Chakravarthy, upon seeing the happiness and joy in the atmosphere, realizes that Sweety is the reason behind everything and asks Gagan to always be by her side.


title: Jaya Janaki Nayaka

text: Meanwhile, Ashwith Narayana Varma is a prestige-driven corporate businessman, who kills his daughter's would-be groom in an accident. When the groom finds a video of Narayana's daughter romancing another guy that she liked before the engagement. He leaves a gun on the table, and forces his daughter to kill herself, to which she does. Narayana's company plan to build a highway that would make his company as the most successful company, but his son Veerendra reveals that the project has competition in the form of Arjun Pawar, who is the biggest liquor baron in North India. Arjun is supported by his two brothers and has bought off all of Narayana's close associates and subordinates except for JP, who is the Highway authority director. Arjun threatens JP, stating that if he does not agree to his terms, that he would kill his daughter. JP agrees out of fear. However, Narayana retaliates and sends Veerendra where he kills Arjun's brother.


title: Jaya Janaki Nayaka

text: Sweety realizes that she is truly in love with Gagan and expresses her feelings towards him. Gagan is delighted, and they leave for Sweety's house to meet her father, who is JP. JP insults Gagan, after realizing his lifestyle and the reputation that Chakravarthy has in society, then proceeds to insult Sweety. Enraged, Gagan slaps JP, but Sweety, who cares for her father's life more than anything sends Gagan away and tells him to never come back. Heartbroken, Gagan drives and tries to forget Sweety, where he gets into a car accident. Fearing for his life, Chakravarthy and his uncle sends him away with known relatives in Vizag. Gagan's uncle's daughter Falguni arrives at the airport and Gagan realizes that her lifestyle is young, wild, and free. Falguni, however, has no interest in Gagan. While driving back after a party on the beach, Gagan witnesses Narayana's family being attacked by Arjun's brother where he proceed to save them. Narayana's family pleads with Gagan to save them and their daughter-in-law. Gagan saves the daughter-in-law, who happens to be Sweety. Shocked, Gagan is then shot and left for dead. However, Gagan survives with Narayana's help. Narayana's wife reveals that Narayana and JP decide to get Veerendra married to Sweety. At the wedding, Veerendra is shot and killed by Arjun's men and kidnap everyone to kill them. Since Veerendra died at the hands of Arjun, JP has no choice, but to let Sweety away from the Narayana family. However, Narayana's sister calls Narayana and tells him that they need Sweety, since she is almost married to Veerendra and decided to adopt Sweety as their daughter-in-law. Since her would-be husband is dead, Sweety becomes a poor widow with no family emotions.


title: Jaya Janaki Nayaka

text: Gagan then vows to protect Sweety. Narayana's sister arrives and tells that the family must perform a ritual at the Hamsala Devi river area. However, in reality has made a deal with Arjun to get Sweety and leave her family alone. As Narayana and the rest of his family perform the pooja, they are attacked by Arjun's men. As they are about to attack Sweety, Gagan arrives along with Chakravarthy and Pruthvi and kills everyone. He takes Sweety along with him, and Narayana feels that his prestige has once again been damaged. Mahendra Varma enrages both Narayana and Arjun on Gagan, so they both join hands with each other in eliminating Gagan once and for all. In the attack, Chakravarthy and Pruthvi are seriously injured, and Narayana kidnaps Sweety. Gagan arrives at the hideout where Sweety is being kept and kills everyone, except Narayana. Gagan tells that Narayana lost his prestige when he joined hands with Arjun, who killed Veerendra just to kill Sweety. As Narayana is listening to this, he shoots himself and dies. Thus, Gagan reunites with Sweety.