title: TVF Pitchers

text: For the original soundtrack for TVF Pitchers, The Viral Fever roped in Vaibhav Bundhoo who was a part of the media's previous series "Permanent Roommates", after the overwhelming reception of the series. It consists of 15 original compositions created, produced and mixed by Bundhoo and was released in a separate jukebox format on YouTube on 5 September 2015. However the music album for the original series was released on 2 February 2017, as it took more time for mastering the tracks for streaming platform.


title: TVF Pitchers

text: Arunabh Kumar, who co-starred in "TVF Pitchers" and also the founder of TVF, announced that the series will release in May 2015. The official teaser was released on 3 April 2015, confirming the said date. However, the 4-minute teaser trailer of the series, which released on 27 May 2015, announced a new release date of 10 June 2015.


title: TVF Pitchers

text: The first episode of the series was released on The Viral Fever's official media streaming platform TVF Play, and a week later, on 17 June 2015, it was uploaded on YouTube. Each episodes were released within a three-week window so as to upload simultaneously in TVF Play and YouTube. "TVF Pitchers" is the first ever web series to be released directly through TVF Play with its inception in early 2015. The last episode of the series was unveiled on TVF on 30 August 2015 and in YouTube a day later.


title: TVF Pitchers

text: After The Viral Fever announced a new Tamil streaming platform titled TVF Machi, in order to cover the audience across the regional market, the makers released the dubbed Tamil version of the series on 6 October 2017. In late 2016, it was reported that the second season of the series was reported to be in the process, however was not confirmed officially.


title: TVF Pitchers

text: In February 2021, TVF released a video to announce their line up for 2021 on their YouTube channel. The video consist of clips from the upcoming TVF series as well as old clips from the existing series hinting their further seasons. The climax of the video shows an archive footage from the first season of TVF Pitchers teasing the possibility of the second season.


title: TVF Pitchers

text: In June 2021, the OTT platform ZEE5 announced a content partnership with TVF to exclusively stream its upcoming shows including the second season of TVF Pitchers.


title: TVF Pitchers

text: Season 2 was officially announced on 5th December 2022 and the trailer was released on 13th December 2022. The second season of the show is scheduled to premiere on 23rd December 2022 on ZEE5.


title: TVF Pitchers

text: "TVF Pitchers" has been well received by the internet audience. The first episode has more than 7.7 million views. The series, hosted on TVF's official YouTube channel, has gathered over 1 million views for each episode.


title: Friends (season 6)

text: The sixth season of "Friends", an American sitcom created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, premiered on NBC on September 23, 1999. "Friends" was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions, in association with Warner Bros. Television. The season contains 25 episodes and concluded airing on May 18, 2000.


title: Friends (season 6)

text: Collider ranked it #5 on their ranking of the ten "Friends" seasons, and wrote that "The One Where Ross Got High" was its best episode.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Hans Joachim Morgenthau (February 17, 1904 – July 19, 1980) was a German-American jurist and political scientist who was one of the major 20th-century figures in the study of international relations. Morgenthau's works belong to the tradition of realism in international relations theory; he is usually considered among the most influential realists of the post-World War II period. Morgenthau made landmark contributions to international relations theory and the study of international law. His "Politics Among Nations", first published in 1948, went through five editions during his lifetime and was widely adopted as a textbook in U.S. universities. While Morgenthau emphasized the centrality of power and "the national interest", the subtitle of "Politics Among Nations""the struggle for power and peace"indicates his concern not only with the struggle for power but the ways in which it is limited by ethics, norms and law.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: In addition to his books, Morgenthau wrote widely about international politics and U.S. foreign policy for general-circulation publications such as "The New Leader", "Commentary", "Worldview", "The New York Review of Books" and "The New Republic". He knew and corresponded with many of the leading intellectuals and writers of his era, such as Reinhold Niebuhr, George F. Kennan, Carl Schmitt and Hannah Arendt. At one point in the early Cold War, Morgenthau was a consultant to the U.S. Department of State when Kennan headed its Policy Planning Staff, as well as a second time during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations until he was dismissed by Johnson when he began to publicly criticize American policy in Vietnam. For most of his career, however, Morgenthau was esteemed as an academic interpreter of U.S. foreign policy.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Morgenthau was born in an Ashkenazi Jewish family in Coburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Germany in 1904. After attending the Casimirianum, he continued his education at the universities of Berlin, Frankfurt, and Munich. He received his doctorate in 1929 with a thesis entitled "International Jurisdiction: Its Nature and Limits", and pursued postdoctoral work at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: He taught and practiced law in Frankfurt before emigrating to the United States in 1937, after several interim years in Switzerland and Spain. One of his first jobs in the U.S. was teaching night school at Brooklyn College. From 1939 to 1943, Morgenthau taught in Kansas City and taught at Keneseth Israel Shalom Congregation there. Morgenthau then was a professor at the University of Chicago until 1973, when he took a professorial chair at the City University of New York (CUNY).


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Morgenthau was an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: On moving to New York, Morgenthau separated from his wife, who remained in Chicago partly because of medical issues. He is reported to have tried to initiate plans to start a new relationship while in New York, with Ethel Person (d. 2012), a psychiatrist at Columbia University.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: On October 8, 1979, Morgenthau was one of the passengers on board Swissair Flight 316, which crashed while trying to land at Athens-Ellinikon International Airport. The flight had been destined for Bombay and Peking.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Morgenthau died on July 19, 1980, shortly after being admitted to Lenox Hill Hospital in New York with a perforated ulcer. He is buried in the Chabad section of Montefiore Cemetery, in proximity to the Lubavitcher Rebbe, with whom he had a respectful relationship.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Morgenthau completed his doctoral dissertation in Germany in the late 1920s. It was published in 1929 as his first book, "The International Administration of Justice, Its Essence and Its Limits". The book was reviewed by Carl Schmitt, who was then a jurist teaching at the University of Berlin. In an autobiographical essay written near the end of his life, Morgenthau related that, although he had looked forward to meeting Schmitt during a visit to Berlin, the meeting went badly and Morgenthau left thinking that he had been in the presence of (in his own words) "the demonic". By the late 1920s Schmitt was becoming the leading jurist of the rising Nazi movement in Germany, and Morgenthau came to see their positions as irreconcilable. (The editors of Morgenthau's "The Concept of the Political" [see below] state that "the reader of [Morgenthau's] "The Concept of the Political" ... will easily recognize that Morgenthau deplored Schmitt's understanding of the political on moral grounds and conceptual grounds.")


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Following the completion of his doctoral dissertation, Morgenthau left Germany to complete his Habilitation dissertation (license to teach at universities) in Geneva. It was published in French as "La Réalité des normes en particulier des normes du droit international: Fondements d'une théorie des normes" (The Reality of Norms and in Particular the Norms of International Law: Foundations of a Theory of Norms). It has not been translated into English. The legal scholar Hans Kelsen, who had just arrived in Geneva as a professor, was an adviser to Morgenthau's dissertation. Kelsen was among the strongest critics of Carl Schmitt. Kelsen and Morgenthau became lifelong colleagues even after both emigrated from Europe to take their respective academic positions in the United States.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: In 1933, Morgenthau published a second book in French, "La notion du "politique"", which was translated into English and published in 2012 as "The Concept of the Political". In this book Morgenthau seeks to articulate the difference between legal disputes between nations and political disputes between nations or other litigants. The questions driving the inquiry are: (i) Who holds legal power over the objects or concerns being disputed? (ii) In what manner can the holder of this legal power be changed or held accountable? (iii) How can a dispute, the object of which concerns a legal power, be resolved? and (iv) In what manner will the holder of the legal power be protected in the course of exercising that power? For Morgenthau, the end goal of any legal system in this context is to "ensure justice and peace".


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: In his work in the 1920s and 1930s, Morgenthau sought a "functional jurisprudence," an alternative to mainstream international law. He borrowed ideas from Sigmund Freud, Max Weber, Roscoe Pound, and others. In 1940 Morgenthau set out a research program for legal functionalism in the article "Positivism, Functionalism, and International Law".


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Francis Boyle has written that Morgenthau's post-war writings perhaps contributed to a "break between international political science and international legal studies." However, "Politics Among Nations" contains a chapter on international law, and Morgenthau remained an active contributor to the subject of the relationship between international politics and international law until the end of his career.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Hans Morgenthau is considered one of the "founding fathers" of the realist school in the 20th century. This school of thought holds that nation-states are the main actors in international relations and that the main concern of the field is the study of power. Morgenthau emphasized the importance of "the national interest," and in "Politics Among Nations" he wrote that "the main signpost that helps political realism to find its way through the landscape of international politics is the concept of interest defined in terms of power." Morgenthau is sometimes referred to as a classical realist or modern realist in order to differentiate his approach from the structural realism or neo-realism associated with Kenneth Waltz. Recent scholarly assessments of Morgenthau show that his intellectual trajectory was more complicated than originally thought. His realism was infused with moral considerations—though not always acknowledged as such—and during the last part of his life he favored supranational control of nuclear weapons and strongly opposed the U.S. role in the Vietnam War (see below).


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Morgenthau's "Scientific Man versus Power Politics" (1946) argued against an overreliance on science and technology as solutions to political and social problems. The book presented a "pessimistic view of human nature" centered on a universal lust for power and the inevitability of selfishness. "Scientific Man versus Power Politics" also argued that, in Robert Jervis's words, "much of modern Liberalism fails to understand the contingent nature of its own knowledge."


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Starting with the second edition of "Politics Among Nations", Morgenthau included a section in the opening chapter called "Six Principles of Political Realism".


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Morgenthau argued in "Politics Among Nations" that skillful diplomacy drawing on these principles could lead to stability via the balance of power. He wrote that "the balance of power and policies aiming at its preservation are not only inevitable, but an essential stabilizing factor in a society of sovereign nations." (For further discussion, see section on Criticism, below.)


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: In practice, however, countries "actively engaged in the struggle for power must actually aim not at a balance -- that is, equality -- of power, but at superiority of power in their own behalf," Morgenthau wrote. The reason is partly that the relative strength of countries can be difficult to calculate, since key elements of national power, such as "the quality of government," are elusive and frequently change. Because "no nation can foresee how large its miscalculations will turn out to be, all nations must ultimately seek the maximum of power obtainable under the circumstances. Only thus can they hope to attain the maximum margin of safety commensurate with the maximum of errors they might commit."


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: In the 1950s, Morgenthau directed the University of Chicago’s Center for the Study of American Foreign and Military Policy. Among other things, he sought to rebuild the American government’s resources on “China Studies,” after many experts on China and Sino-American relations had been publicly discredited during the Second Red Scare. Morgenthau approached Chinese immigrant and political scientist Tsou Tang to explore the Sino-American relationship using both American and Chinese materials. Morgenthau trusted Tsou, having served on Tsou's committees for his master's and PhD theses. Tsou's 1963 book, "America’s Failure in China, 1941-50", drew upon his research at the center.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: In a 1955 article in the "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists", Morgenthau quoted others speaking about a "dual state" existing in the United States: the democratic façade of elected politicians who operate according to the law, and a hidden national security hierarchy and shadow government that operates to monitor and control the former. This has been said to be the origin of the notion of a deep state in the United States.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Morgenthau was a strong supporter of the Roosevelt and Truman administrations. When the Eisenhower administration gained the White House, Morgenthau turned his efforts towards a large amount of writing for journals and the press in general. By the time of Kennedy's inauguration in 1961, he had become a consultant to the Kennedy administration. After Johnson became president, Morgenthau became much more vocal in his dissent concerning American participation in the Vietnam War, for which he was dismissed as a consultant to the Johnson administration in 1965. Morgenthau sparred with Johnson's advisors McGeorge Bundy and Walt Rostow. Morgenthau's dissent concerning American involvement in Vietnam, which he viewed mainly as a civil war whose "global significance" was "remote," brought him considerable public and media attention.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: On 21 June 1965, Morgenthau debated Bundy live on television under the title "Vietnam Dialogue: Mr. Bundy and the Professors" with Eric Sevareid as the moderator. During the debate, Bundy accused Morgenthau of being a defeatist and pessimist, citing his 1961 statement that the Pathet Lao were destined to win the Lao civil war, leading Morgenthau to reply: "I may have been dead wrong on Laos, but it doesn't mean I am dead wrong on Vietnam." Bundy then brought up a statement Morgenthau made in 1956, praising President Diem of South Vietnam for creating a "miracle." The American journalist A.J. Langguth wrote that Bundy's point was irrelevant as Diem had been assassinated in 1963, but Bundy made it sound as if Morgenthau was opportunistic and inconsistent. Bundy was generally regarded as having won the debate by viewers at the time.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: In these years Morgenthau continued to write prolifically, publishing a three-volume collection of his essays in 1962.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Starting in 1960, Morgenthau became increasingly concerned with the revolutionary implications of nuclear weapons and the possibility of nuclear war, which he maintained would be a moral calamity of an unprecedented kind. He remarked in the journal "Christianity and Crisis" that "no such radical qualitative transformation of the structure of international relations has ever occurred in history." While in the 1950s and earlier, Morgenthau had tended to emphasize, in William Scheuerman's words, "the continuities of human history," his recognition of the radical novelty of nuclear weapons led, from the early 1960s onward, to a stress on discontinuity, as represented by the possibility of a civilization-ending nuclear conflict. Morgenthau's views on this issue were influenced by Karl Jaspers' "The Future of Mankind," which he reviewed in 1961 for "Saturday Review".


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: After 1965, Morgenthau became a leading voice in the discussion of just war theory in the modern nuclear era. Just war theory was further developed in the work of Paul Ramsey, Michael Walzer, Jeff McMahan, and other scholars.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Morgenthau's book "Truth and Power," published in 1970, collected his essays from the previous turbulent decade dealing with both foreign policy, including Vietnam, and U.S. domestic politics, e.g. the civil rights movement. Morgenthau dedicated the book to Hans Kelsen, "who has taught us through his example how to speak Truth to Power." Morgenthau's last major book, "Science: Servant or Master," was dedicated to his colleague Reinhold Niebuhr and published in 1972.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: In summer 1978, Morgenthau wrote his last co-authored essay titled "The Roots of Narcissism," with Ethel Person of Columbia University. This essay was a continuation of Morgenthau's earlier study of this subject in his 1962 essay "Public Affairs: Love and Power," where Morgenthau engaged some of the themes that Niebuhr and the theologian Paul Tillich were addressing. Morgenthau admired Tillich's book "Love, Power and Justice," and he wrote a second essay related to the book's themes. More recently, Anthony Lang has recovered and published Morgenthau's extensive course notes on Aristotle (for a course Morgenthau taught while at the New School for Social Research during his New York years). The comparison of Morgenthau to Aristotle has been further explored by Molloy.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Morgenthau was a tireless reviewer of books during the several decades of his career as a scholar in the United States. He wrote nearly a hundred book reviews, including almost three dozen for "The New York Review of Books" alone. Morgenthau's last two book reviews were not written for "The New York Review of Books" and were of the books "Soviet Perspectives on International Relations, 1956–1967", by William Zimmerman and "Work, Society and Culture" by Yves Simon. The last book review Morgenthau wrote for "The New York Review of Books" appeared in 1971. Morgenthau's first book review, written in 1940, was of "Law, the State, and the International Community", by James Brown Scott. Morgenthau also commented on the Pentagon Papers.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Like Hannah Arendt, Morgenthau dedicated time and effort to the support of the state of Israel. Both Morgenthau and Arendt made annual trips to Israel to lend their established academic voices to its still young and growing academic community during its inaugural decades as a new nation. Morgenthau's interest in Israel also extended to the Middle East more generally, including the politics of oil. Morgenthau's interest in Israel extended further to related issues of geopolitics, and issues related to Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Morgenthau remained throughout the Cold War an active participant in the discussion of U.S. foreign policy. He wrote in this connection about Henry Kissinger and his role in the Nixon administration. Morgenthau in 1977 also wrote a brief "Foreword" on the theme of terrorism as it began to emerge in the 1970s. In addition to addressing current political issues, Morgenthau also wrote about the philosophy of democratic theory when faced with situations of crisis or tension.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: The reception of Morgenthau's work can be divided into three phases. The first phase occurred during Morgenthau's life up to his death in 1980. The second phase was between 1980 and the one hundred year commemoration of his birth that took place in 2004. The third phase of the reception of his writings is between the centenary commemoration and the present, which shows a vibrant discussion of his continuing influence.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: In Morgenthau's early career, the book review of his dissertation by Carl Schmitt had a lasting and negative effect on Morgenthau. Schmitt had become a leading juristic voice for the rising Nazi movement in Germany, and Morgenthau came to see their positions as incommensurable, although it has been argued that Schmitt and Morgenthau engaged in a "hidden dialogue" in which they influenced each other. Morgenthau subsequently met Hans Kelsen at Geneva while a student, and Kelsen's treatment of Morgenthau's writings left a lifelong positive impression upon the young Morgenthau. Kelsen in the 1920s had emerged as Schmitt's most thorough critic and had earned a reputation as a leading international critic of the then rising National Socialist movement in Germany, which matched Morgenthau's own negative opinion of Nazism.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: While Morgenthau's "Politics Among Nations" had a large influence on a generation of scholars in global politics and international law, Morgenthau's views did not go unchallenged. On the one hand, some critics rejected the basic premises of Morgenthau's realist perspective. On the other hand, some theorists working within a realist framework, such as Kenneth Waltz and John Mearsheimer, took issue with aspects of Morgenthau's approach even while sharing some of his basic assumptions.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: In his "Theory of International Politics" (1979), Kenneth Waltz urged more attention to purely "structural" elements of the international system, especially the distribution of capabilities among states. Waltz's neorealism was more self-consciously scientific than Morgenthau's version of realism. Waltz argued that balances of power recurrently form whether or not states intend that result. Waltz criticized Morgenthau for seeing the maintenance of a balance of power as dependent on states' motives and conscious aims, leading to what Waltz called a "distortion" of balance-of-power theory.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: In contrast to Waltz's "defensive" realism, John Mearsheimer presented a theory of "offensive realism" in "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" (2001). Mearsheimer agreed with Morgenthau that states seek to maximize their relative power but disagreed about the cause: whereas Morgenthau posited, in Mearsheimer's words, "a will to power inherent in every state," Mearsheimer argued that the "anarchical" character of the international system pushes states to acquire as much power as possible to maximize their chances of survival.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Another area of criticism concerned Morgenthau's treatment of the concept of the national interest. One scholar has suggested that Morgenthau erred in thinking that "the 'rational core of the national interest' can be ascertained by objective analysis." On this account, "the concept of the national interest simply cannot bear the weight Morgenthau assigned to it."


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Morgenthau's concept of politics itself has been seen, at least by some writers, as a firmer basis for his position. While Morgenthau viewed politics as a struggle for power, he also viewed it as a struggle conducted by specific means and within certain limits. From this perspective, Morgenthau's distinction between political power and military power represented an effort "to insulate" the properly political realm "from the intrusion of physical violence and domination."


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: The conceptual distinction between political and military power may not always have influenced Morgenthau's views on specific policy issues, but it probably did so in the case of nuclear weapons. His concern with nuclear weapons and the arms race led to discussions and debates with Henry Kissinger and others. Morgenthau saw many aspects of the nuclear arms race as a form of irrationality requiring the attention of responsible diplomats, statesmen, and scholars. However, Morgenthau's view that a world state would be required to solve the problem of nuclear weapons is in tension with the skepticism about global governance that his realist perspective implies.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: Christoph Frei's intellectual biography of Morgenthau, published in English translation in 2001 (from the earlier German edition) was one of the first of many substantial publications about Morgenthau in the 2000s. Christoph Rohde published a biography of Morgenthau in 2004, still available only in German. Also around 2004, commemorative volumes were published on the occasion of the centenary of Morgenthau's birth.


title: Hans Morgenthau

text: John Mearsheimer of the University of Chicago has contrasted Morgenthau's political realism to the neo-conservativism prevailing during the G.W. Bush Administration in the context of the 2003 Iraq war. Morgenthau saw the ethical and moral component of international politics as an integral part of the reasoning process of the international statesman and the essential content of responsible scholarship in international relations. Various aspects of Morgenthau's thought, as well as his place in relation to twentieth-century intellectual currents and the disciplinary history of political science and international relations, continue to be explored by scholars (see Further Reading section, below).


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Walter Lippmann (September 23, 1889 – December 14, 1974) was an American writer, reporter and political commentator. With a career spanning 60 years he is famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of Cold War, coining the term "stereotype" in the modern psychological meaning, as well as critiquing media and democracy in his newspaper column and several books, most notably his 1922 book "Public Opinion".


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Lippmann also played a notable role in Woodrow Wilson's post-World War I board of inquiry, as its research director. His views regarding the role of journalism in a democracy were contrasted with the contemporaneous writings of John Dewey in what has been retrospectively named the Lippmann-Dewey debate. Lippmann won two Pulitzer Prizes, one for his syndicated newspaper column "Today and Tomorrow" and one for his 1961 interview of Nikita Khrushchev.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: He has also been highly praised with titles ranging anywhere from "most influential" journalist of the 20th century, to "Father of Modern Journalism". Michael Schudson writes that James W. Carey considered Walter Lippmann's book "Public Opinion" as "the founding book of modern journalism" and also "the founding book in American media studies".


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Lippmann was born on New York's Upper East Side as the only child of Jewish parents of German origin. He grew up, according to his biographer Ronald Steel, in a "gilded Jewish ghetto". His father Jacob Lippmann was a rentier who had become wealthy through his father's textile business and his father-in-law's real estate speculation. His mother, Daisy Baum cultivated contacts in the highest circles, and regularly spent their summer holidays in Europe. The family had a reform Jewish orientation; averse to "orientalism", they attended Temple Emanu-El. Walter had his reform Jewish confirmation instead of the traditional Bar Mitzvah at the age of 14. Lippmann was emotionally distanced from both parents, but had closer ties to his maternal grandmother. The political orientation of the family was Republican.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: From 1896 Lippmann attended the Sachs School for Boys, followed by the Sachs Collegiate Institute, an elitist and strictly secular private school in the German Gymnasium tradition, attended primarily by children of German-Jewish families and run by the classical philologist Dr. Julius Sachs, a son-in-law of Marcus Goldmann from the Goldman-Sachs family. Classes included 11 hours of ancient Greek and 5 hours of Latin per week.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Shortly before his 17th birthday, he entered Harvard University where he wrote for "The Harvard Crimson" and studied in person under George Santayana, William James, and Graham Wallas, concentrating upon philosophy, and languages (he spoke German and French). He took only one course in history and one in government. He was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa society, but important social clubs rejected Jews as members.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Lippmann became a member, alongside Sinclair Lewis, of the New York Socialist Party. In 1911, Lippmann served as secretary to George R. Lunn, the first Socialist mayor of Schenectady, New York, during Lunn's first term. Lippmann resigned his post after four months, finding Lunn's programs to be worthwhile in and of themselves, but inadequate as Socialism.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Lippmann was a journalist, a media critic and an amateur philosopher who tried to reconcile the tensions between liberty and democracy in a complex and modern world, as in his 1920 book "Liberty and the News". In 1913, Lippmann, Herbert Croly, and Walter Weyl became the founding editors of "The New Republic".


title: Walter Lippmann

text: During the war, Lippmann was commissioned a captain in the Army on June 28, 1918, and was assigned to the intelligence section of the AEF headquarters in France. He was assigned to the staff of Edward M. House in October and attached to the American Commission to negotiate peace in December. He returned to the United States in February 1919 and was immediately discharged.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Through his connection to House, Lippmann became an adviser to Wilson and assisted in the drafting of Wilson's Fourteen Points speech. He sharply criticized George Creel, whom the President appointed to head wartime propaganda efforts at the Committee on Public Information. While he was prepared to curb his liberal instincts because of the war, saying he had "no doctrinaire belief in free speech," he nonetheless advised Wilson that censorship should "never be entrusted to anyone who is not himself tolerant, nor to anyone who is unacquainted with the long record of folly which is the history of suppression."


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Lippmann examined the coverage of newspapers and saw many inaccuracies and other problems. He and Charles Merz, in a 1920 study entitled "A Test of the News", stated that "The New York Times"' coverage of the Bolshevik Revolution was biased and inaccurate. In addition to his newspaper column "Today and Tomorrow", he wrote several books.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Lippmann was the first to bring the phrase "cold war" to a common currency, in his 1947 book by the same name.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: It was Lippmann who first identified the tendency of journalists to generalize about other people based on fixed ideas. He argued that people, including journalists, are more apt to believe "the pictures in their heads" than to come to judgment by critical thinking. Humans condense ideas into symbols, he wrote, and journalism, a force quickly becoming the mass media, is an ineffective method of educating the public. Even if journalists did better jobs of informing the public about important issues, Lippmann believed "the mass of the reading public is not interested in learning and assimilating the results of accurate investigation." Citizens, he wrote, were too self-centered to care about public policy except as pertaining to pressing local issues.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: After the fall of Singapore, Lippmann authored an influential "Washington Post" column that criticized empire and called on western nations to "identify their cause with the freedom and security of the peoples of the East" and purging themselves of "white man's imperialism".


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Following the removal from office of Secretary of Commerce (and former Vice President of the United States) Henry A. Wallace in September 1946, Lippmann became the leading public advocate of the need to respect a Soviet sphere of influence in Europe, as opposed to the containment strategy being advocated at the time by George F. Kennan.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Lippmann was an informal adviser to several presidents. On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson presented Lippmann with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He later had a rather famous feud with Johnson over his handling of the Vietnam War of which Lippmann had become highly critical.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: He won a special Pulitzer Prize for journalism in 1958, as a nationally syndicated columnist, citing "the wisdom, perception and high sense of responsibility with which he has commented for many years on national and international affairs." Four years later he won the annual Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting citing "his 1961 interview with Soviet Premier Khrushchev, as illustrative of Lippmann's long and distinguished contribution to American journalism."


title: Walter Lippmann

text: He was mentioned in the monologue before Phil Ochs' recording of "The Marines Have Landed on the Shores of Santo Domingo" on the 1966 album "Phil Ochs in Concert".


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Though a journalist himself, Lippmann did not assume that news and truth are synonymous. For Lippmann, the "function of news is to signalize an event, the function of truth is to bring to light the hidden facts, to set them in relation with each other, and make a picture of reality on which men can act." A journalist's version of the truth is subjective and limited to how they construct their reality. The news, therefore, is "imperfectly recorded" and too fragile to bear the charge as "an organ of direct democracy."


title: Walter Lippmann

text: To Lippmann, democratic ideals had deteriorated: voters were largely ignorant about issues and policies and lacked the competence to participate in public life and cared little for participating in the political process. In "Public Opinion" (1922), Lippmann noted that modern realities threatened the stability that the government had achieved during the patronage era of the 19th century. He wrote that a "governing class" must rise to face the new challenges.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: The basic problem of democracy, he wrote, was the accuracy of news and protection of sources. He argued that distorted information was inherent in the human mind. People make up their minds before they define the facts, while the ideal would be to gather and analyze the facts before reaching conclusions. By seeing first, he argued, it is possible to sanitize polluted information. Lippmann argued that interpretation as stereotypes (a word which he coined in that specific meaning) subjected us to partial truths. Lippmann called the notion of a public competent to direct public affairs a "false ideal." He compared the political savvy of an average man to a theater-goer walking into a play in the middle of the third act and leaving before the last curtain.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: John Dewey in his book "The Public and Its Problems", published in 1927, agreed about the irrationality of public opinion, but he rejected Lippman's call for a technocratic elite. Dewey believed that in a democracy, the public is also part of the public discourse. The Lippman-Dewey Debate, which started to be widely discussed by the late 1980s in American communication studies circles, discuss the merits of Lippman and Dewey opinions. Lippmann also figured prominently in the work "Manufacturing Consent" by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky who cited Lippmann's advocacy of "manufacture of consent" which referred "to the management of public opinion, which [Lippmann] felt was necessary for democracy to flourish, since he felt that public opinion was an irrational force."


title: Walter Lippmann

text: In 1932, Lippmann infamously dismissed future President Franklin D. Roosevelt's qualifications and demeanor, writing: "Franklin D. Roosevelt is no crusader. He is no tribune of the people. He is no enemy of entrenched privilege. He is a pleasant man who, without any important qualifications for the office, would very much like to be President." Despite Roosevelt's later accomplishments, Lippmann stood by his words, saying: "That I will maintain to my dying day was true of the Franklin Roosevelt of 1932." He believed his judgment was an accurate summation of Roosevelt's 1932 campaign, saying it was "180 degrees opposite to the New Deal. The fact is that the New Deal was wholly improvised after Roosevelt was elected."


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Lippmann coined the phrase "Great Society" in 1921 (Essay: "The World Outside and the Pictures in Our Heads")


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Lippmann was an early and influential commentator on mass culture, notable not for criticizing or rejecting mass culture entirely but discussing how it could be worked with by a government licensed "propaganda machine" to keep democracy functioning. In his first book on the subject, "Public Opinion" (1922), Lippmann said that mass man functioned as a "bewildered herd" who must be governed by "a specialized class whose interests reach beyond the locality." The elite class of intellectuals and experts were to be a machinery of knowledge to circumvent the primary defect of democracy, the impossible ideal of the "omnicompetent citizen". This attitude was in line with contemporary capitalism, which was made stronger by greater consumption.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Later, in "The Phantom Public" (1925), Lippmann recognized that the class of experts were also, in most respects, outsiders to any particular problem, and hence not capable of effective action. Philosopher John Dewey (1859–1952) agreed with Lippmann's assertions that the modern world was becoming too complex for every citizen to grasp all its aspects, but Dewey, unlike Lippmann, believed that the public (a composite of many "publics" within society) could form a "Great Community" that could become educated about issues, come to judgments and arrive at solutions to societal problems.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: In 1943, George Seldes described Lippmann as one of the two most influential columnists in the United States.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: From the 1930s to the 1950s, Lippmann became even more skeptical of the "guiding" class. In "The Public Philosophy" (1955), which took almost twenty years to complete, he presented a sophisticated argument that intellectual elites were undermining the framework of democracy. The book was very poorly received in liberal circles.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: The Walter Lippmann House at Harvard University, which houses the Nieman Foundation for Journalism, is named after him.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Similarities between the views of Lippmann and Gabriel Almond produced what became known as the Almond–Lippmann consensus, which is based on three assumptions:


title: Walter Lippmann

text: French philosopher Louis Rougier convened a meeting of primarily French and German liberal intellectuals in Paris in August 1938 to discuss the ideas put forward by Lippmann in his work "The Good Society" (1937). They named the meeting after Lippmann, calling it the Colloque Walter Lippmann. The meeting is often considered the precursor to the first meeting of the Mont Pèlerin Society, convened by Friedrich von Hayek in 1947. At both meetings discussions centered around what a new liberalism, or "neoliberalism", should look like.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Lippmann was married twice, the first time from 1917 to 1937 to Faye Albertson (*23 March 1893 – 17 March 1975). Faye Albertson was the daughter of Ralph Albertson, a pastor of the Congregational Church. He was one of the pioneers of Christian socialism and the social gospel movement in the spirit of George Herron. During his studies at Harvard, Walter often visited the Albertsons' estate in West Newbury, Massachusetts, where they had founded a socialist cooperative, the (Cyrus Field) Willard Cooperative Colony. Faye Albertson married Jesse Heatley after the divorce in 1940.


title: Walter Lippmann

text: Lippmann was divorced by Faye Albertson to be able to marry Helen Byrne Armstrong in 1938 (died 16 February 1974), daughter of James Byrne. She divorced her husband Hamilton Fish Armstrong, the editor of "Foreign Affairs." He was the only close friend in Lippmann's life. The friendship and involvement in "Foreign Affairs" ended when a hotel in Europe accidentally forwarded Lippmann's love letters to Mr. Armstrong.


title: Spumoni

text: Spumone (from "spuma" or "foam"), plural spumoni, is a molded gelato (a lower-fat Italian form of ice cream) made with layers of different colors and flavors, usually containing candied fruits and nuts.


title: Spumoni

text: Typically, it is of three flavors, with a fruit/nut layer between them. The ice cream layers are often mixed with whipped cream. Cherry, pistachio, and either chocolate or vanilla are the typical flavors of the ice cream layers, and the fruit/nut layer often contains cherry bits—causing the traditional red/pink, green, and brown color combination.


title: Spumoni

text: Spumoni is popular in places with large Italian immigrant populations such as the United States, Argentina and Brazil. August 21 is National Spumoni Day in the United States. November 13 is National Spumoni Day in Canada.


title: Spumoni

text: Neapolitan ice cream, named after Naples, is a variation of spumoni. Cherry was changed to strawberry and pistachio to chocolate to reflect the most popular American flavor preferences.


title: Stefan Savić

text: Stefan Savić (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Стефан Савић, ; born 8 January 1991) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays for La Liga club Atlético Madrid and the Montenegro national team as a central defender.


title: Stefan Savić

text: Born in Mojkovac, Savić started his career at the local club Brskovo, before moving to BSK Borča, and then to Partizan. He won the double with Partizan, and then joined Manchester City for £6 million, winning the Premier League title in his only season there. In 2012, he was transferred to Fiorentina, making over 100 appearances across three seasons before signing with Atlético Madrid in 2015, where he won the UEFA Europa League and UEFA Super Cup in 2018.


title: Stefan Savić

text: A full international since 2010, Savić has made over fifty appearances and scored five goals for Montenegro.


title: Stefan Savić

text: Savić began his professional career with BSK Borča during the 2008–09 season. In early 2010, he was on a ten-day trial with Arsenal. According to Savić, he had agreed to join Arsenal in the summer, but the transfer never went through.


title: Stefan Savić

text: On 29 August 2010, it was announced that Savić had signed for Partizan on a four-year contract and was given the number 15 shirt. He made four appearances in the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League group stage and helped the club win the double.


title: Stefan Savić

text: On 6 July 2011, Savić signed a four-year contract for Manchester City in a £6 million deal. He made his debut against Swansea City on 15 August as a substitute at the City of Manchester Stadium. On 1 October, he came off the bench and scored his first goal for the club in a 4–0 victory away to Blackburn Rovers, heading in the conclusive goal from a corner from Samir Nasri.


title: Stefan Savić

text: Throughout centre-back Vincent Kompany's four-match ban from 11 to 25 January, Savić replaced him in the starting line-up, with third-choice Kolo Touré away on international duty with the Ivory Coast in the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations. Although Savić showed brief flashes of form in this time, he showed many instances of nervousness resulting in frequent misplaced passes, clearances and crucially conceded a penalty against Liverpool in a League Cup match, resulting in a Liverpool win. Via a poor first touch, he caused Jermain Defoe's goal in City's 3–2 win over Tottenham Hotspur. With Kompany's return to the starting team, Savić returned to the bench. He ended the season with 12 league appearances, enough for a medal, as Manchester City won the 2011–12 Premier League on the last day of the season.


title: Stefan Savić

text: On 31 August 2012, Italian Serie A club Fiorentina signed Savić as part of a deal for Matija Nastasić to transfer the other way. He was given the number 15 shirt and made his Fiorentina debut on 7 October, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 over Bologna, and in December he scored his first two goals in a 2–2 home draw with Sampdoria. He finished the season with 26 league appearances and one Coppa Italia appearance, helping Fiorentina to finish in fourth place in the 2012–13 Serie A, thereby securing a UEFA Europa League place for 2013–14.


title: Stefan Savić

text: Savić continued to be a mainstay in the Fiorentina defence in the 2013–14 season, making 31 appearances in the league as Fiorentina again finished in fourth place. Savić made four appearances in the Europa League proper and two more in qualifying as Fiorentina made the last 16 of the competition, being beaten 2–1 on aggregate by rivals Juventus. He also played both matches in the Coppa Italia semi-final win over Udinese and in the final, where his side lost 3–1 to Napoli.


title: Stefan Savić

text: In the 2014–15 season, Savić reached the milestone of 100 appearances for Fiorentina in all competitions. He was a major part of their run to the semi-finals in the 2014–15 Europa League and the third consecutive fourth-place finish in Serie A, making 41 appearances in all competitions.


title: Stefan Savić

text: On 20 July 2015, Savić moved to Atlético Madrid for €10 million fee and signed a five-year contract with the club; midfielder Mario Suárez moving in the opposite direction for free as part of the deal, though Suárez later sold for €4 million in January 2016. Savić became the first Montenegrin footballer who played in the Champions League final in the 21st century, 18 years after Predrag Mijatović, who scored decisive goal in the 1998 final for Real Madrid against Juventus.


title: Stefan Savić

text: Savić represented Montenegro at every youth level, including under-17, under-19 and under-21 teams. He made his international debut for the senior team in a friendly match against Northern Ireland on 11 August 2010, replacing Milan Jovanović for the final 15 minutes at the Stadion Pod Goricom. On 10 August 2011, he scored twice in a 3–2 friendly loss to neighbours Albania at the Loro Boriçi Stadium in Shkodër.


title: Stefan Savić

text: Stefan's father Dragan was the president of the municipal assembly in Mojkovac when he committed suicide on 6 April 2011 when Stefan was 20 years old. Subsequently, Red Star Belgrade's Delije ultras, who are otherwise not known for being sympathetic to people associated with crosstown rivals Partizan, held up a banner which said "Support for Stefan Savić" after the loss of his father.


title: Saamy

text: Saamy ( God) is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language action masala film written and directed by Hari. The film was presented by K. Balachander and produced by Pushpa Kandasamy under banner Kavithalayaa Productions. The film stars Vikram and Trisha and Kota Srinivasa Rao (debut in Tamil cinema) in a negative role. Music was composed by Harris Jayaraj. Upon release, the film was highly successful at the box office. It was remade in Telugu as "Lakshmi Narasimha" (2004) starring Nandamuri Balakrishna, in Bengali as "Barood" starring Mithun Chakraborty, loosely in Kannada as "Ayya" (2005) starring Darshan and later in Hindi as "Policegiri" (2013)(Directed by K.S. Ravikumar) starring Sanjay Dutt reprising the role of Vikram.


title: Saamy

text: Like other films directed by Hari, this film also specialises a particular city and this time it is Tirunelveli. "Saamy" along with "Kaakha Kaakha" started a trend of police films in Tamil such as "Bheeshmar", "Gambeeram", "Anjaneya" and many others. A sequel, "Saamy Square", was released in 2018.


title: Saamy

text: Aarusaamy "Saamy" arrives in Tirunelveli, along with his friend, witnesses a corrupt cop trying to extort money from someone, he thrashes him, which prompts the police to arrive at the scene, and when they question Saamy, he reveals himself to be the new DCP of Tirunelveli city, while ordering the police to arrest the swindler posing as a cop. Saamy later assembles the police force and rules out their procedures that they can do whatever they wish, provided the public and the innocent are not harmed in the process. He also tells them to arrest any thug in the town without second thoughts.


title: Saamy

text: Due to Saamy's administration, the crime rate in Tirunelveli decreases. At the outset, Saamy pretends to be a corrupt cop by accepting bribes from the influential and corrupt Politician Perumal Pichai under the condition that his illegal activities will not be monitored, while advising him to move his liquor stores elsewhere in order to avoid disturbance to the public. Perumal accepts, merely out of an assumption that Saamy belongs to his caste. Saamy falls in love with a college-going Brahmin girl Bhuvana, whose father Srinivasan, is a straightforward government officer who dislikes bribery and leads a noble life.


title: Saamy

text: Saamy and Bhuvana meet each other when Saamy leaves with his assistant, Inspector "Punctuality" Paramasivam, in search of a home for rent. Bhuvana misinterprets Saamy and Paramasivam as thieves and locks them in a room, only to be revealed of their identities by the police. Soon their frequent rendezvous turn to love. One day, Saamy seals Perumal's gas station because the workers assaulted a woman and others when they challenged them a very less distribution of petrol than being promised. This infuriates Perumal, who storms into Saamy's quarters with Bhuvana being present, and they argue. Bhuvana gets upset when Perumal mentions the bribe Saamy had taken from him, leaving to her home.


title: Saamy

text: The next day, Saamy tries to convince Bhuvana at the temple and reveals his past. Saamy's father Chokkalingam wanted to become a cop, but he was unable to due to corruption. So, he takes care of agriculture as his living, but he wanted to make his son a cop. Saamy passes the TNPSC Group 1 exams, but was asked for bribes. Chokkalingam mortgages his properties and makes him get police job. Being an honest cop, Saamy is honored with transfers all over Tamil Nadu due to political pressure. In Trichy, he is accused of bribery and gets suspended. After 6 months, Saamy proves his innocence, and is finally posted back to Tirunelveli, and adapts a new policy and also taking bribes from the influential persons, for the public's welfare.


title: Saamy

text: Saamy also tells Bhuvana that the bribes are entirely donated by him. Bhuvana reconciles with Saamy, and after much coercion, Srinivasan agrees to their engagement. The ruling party calls for a one-day strike all over the state, and Perumal is to handle with the responsibility of Tirunelveli on the eve of Pongal. The retail vendors plead with Saamy to provide protection as Pongal festival is a very important sales time. Saamy takes steps to maintain law and order. The strike becomes a failure in Tirunelveli, which enrages Perumal. Perumal was waiting for a chance seek vengeance against Saamy for sealing his petrol bunk earlier. So, his henchmen attack the market on the day of Saamy and Bhuvana's marriage, since all the prime policemen would be attending the wedding.


title: Saamy

text: Saamy witnesses the brutality of Perumal's men, and this incident begins their enmity. Saamy receives his transfer order to Dindigul, with 1 week duty remaining in the city. Saamy challenges to close Perumal's empire and finish him in that week, which he succeeds in doing so by using various enforcement tactics. Saamy arrests the main accomplies of Perumal, two of the MLAs and imprisons them for 15 day period. Saamy covertly kills off other main enforcers of Perumal in a riot caused by him during a procession. Saamy advises Bhuvana to leave for Pazhani. In the evening, after listening to Perumal's phone calls, Saamy realises that Perumal has planned to bomb somewhere.


title: Saamy

text: Saamy meets with Perumal's henchman, whom he spared in the rally shooting, and convinces the henchman to turn approver. Saamy finds that the bomb is to be detonated in his house. Unknown to Saamy, Chokkalingam has arrived at his home from Pazhani. Despite Saamy's attempts to warn Chokalingam, the bomb detonates, and Chokalingam is killed. The bomb maker and Perumal's henchman provide statements to the magistrate, and Saamy is provided an arrest warrant against Perumal. Despite hurdles by the authorities and ministers to stop the arrest, Saamy leaves to arrest Perumal.


title: Saamy

text: On the final day eve, Saamy gives news to the media, that Perumal has absconded, and police are searching for him. Saamy routes Perumal to his own sand quarry. After a brief fight, Perumal surrenders to Saamy and scoffs at him. Saamy refuses, kills Perumal with his illicit revolver, and burns his corpse in a brick kiln nearby, so that no one will try to replace or avenge the absconding Perumal, and thus no harm done. Saamy then performs the rites for his deceased father.


title: Saamy

text: After directing the Tamil film. "Thamizh" (2002),the production company, "Kavithalayaa Productions" called Hari to direct a film for them since Hari assisted few of their films. The film was titled as "Saamy", with Vikram and Trisha as a lead pair; the latter was selected as the makers wanted a fresh pair opposite Vikram. Telugu actor Kota Srinivasa Rao was selected to play negative role making his debut in Tamil.


title: Saamy

text: The film's shooting schedule took place at Karaikudi, Some fight scenes were shot at the busy lanes in Karaikudi where Vikram chased some rowdies and Pudichirukku song was Shot in New Zealand, The fight scene was shot for five days, with Priyan canning the shots and Super Subbarayan choreographing the fights. Vikram worked on his body for the film, sporting a thick waist to show notable differences from his other police film, "Dhill" and also put on eight kilograms.


title: Saamy

text: The soundtrack album and background score were composed by Harris Jayaraj. The lyrics for songs were written by Na. Muthukumar, Thamarai & Snehan and upon release the soundtrack received positive reviews from critics. Due to its popularity on the music charts, Harris Jayaraj was nominated for the Filmfare Best Music Director award.


title: Saamy

text: Sify wrote:"The patchy storyline merely serves as a pretext to spark off several skirmishes and bombastic dialogues. Ultimately it is Vikram who dominates this action movie. In fact he is the mainstay of the picture [sic] Director Hari packs in a sting, but Saamy is strictly for the no holds barred action addicts".Heroine Trisha also received praise from the critics:" Trisha is appealingly sensual and looks glamarous as the Brahmin girl Bhuvana and brings out the nuance of her character well." Bizhat called it:"taut, fully engaging actioner". Hindu wrote:"Kavithalaya's "Saami" should follow the "Dhil", "Dhool" line. Vikram's daredevilry and macho appeal ought to go down well with the masses. His presence of mind and intelligence are bound to make an impression on those who expect something more".


title: Saamy

text: Saamy was released approximately in 100 screens in Tamil Nadu. The film had a huge opening as it was a summer vacation for the Tamil audiences. Theatres in Chennai had almost 100% occupancies and the film recovered all its budget within 4 to 5 days. The film sold 1 crore tickets in Tamil Nadu box office netting 32 crore in its lifetime run.


title: Saamy

text: The film was remade into Telugu in 2004 as "Lakshmi Narasimha". It was also remade in Bengali as "Barood" (2004), in Kannada as "Ayya" (2005) and in Hindi as "Policegiri" (2013). Despite the Hindi remake, "Saamy" was also dubbed and released in that language as "Policewala Gunda 3" in 2016.


title: Saamy

text: In August 2016, during the audio launch of "Iru Mugan", director Hari made an official announcement that he will unite with Vikram, also echoed by the latter, for a sequel to Saamy. Later the sequel named as "Saamy Square".


title: 1994–95 NBA season

text: The 1994–95 NBA season was the 49th season of the National Basketball Association. The season ended with the Houston Rockets defeating the Orlando Magic 4 games to 0 in the NBA Finals to be crowned champions.


title: 1994–95 NBA season

text: Teams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in its conference, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions are marked by an asterisk. Home court advantage does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead the team with the better regular season record; teams enjoying the home advantage are shown in italics.


title: Get Into It (Yuh)

text: "Get Into It (Yuh)" is a song by American rapper and singer Doja Cat from her third studio album "Planet Her" (2021). It was released through Kemosabe and RCA Records alongside the parent album as an album track. Following the album's release, it entered various international music charts due to going viral on the video-sharing app TikTok. The song also appeared in a 2021 Taco Bell advertisement. Following premiere of the music video on January 28, 2022, the song was released to radio as the album's fifth single on March 11, 2022.


title: Get Into It (Yuh)

text: A "squeaky swag" rap song featuring "glitchy", "twinkling" and "quirky" production influenced by dancehall and bubblegum, "Get Into It (Yuh)" is a tribute to rapper Nicki Minaj, whom Doja Cat thanks directly for "paving the way for her polished pop-rap career" by saying "Thank you Nicki, I love you!" towards the end of the song. Throughout the song she borrows the unique rapid-fire flow Minaj commonly used in her early career and even interpolates the lyric "Got that big rocket launcher" from her 2010 debut single "Massive Attack". Shortly after the release of the song, Minaj revealed in a fan's Twitter Space conversation that Doja Cat had originally asked her to feature on the song, but passed on the collaboration due to thinking she could not bring anything unique and improve the song. Minaj had asked Doja's team to send her another song, but they never did.


title: Get Into It (Yuh)

text: "Get Into It (Yuh)" received acclaim upon release, reviewers often comparing it to Nicki Minaj's work and Playboi Carti. "Consequence" described the track as "swaggering", while "Clash" dubbed it "playful". "DIY" cites the track as a "vibe-heavy" highlight, complimenting Doja Cat's "fiery rapping style". Sputnikmusic was less positive, dubbing the song's production as an "excuse for grating repetitiousness".


title: Get Into It (Yuh)

text: English singer Charli XCX named "Get Into It (Yuh)" the song of the year that "absolutely no one [would] top ... in 2021".


title: Get Into It (Yuh)

text: "Get Into It (Yuh)" debuted on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 93 in the week of July 10, 2021. A dance—choreographed by David Vu on TikTok, uploaded in late July—fueled a boost in streaming, causing the track to re-enter the chart at 75 roughly two months later on the week of August 28, 2021. Following its release to US radio as a single, the song reached a new peak of number 20 in July 2022. In addition to its success in the United States, the track has also reached the top 40 in Canada and New Zealand.


title: Get Into It (Yuh)

text: The music video was filmed in October 2021, directed by Mike Diva. In November 2021, "Marketing Dive" and "PR Newswire" reported that a music video for the song was under production in association with Lifewtr. An accompanying trailer for the music video was released on January 28, 2022. The video was later released to YouTube on January 31, 2022.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: Don't Smile at Me (stylized as smile at me) is the debut extended play by American singer Billie Eilish, released on August 11, 2017, via Darkroom and Interscope Records. Eilish and her brother Finneas O'Connell wrote most of the material on the EP and were solely responsible for its production. It is an electropop and bedroom pop record with elements of R&B and jazz.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: The release of seven singles from 2016 to 2018 supported "Don't Smile at Me". "Ocean Eyes" (2016) and "Idontwannabeyouanymore" (2017) were both sleeper hits, charting on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart. "Bellyache" (2017) reached the top five on the "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart for a milestone of 32 weeks, while "Copycat" (2017) peaked at number 12 on the chart. Eilish embarked on the Don't Smile at Me Tour and Where's My Mind Tour in 2017 and 2018, respectively, to further promote the EP.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: The EP received generally favorable reviews from music critics, with many praising the music and Eilish's vocals. "Hostage" (2017) received a nomination for Best Cinematography at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards. "Don't Smile at Me" was commercially successful, reaching number 14 on the US "Billboard" 200 and number 12 on the UK Albums Chart. It entered the top 10 in many other countries, including Lithuania, where it reached number one.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: Re-issued under the title of "Don't Smile at Me: December reissue", the EP included a previously released single, "&Burn" (2017) with Vince Staples. The song was certified gold in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Don't Smile at Me: Expanded edition" was released later. It includes two previously released singles, "Lovely" (2018) with Khalid and "Bitches Broken Hearts" (2018). "Lovely" was commercially successful, peaking at number 64 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 47 on the UK Singles Chart. "Bitches Broken Hearts" was certified platinum in the US and Canada by the RIAA and Music Canada (MC), respectively.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: In July 2017, Eilish told "Billboard" that "each track off "Don't Smile at Me" will follow a distinct plot". She explained, "The only tie-together? I'm pretty sure I don’t have any songs that are about how much I love someone. They're all either about like, 'I hate you,' or 'you make me hate me'."


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: Eilish spoke about the EP's title: "My EP is called "Don't Smile at Me" for a lot of reasons, but one of them would be when [someone tells you], 'Smile. Why aren't you smiling? It's so much more beautiful when you smile.' Everyone's taught to smile. Girls are like, 'Look happy, look like you're having fun!' I'm not gonna look like anybody except what I am. I want to impress myself." Eilish and her brother Finneas O'Connell wrote most of the material for "Don't Smile at Me". Finneas produced the EP in its entirety. Studio personnel John Greenham and Rob Kinelski handled the mastering and mixing, respectively.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: "Don't Smile at Me" is primarily an electropop and bedroom pop record, with R&B and jazz influences. The EP opens with "Copycat", a hip hop-influenced electronica and pop track. It features minimalist production consisting of a bass guitar and piano. The song is Eilish's response to people she felt kept copying everything she was doing. The following track, "Idontwannabeyouanymore", is a pop and R&B song, with a jazz and neo soul-influenced melody. The track features Eilish singing about self-doubt and low self-esteem. According to Baeble Music's Olivia Lewis, "My Boy" begins with a "chiller, jazz-like vibe, and a layer of darkness and mystery". It features hip hop-influenced production, using a hi-hat and keyboard. Musically, the track is a pop song.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: With "Watch", described as a pop ballad, Eilish sends a message to her former lover, saying she is leaving their toxic relationship. The track begins with the sound of a match strike that continues throughout the song as its main beat. "Party Favor" is a folk track with Eilish playing the ukulele. The song addresses Eilish's break up with her boyfriend on his birthday with a phone call. "Bellyache" is a mid-tempo electropop and R&B song with influences of hip hop, deep house and Latin macabre in its instrumentation. The song's lyrics were written from the perspective of a psychopath who kills those close to her, including her friends and lover.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: "Ocean Eyes" is a dream pop, pop, synth-pop, indie pop and R&B ballad. The song features percussion, bass guitar and a synthesizer. "Ocean Eyes" is a love letter to Eilish's crush with her lover's "ocean" eyes. "Don't Smile at Me" closes with "Hostage", a stripped-down pop track. Lyrically, the track is about an intense love that Eilish feels for someone and an overwhelming desire she has for them. The December re-issue of the EP contains one additional track; "&Burn" with Vince Staples——a hip hop-influenced pop track. "[B]ooming kick drums" and "velvety keys" support the track. Like "Watch", the song starts with the sound of a match striking and uses it for the main beat. When Eilish and Finneas were recording the song, it was titled "Watch & Burn". The track later became two separate songs—"Watch" and "&Burn".


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: The expanded edition of "Don't Smile at Me" contains two extra tracks. "Lovely", featuring Khalid, is a chamber pop-based stripped back ballad. The track features minimalist production consisting of a piano, violin strings provided by Madison Leinster, and percussion, as Eilish and Khalid sing about the feeling of being trapped inside of one's own mind. "Bitches Broken Hearts" is an R&B track. Emmit Fenn handled additional production of the track, the first song by Eilish to feature production by someone other than her brother. Lyrically, the song delves into the aftermath of a breakup, with Eilish pretending she no longer needs or cares about her former lover.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: "Ocean Eyes" was originally released on November 18, 2015, via SoundCloud. On November 18, 2016, it was re-released as the lead single from "Don't Smile at Me". Although the song did not chart initially, it became a sleeper hit in 2019 after Eilish released her debut studio album "When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?", reaching number 72 on the UK Singles Chart and number 84 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) certified the song quadruple platinum in Australia. It received triple platinum certifications in the United States, Canada and Denmark from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), Music Canada (MC) and IFPI Denmark, respectively. The song spawned two music videos; Megan Thompson directed the first released on March 24, 2016. The second is a dance performance video released on November 22, 2016. A remix EP for the track was released on January 14, 2017. It includes remixes by Astronomyy, Blackbear, Goldhouse, and Cautious Clay.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: "Bellyache" was released on February 24, 2017, as the second single from "Don't Smile at Me". The song was also a sleeper hit, reaching number three on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart for a milestone of 32 weeks, and number 79 on the UK Singles Chart. It was certified double platinum in the US, Australia, and in Mexico by the Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (AMPROFON). Miles and AJ directed an accompanying music video released on March 22, 2017. Marian Hill remixed "Bellyache" and released it on May  5, 2017. "Watch" was released as the third single from "Don't Smile at Me" on June 30, 2017. Megan Park directed the song's music video which was released on September 18, 2017. The track was certified platinum in the US, Canada, and Australia. "Copycat" was released as the EP's fourth single on July 14, 2017. Sofi Tukker remixed it and released it on January 12, 2018. The song peaked at number 12 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart; it ultimately was certified in the US.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: "Idontwannabeyouanymore" was released as the fifth single from "Don't Smile at Me" on July 21, 2017. It charted at number 96 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 78 on the UK Singles Chart. The track was certified double platinum in the US. A vertical video for the track was released to Spotify in December 2017. The EP's sixth single, "My Boy", was released on July 28, 2017. The song received a remix by TroyBoi entitled "MyBoi", released on March 9, 2018. "My Boy" was certified platinum in the US. "&Burn", featuring American rapper Vince Staples, was released as a single on December 15, 2017 and later included on the "Don't Smile at Me: December reissue". The song was certified gold in the US. "Party Favor" was released on an exclusive pink 7-inch vinyl as the seventh and final single from "Don't Smile at Me" on April 21, 2018, coinciding with that year's Record Store Day. A cover of "Hotline Bling", originally performed and written by Canadian rapper Drake, was released as the B-side. "Party Favor" was certified gold in the US.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: "Lovely", featuring Khalid, was released as the lead single for "13 Reasons Why: Season 2 (Music from the Original TV Series)" on April 19, 2018, and later included on the "Don't Smile at Me: Expanded edition". Taylor Cohen and Matty Peacock directed its music video. The song reached number 64 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 47 on the UK Singles Chart. It was certified octuple platinum in Australia and Canada, triple platinum in Mexico and in Poland (certified by the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry (PSPI)), and double platinum in the US and New Zealand—certified by Recorded Music NZ (RMNZ). "Bitches Broken Hearts" was originally released as a standalone single on March 30, 2018. It was ultimately included in the "Expanded Edition". The song was certified platinum in the US and Canada. Despite not being released as a single, Henry Scholfield produced a music video for "Hostage". It was first released exclusively via Apple Music on July 11, 2018. The video was later uploaded to Eilish's YouTube channel on October 8, 2018. "Hostage" was ultimately certified platinum in the US and Canada.


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: To promote the EP, Eilish embarked on the Don't Smile at Me Tour and Where's My Mind Tour during 2017 and 2018. In Europe, Eilish would open with "Bellyache". Eilish would then sing "&Burn" without Staples. It would begin with the original arrangement before the beat drops and Eilish would break into dance. Eilish would finish with "Copycat", red lights would flash as she sang it. The staff of "Billboard" magazine praised Eilish's performance at The Bowery Ballroom. Lyndsay Havens described the performance as "explosive" but "at times tender, and entirely exciting". She added the performance was "the type of show where you are acutely aware that the artist you are currently watching will outgrow the venue they are playing almost immediately". The staff of "The Gazette" felt Eilish "wants to bring the audience into her world, creating an experience for them".


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: "Don't Smile at Me" was met with generally favorable reviews by music critics. Kristin Smith of Plugged In said of the EP, "A fusion of multiple genres, sounds and styles, these nine tracks capture the young singer's undeniably engaging perspective and personality. We hear the honest confessions of a teenager who has known heartbreak, self-loathing and love. "Don't Smile at Me" is dreamy and depressing, enchanting and haunting. And it warrants both praise and caution." Nicole Almeida of "Atwood Magazine" wrote "Don't Smile at Me" was a "powerful declaration", and a "statement coming from the mouth of someone who knows who she is. The title perfectly embodies the strength and ambition of Eilish's debut EP and of Eilish herself as an artist." Robert Christgau, writing for "Vice", commended Eilish's "still-fragile melodies and still-pure voice" on the EP, but considered the songwriting and production to be less accomplished than that of her debut single "When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?". Tom Hull mentioned that "Don't Smile at Me" singles are "more pop", and more "easily distinguished from the filler". Brenton Blanchet of "Spin" magazine lauded the EP, saying it was the "first sample of what Eilish could create in her bedroom", saying the "airy and atmospheric project showcased pop craft beyond her age".


title: Don't Smile at Me

text: "Don't Smile at Me" became a sleeper hit in the US, debuting at number 185 on the US "Billboard" 200 a month and a half after its release. The EP later broke into the top 100 in the week ending May 31, 2018, its 21st week on the chart, at number 97 with 7,000 album-equivalent units. "Don't Smile at Me" reached the top 40 of the "Billboard" 200 in the week ending July 28 at number 38 with 12,000 units, including 10,000 streaming equivalent album units, before peaking at number 14 in its 56th charting week for the issue dated January 26, 2019. As of April 2019, the EP has sold 947,000 album-equivalent units in the US and has also generated more than 1.2 billion on-demand audio streams for its tracks. "Don't Smile at Me" was more successful outside the United States. The EP peaked at number 12 on the UK Albums Chart. In Australia, it peaked at number six on the ARIA Charts. It was most successful in Lithuania, peaking at number one on the chart. In early 2019, Eilish became the youngest artist to hit one billion streams on Spotify with "Don't Smile at Me".


title: Hamish Macbeth (TV series)

text: Hamish Macbeth is a Scottish mystery comedy-drama television series produced by BBC Scotland that aired from 26 March 1995 to 4 May 1997. It is loosely based on a series of mystery novels by M. C. Beaton (Marion Chesney). The series concerns a local police officer, Constable Hamish Macbeth, in the fictitious town of Lochdubh on the west coast of Scotland. The title character was played by Robert Carlyle. It consisted of three series, with the first two series containing six episodes and the third containing eight.


title: Hamish Macbeth (TV series)

text: The series was released on DVD in the United Kingdom and the United States in 2005 and 2006, respectively, with the exception of the first series episode "West Coast Story". This was due to rights issues surrounding the episode's extensive use of excerpts from the 1961 film "West Side Story".


title: Hamish Macbeth (TV series)

text: Hamish Macbeth, a police constable in the Northern Constabulary, accompanied by his dog, a West Highland Terrier named Wee Jock (later another West Highland Terrier called Jock following Wee Jock's death), keeps the peace in the small town of Lochdubh (pronounced with the guttural 'ch' sound, LoCH-DOO). Macbeth does this in his own way, without undue reliance on the letter of the law and with every intention of avoiding being promoted out of what is his ideal job. He strongly dislikes involvement from Inverness police, and sometimes his main work doesn't seem to be the capture of local "very" petty criminals, but to keep them away from prison and penalties.


title: Hamish Macbeth (TV series)

text: The major running theme of the series is the tension caused by Hamish's attraction to both the journalist of the local newspaper, Isobel Sutherland and the aristocratic author Alexandra Maclean. Other themes include the clairvoyance of Hamish's friend and co-worker "TV John", John McIver, the not-so-secret romance between the school-teacher Esme Murray and the shopkeeper Rory Campbell, the volatile marriage of the publican Barney Meldrum and his wife Agnes, the schemes of the two Lachie MacCraes, father and son, the laid-back, pipe smoking Doc Brown, and Major Peregrine Maclean, father of Alexandra and aristocratic penniless widower.


title: Hamish Macbeth (TV series)

text: The series was filmed on location in the village of Plockton, the town of Kyle of Lochalsh and the surrounding area. A map of the Lochdubh area shown in the episode "In Search of a Rose" places Lochdubh close to Toscaig, just to the north of Kyle of Lochalsh, with Lochdubh Island being part of the Crowlin Islands.


title: Hamish Macbeth (TV series)

text: The series was directed mainly by Nicholas Renton, with Mandie Fletcher directing four episodes and Jonas Grimas directing two episodes in 1997.


title: Hamish Macbeth (TV series)

text: Region 1: All three series have been released on DVD in Region 1 from October 25, 2005 to October 23, 2007.


title: Hamish Macbeth (TV series)

text: Region 2: All three series have been released on DVD in Region 2 from September 5, 2005 to April 24, 2006.


title: Hamish Macbeth (TV series)

text: Region 4: All three series have been released on DVD in Region 4 from March 21, 2006 to February 7, 2007.


title: Full width at half maximum

text: In a distribution, full width at half maximum (FWHM) is the difference between the two values of the independent variable at which the dependent variable is equal to half of its maximum value. In other words, it is the width of a spectrum curve measured between those points on the "y"-axis which are half the maximum amplitude.


title: Full width at half maximum

text: FWHM is applied to such phenomena as the duration of pulse waveforms and the spectral width of sources used for optical communications and the resolution of spectrometers.


title: Full width at half maximum

text: The convention of "width" meaning "half maximum" is also widely used in signal processing to define bandwidth as "width of frequency range where less than half the signal's power is attenuated", i.e., the power is at least half the maximum. In signal processing terms, this is at most −3 dB of attenuation, called "half-power point" or, more specifically, "half-power bandwidth".


title: Full width at half maximum

text: where "σ" is the standard deviation and "x" is the expected value, then the relationship between FWHM and the standard deviation is


title: Full width at half maximum

text: In spectroscopy half the width at half maximum (here "γ"), HWHM, is in common use. For example, a Lorentzian/Cauchy distribution of height can be defined by


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Buddhist symbolism is the use of symbols (Sanskrit: "pratīka") to represent certain aspects of the Buddha's Dharma (teaching). Early Buddhist symbols which remain important today include the Dharma wheel, the Indian lotus, the three jewels and the Bodhi tree.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Buddhism symbolism is intended to represent the key values of the Buddhist faith. The popularity of certain symbols has grown and changed over time as a result of progression in the followers ideologies. Research has shown that the aesthetic perception of the Buddhist gesture symbol positively influenced perceived happiness and life satisfaction.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Anthropomorphic symbolism depicting the Buddha (as well as other figures) became very popular around the first century CE with the arts of Mathura and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara. New symbols continued to develop into the medieval period, with Vajrayana Buddhism adopting further symbols such as the stylized double vajra. In the modern era, new symbols like the Buddhist flag were also adopted.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Many symbols are depicted in early Buddhist art. Many of these are ancient, pre-Buddhist and pan-Indian symbols of auspiciousness (mangala). According to Karlsson, Buddhists adopted these signs because "they were meaningful, important and well-known to the majority of the people in India." They also may have had apotropaic uses, and thus they "must have been a way for Buddhists to protect themselves, but also a way of popularizing and strengthening the Buddhist movement."


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: At its founding in 1952, the World Fellowship of Buddhists adopted two symbols to represent Buddhism. These were a traditional eight-spoked Dharma wheel and the five-colored flag.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: The earliest Buddhist art is from the Mauryan era (322 BCE – 184 BCE), there is little archeological evidence for pre-Mauryan period symbolism. Early Buddhist art (circa 2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE) is commonly (but not exclusively) aniconic (i.e. lacking an anthropomorphic image), and instead used various symbols to depict the Buddha. The best examples of this aniconic period symbolism can be found at sites like Sanchi, Amaravati, Bharhut, Bodhgaya and Sarnath. According to Karlsson, three specific signs, the Bodhi tree, the Dharma wheel, and the stupa, occur frequently at all these major sites and thus "the earliest Buddhist cult practice focused on these three objects".


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Among the earliest and most common Buddhist symbols found in these early Buddhist sites are the stupa (and the relics therein), the Dharma wheel, the Bodhi Tree, the triratna (three jewels), the vajra seat, the lotus flower, and the Buddha footprint. Several animals are also widely depicted, such as elephants, lions, nāga and deer. Contemporary Buddhist art contains numerous symbols, including unique symbols not found in early Buddhism.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Theravada Buddhist art is strongly influenced by the Indian Buddhist art styles like the Amaravati and Gupta styles. Thus, Theravada Buddhism retained most of the classic Indian Buddhist symbols such as the Dharma wheel, though in many cases, these symbols became more elaborately decorated with gold, jewels and other designs.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Different artistic styles also developed throughout the Theravada world as well as unique ways of depicting the Buddha (such as the Thai style and the Khmer style) containing their own ways of using Buddhist symbols.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: East Asian Buddhism adopted many of the classic Buddhist symbolism outlined above. During the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) Buddhist symbolism became widespread, and symbols like the swastika and the Dharma wheel (Chinese: 法輪; pinyin: "fălún", "wheel of life") became well known in China. There were also more elaborate symbols, like Buddhist mandalas and complex images of Buddhas and bodhisattva figures.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: There are also some symbols that are generally unique to East Asian Buddhism, including the purple robe(which indicated a particularly eminent monastic), the "ruyi" scepter, the "wooden fish", the ring staff ("khakkhara"), The Eighteen Arhats (or Luohan) (Chinese: 十八羅漢)the "ever burning lamp" ("changmingdeng") and various kinds of Buddhist amulets or charms, such as Japanese omamori and ofuda, and Chinese fu (符) or fulu.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Chinese Buddhism also adopted traditional pre-Buddhist Chinese symbols and deities, including money trees, Chinese dragons, and Chinese gods like the Jade emperor and various generals like Guan Yu. Japanese Buddhism also developed some unique symbols of its own. For example, in Japanese Zen, a widely used symbol is the ensō, a hand-drawn black circle.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Mantric Buddhism ("Guhyamantra", "Secret Mantra") or Vajrayana has numerous esoteric symbols which are not common in other forms of Buddhism.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: The vajra is a key symbol in Vajrayana Buddhism. It represents indestructibility (like a diamond), emptiness as well as power (like a thunder bolt, which was the weapon of the Vedic god Indra). According to Beer, it represents "the impenetrable, imperishable, immovable, immutable, indivisible, and indestructible state of absolute reality, which is the enlightenment of Buddhahood." The vajra is often paired with a bell ("vajra-ghanta"), which represents the feminine principle of wisdom. When paired together, they represent the perfect union of wisdom or emptiness (bell) and method or skilful means ("vajra"). There is also what is called the "crossed vajra" ("vishva-vajra"), which has four vajra heads emanating from a central hub.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Other tantric ritual symbols include the ritual knife ("kila"), tantric staff ("khatvanga"), the skull cup ("kapala"), the flaying knife ("kartika"), hand drum ("damaru") and the thigh bone trumpet ("kangling").


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Other Vajrayana symbols popular in Tibetan Buddhism include the bhavacakra (wheel of life), mandalas, the number 108 and the Buddha eyes (or wisdom eyes) commonly seen on Nepalese stupas such as at Boudhanath.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: There are various mythical creatures used in Vajrayana art as well: Snow Lion, Wind Horse, dragon, garuda and tiger. The popular mantra "om mani padme hum" is widely used to symbolize compassion and is commonly seen inscribed on rocks, prayer wheels, stupas and art. In Dzogchen, the mirror is one important symbol of rigpa.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Tibetan Buddhist architecture is centered on the stupa, called in Tibetan . The chörten consists of five parts that represent the mahābhūta (five elements). The base is square which represents the earth element, above that sits a dome representing water, on that is a cone representing fire, on the tip of the cone is a crescent representing air, inside the crescent is a flame representing ether. The tapering of the flame to a point can also be said to represent consciousness as a sixth element. The chörten presents these elements of the body in the order of the process of dissolution at death.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Tibetan temples are often three-storied. The three can represent many aspects such as the Trikaya (three aspects) of a Buddha. The ground story may have a statue of the historical Buddha Gautama and depictions of Earth and so represent the nirmāṇakāya. The first story may have Buddha and elaborate ornamentation representing rising above the human condition and the sambhogakāya. The second story may have a primordial Adi-Buddha in Yab-Yum (sexual union with his female counterpart) and be otherwise unadorned representing a return to the absolute reality and the dharmakāya "truth body".


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: In Tibetan Buddhist art, various colors and elements are associated with the five Buddha families and other aspects and symbols:


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: The five colors (Sanskrit "pañcavarṇa" – white, green, yellow, blue, red) are supplemented by several other colors including black and orange and gold (which is commonly associated with yellow). They are commonly used for prayer flags as well as for visualizing deities and spiritual energy, construction of mandalas and the painting of religions icons.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Indo-Tibetan Buddhism visual art contains numerous esoteric figures and symbols. There are different types of visual art in Indo-Tibetan Vajrayana. Mandalas are genre of Buddhist art that contains numerous symbols and images in a circle and are an important element of tantric ritual. Thangkas are cloth paintings which are commonly used throughout the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist world.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Tibetan Buddhist deities may often assume different roles and are thus drawn, sculpted and visualized differently according to these roles. For example, Green Tara and White Tara which are different aspects of Tara that have different meanings. Green Tara is associated with protecting people from fear while the White Tara is associated with longevity. Shakyamuni Buddha may be seen in (pale) yellow or orange skin and Amitabha Buddha is typically red. These deities may also hold various attributes and implements in their hands, like flowers, jewels, bowls and sutras. Depictions of "wrathful deities" are often very fearsome, with monstrous visages, wearing skulls or bodily parts. They also may carry all sorts of weapons or fierce tools, like tridents, flaying knives and skull cups. The fierceness of these deities symbolizes the fierce energy needed to overcome ignorance.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Vajrayana Buddhism often specifies the number of feet of a Buddha or bodhisattva. While two is common there may also be ten, sixteen, or twenty-four feet. The position of the feet/legs may also have a specific meaning such as in Green Tara who is typically depicted as seated partly cross-legged but with one leg down symbolising "immersion within in the absolute, in meditation" and readiness to step forth and help sentient beings by "engagement without in the world through compassion".


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Buddhist material and visual culture as well as ritual tools (such as robes and bells) have often developed various symbolic meanings which are commonly shared by Buddhist sects around the world.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: The style and design of the robes of a monastic often indicate the sect of Buddhism, tradition or country, they belong to. In most Buddhist cultures, the Buddhist monastic robe represents a renunciant monastic. Different traditions, sects of Buddhism (and different countries) will have robes of different colors as well as different styles or ways on how they wear it. Once Buddhism spread throughout China back in sixth century BCE, it was seen wrong to show that much skin, and that's when robes to cover both arms with long sleeves came in to play. In Tibet, it have changed over time and they show both their shoulders as well as having a two piece attire rather than one. Shortly thereafter, Japan integrated a bib along with their long sleeve robe called a "koromo". This was a clothing piece made specifically for their school of Zen which they practice in "Takahatsu" that involves the monks of Japan wearing a straw hat.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Shaving ones head is another ritual and symbolic act most Buddhist monastics complete before entering a monastic order. To shave ones head merely signifies ones readiness to enter into the monastic path and abandon the worldly life.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Buddhist monks traditionally carry a begging bowl, and this is another common symbol of Buddhist monastics around the world (even though not all modern Buddhist traditions make use of the traditional practice of begging for one's food).


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: In all sects of Buddhism, bells are often used to signify the start of rituals or to mark time. They use the bell to detain away the bad spirits and have the Buddha protect them at the time of their ritual. Some sects call this a part of the "Mystic Law" which is the beginning of a Buddhist ritual. Other ritual tools include drums, wooden fish, trumpets, the keisaku, and the tantric the vajra and bell.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Another form of symbolism of the Buddhist is the joining of your hands together at prayer or at the time of the ritual ("añjali mudrā"). Buddhist compare their fingers with the petals of the lotus flower. Bowing down is another form of symbolic position in the act of the ritual, when Buddhist bow in front of the Buddha or to another person they aren't bowing at the physical (the human or the statue) but they are bowing at the Buddha inside of them (the human) or it (the statue).


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Mudras are another form of physical hand expression in the Buddhist faith, used to evoke a particular state of mind in buddhist practice. The most recognized mundras are seen in artistic depictions of the Buddha. Every mundra has a symbolic function and an inner symbolic function, for communication to the practitioner as well as those who perceive it. In Buddhist ceremonies, a mundra acts as a form of visual "seal," affirming a faithful vow such as warding off evil spirits. They often accompany mantras when used in practice.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: The five-colored flag was designed in Sri Lanka in the 1880s with the assistance of Henry Steel Olcott. The six vertical bands of the flag represent the six colors of the aura which Buddhists believe emanated from the body of the Buddha when he attained Enlightenment.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: The Dharma wheel ("dharma-chakra") is one of the earliest Buddhist symbols. It is an ancient Indian symbol of sovereignty and auspiciousness (as well as the sun god Surya) which pre-dates Buddhism and was adopted by early Buddhists. It appears in early Buddhist sites such as Sanchi and Bharhut, where it is a symbol of the Buddha himself. The Dharma wheel also represents the Dharma (Buddha's teaching, the ultimate truth). The main idea of this symbol is that the Buddha was seen as a person who "turned the wheel", which signifies a great and revolutionary moment in history (i.e. the teaching of the Buddha's Dharma at Varanasi). While the Buddha "could" have become a great king, he instead chose to become a great sage. Illustrations from early Buddhist sites as well as Buddhist texts like the "Mahavamsa", indicate that the worship of Dharma wheels on pillars ("wheel pillars", "cakrastambha") was a common practice in early Buddhism.The Dharma wheel is thus also a royal symbol, indicating a king who is a chakravartin ("Turner of the Wheel"). In the Buddhist scriptures, it is described as a royal treasure of great, world class kings, a perfect wheel with a thousand spokes. Because of this, it was thus also used by the Mauryans, especially Ashoka (in the Pillars of Ashoka). According to Karlsson "the association between the numbers of the spokes and a special Buddhist doctrine is a later interpretation and not present in early Buddhist art." Early Buddhist depictions contain wheels with various number of spokes (8, 16, 20, 25 and 32).


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: The Bodhi Tree (Pali: "bodhirukka") was a ficus ("ficus religiosa") which stood is on the spot where the Buddha reached awakening ("bodhi"), called the bodhimanda (place of awakening). This tree has been venerated since early Buddhist times and a shrine was built for it. Offerings to the Buddha were offered to the tree. The Bodhi tree (often paired with an empty seat or āsana) thus represents the Buddha himself, as well as liberation and nirvana. Branches and saplings from the Bodhi tree were sent to other regions as well. It is said that when the Buddha was born, the Bodhi tree sprung up on the bodhimanda at the same time. The worship of trees is an ancient Indian custom which can be found as far back as in the Indus Valley Civilization.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Stūpas (literally "heap") are domed structures which may derive from ancient Indian funerary mounds. The earliest Buddhist stupas are from about the 3rd century BCE. In the early Buddhist texts, the Buddha's bodily relics ("śarīra," the bones leftover from cremation) were said to have been placed in various stūpas and therefore, Buddhist stūpas are generally symbolic of the Buddha himself, particularly his passing away (final nirvana). It may even have been a belief of some early Buddhists that the presence of the Buddha or the Buddha's power could be found in a stūpa.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Other relics belonging to the Buddha's disciples were also enclosed in caskets and placed in stupas. Caskets with relics of Sariputta and Moggallana were found in Sanchi stupa number 3, while stupa number 2 contains a casket with relics from 10 monks (according to inscriptions). Stūpa were venerated by Buddhists, with offerings of flowers and the like.


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Initially, Buddhist stūpas were simple domes which developed more elaborate and complex forms in later periods. Over time, the style and design of the stūpa evolved into unique and distinct regional styles (such as Asian pagodas and Tibetan "chortens").


title: Buddhist symbolism

text: Early Buddhist art contains various animals. These include lions, nāgas, horses, elephants, and deer. Most of these are often symbolic of the Buddha himself (and some are epithets of the Buddha), though they may also be depicted as merely decorative illustrations depending on context. According to Jampa Choskyi, while the animals are considered to be symbols for the Buddha, lions are the symbols of the bodhisattvas or also known as the sons of the Buddha. Though the lion, is a symbol of royalty, sovereignty, and protection, is used as a symbol for the Buddha, who is also known as the "lion of the Shakyas". Buddha's teachings are referred to as the "Lion's Roar" (sihanada) in the sutras, which symbolizes the supremacy of the Buddha's teaching over all other spiritual teachings. When looking at the shrines on the iconography, the lions symbolize another role, which they are considered the bodhisattvas who can be seen as the sons of the Buddha.