title: Time perception

text: A strong time dilation effect has been reported for perception of objects that were looming, but not of those retreating, from the viewer, suggesting that the expanding discs — which mimic an approaching object — elicit self-referential processes which act to signal the presence of a possible danger. Anxious people, or those in great fear, experience greater "time dilation" in response to the same threat stimuli due to higher levels of epinephrine, which increases brain activity (an adrenaline rush). In such circumstances, an illusion of time dilation could assist an effective escape. When exposed to a threat, three-year-old children were observed to exhibit a similar tendency to overestimate elapsed time.


title: Time perception

text: Research suggests that the effect appears only at the point of retrospective assessment, rather than occurring simultaneously with events as they happened. Perceptual abilities were tested during a frightening experience — a free fall — by measuring people's sensitivity to flickering stimuli. The results showed that the subjects' temporal resolution was not improved as the frightening event was occurring. Events appear to have taken longer only in retrospect, possibly because memories were being more densely packed during the frightening situation.


title: Time perception

text: Other researchers suggest that additional variables could lead to a different state of consciousness in which altered time perception does occur during an event. Research does demonstrate that visual sensory processing increases in scenarios involving action preparation. Participants demonstrated a higher detection rate of rapidly presented symbols when preparing to move, as compared to a control without movement.


title: Time perception

text: People shown extracts from films known to induce fear often overestimated the elapsed time of a subsequently presented visual stimulus, whereas people shown emotionally neutral clips (weather forecasts and stock market updates) or those known to evoke feelings of sadness showed no difference. It is argued that fear prompts a state of arousal in the amygdala, which increases the rate of a hypothesized "internal clock". This could be the result of an evolved defensive mechanism triggered by a threatening situation. Individuals experiencing sudden or surprising events, real or imagined (e.g., witnessing a crime, or believing one is seeing a ghost), may overestimate the duration of the event.


title: Time perception

text: Psychologists have found that the subjective perception of the passing of time tends to speed up with increasing age in humans. This often causes people to increasingly underestimate a given interval of time as they age. This fact can likely be attributed to a variety of age-related changes in the aging brain, such as the lowering in dopaminergic levels with older age; however, the details are still being debated.


title: Time perception

text: Very young children literally "live in time" before gaining an awareness of its passing. A child will first experience the passing of time when he or she can subjectively perceive and reflect on the unfolding of a collection of events. A child's awareness of time develops during childhood, when the child's attention and short-term memory capacities form — this developmental process is thought to be dependent on the slow maturation of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.


title: Time perception

text: The common explanation is that most external and internal experiences are new for young children but repetitive for adults. Children have to be extremely engaged (i.e. dedicate many neural resources or significant brain power) in the present moment because they must constantly reconfigure their mental models of the world to assimilate it and manage behaviour properly.


title: Time perception

text: Adults, however, may rarely need to step outside mental habits and external routines. When an adult frequently experiences the same stimuli, such stimuli may seem "invisible" as a result of having already been sufficiently mapped by the brain. This phenomenon is known as neural adaptation. Consequently, the subjective perception is often that time passes by at a faster rate with age.


title: Time perception

text: One model proposes that the passage of subjective time relative to actual time is inversely proportional to real time:


title: Time perception

text: One day would be approximately 1/4,000 of the life of an 11-year-old, but approximately 1/20,000 of the life of a 55-year-old. This helps to explain why a random, ordinary day may therefore appear longer for a young child than an adult. So a year would be experienced by a 55-year-old as passing approximately 5 times more quickly than a year experienced by an 11-year-old. If long-term time perception is based solely on the proportionality of a person's age, then the following four periods in life would appear to be quantitatively equal: ages 5–10 (1x), ages 10–20 (2x), ages 20–40 (4x), age 40–80 (8x), as the end age is twice the start age. However, this does not work for ages 0–10, which corresponds to ages 10–∞.


title: Time perception

text: Lemlich posits that the passage of subjective time relative to actual time is inversely proportional to total subjective time, rather than the total real time:


title: Time perception

text: It avoids the issue of infinite subjective time passing from real age 0 to 1 year, as the asymptote can be integrated in an improper integral. Using the initial conditions S = 0 when R = 0 and K > 0,


title: Time perception

text: This means that time appears to pass in proportion to the square root of the perceiver's real age, rather than directly proportional. Under this model, a 55-year-old would subjectively experience time passing 2¼ times more quickly than an 11-year-old, rather than 5 times under the previous. This means the following periods in life would appear to be quantitatively equal: ages 0–1, 1–4, 4–9, 9–16, 16–25, 25–36, 36–49, 49–64, 64–81, 81–100, 100–121.


title: Time perception

text: In a study, participants consistently provided answers that fit this model when asked about time perception at 1/4 of their age, but were less consistent for 1/2 of their age. Their answers suggest that this model is more accurate than the previous one.


title: Time perception

text: A consequence of this model is that the fraction of subjective life remaining is always less than the fraction of real life remaining, but it is always more than one half of real life remaining. This can be seen for formula_7 and formula_8:


title: Time perception

text: Stimulants such as thyroxine, caffeine, and amphetamines lead to overestimation of time intervals by both humans and rats, while depressants and anesthetics such as barbiturates, nitrous oxide can have the opposite effect and lead to underestimation of time intervals. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. A research on stimulant-dependent individuals (SDI) showed several abnormal time processing characteristics including larger time differences for effective duration discrimination, and overestimating the duration of a relatively long time interval. Altered time processing and perception in SDI could explain the difficulty SDI have with delaying gratification. Another research studied the dose-dependent effect in methamphetamine dependents with short term abstinence and its effects on time perception. Results shows that motor timing but not perceptual timing, was altered in meth dependents, which persisted for at least 3 months of abstinence. Dose-dependent effects on time perception were only observed when short-term abstinent meth abusers processed long time intervals. The study concluded that time perception alteration in meth dependents is task specific and dose dependent.


title: Time perception

text: The effect of cannabis on time perception has been studied with inconclusive results mainly due to methodological variations and the paucity of research. Even though 70% of time estimation studies report over-estimation, the findings of time production and time reproduction studies remain inconclusive. Studies show consistently throughout the literature that most cannabis users self-report the experience of a slowed perception of time. In the laboratory, researchers have confirmed the effect of cannabis on the perception of time in both humans and animals. Using PET Scans it was observed that participants who showed a decrease in cerebellar CBF also had a significant alteration in time sense. The relationship between decreased cerebellar flow and impaired time sense is of interest as the cerebellum is linked to an internal timing system.


title: Time perception

text: The chemical clock hypothesis implies a causal link between body temperature and the perception of time.


title: Time perception

text: Past work show that increasing body temperature tends to make individuals experience a dilated perception of time and they perceive durations as shorter than they actually were, ultimately leading them to under-estimate time durations. While decreasing body temperature has the opposite effect – causing participants to experience a condensed perception of time leading them to over-estimate time duration – observations of the latter type were rare. Research establishes a parametric effect of body temperature on time perception with higher temperatures generally producing faster subjective time and vice versa. This is especially seen to be true under changes in arousal levels and stressful events.


title: Time perception

text: Since subjective time is measurable, through information such as heartbeats or actions taken within a time period, there are analytical applications for time perception.


title: Time perception

text: Time perception can be used as a tool in social networks to define the subjective experiences of each node within a system. This method can be used to study characters' psychology in dramas, both film and literature, analyzed by social networks. Each character's subjective time may be calculated, with methods as simple as word counting, and compared to the real time of the story to shed light on their internal states.


title: Terpenoid

text: The terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from the 5-carbon compound isoprene and its derivatives called terpenes, diterpenes, etc. While sometimes used interchangeably with "terpenes", terpenoids contain additional functional groups, usually containing oxygen. When combined with the hydrocarbon terpenes, terpenoids comprise about 80,000 compounds. They are the largest class of plant secondary metabolites, representing about 60% of known natural products. Many terpenoids have substantial pharmacological bioactivity and are therefore of interest to medicinal chemists.


title: Terpenoid

text: Plant terpenoids are used for their aromatic qualities and play a role in traditional herbal remedies. Terpenoids contribute to the scent of eucalyptus, the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, and ginger, the yellow color in sunflowers, and the red color in tomatoes. Well-known terpenoids include citral, menthol, camphor, salvinorin A in the plant "Salvia divinorum", ginkgolide and bilobalide found in "Ginkgo biloba" and the cannabinoids found in cannabis. The provitamin beta carotene is a terpene derivative called a carotenoid.


title: Terpenoid

text: The steroids and sterols in animals are biologically produced from terpenoid precursors. Sometimes terpenoids are added to proteins, e.g., to enhance their attachment to the cell membrane; this is known as isoprenylation. Terpenoids play a role in plant defence as prophylaxis against pathogens and attractants for the predators of herbivores.


title: Terpenoid

text: Terpenoids are modified terpenes, wherein methyl groups have been moved or removed, or oxygen atoms added. Some authors use the term "terpene" more broadly, to include the terpenoids. Just like terpenes, the terpenoids can be classified according to the number of isoprene units that comprise the parent terpene:


title: Terpenoid

text: Terpenoids can also be classified according to the type and number of cyclic structures they contain: linear, acyclic, monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, tetracyclic, pentacyclic, or macrocyclic. The Salkowski test can be used to identify the presence of terpenoids.


title: Terpenoid

text: Terpenoids, at least those containing an alcohol functional group, often arise by hydrolysis of carbocationic intermediates produced from geranyl pyrophosphate. Analogously hydrolysis of intermediates from farnesyl pyrophosphate gives sesquiterpenoids, and hydrolysis of intermediates from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate gives diterpenoids, etc.


title: Flex Alexander

text: Mark Alexander Knox (born April 15, 1970), better known as Flex Alexander or Flex, is an American actor, comedian and dancer. He has had a lot of guest-starring roles on many television sitcoms before portraying single father Flex Washington on the UPN sitcom "One on One" (2001-2006). Alexander also had a number of roles in many films including Modern Vampires (1998), The Force (1999), "Out Cold" (2001), Book of Love: The Definitive Reason Why Men Are Dogs (2002), "Gas" (2004), "Snakes on a Plane" (2006), and Trigger (2020).


title: Flex Alexander

text: Born in Harlem, Alexander is the son of Alethia Knox and Robert Whitehead. As a teen, he began dancing in New York night clubs earning the nickname "Flex" due to his acrobatic dance skills. After being discovered by DJ Spinderella, he began touring with rap trio Salt-n-Pepa and remained with the dance troupe for three years. In addition to dancing, Alexander also choreographed for Mary J. Blige and Queen Latifah. In 1989, he made his stand-up comedy debut and eventually turned to acting, making his film debut in the 1992 film "Juice". Alexander also was a regular cast member of the sketch comedy show, Uptown Comedy Club, from 1992 to 1994.


title: Flex Alexander

text: Alexander's first television role was on the short-lived 1993 ABC sitcom "Where I Live", starring Doug E. Doug. Despite being critically acclaimed, the series was canceled that same year. Alexander then guest starred on episodes of "Sister, Sister" and "The Cosby Mysteries" before moving to Los Angeles in 1995 to concentrate on acting. In 1996, he landed a starring role on another short-lived sitcom "Homeboys in Outer Space". The series was critically panned and canceled the following year. Later that year, Alexander co-starred in yet another short-lived series, the Steven Bochco-created "Total Security". Following "Total Security"'s run, Alexander guest starred on "Brooklyn South" and "The Parkers", and also had roles in several films including the 1998 direct-to-video release "Backroom Bodega Boyz" and "She's All That" (1999).


title: Flex Alexander

text: From 2000 to 2001, Alexander appeared as Maya Wilkes' husband Darnell during the first season of the UPN sitcom "Girlfriends". He left "Girlfriends" to star as single father Mark "Flex" Washington on the UPN sitcom "One on One", a series he created and produced. For his role on the series, Alexander was nominated for three NAACP Image Awards and two BET Comedy Awards. In 2004, he portrayed Michael Jackson in the VH1 television biopic "", which garnered him another NAACP Image Award nomination. He refused to play Jackson with prosthetics, but did mimique his voice, copied mannerisms and had a makeup job done to lighten his skin tone. He also refused to "cast judgement" over the singer's legal troubles of the time and said "we should pray for him". Alexander returned to "One on One" for two more seasons, however, during the last season, his character was written out and reduced to a recurring role when the show's premise was rebooted.


title: Flex Alexander

text: Following the end of "One On One", Alexander had roles in the 2006 film "Snakes on a Plane", opposite Samuel L. Jackson, and the 2007 horror film "The Hills Have Eyes 2". He also had a role in Clement Virgo's "Poor Boy's Game", with Danny Glover. Alexander's most recent role was in a 2007 episode of "". Flex and his wife, Shanice, will have their own reality show "Flex & Shanice" premiering November 1, 2014, on OWN.


title: Flex Alexander

text: in 2022, Flex was cast as "Pookie" in the stage adaptation of "New Jack City: Live on Stage", written, produced and directed by urban playwright and film producer Je'Caryous Johnson. The production is currently on tour in nine cities.


title: Flex Alexander

text: Alexander, a born-again Christian, married R&B singer Shanice Wilson on February 19, 2000. They have two children, daughter Imani Shekinah Alexander-Knox (born August 23, 2001) and son Elijah Alexander-Knox (born March 5, 2004). Alexander is a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: The fat acceptance movement, also known as fat pride, fat empowerment, and fat activism, is a social movement which seeks to eliminate the social stigma of fatness from social attitudes by pointing out the social obstacles which are faced by fat people to the general public. Areas of contention include the aesthetic, legal, and medical approaches to people whose bodies are fatter than the social norm.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: The modern fat acceptance movement began in the late 1960s. Besides its political role, the fat acceptance movement also constitutes a subculture which acts as a social group for its members.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: The history of the fat acceptance movement can be dated back to 1967 when 500 people met in New York's Central Park to protest against anti-fat bias. Sociologist Charlotte Cooper has argued that the history of the fat activist movement is best understood in waves, similar to the feminist movement, with which she believes it is closely tied. Cooper believes that fat activists have suffered similar waves of activism followed by burnout, with activists in the following wave often unaware of the history of the movement, resulting in a lack of continuity.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: First wave activities consisted of isolated activists drawing attention to the dominant model of obesity and challenging it as only one of several possible models.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: During the early part of the 20th century, obesity was seen as detrimental to the community, via decreasing human efficiency, and that obese people interfere with labor productivity in the coastal areas of the United States. This kind of political climate was the background of the fat acceptance movement, which originated in the late 1960s. Like other social movements from this period, the fat acceptance movement, initially known as "Fat Pride", "Fat Power", or "Fat Liberation", often consisted of people acting in an impromptu fashion. A "fat-in" was staged in New York's Central Park in 1967. Called by radio personality Steve Post, the "Fat-in" consisted of a group of 500 people eating, carrying signs and photographs of Sophia Loren (an actress famous for her figure), and burning diet books.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: In 1967, Lew Louderback wrote an article in the "Saturday Evening Post" called "More People Should be FAT" in response to discrimination against his wife. The article led to a meeting between Louderback and William Fabrey, who went on to found the first organization for fat people and their supporters, originally named the 'National Association to Aid Fat Americans' and currently called the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA). NAAFA was founded in America, in 1969, by Bill Fabrey in response to discrimination against his wife. He primarily intended it to campaign for fat rights, however, a reporter attending the 2001 NAAFA conference notes that few attendees were active in fat rights politics and that most women came to shop for fashion, wear it on the conference catwalk or to meet a potential partner. Since 1991, Fabrey has worked as a director with the Council on Size and Weight Discrimination, specializing in the history of the size acceptance movement.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: In 1972 the feminist group The Fat Underground was formed. It began as a radical chapter of NAAFA and spun off to become independent when NAAFA expressed concerns about its promotion of a stronger activist philosophy. The FU were inspired by and, in some cases, members of the Radical Therapy Collective, a feminist group that believed that many psychological problems were caused by oppressive social institutions and practices. Founded by Sara Fishman (then Sara Aldebaran) and Judy Freespirit, the Fat Underground took issue with what they saw as a growing bias against obesity in the scientific community. They coined the saying, "a diet is a cure that doesn't work, for a disease that doesn't exist". Shortly afterward, Fishman moved to Connecticut, where, along with Karen Scott-Jones, she founded the New Haven Fat Liberation Front, an organization similar to the Fat Underground in its scope and focus. In 1983, the two groups collaborated to publish a seminal book in the field of fat activism, "Shadow on a Tightrope", which collected several fat activist position papers initially distributed by the Fat Underground, as well as poems and essays from other writers.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: In 1979 Carole Shaw coined the term Big Beautiful Woman (BBW) and launched a fashion and lifestyle magazine of the same name aimed at plus-sized women. The original print magazine ceased publication in May 2003, but continued in various online formats. The term "BBW" has become widely used to refer to any fat woman (sometimes in a derogatory way). Several other periodicals focusing on fashion and lifestyle for "fuller-figured" women were published in print from the early 1980s to the mid 2010s - see details within the media section of the wiki article for Plus-size model. From 1984 - 2000 "Radiance: The Magazine for Large Women" was published in print to "support women 'all sizes of large in living proud, full, active lives, at whatever weight, with self-love and self-respect."


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: In the UK The London Fat Women's Group was formed, the first British fat activist group, and was active between approximately 1985 and 1989.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: Other first wave activities included the productions of zines such as "Figure 8" and "Fat!So?" by Marilyn Wann. The latter went on to become a book of the same name.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: In the second wave, the fat acceptance movement became more widespread in the US and started to spread to other countries. Ideas from the movement began to appear in the mainstream. Publishers became more willing to publish fat acceptance themed literature.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: By the 1990s, input from the fat acceptance movement began to be incorporated into research papers by some members of the medical professions such as new anti-dieting programs and models of obesity management.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: The 1980s witnessed an increase in activist organizations, publications, and conferences. In 1989 a group of people including actress Anne Zamberlan formed the first French organization for fat acceptance, "Allegro fortissimo".


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: The fat acceptance movement has seen a diversification of projects during the third wave. Activities have addressed issues of both fat and race, class, sexuality, and other issues. Size discrimination has been increasingly addressed in the arts, as well.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: The fat acceptance movement argues that fat people are targets of hatred and discrimination. In particular, advocates suggest obese women are subjected to more social pressure than obese men. The movement argues that these attitudes comprise a fat phobic entrenched societal norm, evident in many social institutions, including the mass media, where fat people are often ridiculed or held up as objects of pity. Discrimination includes a lack of equal access to transportation and employment. Members of the fat acceptance movement perceive negative societal attitudes as persistent, and as being based on the presumption that fatness reflects negatively on a person's character. Fat activists push for change in societal, personal, and medical attitudes toward fat people. Fat acceptance organizations engage in public education about what they describe as myths concerning fat people.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: Fat people experience many different kinds of discrimination because of their weight. This discrimination appears in healthcare, employment, education, personal relationships, and the media. Fat individuals also argue clothing stores discriminate against them. For example, some women have complained that "one size fits all" stores, which offer a single size for each item, do not cater to those above a certain weight.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: Fat activists argue that anti-fat stigma and aggressive diet promotion have led to an increase in psychological and physiological problems among fat people. Concerns are also raised that modern culture's focus on weight loss does not have a foundation in scientific research, but instead is an example of using science as a means to control deviance, as a part of society's attempt to deal with something that it finds disturbing. Diet critics cite the high failure rate of permanent weight-loss attempts, and the dangers of "yo-yo" weight fluctuations and weight-loss surgeries. Fat activists argue that the health issues of obesity and being overweight have been exaggerated or misrepresented, and that the health issues are used as a cover for cultural and aesthetic prejudices against fat.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: Proponents of fat acceptance maintain that people of all shapes and sizes can strive for fitness and physical health. They believe health to be independent of body weight. Informed by this approach, psychologists who were unhappy with the treatment of fat people in the medical world initiated the Health at Every Size movement. It has five basic tenets: 1. Enhancing health, 2. Size and self-acceptance, 3. The pleasure of eating well, 4. The joy of movement, and 5. An end to weight bias.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: Some medical studies have challenged the 'healthy obesity' concept, though the definitions of metabolically-healthy obesity are not standardized across studies.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: The issues faced by fat women in society have been a central theme of the fat acceptance movement since its inception. Although the first organization, National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance, and the first book, "Fat Power" (1970), were both created by men, in each case they were responses to weight discrimination experienced by their wives. Women soon started campaigning on their behalf with the first feminist group, 'The Fat Underground', being formed in 1973. Issues addressed regarding women have included body image, and in particular the thin ideal and its effect on women. Critics say NAAFA, which opposes dieting and weight-loss surgery, is an apologist for an unhealthy lifestyle. But NAAFA says it does no such thing, that some people are just bigger and no less deserving of the same rights as everyone else.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: The fat acceptance movement has primarily focused on a feminist model of patriarchal oppression of fat women, most clearly represented by the encouragement of women to diet. However, Sander L. Gilman argues that, until the 20th century, dieting has historically been a man's activity. He continues, "Obesity eats away at the idealized image of the masculine just as surely as it does the idealized image of the feminine." William Banting was the author of an 1863 booklet called "Letter On Corpulence" which modern diets have used as a model. Men respond to being overweight differently, (i.e., having a Body Mass Index of 25 or more), being half as likely as women to diet, a quarter as likely to undergo weightloss surgery and only a fifth as likely to report feeling shame about their weight. Irmgard Tischner identifies this behavior as rooted in notions of masculinity that require disregard for healthcare: "Men do not have to care about their size or health, as they have women to care about those things for them".


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: Some gay men have moved beyond disregard for size to fat acceptance and fat activism with movements like chub culture, which started as Girth & Mirth clubs in San Francisco in 1976 and the bear culture which fetishizes big, hairy men. Ganapati Durgadas argues that fat bisexual and gay men "are reminders of the feminine stigma with which heterosexism still tars queer men". In a comparison of queer fat positive zines, the lesbian-produced "Fat Girl" was found to have political debate content absent from gay male orientated zines such as "Bulk Male" and "Big Ad". Joel Barraquiel Tan comments: "If fat is a feminist issue, then fat or heft is a fetishized one for gay men. Gay men tend to sexualize difference, where lesbians have historically politicized it."


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: A fat heterosexual man is known as a "Big Handsome Man", in counterpart to a Big Beautiful Woman. Like some fat and gay men, BHMs have sexualized their difference and receive validation of this identity from BBWs or straight women known as "Female Fat Admirers".


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: In the 1980s fat people in the United States began seeking legal redress for discrimination based on weight, primarily in the workplace but also for being denied access to, or treated differently in regards to, services or entertainment. The results of these cases have varied considerably, although in some instances the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has been successfully used to argue cases of discrimination against fat people. Roth and Solovay argue that, as with transgender people, a major cause for the variation in success is the extent to which litigants are apologetic for their size (with more apologetic plaintiffs finding more success):


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: What is the difference between a million-dollar weight case award and a losing case? Like the difference between many winning and losing transgender cases, it's all about the attitude. Does the claimant's attitude and experience about weight/gender reinforce or challenge dominant stereotypes? Winning cases generally adopt a legal posture that reinforces social prejudices. Cases that challenge societal prejudices generally lose.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: The Americans with Disabilities Act continues to be used as there is no USA federal law against weight discrimination; however, the state of Michigan has passed a law against weight discrimination. The cities of Washington, D.C., San Francisco (2000), Santa Cruz, Binghamton, Urbana (1990s) and Madison (1970s) have also passed laws prohibiting weight discrimination. In the cities that have a weight discrimination law, it is rare for more than one case a year to be brought, except for San Francisco which may have as many as six. Opinions amongst city enforcement workers vary as to why the prosecution numbers are so low, although they all suggested that both overweight people and employers were unaware of the protective legislation and it was also noted that the cities with anti-weight discrimination laws tended to be liberal college towns.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: However, not all legal changes have protected the rights of fat people. Despite recommendations from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to the contrary, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has decided that fat people will only qualify as disabled if it can be proved that their weight is caused by an underlying condition, supporting the concept that being obese is not inherently a disability.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: Other countries besides the United States have considered legislation to protect the rights of fat people. In the UK an All-Party Parliamentary Group published a report in 2012 called "Reflections on Body Image" that found that one in five British people had been victimized because of their weight. The report recommended that Members of Parliament investigated putting "appearance-based discrimination" under the same legal basis as sexual or racial discrimination via the Equality Act 2010 which makes it illegal to harass, victimize or discriminate against anyone in the workplace based on several named categories, including size or weight. The Equality Act came into force on 1 October 2010, it brings together over 116 separate pieces of legislation into one single Act. The Act provides a legal framework to protect the rights of individuals and advance equality of opportunity for all.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: There has also been an emerging body of academic studies with a fat activist agenda, called Fat Studies. Marilyn Wann argues that fat studies moved beyond being an individual endeavor to being a field of study with the 2004 conference "Fat Attitudes: An Examination of an American Subculture and the Representation of the Female Body". The American Popular Culture Association regularly includes panels on the subject. In many colleges, student groups with a fat activist agenda have emerged, including Hampshire, Smith, and Antioch. Fat studies are now available as an interdisciplinary course of study at some colleges, taking a similar approach to other identity studies such as women's studies, queer studies, and African American studies. As of 2011, there were two Australian courses and ten American courses that were primarily focussed on fat studies or Health at Every Size, and numerous other courses that had some fat acceptance content. Taylor & Francis publish an online "Fat Studies" journal. The first national Fat Studies seminar was held at York in May 2008, leading to the 2009 publication "Fat Studies in the UK", edited by Corinna Tomrley and Ann Kalosky Naylor.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: The fat acceptance movement has been divided in its response to proposed legislation defining morbidly obese people as disabled. NAAFA board member Peggy Howell says: "There's a lot of conflict in the size acceptance community over this. I don't consider myself disabled, and some people don't like 'fat' being considered a disability." An example of the positive perspective of obesity being classified as a disability in wider society is noted by one researcher: "She makes a point to tell me how impressed she is with the way many do make quiet and polite accommodations for her."


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: Women are particularly active within the fat acceptance movement and membership of fat acceptance organizations is dominated by middle-class women in the heaviest 1–2% of the population. Members have criticized the lack of representation in the movement from men, people of color, and people of lower socioeconomic status.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: The fat acceptance movement has been criticized from several perspectives. The primary criticism is that fat acceptance ignores studies that have shown health issues to be linked to obesity.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: In 2008 Lily-Rygh Glen, a writer, musician, and former fat acceptance activist, interviewed multiple women who claimed to be rejected by their peers within the movement and labeled "traitors" when they changed their diets.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: There is a considerable amount of evidence that being obese is connected to increased all-cause mortality and diseases, and significant weight loss (>10%), using a variety of diets, improves or reverses metabolic syndromes and other health outcomes associated with obesity. However, dieting generally does not result in a >10% loss of body weight: diets typically reduce total body mass by about 8% in the short term, over 3–12 months, and by about 3.2% over the long term. Many dieters regain more weight than they lost from dieting.


title: Fat acceptance movement

text: Barry Franklin, director of a cardio rehab facility, stated: "I don't want to take on any specific organization but... A social movement that would suggest health at any size in many respects can be misleading." However, Franklin also agrees that fit people who are obese have cardiovascular mortality rates that are lower than thin, unfit people, and proponents of the fat acceptance movement argue that people of all shapes and sizes can choose behaviors that support their fitness and physical health. The fat acceptance movement has been criticized for not adding value to the debate over human health, with some critics accusing the movement of "promoting a lifestyle that can have dire health consequences", although some of the same critics agree that some specific diets can be unhealthy or dangerous.


title: Shōgun (upcoming TV series)

text: Shōgun is an upcoming American period drama television limited series based on the 1975 novel of the same name by James Clavell that is set to premiere on FX on Hulu.


title: Shōgun (upcoming TV series)

text: "Shōgun" follows "the collision of two ambitious men from different worlds and a mysterious female samurai: John Blackthorne, a risk-taking English sailor who ends up shipwrecked in Japan, a land whose unfamiliar culture will ultimately redefine him; Lord Toranaga, a shrewd, powerful daimyo, at odds with his own dangerous, political rivals; and Lady Mariko, a woman with invaluable skills but dishonorable family ties, who must prove her value and allegiance".


title: Shōgun (upcoming TV series)

text: During the Television Critics Association's annual summer press tour in August 2018, FX announced to make a new adaptation of "Shogun" and had given the production a straight-to-series order. Executive producers were expected to include Andrew Macdonald, Allon Reich, Michael De Luca, Michaela Clavell, Tim Van Patten, Eugene Kelly, and Ronan Bennett. Rachel Bennette is set as a supervising producer, Tom Winchester as a producer, Georgina Pope as a co-producer, and Eriko Miyagawa as an associate producer. Patten will also direct for the series as Bennett will also write. FX Productions and DNA Television are slated to serve as production companies for the series. Sanada serves as a Producer. The 10-episode limited series is produced by FX Productions.


title: Shōgun (upcoming TV series)

text: Principal photography for the series was scheduled to commence in March 2019 in Japan and the United Kingdom, but was delayed because the network felt that the production wasn't in good enough shape and that they wanted to aim higher. In January 2020, it was revealed that after original writer Ronan Bennett was no longer available to keep working on scripts, they started over from scratch with new writer and executive producer Justin Marks, working alongside his wife, supervising producer Rachel Kondo. The series’ writing team also includes co-executive producer Shannon Goss, consulting producer Matt Lambert, script editor Maegan Houang and staff writer Emily Yoshida. Principal photography for the series began on September 22, 2021, in Vancouver, and lasted until July 2, 2022, a full two months over the expected timeframe.


title: Ppcocaine

text: Lilliane Catherine Diomi (born June 1, 2001), known professionally as ppcocaine (previously known as trapbunniebubbles), is an American social media personality and rapper. They are best known for her song "3 Musketeers" that gained popularity on the video-sharing platform TikTok.


title: Ppcocaine

text: Diomi was born in 2001 in the Panorama City neighborhood of Los Angeles and raised in the Santa Clarita area. They are biracial and were born to a Congolese father and a white mother. Raised primarily by their grandparents and father, they attended Canyon High School, Birmingham High School and Golden Valley High School, graduating from the latter. While in high school, they were enrolled in dance classes and later worked as an erotic dancer.


title: Ppcocaine

text: A snippet of their song "PJ" was posted to their account on the video-sharing platform TikTok in June 2020 and subsequently went viral on the platform. Their debut single, "DDLG", was released in the same month and also gained attention on TikTok. A snippet from an unreleased song, "For That Cash", was posted on their TikTok in July 2020 and was heralded as a "lesbian anthem" on the platform. They released their single "3 Musketeers" featuring fellow rapper NextYoungin in July 2020. The song also gained traction on TikTok. It became their first single to chart in the US and elsewhere, peaking at number 22 on the "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart and at number 76 on the Irish Singles Chart in August 2020. They later released "PJ" in August 2020. They appeared in the top 10 on "Rolling Stone"'s August 2020 Breakthrough 25 chart of the fastest-rising new artists of the month, and in the same month, signed with Columbia Records. In September 2020, they released a music video for "3 Musketeers". , they have over one million followers on TikTok.


title: Ppcocaine

text: Jessica Wang of "Bustle" said ppcocaine is best known for "aggressive vocal deliveries". According to Zoe Haylock of "Vulture", they have a "nasally cartoon-character voice". Jon Caramanica of "New York Times" said their music has a "rascally joy and bad-kid energy", calling it "playfully lewd" and noting that it has become "TikTok grammar" since its release. "Time" called their vocals "energetic, if chipmunk-esque". In 2020, their song "3 Musketeers" was described by Caramanica as "one of the definitive songs of this summer" and "something of a lesbian anthem on TikTok". Wang called their song "PJ" "an anthem for women psyching each other up" and called their unreleased song "For That Cash" "a lesbian anthem". They gained popularity on both "alt" TikTok and "straight" TikTok. The "Los Angeles Times" called their songs "so over-the-top sexual that they make 'WAP' read like "The Notebook"."


title: Ppcocaine

text: "Vulture" compared them favorably to rappers Megan Thee Stallion, Flo Milli, and Rico Nasty. According to Wang, ppcocaine's songs became popular on TikTok due to dance videos made during the COVID-19 pandemic. The publication called them "the TikTok star behind, among other trends, the viral 'Shake Some Ass' dance trend".


title: Ppcocaine

text: Diomi has cited American rappers Rico Nasty, Stunna Girl, Bali Baby, and Flo Milli as influences on their music, the former of which featured Diomi in the official remix of the song "Smack a Bitch" on her 2020 album "Nightmare Vacation." Diomi is also known for their trademark color pink, usually wearing pink clothes and or bubblegum pink hair.


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: Headless Cross is the fourteenth studio album by English heavy metal band Black Sabbath. Released on 24 April 1989, it was the group's second album to feature singer Tony Martin, the first to feature drummer Cozy Powell, and the only album with bassist Laurence Cottle.


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: According to Tony Iommi's autobiography, "Iron Man: My Journey Through Heaven and Hell with Black Sabbath", the band were dropped from Warner Bros. Records in 1988 after an eighteen-year deal and after Vertigo Records had also dropped them. He met Miles Copeland, who owned I.R.S. Records at the time. Copeland told him: "You know how to write albums, you know what people want. You do it and I'm fine with it." This persuaded Iommi to sign to I.R.S.


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: Iommi asked British drummer Cozy Powell – who had played with Jeff Beck, Rainbow, MSG and Whitesnake, among others – if he wanted to join Sabbath. Iommi and Powell began writing songs at the former's home, with Tony Martin joining for rehearsals. Iommi got a call from Gloria Butler, wife and manager of Geezer Butler, who said the bassist wanted to rejoin Sabbath. However, Butler instead joined Ozzy Osbourne's "No Rest for the Wicked" tour lineup. Iommi and Nicholls had originally thought to bring Ronnie James Dio back or again ask David Coverdale to join the band, but Powell convinced him to keep Martin on. Powell and Iommi produced the album themselves.


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: Due to Jo Burt's exit early in the sessions, Laurence Cottle played bass as a session musician rather than an official member. He appeared in the video for the title track, but was not featured in promotional photos. For the tour, the lineup was completed by Whitesnake and Gary Moore bassist Neil Murray.


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: Conceptually, the lyrics have predominantly occult and Satanic elements; arguably the only time in the band's career where an entire album is based on such ideas rather than select songs.


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: Two songs had their titles changed due to Ozzy Osbourne releasing songs with the same titles on his album "No Rest for the Wicked". "Call of the Wild" was originally titled "Hero", and "Devil & Daughter" was originally titled "Devil's Daughter".


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: "Call of the Wild" and "Devil & Daughter" are also the only songs that do not end with a slow fade out with vocal ad libs by Tony Martin; while "Nightwing" does have a fade out, it does not feature any vocal ad libs. According to Martin, the vocals on "Nightwing" were the original guide vocals, because Iommi thought they sounded better than later recordings.


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: "'Black Moon' was written when Ray Gillen was the singer… with Tony Iommi, Geoff Nicholls, Eric Singer and Dave Spitz," noted Martin. "They were left with one track that had no voice on it, and Tony asked me if I could sing something on it. I wrote and sang the lyrics in one day! We never played it "[live]" because there are too many Sabbath favourites."


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: According to the sleeve notes, the cover image was designed by Kevin Wimlett. The sleeve was designed by The Leisure Process at their offices in Little Portland Street London. The UK sleeve was in black-and-white, while the German release added colour.


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: For the live show in support of this album, "Ave Satani", the main theme from Jerry Goldsmith's Oscar-winning soundtrack for "The Omen", was used as the intro tape, beginning as the house lights went down. This would then segue into a taped recording of "The Gates of Hell" before the band would begin the show with "Headless Cross". The intro-tape of "Ave Satani/The Gates of Hell" was used many times, during various tours over the years, up until the "Reunion" shows. "Headless Cross" would be played on all subsequent tours when Tony Martin was in the band but the only other track from the "Headless Cross" album to last beyond that tour was "When Death Calls".


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: Black Sabbath were one of the first bands to tour Russia, in 1989, after Mikhail Gorbachev opened the country to western acts. Black Sabbath played a total of 25 shows, 13 at Moscow's Olympic Hall and 12 at EKS Hall in Leningrad. The two (afternoon/evening) 19 November shows were professionally filmed and eventually released on DVD in some territories in 2008.


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: Tony Martin currently tours with a live band named after the album, going by the name of "Tony Martin's Headless Cross". They included another former Black Sabbath member, Geoff Nicholls, until his death in 2017.


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: The bonus track "Cloak and Dagger" was the B-side to the "Headless Cross" single, and was later on the vinyl picture disc edition. At the time of the album's release, the only CD versions of the "Headless Cross" edit and of "Cloak and Dagger" were on separate promotional CDs.


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: "Headless Cross" was praised by critics and fans as the best Sabbath album in years. Said AllMusic's Eduardo Rivadavia: "Arguably the finest Black Sabbath album since Ozzy or Dio, "Headless Cross" also featured one of Black Sabbath's most formidable lineups... In short, for those wise enough to appreciate Black Sabbath's discography beyond the Osbourne and Dio essentials, there can be no better place to start than "Headless Cross" or its worthy predecessor, "The Eternal Idol"".


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: The album spent eight weeks on the Billboard 200 chart, peaking at number 115. Sales in the US were low, leading to the curtailment of the tour. Iommi told Sabbath fanzine "Southern Cross": "When we had the first record out with I.R.S., Cozy and myself went into record stores in Toronto, Canada, where we are pretty big. Nobody could get the record, it wasn't in the shops... unbelievable. We had such a fight with the local rep. I really came close to chinning him – it really was that bad. At the end of the day, it's us that suffer. They say, 'Oh, it didn't sell.' How can it sell if you haven't got the record in the shops?"


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: In 2005, the album was ranked number 403 in "Rock Hard" magazine's book "The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time".


title: Headless Cross (album)

text: In 2021, "Kerrang!" ranked "Headless Cross" as the seventh-best Black Sabbath album in a best-to-worst ranking of the band's discography.


title: Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center

text: The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center elicited a large response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist in the evacuation of the two towers, resulting in a large loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site "Ground Zero", while rescue personnel referred to it as "the Pile".


text: In the ensuing recovery and cleanup efforts, personnel related to the metalwork and construction professions would descend on the site to offer their services and remained until the site was cleared in May 2002. In the years since, investigations and studies have examined effects upon those who participated, noting a variety of afflictions attributed to the debris and stress.


text: After American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (2 WTC) to stay put and that the building was secure. However, many defied those instructions and proceeded to evacuate the South Tower (most notably, Rick Rescorla, Morgan Stanley Security Director, evacuated 2,687 of the 2,700 Morgan Stanley employees in the building). People evacuating from WTC 2 were ordered up from the lobby level to a door on the mezzanine level that led to a covered footbridge over West Street to a building complex then called the World Financial Center. People evacuating from WTC 1 were directed from the lobby level through the WTC shopping mall beneath the outdoor plaza. The firefighters directing evacuees did not want anyone going through the front doors due to falling debris and falling people.


text: Standard evacuation procedures for fires in the World Trade Center called for evacuating only the floors immediately above and below the fire, as simultaneous evacuation of up to 50,000 workers would be too chaotic.


text: Firefighters from the New York City Fire Department rushed to the World Trade Center minutes after the first plane struck the north tower. Chief Joseph W. Pfeifer and his crew with Battalion 1 were among the first on the scene (Battalion 1 was the first Unit to nofity the Manhattan Central Office. The FDNY Office for Manhattan when United Flight 93 hit the North Tower). At 8:50 a.m., an Incident Command Post was established in the lobby of the North Tower. By 9:00 a.m., shortly before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower, the FDNY chief had arrived and took over command of the response operations. Due to falling debris and safety concerns, he moved the incident command center to a spot located across West Street, but numerous fire chiefs remained in the lobby which continued to serve as an operations post where alarms, elevators, communications systems, and other equipment were operated. The initial response by the FDNY was on rescue and evacuation of building occupants, which involved sending firefighters up to assist people that were trapped in elevators and elsewhere. Firefighters were also required to ensure all floors were completely evacuated.


text: Numerous staging areas were set up near the World Trade Center, where responding fire units could report and get deployment instructions. However, many firefighters arrived at the World Trade Center without stopping at the staging areas. As a result, many chiefs could not keep track of the whereabouts of their units. Numerous firefighters reported directly to the building lobbies, and were ordered by those commanding the operating post to proceed into the building.


text: Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings. The repeater system in the World Trade Center, which was required for portable radio signals to transmit reliably, was malfunctioning after the impact of the planes. As a result, firefighters were unable to report to commanders on their progress, and were unable to hear evacuation orders. Also, many off-duty firefighters arrived to help, without their radios. FDNY commanders lacked communication with the NYPD, who had helicopters at the scene, or with Emergency Medical Services (EMS) dispatchers. The firefighters on the scene also did not have access to television reports or other outside information, which could help in assessing the situation. When the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m., firefighters in the North Tower were not aware of exactly what had happened. The battalion chief in the North Tower lobby immediately issued an order over the radio for firefighters in the tower to evacuate, but many did not hear the order, due to the faulty radios. Because of this, 343 firefighters died in the collapse of the towers.


text: The command post located across West Street was taken out when the South Tower collapsed, making command and control even more difficult and disorganized. When the North Tower collapsed, falling debris killed Peter Ganci, the FDNY chief. Following the collapse of the World Trade Center, a command post was set up at a firehouse in Greenwich Village.


text: The FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the site, with more than 400 firefighters on the scene when the buildings collapsed. This included a total of 121 engine companies, 62 ladder companies, and other special units. The FDNY also received assistance from fire departments in Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester County, and other neighboring jurisdictions, but with limited ability to manage and coordinate efforts.


text: Besides assisting with recovery operations at Ground Zero, volunteer firefighters from Long Island and Westchester manned numerous firehouses throughout the city to assist with other fire and emergency calls.


text: FDNY Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and Paramedics, along with 9-1-1 system ambulances operated by voluntary hospitals and volunteer ambulance corps, began arriving at 8:53 a.m., and quickly set up a staging area outside the North Tower, at West Street, which was quickly moved over to the corner of Vesey and West Streets. As more providers responded to the scene, five triage areas were set up around the World Trade Center site. EMS chiefs experienced difficulties communicating via their radios, due to the overwhelming volume of radio traffic. At 9:45, an additional dispatch channel was set aside for use by chiefs and supervisors only, but many did not know about this and continued to operate on the other channel. The communication difficulties meant that commanders lacked good situational awareness.


text: Dispatchers at the 9-1-1 call center, who coordinate EMS response and assign units, were overwhelmed with incoming calls, as well as communications over the radio system. Dispatchers were unable to process and make sense of all the incoming information, including information from people trapped in the towers, about conditions on the upper floors. Overwhelmed dispatchers were unable to effectively give instructions and manage the situation.


text: EMS personnel were in disarray after the collapse of the South Tower at 9:59 a.m. Following the collapse of the North Tower at 10:28 a.m., EMS commanders regrouped on the North End of Battery Park City, at the Embassy Suites Hotel. Around 11:00 a.m., EMS triage centers were relocated and consolidated at the Chelsea Piers and the Staten Island Ferry Terminal. Throughout the early afternoon, the soundstages at the pier were separated into two areas, one for the more seriously injured and one for the walking wounded. On the acute side, multiple makeshift tables, each with a physician, nurse, and other health care workers, and non-emergency service volunteers, were set up for the arrival of mass casualties.


text: Supplies, including equipment for airway and vascular control, were obtained from neighboring hospitals. Throughout the afternoon, local merchants arrived to donate food. Despite this, few patients arrived for treatment, the earliest at about 5 p.m., and were not seriously injured, being limited to smoke inhalation. An announcement was made around 6–7 p.m. that a second shift of providers would cover the evening shift, and that an area was being set up for the day personnel to sleep. Soon after, when it was realized that few would have survived the collapse and be brought to the piers, many decided to leave and the area was closed down.


text: The New York City Police Department quickly responded with the Emergency Service Units (ESU) and other responders after the crash of American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower. The NYPD set up its incident command center at Church Street and Vesey Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center from where the FDNY was commanding its operations. NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on the status of the burning buildings. When the buildings collapsed, 23 NYPD officers were killed, along with 37 Port Authority Police Department officers. The NYPD helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower Manhattan, including approximately 5,000 civilians evacuated by the Harbor Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey. In ensuing days, the police department worked alternating 12-hour shifts to help in the rescue and recovery efforts.


text: Immediately after the first attack, the captains and crews of a large number of local boats steamed into the attack zone to assist in evacuation. These ships had responded to a request from the U.S. Coast Guard to help evacuate those stranded on Manhattan Island. Others, such as the "John J. Harvey", provided supplies and water, which became urgently needed after the Towers' collapse severed downtown water mains. The Coast Guard Auxiliary helped lead a massive maritime evacuation with estimates of the number of people evacuated by water from Lower Manhattan that day in the eight-hour period following the attacks ranging from 500,000 to 1,000,000. Norman Mineta, Secretary of Transportation during the attacks, called the efforts "the largest maritime evacuation conducted in the United States". The evacuation was the largest maritime evacuation or "boatlift" in history by most estimates, passing the nine-day evacuation of Dunkirk during World War II. As many as 2,000 people injured in the attacks were evacuated by these means.


text: Amateur radio played a role in the rescue and clean-up efforts. Amateur radio operators established communications, maintained emergency networks, and formed bucket brigades with hundreds of other volunteer personnel. Approximately 500 amateur radio operators volunteered their services during the disaster and recovery.


text: The New Jersey Legislature honored the role of Amateur Radio operators in a proclamation on December 12, 2002.


text: On the day following the attacks, eleven people were rescued from the rubble, including six firefighters and three police officers. One woman was rescued from the rubble, near where a West Side Highway pedestrian bridge had been. Two PAPD officers, John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno, were also rescued. Discovered by former U.S. Marines Jason Thomas and Dave Karnes, McLoughlin and Jimeno were pulled out alive after spending nearly 24 hours beneath of rubble. Their rescue was later portrayed in the Oliver Stone's film, "World Trade Center". In total, twenty survivors were pulled out of the rubble. The final survivor, Port Authority secretary Genelle Guzman-McMillan, was rescued 27 hours after the collapse of the North Tower.


text: Some firefighters and civilians who survived made cell phone calls from voids beneath the rubble, though the amount of debris made it difficult for rescue workers to get to them.


text: Rescue efforts were paused numerous times in the days after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty Plaza, were in danger of collapsing.


text: The search and rescue effort in the immediate aftermath at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, insulators, machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, riggers, sheet metal workers, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, American Red Cross volunteers, and many others. Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, was off-limits, except for rescue and recovery workers. There were also about 400 working dogs, the largest deployment of dogs in the nation's history.


text: New York City Office of Emergency Management was the agency responsible for coordination of the city's response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building later collapsed. OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. By Friday, rescue and reliefs were organized and administered from Pier 92 on the Hudson River.


text: Volunteers quickly descended on Ground Zero to help in the rescue and recovery efforts. At Jacob Javits Convention Center, thousands showed up to offer help, where they registered with authorities. Construction projects around the city came to a halt, as workers walked off the jobs to help at Ground Zero. Ironworkers, welders, steel burners, and others with such skills were in high demand. By the end of the first week, over one thousand ironworkers from across North America had arrived to help, along with countless others.


text: The New York City Department of Design & Construction oversaw the recovery efforts. Beginning on September 12, the Structural Engineers Association of New York (SEAoNY) became involved in the recovery efforts, bringing in experts to review the stability of the rubble, evaluate safety of hundreds of buildings near the site, and designing support for the cranes brought in to clear the debris. The City of New York hired the engineering firm, LZA-Thornton Tomasetti, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site.


text: To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers.


text: The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support. Forestry incident management teams (IMTs) also provided support beginning in the days after the attacks to help manage operations.


text: A nearby Burger King restaurant was used as a center for police operations. Given that workers worked at the site, or "The Pile", for shifts as long as twelve hours, a specific culture developed at the site, leading to workers developing their own argot.


text: "The Pile" was the term coined by the rescue workers to describe the 1.8 million tons of wreckage left from the collapse of the World Trade Center. They avoided the use of "ground zero", which describes the epicenter of a bomb explosion.


text: Numerous volunteers organized to form "bucket brigades", which passed 5-gallon buckets full of debris down a line to investigators, who sifted through the debris in search of evidence and human remains. Ironworkers helped cut up steel beams into more manageable sizes for removal. Much of the debris was hauled off to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island where it was further searched and sorted.


text: According to "The New York Times", by September 24, 2001, more than 100,000 tons of debris had been removed from the site. Some structural engineers have criticized the decision to recycle the steel from the buildings before it could be analyzed as part of the post-collapse investigation.


text: Some of the steel was reused for memorials. New York City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside the Shanksville's firehouse near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93.


text: Twenty-four tons of the steel used in construction of USS "New York" (LPD-21) came from the small amount of rubble from the World Trade Center preserved for posterity.


text: In the days following the destruction of the towers, rescuers found scorch marks, likely made by a cutting torch on a basement doorway underneath 4 WTC; this was thought to be the result of looters. Further exploration of the building's basement revealed that the vault contained large amounts of gold and silver in the form of coins, as well as gold and silver bars. Over the subsequent months, much of the bullion was recovered. Approximately 560,000 dollars worth of the coins, having been stored in the vault by the Bank of Nova Scotia prior to September 11, 2001, were purchased by Lee S. Minshull of Palos Verdes, California, who then sent them to PCGS for grading in 2002. These coins were then sold to collectors. Coins salvaged from 4 WTC's vault included American Silver Eagles, Canadian Gold Maple Leafs, South African Krugerrands and British Gold Britannias.


text: Hazards at the World Trade Center site included a diesel fuel tank buried seven stories below. Approximately 2,000 automobiles that had been in the parking garage also presented a risk, with each containing, on average, at least of gasoline. Once recovery workers reached down to the parking garage level, they found some cars that had exploded and burned. The United States Customs Service, which was housed in 6 World Trade Center, had 1.2 million rounds of ammunition and weapons in storage in a third-floor vault, to support their firing range.


text: In the hours immediately after the attacks on the World Trade Center, three firefighters raised an American flag over the rubble. The flag was taken from a yacht, and the moment, which was captured on a well-known photograph, evoked comparisons to the iconic Iwo Jima photograph. Morale of rescue workers was boosted on September 14, 2001, when President George W. Bush paid a visit to Ground Zero. Standing with retired firefighter Bob Beckwith, Bush addressed the firefighters and rescue workers with a bullhorn and thanked them. Bush later remarked, "I'm shocked at the size of the devastation, It's hard to describe what it's like to see the gnarled steel and broken glass and twisted buildings silhouetted against the smoke. I said that this was the first act of war on America in the 21st century, and I was right, particularly having seen the scene." After some workers shouted that they could not hear the President, Bush famously responded by saying "I can hear you! The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon!"


text: At some point, rescue workers realized that they were not going to find any more survivors. After a couple of weeks, the conditions at Ground Zero remained harsh, with lingering odors of decaying human remains and smoke. Morale among workers was boosted by letters they received from children around the United States and the world, as well as support from thousands of neighbors in TriBeCa and other Lower Manhattan neighborhoods.


text: This support continued to spread and eventually led to the founding of over 250 non-profit organizations of which raised almost $700 million within their first two years of operation. One of the nonprofits included One Day's Pay, later changed to MyGoodDeed, which championed the effort to designate September 11 as an official National Day of Service (9/11 Day).


text: By 2012, many of the 250 plus organizations had disbanded due to lack of funding as the years progressed. Of the ones that remain, a handful remained functioning for those who remain in need. One of these organizations, Tuesday's Children, was founded the day after September 11 in hopes of supporting the children immediately affected by the attacks. The founder of this non-profit, David Weild IV, now calls them one of the "last men standing" in that they are now one of the few remaining organizations who "provide direct services for what social-service groups and survivors of the attacks call the '9-11 Community.'"


text: Immediately following the attacks, members of the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) were called up to help respond. Northeast Region placed their region personnel and assets on alert mere moments after they learned of the attack. With the exception of CAP, civilian flights were grounded by the Federal Aviation Administration. CAP flew aerial reconnaissance missions over Ground Zero, to provide detailed analysis of the wreckage and to aid in recovery efforts, including transportation of blood donations.


text: Elements of the New York Army National Guard's 1-101st Cavalry (Staten Island), 258th Field Artillery, 442nd Military Police Company, and 69th Infantry Regiment based in Manhattan were the first military force to secure Ground Zero on September 11. The 69th Infantry's armory on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members.


text: The National Guard supplemented the NYPD and FDNY, with 2,250 guard members on the scene by the next morning. Eventually thousands of New York Army and Air National Guardsmen participated in the rescue/recovery efforts. They conducted site security at the WTC, and at other locations. They provided the NYPD with support for traffic control, and they participated directly in recovery operations providing manpower in the form of "bucket brigades" sorting through the debris by hand.


text: Additionally service members provided security at a variety of location throughout the city and New York State to deter further attacks and reassure the public.


text: Members of the Air National Guard's 109th Airlift Wing out of Scotia, and Syracuse's 174th Fighter Wing immediately responded to New York City, setting up camp at places such as Fort Hamilton. Mostly civil engineers, firefighters and military police, they greatly aided in the clean-up effort. F-16s from the 174th Fighter Wing also ramped up their flying sorties and patrolled the skies.


text: U.S. Marines were also present to assist in the rescue efforts. No official numbers of men who helped out was released but there was evidence that they were there.


text: Films such as 2006 docudrama "World Trade Center" and the 2021 documentary "" talked of two Marines who rescued two trapped police officers in the rubble. U.S. Marines were headquartered at 340 Westside Hwy Bloomberg News Building. The commanding officer was Navy Commander Hardy, and executive officer was Maj. Priester. These two oversaw 110 military personnel of various branches, various police departments and EMTs.


text: The U.S. Navy deployed a hospital ship USNS "Comfort" (T-AH-20) to Pier 92 in Manhattan. Crew members provided food and shelter for more than 10,000 relief workers. Comfort's 24-hour galley also provided 30,000 meals. Its medical resources were also used to provide first-aid and sick call services to nearly 600 people. The ship's psychological response team also saw more than 500 patients.


text: A May 14, 2007, "New York Times" article, "Ground Zero Illness Clouding Giuliani's Legacy", gave the interpretation that thousands of workers at Ground Zero have become sick and that "regard Mr. Giuliani's triumph of leadership as having come with a human cost". The article reported that the mayor seized control of the cleanup of Ground Zero, taking control away from established federal agencies, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. He instead handed over responsibility to the "largely unknown" city Department of Design and Construction. Documents indicate that the Giuliani administration never enforced federal requirements requiring the wearing of respirators. Concurrently, the administration threatened companies with dismissal if cleanup work slowed.


text: Workers at the Ground Zero pit worked without proper respirators. They wore painters' masks or no facial covering. Specialists claim that the only effective protection against toxins, such as airborne asbestos, is a special respirator. New York Committee for Occupational Safety and Health industrial hygienist David Newman said, "I was down there watching people working without respirators." He continued, "Others took off their respirators to eat. It was a surreal, ridiculous, unacceptable situation."


text: The local EPA office sidelined the regional EPA office. Dr. Cate Jenkins, a whistle-blower EPA scientist, said that on September 12, 2001, a regional EPA office offered to dispatch 30 to 40 electron microscopes to the WTC pit to test bulk dust samples for the presence of asbestos fibers. Instead, the local office chose the less effective polarized light microscopy testing method. Dr. Jenkins alleged that the local office refused, and said, "We don't want you fucking cowboys here. The best thing they could do is reassign you to Alaska."


text: There were many health problems caused by the toxins. 99% of exposed firefighters reported at least one new respiratory problem while working at the World Trade Center site that they had not experienced before. Chronic airway disease is the main lung injury among firefighters who were exposed to toxins during 9/11. Six years after the attacks, among those who never smoked, approximately 13% of firefighters and 22% of EMS had lungs that did not function as well as others around the same age. Steep declines in pulmonary lung function has been a problem since first detected among firefighters and EMS within a year of 9/11 have persisted.


text: Increasing numbers of Ground Zero workers are getting illnesses, such as cancer. Between September 11, 2001, through 2008, there were 263 new cases of cancer found in 8,927 male firefighters who responded to 9/11 attacks. This number is 25 more than what is expected from men from a similar age group and race. There is a 19% increase in cancer overall, between firefighters who responded to the attacks and those who were not exposed to toxins from responding to the attacks on September 11.


text: On January 30, 2007, Ground Zero workers and groups such as Sierra Club and Unsung Heroes Helping Heroes met at the Ground Zero site and urged President George Bush to spend more money on aid for sick Ground Zero workers. They said that the $25 million that Bush promised for the ill workers was inadequate. A Long Island iron-worker, John Sferazo, at the protest rally said, "Why has it taken you 5½ years to meet with us, Mr. President?"


text: Firefighters, police and their unions, have criticized Mayor Rudy Giuliani over the issue of protective equipment and illnesses after the attacks. An October study by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and Health said that cleanup workers lacked adequate protective gear. The Executive Director of the National Fraternal Order of Police reportedly said of Giuliani: "Everybody likes a Churchillian kind of leader who jumps up when the ashes are still falling and takes over. But two or three good days don't expunge an eight-year record." Sally Regenhard, said, "There's a large and growing number of both FDNY families, FDNY members, former and current, and civilian families who want to expose the true failures of the Giuliani administration when it comes to 9/11." She told the "New York Daily News" that she intends to "Swift Boat" Giuliani.


text: Various health programs arose after the attacks to provide treatment for 9/11-related illnesses among responders, recovery workers, and other survivors. When the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act became federal law in January 2011, these programs were replaced by the World Trade Center Health Program.


text: Soon after the attacks, New York City commissioned McKinsey & Company to investigate the response of both the New York City Fire Department and New York City Police Department and make recommendations on how to respond more effectively to such large-scale emergencies in the future.


text: Officials with the International Association of Fire Fighters have also criticized Rudy Giuliani for failing to support modernized radios that might have spared the lives of more firefighters. Some firefighters never heard the evacuation orders and died in the collapse of the towers.


text: Plans for the World Trade Center rebuilding started in July 2002 which was headed by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. There were rounds of proposals on how to rebuild the World Trade Center; however, many of the early schemes were criticized for lacking creativity. There was division among members of the public, architects, and political leadership as to what an appropriate new World Trade Center would look like. Several architects were chosen and replaced throughout the planning and design process; there were issues with implementing the early designs. By 2006 all architects for the site had been chosen and designs were largely finalized in 2007. The date of completion for the World Trade Center was scheduled for 2016. , four of seven planned buildings were completed, as were the transportation hub, 9/11 Memorial, and Liberty Park.


title: Lovelyz

text: Lovelyz () is a South Korean girl group formed in 2014 by Woollim Entertainment and is the company's first girl group. The group consists of eight members: Baby Soul, Jiae, Jisoo, Mijoo, Kei, Jin, Sujeong and Yein. Their debut album, "Girls' Invasion", was released on November 17, 2014.


title: Lovelyz

text: Lovelyz's debut was first announced on November 5, 2014, by Woollim Entertainment. Lovelyz released a pre-release digital single, "Good Night Like Yesterday", on the same day. Their debut showcase was held on November 12 at the K-ART Hall in Olympic Park, and their debut stage was on the next day on Mnet "M Countdown". The group's debut studio album "Girls' Invasion" was officially released on November 17, along with its lead single titled "Candy Jelly Love". The album ranked ninth on Taiwan's Five Music Korea-Japan weekly chart and first on Japan's Tower Records albums chart. Prior to debut, member Jisoo withdrew from the group's debut promotions due to personal reasons.


title: Lovelyz

text: On December 21, the group took part in the annual music festival SBS Gayo Daejeon for the festival's segment "Strong Babies", featuring newly debuted K-pop groups Red Velvet, Winner, and Got7, where they performed Maroon 5's "Moves like Jagger". Lovelyz also performed their debut lead single "Candy Jelly Love".


title: Lovelyz

text: Lovelyz released a repackage edition of "Girls' Invasion" titled "Hi~" on March 3. It contains all nine tracks from the debut album, along with two new singles including the title track "Hi~". They made a comeback stage on March 5, performing "Hi~" and "Amusement Park" on music program "M Countdown". On April 17, Lovelyz started promoting the other new song from their repackaged album, "Amusement Park", on music programs. They continued the promotions until April 30. On April 22, Lovelyz participated in the KCON 2015 Japan "M Countdown" show for 15,000 attendees, their first overseas activity. On May 23, the group performed at the Dream Concert, which was held at the Seoul World Cup Stadium.


title: Lovelyz

text: On August 27, Lovelyz performed at the Korea Brand and Entertainment Expo in Shanghai, along with labelmate Infinite. On the same day, Woollim Entertainment announced that Jisoo would be rejoining the group following the end of her scandal, and revealed the title of their first extended play (EP), "Lovelyz8", through the group's official Twitter page. A pre-release single titled "Shooting Star" was released on September 14, along with its music video. The EP was officially released on October 1, 2015. It contains seven tracks including the pre-release single "Shooting Star", and the lead single "Ah-Choo". The latter's music video was released on the same day, with a cameo appearance by Infinite's Hoya.


title: Lovelyz

text: On October 31, Lovelyz was a guest on You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook where they performed an a cappella cover of Michael Jackson's song "Beat It". The performance gained attention online, and was broadcast on the American Fox News Channel. It was also written about by other foreign media. "Ah-Choo" had maintained its position on most major Korean music charts throughout 2015 and early-2016, making it Lovelyz's biggest hit. On November 26, Lovelyz received their first-ever award at the 23rd Korea Culture & Entertainment Awards for the "K-pop Top 10 Artists" category.


title: Lovelyz

text: Lovelyz held their first fan-meeting and mini-concert, "Lovely Day", on December 5 at Ax Korea. The tickets were sold out in the first five minutes after they went on sale. On December 7, Lovelyz released a three-track single album titled "Lovelinus", named after their official fan club. They also released a music video for the album's lead single, "For You", on the same day.


title: Lovelyz

text: The group's first reality show "Lovelyz in Wonderland" began airing February 2 on SBS MTV for eight episodes. Their song "Ah-Choo" continued to remain in digital Korean music charts, long after its release on September 14, 2015.


title: Lovelyz

text: Lovelyz released their second EP, "A New Trilogy" on April 25, 2016. The album contains seven tracks, including the lead single titled "Destiny". The song debuted at number seven on the Gaon Digital Chart, making it their highest-charting song thus far. "Destiny" also received attention from American producer Brent Fischer who praised the lead single for its "world-class grooves and current arrangements".


title: Lovelyz

text: In November 2016, Lovelyz announced their first solo concert titled "Lovelyz in Winterland" at the Blue Square Samsung Card Hall from January 13–15, 2017. During the concert, Lovelyz revealed that they would make a comeback in February.


title: Lovelyz

text: Woollim Entertainment announced that Lovelyz was set to release their second studio album "R U Ready?" on February 26, with "WoW!" as the lead single. However, in the early morning hours of February 27, the song was removed from Melon's real-time chart due to a technical glitch. Melon later admitted to the glitch and apologized. Woollim Entertainment revealed that Yein had injured her ankle during practice for comeback, and later confirmed that Yein would not be participating in the comeback due to her injury on March 2. Few weeks later, on March 23, Yein re-joined the promotions by performing at music program "M Countdown" for first time since recovering from the injury.


title: Lovelyz

text: Following the release of their second studio album, they made a speedy comeback with their second repackaged album titled "Now, We" on May 2, with the lead single of the same name. The album topped the Gaon Album Chart upon its release. They also won their first-ever music program win since debut on May 16, through SBS MTV's "The Show".


title: Lovelyz

text: Lovelyz held their second solo concert, "Lovelyz 2017 Summer Concert [Alwayz]", at Olympic Park, Olympic Hall on July 29 and 30. The tickets for the concert were sold-out within five minutes of its release.


title: Lovelyz

text: On November 14, 2017, Lovelyz made their comeback with their third EP, "Fall in Lovelyz", with the lead single "Twinkle". The group promoted the song on various South Korean music programs, and received their first win for "Twinkle" on November 28 on "The Show".


title: Lovelyz

text: Lovelyz held their third solo concert, "Lovelyz in Winterland 2", at the Blue Square Samsung Card Hall from February 2–4, 2018. The concert was also held in Tokyo and Osaka on February 10 and February 12 respectively.


title: Lovelyz

text: On April 10, Woollim Entertainment announced that Lovelyz would release their fourth EP titled "Heal" on April 23. The EP consists of six tracks, including the lead single "That Day", composed by Sweetune. Lovelyz held their comeback showcase at Blue Square iMarket Hall on the same day as the album's release, and was broadcast live through the Naver app "V-Live". Lovelyz earned their first music show win for "That Day" on SBS MTV's "The Show" on May 1.


title: Lovelyz

text: In June 2018, Lovelyz released their special digital single titled "Wag-Zak". Jin did not take part in the promotions due to health issues. Lovelyz performed "Wag-Zak" for the first time at Mnet's "M Countdown" on June 28, followed by promoting in the various music programs for a week. Their digital single "Wag-Zak", complemented by a music video, was officially released on July 1, which marked the group's first summer release.


title: Lovelyz

text: Lovelyz released their first compilation album, "Muse on Music", on September 11. The album contains the instrumental version of 33 tracks selected from their eight released records. It is also the first time a K-pop girl group released such album.


title: Lovelyz

text: Lovelyz released their fifth EP, "Sanctuary", with the lead single "Lost N Found", on November 26, 2018. In January 2019, they promoted the single "Rewind" as the follow-up single of the EP "Sanctuary".


title: Lovelyz

text: On May 20, 2019, they released their sixth EP "Once Upon a Time" with the lead single "When We Were Us (Beautiful Days)". In August 2019, the group joined the cast of the television program "Queendom".


title: Lovelyz

text: Lovelyz released their seventh EP "Unforgettable" on September 1, 2020, along with the lead single "Obliviate". The group clinched their first win for "Obliviate" on the September 8 episode of SBS MTV's "The Show".


title: Lovelyz

text: On November 1, 2021, Woollim Entertainment announced 7 of the members, except Baby Soul, had decided not to renew their contracts, which expired on November 16. However, Woollim Entertainment didn't mention in its press release sent to news agencies on whether the group would be disbanded. Later, Baby Soul confirmed that although the members are signed under different agencies, they still have desire to promote and release albums together as Lovelyz in the near future.


title: Lovelyz

text: After leaving Woollim Entertainment on November 2021, the group went on hiatus to focus on individual activities with each members under different management. On November 17, 2022, Lovelyz was scheduled to appear on Naver Now's "Music To You" and meet fans, but the schedule was changed to November 23.


title: Lovelyz

text: In August 2016, members of Lovelyz were appointed by the Ministry of National Defense to become anti-smoking ambassadors for the South Korean military. The arrangement was part of the "Anti-Smoking Soldiers Program" which was announced on May 31.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: Unmukt Chand (born 26 March 1993) is an Indian-American cricketer. He is a right-handed top order batsman who currently plays for the Silicon Valley Strikers in Minor League Cricket, and the Melbourne Renegades in Australia's Big Bash League. He has played for Delhi & Uttarakhand in Indian domestic cricket tournaments, the Mumbai Indians & the Delhi Capitals in the Indian Premier League, and the India Under-19 cricket team, who he captained to victory in the 2012 U-19 Cricket World Cup. In August 2021, Chand announced his retirement from playing cricket in India.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: Unmukt Chand was born in a Kumauni Rajput family to Bharat Chand Thakur and Rajeshwari Chand, who were both teachers.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: He is originally from Pithoragarh (Siltham) District of Uttarakhand. He moved from DPS Noida to Modern School, Barakhamba Road in the 9th standard.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: Unmukt Chand scored 499 runs during his first stint with the Delhi U-19 team. The 499 runs include 2 centuries and 1 half-century. His outstanding performance in the U-19s gave him a place in the Delhi senior team. He scored 151 runs on a seaming track against a seasoned Railways attack in the 2010-11 Ranji Trophy. That year he also scored two half-centuries against Mumbai and Saurashtra. He scored 400 runs in five matches. He played in the Vinoo Mankad Trophy and the Cooch Behar Trophy at the junior level.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: Unmukt Chand was named the captain of the Delhi U-19 team and the North Zone U-19 team. He then went on to become the captain of the India Under-19 cricket team for the quadrangular series that was held in Vishakhapatnam, India. The quadrangular series included the U-19 teams from India, Sri Lanka, West Indies and Australia. He scored an unbeaten 122 against Sri Lanka and two fifties against Australia and West Indies. He ended the tournament with 336 runs from seven outings, just one behind Australia's Cameron Bancroft. He also participated in the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy later that season. Under his captaincy, India also won the U-19 World Cup in Australia.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: In April 2012, India U-19 cricket team played a quadrangular series in Australia involving the hosts, along with England and New Zealand. Batting at three, Chand scored an impressive 94 against England in the semi-final to help India win the match by 63 runs. He followed it up with a blistering century against Australia in the final – an unbeaten 112, which included 9 fours and 6 sixes – to take India to an emphatic 7-wicket victory. India won the tournament under Chand's captaincy, who ended with 281 runs from 5 matches, only six runs short of the tournament's highest run-getter Daniel Bell-Drummond.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: In June 2012, playing in the ACC Under-19s Asia Cup, Chand rose to the occasion once again with 116 against Sri Lanka in the semi-final, before scoring 121 against Pakistan in the final. He won the Man of the Match award in both games. He was the highest run-scorer in the tournament with 286 runs from 3 matches.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: On 26 August 2012, Chand led the India U-19s to victory in the 2012 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup in Australia. His counterpart William Bosisto's half-century had rescued Australia from 38 for 4 to a score of 225 in the final, but Chand's 130-run stand with Smit Patel ensured India won with more than two overs to spare, with Chand scoring a captain's knock of 111* in 130 balls which consisted of 6 sixes and 7 fours to defeat Australia.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: On 3 March 2013, Chand scored 116 for Delhi in the Vijay Hazare Trophy final against Assam to show his knack for scoring big hundreds in tournament finals. Delhi went on to win the game by 95 runs and the title for the first time.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: Unmukt made his IPL debut for Delhi Daredevils in 2013 and got clean bowled for a first ball duck by Brett Lee in the season opener against the Kolkata Knight Riders. He was purchased by the Rajasthan Royals during the IPL 7 Auction. He was picked up by the Mumbai Indians in the 2015 season, where he won his first IPL title, despite not playing in most of the games.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: Unmukt scored 321 runs at an average of 35.66 with a strike rate reaching 140 for Delhi, where was the highest run-scorer. He scored back-to-back centuries, first against Kerala where he scored 105 off 67 balls, and then against Gujarat, scoring 125 off just 63 deliveries. Delhi was upset by Odisha in the semi-finals, where he failed to score.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: Unmukt made his MiLC debut on 14 August 2021, where he was bowled for naught off 3 deliveries. Unmukt topped the runs scorers list for 2021 in the competition with 612 runs from 16 innings as he led his team, the Silicon Valley Strikers, to the championship title.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: Unmukt made his BBL debut for the Melbourne Renegades on 18 January 2022, becoming the first Indian male to play in the Big Bash.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: Unmukt started commentating during the 2020 U-19 Cricket World Cup finals. He has also commentated for Star Sports 1 Hindi, covering the Caribbean Premier League.


title: Unmukt Chand

text: Chand has penned his memories of the U19 WC into a book, "The Sky is the Limit" (2013). The book chronicles Unmukt's rise as a cricketer, from his childhood days to the World Cup victory and how he came to represent his country, lead his team to victory - complete with a captain's match-winning knock - and bring home the coveted trophy. The victory was India U-19 team's first World Cup win outside Asia. Rahul Dravid, V.V.S. Laxman and Sanjay Manjrekar wrote forewords for the book.


title: UD Ibiza

text: Unión Deportiva Ibiza is a Spanish professional football club based in the town of Ibiza, in the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. Founded in 2015, it plays in Segunda División, holding home matches at "Estadi Municipal de Can Misses", with a capacity of 4,500 seats.


title: UD Ibiza

text: UD Ibiza was founded in 2015 with the aim of replacing the former UD Ibiza-Eivissa that played two seasons in Segunda División B. In June 2017, the club was promoted to Tercera División after spending two seasons in the Regional league.


title: UD Ibiza

text: On 7 August 2018, after the RFEF blocked Lorca FC's participation in Segunda División B, Ibiza paid the club's debts and achieved an administrative promotion to the third level.


title: UD Ibiza

text: In 2019–20, the club competed in the Copa del Rey for the first time. They defeated Pontevedra and Albacete before a 1–2 home loss to Barcelona in the round of 32, having led the league title holders with 20 minutes to play.


title: UD Ibiza

text: In 2020–21 Copa del Rey, UD Ibiza beat a Primera División team for the first time, winning 5–2 against Celta Vigo in the Second Round of the competition. Later, the team lost 1–2 to Athletic Bilbao in extra time.


title: UD Ibiza

text: On 23 May 2021, Ibiza was promoted for the first time ever to Segunda División by defeating UCAM Murcia CF in the final of the promotion play-off.


title: Rape in Islamic law

text: In Islam, human sexuality is governed by Islamic law (Sharia). Accordingly, sexual violation is regarded as a violation of moral and divine law. Islam divides claims of sexual violation into 'divine rights' ("huquq Allah") and 'interpersonal rights' ("huquq al-'ibad"): the former requiring divine punishment ("hadd" penalties) and the latter belonging to the more flexible human realm.


title: Rape in Islamic law

text: Rape is considered a serious sexual crime in Islam. In Islam, rape is called Zina Al-Zibr or Ightisab, and it falls under the rules of Hirabah. Classical Islamic law ("Shari'a") regarded the crime of sexual violation as a coercive zina, and therefore a hadd offence. There is also a lack of recognition of marital rape by mainstream jurists.


title: Rape in Islamic law

text: An incident during the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad would form the basis of later jurisprudence of rape:


title: Rape in Islamic law

text: Rape is considered a serious sexual crime in Islam and can be defined in Islamic law as: "Forcible illegal sexual intercourse by a man with a woman who is not legally married to him, without her free will and consent".


title: Rape in Islamic law

text: Islamic law, like the legal systems of classical antiquity and the ancient Near East, does not contain a true equivalent of the modern concept of rape, which is in turn based on the modern notions of individual autonomy and inviolability of the body, particularly the female body. In modern terms, rape is at its most basic level a violation of another person's sexual autonomy. In the communally and patriarchically oriented societies of Late Antiquity, a woman's sexuality was construed as something in control of her legal guardian or owner rather than in her individual control. Therefore, the category of coercive sexual violation was not clearly differentiated from other categories, such as consensual violation of sexual norms (seduction).


title: Rape in Islamic law

text: The terms "ghasaba" and "ightasaba" have been used by traditional jurists when discussing sexual assault and its punishment. Most jurists hold that rape is committing zinā by force, hence rape is known as "zinā bī al-ikrāh" (). Al-Shāfi‘ī defined rape as: "Forcing a woman to commit zinā against her will". To the Ḥanafis, illegal intercourse is considered rape when there is no consent and no deliberate action from the victim. In Mālik's view, rape refers to any kind of unlawful sexual intercourse (zinā) by usurpation and without consent. This includes instances when the condition of the victims prevents them from expressing their resistance, such as insanity, sleep or being under age. The Hanbalites, similar to the Mālikites, consider the use of any kind of force as a denial of consent from the victim. The threat of starvation or suffering the cold of winter are also regarded as against one's will.