title: Kelly Jones

text: Both of his parents worked in factories. His father coached youth football and pursued his own singing career. The name of Arwyn's backing band, Oscar and the Kingfishers, earned him the nickname 'Oscar' among friends and family. He went on to secure a record deal with Polydor, who renamed him 'Arwyn Davidson' due to the sheer number of Joneses in the music business at the time. Despite making multiple recordings, sharing the Hollies' manager and supporting slots with the likes of Roy Orbison, Arwyn had minimal mainstream success and only released a few singles (including a cover of the Graham Nash song "Simple Man").


title: Kelly Jones

text: During Jones' youth his uncle, a boxing referee, got him interested in the sport, and he later competed at a high level in South Wales. Following this Jones moved onto football, where he played for his county. Jones grew up in the village of Cwmaman, near Aberdare, where he became friends with neighbours, Stuart Cable and Richard Jones, with whom he formed, in 1992, one of a string of covers bands.


title: Kelly Jones

text: Jones' talent for writing was apparent in his youth. He studied film at college and considered becoming a scriptwriter – attracting interest from the BBC for his work – before focusing on music. As his band progressed from covers to performing original material, Jones brought his gift for narrative to his lyrics. He also flirted with the idea of career in boxing, and was a successful fighter at junior levels.


title: Kelly Jones

text: There is a strong autobiographical thread to Jones' writing on Stereophonics' 1997 debut album, "Word Gets Around", including an account of his teenage years working on a market stall, "More Life in a Tramps Vest".


title: Kelly Jones

text: In 1996, after several years on the south Wales live circuit, Stereophonics were the first band to be signed to Richard Branson's new Virgin Records label V2. Their debut EP "Looks Like Chaplin" was not pressed in enough numbers to qualify for the charts, and their next single "Local Boy in the Photograph" peaked one place shy of the UK Top 50. However, their debut LP "Word Gets Around", helped by a busy touring schedule that included a support slot on fellow Welsh band Manic Street Preachers' 1996–97 tour, peaked at number 6 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Kelly Jones

text: In January 2005, Kelly Jones performed a solo set at the Tsunami Relief Cardiff charity concert at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.


title: Kelly Jones

text: In 2007, Jones released his first solo album, "Only the Names Have Been Changed", as a limited edition, which managed to reach number 1 on the iTunes download chart. He explained: "We were recording the sixth Stereophonics album last year and in-between takes I started doing these songs off the cuff. Three or four tracks in, I realised that this could actually be something [...] strange how it's always little things that makes big things happen." This created speculation that Jones would leave Stereophonics to pursue his solo career, however he denied this.


title: Kelly Jones

text: Jones is influenced by musicians such as Neil Young, Bob Dylan, Otis Redding, Stevie Wonder, Led Zeppelin, AC/DC and the Sex Pistols. He is noted for his raspy voice, which has been described as "whiskey" and has drawn criticism as well as acclaim.


title: Kelly Jones

text: Jones has had a troubled relationship with the national tabloid press and they have often criticised him, his contribution to music, and his vocal abilities. Jones has generated headlines several times by criticising fellow Britpop and post-Britpop musical artists, most notably Radiohead frontman and solo artist Thom Yorke. Jones criticised Yorke's attitude in a 2002 interview due to what he felt was complaining about touring on Radiohead's 1998 home video release, "Meeting People Is Easy". He said: "We can all relate to that video – y'know, having to do a hundred fucking idents for radio stations – but that doesn't mean you've got to walk around and be a miserable twat to everybody. Which is what Thom Yorke is mostly." He later expressed regret for this comment, since he was a fan of Yorke.


title: Kelly Jones

text: Jones is known for his cynical view of manufactured pop and has also criticised reality shows such as "Popstars" and "The X Factor", as well as manufactured bands such as Hear'Say.


title: Kelly Jones

text: Jones and his first girlfriend were together for almost 12 years and had become engaged but split up. In 2002, Jones, drunk, vandalised the house and car of a friend because Jones had discovered the friend was courting his ex-girlfriend. Jones was arrested, but his friend did not press charges. Jones wrote the song "Rainbows and Pots of Gold" in response to the event. Jones and Rebecca Walters had two children, but they split shortly after the birth of the second child. Jones then married MTV journalist Jakki Healy, and they have two children, Riley and Marley.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: Kemar Roofe (born 6 January 1993) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker, winger or attacking midfielder for Scottish Premiership club Rangers. Born in England, he represents the Jamaican national team.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: Roofe started his career with West Bromwich Albion where he played for the side's academy team, while attending Joseph Leckie Community Technology College in Walsall. In July 2009, Roofe was among eleven academy youngsters to sign scholarships with West Brom.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: In April 2011, he was sent out on loan to Icelandic side Víkingur Reykjavík, where he made three appearances, scoring one goal in the Icelandic Cup against Knattspyrnufelag Vesturbæjar. In January 2012, Roofe signed his first professional contract, on an 18-month deal with an option to extend.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: On 27 September 2012, he joined Football League Two side Northampton Town on a one-month loan deal. He made his professional debut on 29 September 2012, in a 3–3 draw with Burton Albion, coming on as a substitute for Chris Hackett. After making six appearances for the club, it announced that Roofe would return to his parent club on 27 October 2012. Following the end of the 2012–13 season, Roofe's contract with West Brom was extended for one year.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: In the 2013–14 season, Roofe joined Football League Two side Cheltenham Town on loan until 4 January 2014. He made his debut for the club, two days after joining, in a 1–1 draw against Southend United. Roofe scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw against Hartlepool United on 14 December 2013. On 9 January 2014, Roofe's loan spell with Cheltenham Town was extended for another month. After making nine appearances, Roofe informed the club that he wanted to return to his parent club. However, on his return, Roofe returned to the club's reserves throughout the 2013–14 season. Nevertheless, his contract with the club was extended further by twelve months.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: In the 2014–15 season, Roofe scored in a friendly match against Port Vale, which West Brom lost. Then, on 4 November 2014, he joined Football League One side Colchester United on a month's loan. A week later, Roofe made his debut for the club, where he came on as a substitute for Sanchez Watt in the second half, in a 3–2 loss against Barnsley. After making two appearances, Roofe's loan spell with Colchester United came to an end and he returned to West Brom.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: On 13 February 2015, Roofe joined Oxford United on loan from West Bromwich Albion. Roofe made his Oxford United debut the next day, coming on as a substitute for Andy Whing in the 61st minute, in a 2–0 defeat to Burton Albion. Despite his not scoring in his first five appearances, Roofe's loan spell with Oxford was extended until the end of the season. Roofe then scored his first Oxford United goals, in a 3–2 win over Wycombe Wanderers on 3 April 2015, and he added four further goals in the last three matches against Tranmere Rovers, Cambridge United and Newport County. His final goal tally for the season was six goals in sixteen appearances.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: Weeks after the 2014–15 season ended, Roofe signed a three-year permanent deal with the club on 11 May, for an undisclosed sum. On 11 August 2015, he scored from 40 yards in a 0–4 League Cup upset of Championship side Brentford. On 10 January 2016, Roofe scored twice for Oxford in a 3–2 victory to knock Premier League side Swansea City out of the FA Cup. On 15 March 2016, Roofe scored his first hat-trick in the 4–0 win against Dagenham & Redbridge. Roofe's 4 goals in the Football League Trophy, including 2 against rivals Swindon Town, were instrumental in Oxford reaching the 2016 Football League Trophy Final at Wembley Stadium against Barnsley on 3 April 2016; his cross allowed Danny Hylton to score in the second half, however Barnsley held on for a 3–2 win.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: In April 2016 he was voted Football League Two's Player of the Year at the Football League Awards and was also named in the League Two PFA Team Of The Year. He scored 26 goals in 49 appearances in all competitions during the 2015–16 season for Oxford, in which they finished second in League Two and gained promotion to League One.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: On 7 July 2016, Roofe signed for Championship side Leeds United on a four-year deal for an undisclosed seven-figure fee. On 5 August, Roofe was given the squad number 7 shirt for the 2016–17 season. On 7 August, Roofe made his Leeds debut against Queens Park Rangers in a 3–0 defeat. Roofe was initially credited with his first goal for Leeds in a 1–0 win at Wolverhampton Wanderers on 22 October, however it was later adjudicated to be an own goal by Wolves defender Sílvio. After starting the season predominantly on the left side of midfield, after an injury to playmaker Pablo Hernández on 5 November against Norwich City, Roofe found himself playing in an attacking midfield role.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: On 29 November 2016, Roofe came close to scoring his first Leeds goal when he saw his long range shot smash off the inside of the post after beating goalkeeper Simon Mignolet, in EFL Cup quarter-final match against Liverpool at Anfield in a 2–0 defeat, after the match Roofe jokingly Tweeted about being under a goalscoring curse with the Hashtag #Pray4Roofe. However, Roofe quickly ended the drought in the following game when he scored his first goal for Leeds United against Aston Villa in a 2–0 victory on 3 December 2016. On 26 December 2016, Roofe scored his second goal for Leeds in a 4–1 victory against Preston North End; he also provided two assists in the same game.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: He scored his first goals of the 2017–18 season on 22 August 2017, scoring a hat-trick in Leeds' 5–1 EFL Cup victory against Newport County, thus equalling his goal tally for the previous season for Leeds. On 26 August, Roofe starting up front in place of the departed Chris Wood, scored his first league goal of the season a 2–0 victory against Nottingham Forest. He scored a hat-trick on 10 December in Leeds' 3–1 victory at Queens Park Rangers. Roofe scored his 10th goal of the season in all competitions on 26 December in Leeds' 1–2 victory against Burton Albion. After 6 weeks out with a calf injury, Roofe returned to Leeds' starting lineup on 10 April 2017, and scored his 13th goal of the season in all competitions (his 10th in the League) in a 3–1 loss against Preston North End. On 16 April 2018, Roofe was nominated as one of four players for Leeds United's Player of The Year award. On 6 May 2018, Roofe scored his 14th goal of the season 2–0 home victory against Queens Park Rangers on the final day of the season. He finished the season as the club's top scorer with 14 goals, ahead of Pierre-Michel Lasogga who had scored 10.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: He scored his first goals of the 2018–19 season with a brace on 11 August in a 4–1 win over Derby County. After continuing the month in prolific form with four goals and two assists in the first six league games of the season, Roofe was awarded Championship Player of the Month for August 2018 by the EFL.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: With Roofe starting the season as the club's first choice striker ahead of new signing Patrick Bamford, after Bamford picked up a posterior cruciate ligament injury in September, Roofe would be the club's only 'senior' striker available for Marcelo Bielsa. However, days after the Bamford injury, Roofe himself picked up a calf injury which would rule him out for some weeks. After returning from injury, Roofe's impressive goalscoring form continued, including scoring a controversial goal against Nottingham Forest in a 1–1 draw on 27 October, with the ball seemingly going in off Roofe's hand.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: He was nominated for the EFL Championship Player of the Month award for December 2018, having scored five goals during the month (including three over four days, all in injury time), but lost out on the award to Hull City winger Jarrod Bowen. He scored his 14th goal of the season (which overtook his previous seasons tally of 13) in a 2–0 win against Derby County on 11 January 2019.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: However, after playing through Leeds' 2–1 victory against Swansea City on 13 February 2019, after being pictured wearing a leg brace, on 19 February it was announced by the club that Roofe had a knee ligament injury and would face a period out during Leeds' race for promotion. Roofe returned as a substitute during 6 April away game to Birmingham and his appearances since then were limited to spells off the bench, with Bielsa favouring Patrick Bamford as the sole striker.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: During the 2018–19 season, Roofe played 34 games in all competitions, scoring 15 goals, after Leeds finished the regular season in third place, having dropped out of the automatic promotion places with three games left following a defeat to 10-man Wigan Athletic on 19 April. Leeds went on to qualify for the playoffs, and Roofe started the first leg of the Championship play-offs at Pride Park on 11 May 2019, netting the sole goal of the game against sixth-placed Derby County for his 15th goal of the season. He was replaced by Patrick Bamford for the second playoff leg at Elland Road after picking up an injury in the second half of the match during the 1–0 win at Pride Park. With Roofe out injured, Leeds lost 4–2 in an encounter that saw both teams reduced to 10 men and Derby progress to the final against Aston Villa, having won 4–3 on aggregate.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: After picking up an injury in Leeds' pre-season fixture 2–1 victory against West Sydney Wanderers on Leeds' Australia pre-season tour, Roofe was ruled out for the start of the 2019–20 season with an ankle injury. With Roofe in the final year of his contract, on 5 August he underwent a medical at Belgian side Anderlecht ahead of a proposed move to the club managed by player-manager Vincent Kompany. Ahead of the move, Bielsa proclaimed he "can't be happy" if Roofe leaves.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: Roofe joined Anderlecht for an undisclosed fee, reported to be £7 million, on 6 August 2019. In his opening seven games in the Belgian league, Roofe scored five times, including an 81st-minute winner at Zulte Waregem. Anderlecht had a slow start to the season and by the end of October were in 10th position. In the last months of 2019, Roofe scored a number of goals, with five of them leading to Anderlecht winning or drawing over a six-week period. Losing only one of seven league games during this period, Anderlecht remained in 10th place in the league.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: On 4 August 2020, Roofe signed for Rangers, on a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee, reported to be £4.5 million. He made his Rangers debut just over a week later on 12 August, in a Scottish Premiership match against St Johnstone at Ibrox Stadium, as a 61st-minute substitute for Ryan Jack. On 22 August 2020, Roofe scored his first goal for the club in a league against Kilmarnock, netting the first in a 2–0 win. On 22 October 2020, Roofe scored from his own half in stoppage time of the club's 2–0 UEFA Europa League group stage away win at Standard Liège. Roofe's shot was measured at 49.9 meters from the opposite goal line which at the time made it the longest-range goal ever scored in the history of the competition; however, the record was broken a week later by Omonia midfielder Jordi Gómez, who scored a goal from 56 meters.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: On 18 March 2021, Roofe was sent off after six minutes during the Europa League match against Slavia Prague. After a reckless tackle by Roofe, goalkeeper Ondřej Kolář suffered a fractured skull. Former Slavia player and Czech international Vladimír Šmicer called the tackle a "life-threatening moment". Roofe was banned for four games.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: Roofe is eligible to represent the England and Jamaica national sides, the latter because of his Jamaican heritage.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: In June 2019, Roofe received an invitation to play for the Jamaica national side for the CONCACAF Gold Cup in July 2019.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: In March 2021, Jamaica again approached Roofe for inclusion in the team's squad for the 2022 World Cup qualifiers. This time Roofe expressed his interest, stating "who wouldn't want to go to a World Cup?" and revealing he was already in the process of applying for a Jamaican passport in order to play for the nation. He debuted with Jamaica in a 3–0 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification loss to Panama on 5 September 2021. The next month on October 13 Roofe scored his first goal for Jamaica, netting the opener against Honduras in an eventual 2-0 victory.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: Roofe is the cousin of R&B & pop singer Jorja Smith. He also helps his brother, Alex, design and make garments for their clothing range, Custom Rare.


title: Kemar Roofe

text: In August 2019, Roofe was one of the main stars of Leeds United documentary 'Take Us Home', documenting the 2018–19 season on Amazon Prime featuring in several episodes. The documentary was narrated by Academy Award winning actor and Leeds United fan Russell Crowe.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Archibald Gracie IV (January 15, 1858 – December 4, 1912) was an American writer, soldier, amateur historian, real estate investor, and survivor of the sinking of RMS "Titanic". Gracie survived the sinking by climbing aboard an overturned collapsible lifeboat and wrote a popular book about the disaster, which is still in print today. He never recovered from his ordeal and died less than eight months after the sinking, becoming the first adult survivor to die.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Archibald Gracie was born in Mobile, Alabama, a member of the wealthy Scottish-American Gracie family of New York City. He was a namesake and direct descendant of Archibald Gracie, who had built Gracie Mansion, the current official residence of the mayor of New York City, in 1799. His father, Archibald Gracie III, had been an officer with the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War; in 1862, he was promoted to brigadier general. In 1863, the elder Gracie served at the Battle of Chickamauga; he was killed in action during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864. In that same year, Archibald IV attended St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He later attended the United States Military Academy (though he did not graduate) and eventually became a colonel of the 7th New York Militia.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Gracie was an amateur historian and had a particular interest in the Battle of Chickamauga, in which his father had served. He spent a number of years researching the battle and eventually wrote a book titled "The Truth about Chickamauga", which was published in 1911. In early 1912, Gracie traveled to Europe on the alone, without his wife or their daughter. He made his return trip to the US aboard as a first class passenger.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Gracie boarded "Titanic" at Southampton on April 10, 1912, and was assigned first-class cabin C51. He spent much of the voyage chaperoning various unaccompanied women. They included writer Mrs. Helen Churchill Candee, 52, and three sisters, "née" Lamson, who were also in their fifties: Mrs. E.D. (Charlotte) Appleton, Mrs. R.C. (Malvina) Cornell, and Mrs. J.M. (Caroline) Brown. All four women survived the sinking, but Miss Edith Corse Evans, 36, who accompanied the sisters (and Gracie) did not.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Gracie socialized with a group he called “our coterie”, joined by Candee, his friend J. Clinch Smith, and several others. He also spent time reading books he had found in the first-class library and discussing the Civil War with businessman Isidor Straus. Gracie was known among the other first-class passengers as a tireless raconteur who had an inexhaustible supply of stories about Chickamauga and the Civil War in general.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: On April 14, Gracie decided that he had neglected his health and spent some time in physical exercise on the squash courts and in the ship's swimming pool. He then attended church services, had an early lunch, and spent the rest of the day reading and socializing. He went to bed early, intending on an early start the next morning on the ship's squash courts.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: At about 11:45 pm ship's time Gracie was jarred awake by a jolt. He sat up, realized the ship's engines were no longer moving, and partially dressed, putting on a Norfolk jacket over his regular clothes. Reaching the Boat Deck, Gracie realized the ship was listing slightly. He returned to his cabin to put on his life jacket and on the way back found the women he had been chaperoning. He escorted them up to the Boat Deck and made sure they entered lifeboats. He then retrieved blankets for the women in the boats, and along with his friend Smith assisted Second Officer Charles Lightoller in filling the remaining lifeboats with women and children.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Once the last regular lifeboat had been launched at 1:55 am on the 15th, Gracie and Smith assisted Lightoller and others in freeing the four Engelhardt collapsible boats that were stored atop the crew quarters and attached to the roof by heavy cords and canvas lashings. Gracie had to lend Lightoller his penknife so the boats could be freed. The men were able to launch Collapsibles "C" and "D" and free Collapsible "A" from its lashings, but while they were freeing Collapsible "B" from its place the bridge was suddenly awash. Gracie later wrote about the moment:


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: My friend Clinch Smith made the proposition that we should leave and go toward the stern. But there arose before us from the decks below a mass of humanity several lines deep converging on the Boat Deck facing us and completely blocking our passage to the stern. There were women in the crowd as well as men and these seemed to be steerage passengers who had just come up from the decks below. Even among these people there was no hysterical cry, no evidence of panic. Oh the agony of it.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: As the fore part of the ship dipped below the surface and the water rushed towards them, Gracie jumped with the wave, caught a handhold, and pulled himself up to the roof of the bridge. The undertow caused by the ship's sinking pulled Gracie down; he freed himself from the ship and rose to the surface near the overturned Collapsible "B". Gracie scrambled onto the overturned lifeboat along with a few dozen other men in the water. His friend Clinch Smith disappeared; his remains were never found. In his memoir, Gracie surmises Smith became entangled with the ropes and other debris on the ship and could not free himself.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Gracie made it to the capsized Collapsible "B". Realising the risk to the boat of being swamped by the mass of swimmers around them, they paddled slowly away, ignoring the pleas of dozens of swimmers to be allowed on board. In his account, Gracie wrote of the admiration he had for those in the water; "In no instance, I am happy to say, did I hear any word of rebuke from a swimmer because of a refusal to grant assistance... [one refusal] was met with the manly voice of a powerful man... 'All right boys, good luck and God bless you'."


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: As the night wore on, the exhausted, freezing, and soaking wet men aboard the overturned Collapsible "B" found it almost impossible to remain on the slick keel. Gracie later wrote that over half the men who had originally reached the collapsible either died from exhaustion or cold and slipped off the upturned keel during the night. As dawn broke and it became possible for those in other lifeboats to see them, Second Officer Lightoller (who was also on the collapsible, along with Wireless Operator Harold Bride) used his officer's whistle to attract the other boats' attention; eventually lifeboats Nos. 4 and 12 rowed over and rescued the survivors of the overturned boat. Gracie was so tired that he was unable to make the jump himself. He was pulled into lifeboat No. 12, the last lifeboat to reach (the first rescue ship to arrive).


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Gracie returned to New York aboard "Carpathia" and immediately started on a book about his experiences aboard "Titanic" and Collapsible "B". His is one of the most detailed accounts of the events of the evening; Gracie spent months trying to determine exactly who was in each lifeboat and when certain events took place.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Gracie died before he could finish correcting the proofs of his book. It was published in 1913 under the original title, "The Truth about the Titanic". Since then, the book has gone through numerous printings and is currently available under the title "Titanic: A Survivor's Story". Most modern editions also include a short account of the disaster by John B. "Jack" Thayer, III, who also survived the sinking aboard Collapsible "B"; Thayer's account, "privately published for his family and friends in 1940", is titled "The Sinking of the S.S. Titanic".


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Gracie never recovered from the ordeal he endured in the sinking of "Titanic"; as a diabetic, his health was severely affected by the hypothermia and physical injuries he suffered. Gracie died of complications from diabetes on December 4, 1912, less than eight months after the sinking. He was buried in the Gracie family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City; many of his fellow survivors, as well as family members of victims, attended his funeral. He was the third survivor, and the first adult survivor, to die after the sinking.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Gracie was so preoccupied with "Titanic"s sinking and work he had done on the subject that his last words were, "We must get them into the boats. We must get them all into the boats."


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: On April 22, 1890, Gracie married Constance Elise Schack (1852–1937), the daughter of Danish-born financier Otto Wilhelm Christian Schack and Elizabeth Inez McCarty. The ceremony was officiated by the Rev. Henry Y. Satterlee. Together, they had two daughters:


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Gracie's daughter Edith and wife Constance each inherited one-half of his estate. After his daughter's death, her husband inherited Edith's share. Constance lost her share of the estate in 1917 in the failure of a brokerage house and had to be financially supported by the father-in-law of her late daughter. In 1925, she "married Humberto Aguirre de Urbino, who had represented himself as a Count. He fled later, and, Mrs. Gracie said, had taken $5,000 worth of her jewels. It was brought out then that he was not a Count, but a dishwasher." Constance died at a sanitarium in Washington, D.C., in December 1937 at the age of 85.


title: Archibald Gracie IV

text: Gracie was played by James Dyrenforth in "A Night to Remember" (1958) and by Bernard Fox in the film "Titanic" (1997).


title: 2021 French Open

text: The 2021 French Open was a major level tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was held at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France, from 30 May to 13 June 2021, comprising singles, doubles and mixed doubles play. The qualifiers took place from 24 May to 28 May. Junior and wheelchair tournaments also took place. Rafael Nadal was the four-time defending champion in men's singles, and Iga Świątek was the defending champion in women's singles.


title: 2021 French Open

text: It was the 125th edition of the French Open and the second Grand Slam event of 2021. The main singles draws included 16 qualifiers for men and 16 for women out of 128 players in each draw, the last Grand Slam to still have 128 women qualifiers instead of 96 in line with the other three majors.


title: 2021 French Open

text: Novak Djokovic won the men's singles title over Stefanos Tsitsipas in the final, marking his 19th Grand Slam singles title and making him the first male player to win the double career Grand Slam in the Open Era. Barbora Krejčíková won the women's singles title over Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the final, claiming her maiden Grand Slam singles title. This was the first time in French Open history that both singles victors were from Slavic-speaking nations, namely Serbia and the Czech Republic.


title: 2021 French Open

text: This was the first edition of the event to have formal night sessions in the schedule, joining a practice already established at the Australian Open and US Open, with one match having a 21:00 local time start time each day.


title: 2021 French Open

text: This was the final Grand Slam to use the advantage set in the final set at singles matches, where it was replaced by final set tiebreaker in future tournaments.


title: 2021 French Open

text: The mixed doubles event returned after a one-year absence, though the draw featured only 16 teams instead of the regular 32.


title: 2021 French Open

text: The beginning of the tournament returned to its traditional late-May schedule after the previous edition being delayed to September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 8 April, the originally-announced dates were postponed by one week by the French Tennis Federation due to a third national lockdown and curfew in France enacted the week prior, with the first day of qualifiers pushed back to 24 May, and first day of the tournament proper pushed back to 30 May. The postponement was made in the hope that restrictions would be eased in time for the tournament, including potentially allowing spectators.


title: 2021 French Open

text: At the start of the tournament, the main courts were capped at 1,000 spectators, and spectators were prohibited after 21:00 nightly due to the nationwide curfew. This caused night session matches to be held behind closed doors. Beginning 9 June, the curfew was moved to 23:00, and centre court was permitted to expand to 5,000 spectators. During the 11 June semi-final match between Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal, Prime Minister Jean Castex personally phoned the organizers after a 93-minute third-set tiebreak set to issue an exemption, allowing the match to be played to its conclusion with spectators.


title: 2021 French Open

text: As a Grand Slam tournament, the points for the French Open are the highest of all ATP and WTA tournaments. These points determine the world ATP and WTA rankings for men's and women's competition, respectively. In both singles and doubles, women received slightly higher point totals compared to their male counterparts at each round of the tournament, except for the first and last. Points and rankings for the wheelchair events fall under the jurisdiction of the ITF Wheelchair Tennis Tour, which also places Grand Slams as the highest classification.


title: 2021 French Open

text: The ATP and WTA rankings were both altered in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Both rankings were frozen on 16 March 2020 upon the suspension of both tours, and as a result the traditional 52-week ranking system was extended to cover the period from March 2019 to March 2021 with a player's best 18 results in that time period factoring into their point totals.


title: 2021 French Open

text: For the ATP, In March 2021, the ATP extended the "best of" logic to their rankings through to the week of 9 August 2021.


title: 2021 French Open

text: For the WTA, if the event was rescheduled outside of four weeks of the normal tournament date, such as Roland Garros, the following applies:


title: 2021 French Open

text: Below is a series of tables for each of the competitions showing the ranking points on offer for each event:


title: 2021 French Open

text: About a month before the tournament began, the prize money pool was announced to be €34,367,215, a reduction of 10.53% compared to the prize pool for 2020 edition.


title: Kate O'Toole (actress)

text: Kate Eurwen O'Toole ( , ; born 26 February 1960) is an English actress. She is the daughter of English actor Peter O'Toole and actress Siân Phillips.


title: Kate O'Toole (actress)

text: O'Toole was born on 26 February 1960 in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. She is the daughter of actors Peter O'Toole and Siân Phillips.


title: Kate O'Toole (actress)

text: Minister for Arts, Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Jimmy Deenihan, appointed her to the Irish Film Board in 2013. She is chairwoman of Ireland's highly acclaimed film festival, the Galway Film Fleadh.


title: Kate O'Toole (actress)

text: She was named after American actress Katharine Hepburn, whom her father admired and would later work with in "The Lion in Winter".


title: Kate O'Toole (actress)

text: In November 2008, O'Toole was convicted of driving while drunk and disqualified from driving for three years. Her blood sample showed that she was three times over the legal drink-drive limit.


title: Saboor Aly

text: Saboor Aly () (born 3 March 1995) is a Pakistani actress who appears in Urdu television. The younger sister of actress Sajal Aly, she began her acting career with a family drama "Mehmoodabad Ki Malkain" (2011). Aly garnered recognition with a comic role in sitcom "Mr. Shamim" (2015). She continued playing supporting roles in several serials, and made her film debut with a romantic-comedy "Actor in Law" (2016), for which she earned a Lux Style Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination.


title: Saboor Aly

text: She has since portraying leading roles in dramas, such as "Mere Khudaya" (2018), "Gul-o-Gulzar" (2019) and "Fitrat" (2020).


title: Saboor Aly

text: Saboor Aly was born on 3 March 1995 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan to Syed Ali, a businessman, and Rahat, a homemaker, who died of cancer in March 2017. She has an elder sister, Sajal Aly, and a younger brother, Ali Syed. Ali's father left her mother and had a second marriage. In an online interview, she said that she was "angry" on her father, but now shares a "close bond with [him]." Ali along with her family performed Umrah in 2017, a few days before her mother's death. Ali moved to Karachi in 2011 to start her professional career, but moved back to Lahore in 2015.


title: Saboor Aly

text: Aly started her career with a small role in "Choti Si Kahani" and followed it with a supporting role in the family drama "Mehmoodabad Ki Malkain" on ARY Digital in 2011, in which she appeared with her sister Sajal Ali. After that she again appeared with her sister Sajal, in an episode of "Kitni Girhain Baqi Hain", an anthology series on Hum TV, and subsequently featured in the Hum TV's acclaimed romantic drama "Bunty I Love You", alongside Saba Qamar. In September 2016, she made her film debut with Nabeel Qureshi's socio-comedy film "Actor in Law", starring Fahad Mustafa, Mehwish Hayat and Om Puri. Her portrayal of a supportive sister of Mustafa's character earned her a Best Supporting Actress nomination at Lux Style Awards. Aly played the lead in the telefilm "Nanu Aur Main" (2018), which revolves around the grandfather-granddaughter relationship. The telefilm received positive reviews from the critics and public, and Aly was praised for her performance. Aly next played second-lead roles in the dramas "Teri Meri Kahani" and "Visaal", the later of which is among the highest-rated Pakistani dramas of 2018.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: The battle of Bucha was part of the Kyiv offensive in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine for control of the city of Bucha. The combatants were elements of the Russian Armed Forces and Ukrainian Ground Forces. The battle lasted from 27 February 2022 to 31 March 2022 and ended with the withdrawal of Russian forces. The battle was part of a larger tactic to encircle Kyiv, the capital city of Ukraine.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: The armed forces of Ukraine resisted the Russian advance in the capital's western suburbs of Irpin, Bucha, and Hostomel. Bucha was among the locations that the Kyiv Oblast State Administration named as the most dangerous places in the Kyiv Oblast. After Russian forces withdrew from Bucha, reports of uncovered atrocities by the Russian military attracted international attention.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 25 February, Russian forces advanced on the suburb of Hostomel and its airport from the northwest after partially breaking through Ukrainian defenses at Ivankiv, capturing the airport and establishing a foothold in the town. Though there was still ongoing Ukrainian resistance in Hostomel, Russian forces began to advance south to capture the neighboring cities of Irpin and Bucha with the goal of encircling Kyiv. Later that day Russian soldiers were seen looting an apartment building near Bucha.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 27 February, Russian ground forces advanced into Bucha. The Russian force was composed of paratroopers, tanks, military engineering units, and reserves from the 36th Combined Arms Army. The Russian force also had units of the Special Rapid Response Unit (SOBR) and the Special Purpose Mobile Unit (OMON), two special police forces within the National Guard of Russia. Russian artillery bombarded the city, damaging several buildings and infrastructure. Some residents lost access to water, gas, and electricity due to the shelling.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: Some elements of the Russian force were able to breakthrough Bucha and advanced towards the neighboring city of Irpin. A Russian armored unit was recorded attacking a memorial for the War in Afghanistan memorial in Bucha; the memorial is shaped like an APC. Andriy Tsaplienko, a Ukrainian journalist, later reported that Russian forces attacked a civilian vehicle, killing a man and injuring another.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: Ukrainian forces used rocket and artillery bombardments and airstrikes to halt the Russian advances into Bucha. The State Special Communications Service of Ukraine reported that Ukrainian artillery had shelled a convoy of Russian armored vehicles, with the Ukrainian government claiming that over 100 units of Russian equipment had been destroyed. Ukrainian forces destroyed a bridge connecting Bucha and Irpin, killing an OMON officer and preventing Russian forces from advancing into Irpin.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: Oleksiy Arestovych, a Ukrainian official, claimed that some residents of Bucha began fighting Russian forces, throwing Molotov cocktails at Russian vehicles and soldiers. Anton Herashchenko, another Ukrainian official, stated that the residents attacked a column of Russian armored vehicles, setting at least one vehicle on fire.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: Later on 27 February, Ukrainian authorities warned the residents of Bucha not to get on buses that were evacuating out of the city, as Ukrainian officials had not initiated any evacuation procedures. Ukrainian officials claimed that it was part of a plan by Russian forces, wherein the Russians would use the civilians as human shields by following behind the buses, in order to gain entry into Kyiv.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 28 February 2022, Anatoliy Fedoruk, the mayor of Bucha, published a video showing smoldering Russian vehicles. Fedoruk claimed that the Ukrainians suffered no casualties from the skirmish.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 1 March, photos of destroyed and abandoned Russian equipment began circulating through Ukrainian news media, with some describing Bucha as a graveyard for the destroyed Russian equipment.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 2 March 2022, the Ukrainian government began sending humanitarian aid towards Bucha. The following day, the Kyiv Oblast State Administration announced evacuations in both Bucha and Irpin. More than 1,500 women and children were reported to have evacuated by train, while 250 were evacuated by bus. Ukrainian officials reported that the evacuations were complicated as some railway tracks had been destroyed during fighting.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: Later on 3 March, the Ukrainian Ground Forces announced that Ukrainian forces recaptured Bucha, posting a video of Ukrainian soldiers raising the Ukrainian flag near the city council building. Ukrainian emergency teams restored electricity to the city. Russian forces continued to fight inside Bucha, and were repulsed by Ukrainian forces and pushed into the city's outskirts.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 4 March 2022, Fedoruk confirmed that the city remained under Ukrainian control, despite Russian forces continuously launching attacks. Russian forces killed three unarmed Ukrainian civilians who had just delivered dog food to a dog shelter and were on their way back home in a car.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: By 5 March 2022, Russian forces continued to attack Bucha. Later, Arestovych stated that Russian forces had captured both Bucha and Hostomel, and were not allowing civilians to evacuate. At around 7:15 am that day, a pair of cars carrying two families were spotted by Russian soldiers who proceeded to open fire at the convoy, killing a man in the second vehicle. The front car was hit by gunfire, setting it on fire and killing two children and their mother.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 6 March 2022, Russia intensified its shelling of the city, resulting in some civilian casualties. The Bucha City Council reported that civilians were taking shelter in basements, and that the city was unable to receive humanitarian aid due to the constant bombardment. Radio Svoboda reported that the occupied city was running out of supplies and that Russian soldiers were killing civilians. The following day, Russian forces deployed three armored units at Bucha, in preparation for an advance towards Irpin. Later, , the former mayor of Irpin, stated that Russian forces had destroyed the Glass Plastic and Fiber Research Institute in Bucha, releasing fumes of acetone and other chemicals.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 8 March 2022, Fedoruk stated that Ukrainian forces were still fighting in Bucha and had managed to regain territory. He also stated that Russian forces held control of all main highways in the city, intensified shelling, and would not allow residents of Bucha to leave their homes. Later on 8 March, the Russian occupiers allowed civilians to go outside for a limited period of time in order to remove bodies and cook food. The city still did not have electricity, as Russian forces held all of the electrical substations.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 9 March 2022, Ukrainian forces conducted a large-scale evacuation across Kyiv Oblast, including in Bucha. Up to 20,000 civilians were evacuated in Kyiv Oblast. The Kyiv Oblast State Administration described the situation in Bucha as tense amidst the fighting and evacuation.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 12 March 2022, the Bucha City Council announced that Russian forces had fully occupied the city. The council stated that the Russian force would not allow residents leave their houses and would sometimes shoot at civilians. Despite the takeover, some civilians were able to successfully evacuate from the city in a convoy of 20 buses.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 13 March, residents buried 67 people in a mass grave near a church in Bucha. Those buried were killed by Russian artillery, and some bodies could not be identified. Later, some Russian soldiers were seen looting houses in the city.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: By 15 March, Russian forces began occupying the city hall and had captured employees at the building. The civilians were released the following day. Meanwhile, Obozrevatel published a video showing abandoned Russian armored vehicles parked in residential driveways and garages.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 16 March, according to the Ukrainian military, its forces launched a counter-attack against Russian-held locations around Kyiv, including in Bucha.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 22 March, the head of the Kyiv Regional Military Administration, Oleksandr Pavlyuk, stated that Bucha and Hostomel were under the control of the Russian army and that no Ukrainian offensive actions could be taken there at the time. The main task of the Ukrainian military was to prevent Russian forces from crossing the Irpin River.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: On 29 March, Russian Deputy Defence Minister Alexander Fomin announced that the Russian military would reduce its activity near Kyiv and Chernihiv. By 31 March, Ukrainian forces were moving into Bucha amid a general Russian withdrawal in the area, resulting in heavy fighting with local Russian troops.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: The following day, Oleksandr Pavliuk, head of the Ukrainian military administration for the Kyiv region, announced that the Bucha district had mostly been retaken. According to him, Russian troops were trying to retreat, while the Ukrainians kept attacking them. Combat continued north of Bucha and in the Hostomel–Bucha–Vorzel axis. Meanwhile, mayor Anatolii Fedoruk and the Institute for the Study of War reported that Bucha had been fully retaken from Russian forces as of 31 March.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: After Ukrainian forces regained control of Bucha, reports and testimonies of war crimes committed by the Russian military began to circulate. Agence France-Presse journalists found 20 bodies lying on a street in Bucha. At least one of them had their hands tied and all of the casualties were male. According to mayor Anatoly Fedoruk around 280 people had been buried in a mass grave.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: "The Guardian" reported that after Ukrainian forces recaptured Kyiv Oblast, "[they] were met with shocking devastation upon their return into the area: bodies in the streets, evidence of execution-style killings of civilians, mass graves and slain children."


title: Battle of Bucha

text: According to "The Times" and "The Washington Post", eighteen mutilated bodies of murdered men, women and children were found in a basement. The bodies showed evidence of torture; cut-off ears and teeth pulled out. Corpses of other killed civilians were left in the road, allegedly some of them booby-trapped with explosives by Russian soldiers as decoys before they retreated.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: Residents and the town mayor confirmed that the victims had been killed by Russian troops. Many of the victims appeared to have been going about their daily routines, walking dogs, or carrying shopping bags. The bodies were whole, indicating that they had been shot, rather than killed by explosive munitions. Footage showed civilians dead, with their hands bound. Other footage showed a dead man, next to his bicycle. Pets and other animals had been shot.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: Evidence appeared to indicate that the Russians had singled out Ukrainian civilian men and killed them in an organised fashion, with many of their bodies in particular found dead with their hands tied behind their backs. On 2 April, an AFP reporter stated he had seen at least twenty bodies of civilians lying in the streets of Bucha, with two of the bodies having tied hands, implying a summary execution. Fedoruk said that these individuals had all been shot in the back of the head.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: Residents, talking to Human Rights Watch following the retreat of the Russian forces, described the treatment of people in the town during the short occupation: Russian soldiers went door to door, questioning people, destroying their possessions, and looting their clothes to wear them themselves. Civilians were fired upon when leaving their homes for food and water, and would be ordered back into their homes by occupying Russian troops, despite a lack of basic necessities such as water and heat due to destruction of local infrastructure.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: Snipers fired upon civilians. Russian armed vehicles would randomly fire into buildings in the town. Russian troops refused medical aid to civilians they injured. A mass grave was dug for local victims, and the occupying troops carried out extrajudicial executions.


title: Battle of Bucha

text: CNN, the BBC, and "Bild" have released video documentations of numerous dead bodies of civilians lying in the streets and backyards in Bucha, some of them with tied arms or legs. Atrocities in Bucha, including at least one case of summary execution, was also documented by the independent rights group Human Rights Watch.


title: Andaaz

text: Andaaz () is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language romantic musical film directed by Raj Kanwar and produced by Suneel Darshan. It stars Akshay Kumar, Miss Universe 2000 Lara Dutta and Miss World 2000 Priyanka Chopra. It is written by Robin Bhatt, Shyam Goel and Jainendra Jain. It features Lara Dutta and Priyanka Chopra in their debut Bollywood film roles.


title: Andaaz

text: Shot extensively in Cape Town, South Africa, "Andaaz"s promotion centered around it being the acting debut of two beauty queens together for the first time, which Darshan considered was the film's main selling point. Its music was composed by Nadeem–Shravan, with lyrics written by Sameer. The soundtrack was a success, selling 2.5 million units and was the third best-selling Bollywood soundtrack of the year.


title: Andaaz

text: "Andaaz" was released in cinemas on 23 May 2003. The film was a box-office success, grossing 288 million at the box-office against a budget of 80 million. It was the ninth-highest-grossing Indian film of the year. At the 49th Filmfare Awards, it received 5 nominations, including Best Supporting Actress for Chopra, and won the Best Female Debut for Dutta and Chopra. Additionally, both actresses were also nominated for the Screen Award for Best Female Debut, which Dutta won.


title: Andaaz

text: Raj Malhotra lives with his elder brother Rohit, his sister-in-law Kiran, and his niece. After an accident fractures his leg, he is unable to walk for some time, and for psychological reasons, he cannot walk even after the fracture heals. When the Malhotras move to Dehradun, Raj befriends his family's new neighbour, the tomboy Kajal, as both share a common passion for aeroplanes. With Kajal's encouragement, Raj regains the ability to walk. Years later, the two continue to be close friends, and everyone expects them to marry soon. Raj secretly loves Kajal and is waiting for the right time to propose to her, but she sees him only as her best friend.


title: Andaaz

text: Raj is recruited by the Indian Air Force and spends a year and a half in training. After this is over, he rushes to Kajal to propose to her, only to discover that she is in love with multimillionaire businessman, Karan Singhania. Raj still does not reveal his true feelings to Kajal, telling her that Karan is the best life partner for her. Kajal and Karan marry; during the reception party, Kajal learns of Raj's feelings for her. Hurt by the fact that she did not recognise Raj's feelings for her despite being his best friend, Kajal asks him to move on with his life. The Malhotras move to Nainital, and Raj relocates to Cape Town, South Africa for further training.


title: Andaaz

text: During a visit to a club, Raj meets the vivacious and fun-loving Jiya. She falls in love with Raj because of his clean personality, but he is unable to forget Kajal. After completing his training, Raj returns to India where he finds that Jiya has already arrived and is living as a paying guest with his family. Jiya makes several attempts to impress Raj, but he still does not fall for her. During Karva Chauth, Jiya performs the rituals that a wife typically does for a husband, but Raj becomes angry and asks Jiya to leave. After Raj's family reveals that they had hoped Raj would marry Jiya, he finally gives in and decides to marry her and move on with his life.


title: Andaaz

text: While visiting Jiya's family, Raj learns that Kajal is Jiya's sister-in-law. It is revealed that Kajal has been widowed by a helicopter crash which killed Karan, but which she survived. Kajal blames herself for Karan's death and even attempts suicide. Raj helps Kajal recover from her depression, which enables her to face life again. Jiya notices their increasing closeness and suggests to her father that Kajal is married off. At Raj and Jiya's engagement, Kajal learns that her family has arranged an engagement for her as well. Raj asks Kajal not to allow her to be married off against her will. An angry Jiya says that Raj and Kajal will never be able to forget their past love for each other, even though Raj is supposed to be marrying her. An irate Raj places the wedding "sindoor" on Kajal's head, indicating he has now married Kajal and no-one has the right to question their relationship. An emotional Jiya reveals that she wanted Raj and Kajal to accept their feelings for each other in front of the world. The film ends with Jiya participating in Raj and Kajal's wedding ceremony.


title: Andaaz

text: When director Raj Kanwar approached Suneel Darshan with the idea for "Andaaz", Darshan liked the concept and agreed to produce the film under his production company Shree Krishna International despite the poor performance of Kanwar's previous three films. Robin Bhatt, Shyam Goel and Jainendra Jain had written the film's screenplay. Darshan cast his frequent actor Akshay Kumar in the lead role and due to budget constraints, Darshan wished to cast two new actresses opposite Kumar. He and Kanwar ultimately decided upon Miss Universe 2000 Lara Dutta and Miss World 2000 Priyanka Chopra as the most suitable actresses for the roles. The casting of the titleholders of such major beauty pageants was seen as an excellent move in the media, and Darshan has said that he chose to cast the two beauty queens together in their film debut for the first time in the history of cinema to give the film a unique selling point. "Andaaz" was the first of many collaborations between Kumar and the actresses. Dutta would later appear in seven more films with Kumar—Chopra in three.


title: Andaaz

text: Kumar had wanted to become an air force pilot in real life, so he was excited to play one in the film saying that it helped him to fulfill a personal fantasy. Concerning his preparations for the role of Raj, he added: "I have done everything according to what the role requires. I have made sure I looked like an air force officer." Dutta praised the writing of her character for being "superbly defined" and said that she had an "amazing experience" working on the film. According to Dutta, her role as the tomboy Kajal revealed a new and very private side of her on screen. To differentiate Kajal from Jiya, the creators chose Mona Ghosh Shetty to dub Kajal's lines, which gave her a very high-pitched voice. Chopra identified closely with her character, saying that "just like her name, [Jiya] is full of beans and loves life. She comes across as very modern, but in her heart, she is a traditional Indian girl." About the film, Chopra said, "There is nothing "hatke" [different] about it. But it is the way the romantic scenes have been treated, and the tiny details, that make it special." "Andaaz" was supposed to be Chopra's debut Bollywood film, but her other film, "", ended up being released one month before it. However, Chopra was still credited as a debutant in the opening credits of "Andaaz". Dutta and Chopra's costumes were designed by Manish Malhotra.


title: Andaaz

text: The art direction and cinematography were led by Jeena Matthew and Ishwar R Bidri, respectively. Principal photography lasted three months, with extensive shooting in Cape Town, South Africa. The South African government provided MiGs and other jets for filming, and the crew were allowed to use footage from a South African air show in the film. Raju Khan choreographed the musical sequences, with the exception of one song which was choreographed by Baba Yadav. While shooting one of the musical sequences on a rocky shore in Cape Town, Kumar and Dutta were pulled under the waves. Kumar rescued Dutta by pulling her ashore. Naresh Sharma composed the background score and editing was done by Sanjay Sankla. According to Kumar, "Andaaz"s production was completed faster than any of Darshan's previous films.


title: Andaaz

text: "Andaaz"s soundtrack was composed by the music duo Nadeem–Shravan, with lyrics by Sameer Anjaan. Vocals on the album's eight tracks were performed by Kumar Sanu, Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam, Sapna Mukherjee, Kailash Kher, Babul Supriyo and Shaan. Released on 26 February 2003 at an event in Mumbai, it was the first album issued by Darshan's record label Shree Krishna Audio.


title: Andaaz

text: The film's soundtrack album received positive reviews from music critics. "Bollywood Hungama" praised it as "a good album, worth a buy!". The review in "Glamsham" magazine was enthusiastically positive: "On the whole, the soundtrack of "Andaaz" showcases the marvelous and creative skills of the composer duo, Nadeem-Shravan. No doubt, some of the tracks will win awards in the future. The album has upmarket music. The whole content of the soundtrack is memorable and a gorgeous gift for the people who have an ear for rhythmical music." "Planet Bollywood" gave it a rating of 7.5 (out of 10) calling it "good" and wrote: "the album has two or three excellent songs and another three good numbers and a couple of ordinary ones. Overall, it's definitely worth a buy especially so for Nadeem-Shravan/Sameer and melody fans. It is better than most of their recent efforts".


title: Andaaz

text: The music topped charts on a number of platforms in India. The album was the third best-selling Bollywood soundtrack of the year, with 1.7 million units sold according to "Box Office India."


title: Andaaz

text: The acting debuts of the former Miss Universe and Miss World, and their pairings with Kumar, were much-anticipated in the lead-up to "Andaaz"'s release. This joint debut of the two beauty queens in a film for the first time was the film's main marketing point. The early success of the film's soundtrack also helped to promote the film, with song clips regularly appearing on television. Darshan reportedly spent 10 million on television advertisements to promote the film. Its release was scheduled for 18 April 2003 but was later postponed because of the 2003 Bollywood Producers strike. The film was ultimately released on 23 May 2003 on 300 screens.


title: Andaaz

text: Prior to "Andaaz", no Bollywood films released in 2003 had achieved much box-office success. Expectations for "Andaaz" were low, as films with bigger stars were failing to sell. However, the film opened to a huge response at the box-office, with "The Times of India" reporting on opening week that it "could be the first bona fide all-India hit" of the year. According to "Box Office India", the film had an excellent opening; it collected 14.4 million on its opening day, with an opening domestic weekend of 43.9 million. Worldwide, the film grossed 83.8 million on its opening weekend. Due to overwhelming demand, distributors were forced to ask Darshan for additional prints of the film. The film continued to perform well throughout the week, earning 69.7 million at domestic box offices, and over 131 million worldwide, in its first week. In total, the film grossed over 253 million in domestic sales and over 35 million in overseas markets for a worldwide gross of over 288 million against a budget of 80 million, a commercial success. The film also celebrated a silver jubilee by remaining in theaters for over 100 days. "Bollywood Hungama" deemed it the "first universal hit of the year". It was the ninth-highest-grossing Indian film of the year.


title: Andaaz

text: "Andaaz" was released on DVD on 1 September 2003 across all regions in an NTSC-format single disc by Tip Top Video. The VCD version was released at the same time. Two more DVD versions were released on 13 September 2005 and 26 January 2007 by Shree Krishna International and Tips Films Music, respectively. A high-definition DVD version, with audio and video digitally restored, was later released by Shemaroo Entertainment. Despite "Andaaz"s box-office success, as he had with his previous works, Darshan refused to sell the film's television rights. The collective value of his films' unsold satellite rights was estimated to be 1 billion. Darshan finally sold the rights to his films to Zee in 2017, and "Andaaz" premiered on Zee Cinema on 9 September 2017, 14 years after its theatrical release. The film's premiere garnered high ratings for the network.


title: Andaaz

text: "Hindustan Times" rated the film at 3 out of 5, calling it a "brightly wrapped" love triangle, writing that "with two former beauty queens gunning to serve a hotter peekaboo plethora, you can't possibly complain over timepass with "Andaaz"." Taran Adarsh from "Bollywood Hungama" noted that the performances of the newcomers, the music, the "engaging" second-half and the "brilliant climax" were the film's highlights. Although he felt that the "predictable" first-half diluted the impact of the film to an extent. Praising the cast, Adarsh felt that the newcomers "stole the show" and Kumar did "justice to his role", writing "Dutta is impressive. She handles both the emotional as well as chirpy scenes with amazing ease. However, Chopra is the one to watch out for. Combining talent with sex appeal, she emotes the various shades of her character with versatility." Kunal Shah of "Sify" described the film as "a routine love story with a set formula" and "a classic example of old wine in ["sic"] new bottle". He praised the music, as well as Dutta's and Chopra's performances, writing: "Dutta looks good in some scenes, while looks very plain in others, though no doubt she acts well. However, Chopra is just wonderful: not only does she have the glamour but also all the qualities to be a star." However, he was critical of the formulaic script and Kumar's performance, writing that the actor "lacks the necessary emotions and fails miserably to get any kind of sympathy from the audience." A review in "Rediff.com" described the film as a "flight to boredom" writing, ""Andaaz" just forgot a key ingredient for an entertaining film—the script."


title: Andaaz

text: After the success of "Andaaz", the pairing of Chopra and Kumar proved to be popular and successful. The pair appeared in three more films: "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" (2004), "Aitraaz" (2004) and "" (2005). All of their collaborations were box-office successes. Despite these successes, the pair stopped signing films. The pair came close to star in two films: "Barsaat" (2005) and "Namastey London" (2007). However, Kumar opted out of the former after filming some scenes, while Chopra was removed from the latter at the last minute. Following the release of their last film together, several attempts have been made by different filmmakers to bring the pair again in films but the attempts never came to fruition.


title: Andaaz

text: "Andaaz" was one of the early successes of Dutta and Chopra's careers. Dutta went on to have a decent career in Bollywood and became a popular actress. Chopra would go on to become one of the most popular and highest-paid actresses in Bollywood, while establishing herself as a leading actress of Indian cinema. She would later go on to work in Hollywood and achieve international stardom.


title: Media bias

text: Media bias is the bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of many events and stories that are reported and how they are covered. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening of the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed.


title: Media bias

text: Practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative. Government influence, including overt and covert censorship, biases the media in some countries, for example China, North Korea, Syria and Myanmar. Politics and media bias may interact with each other; the media has the ability to influence politicians, and politicians may have the power to influence the media. This can change the distribution of power in society. Market forces may also cause bias. Examples include bias introduced by the ownership of media, including a concentration of media ownership, the subjective selection of staff, or the perceived preferences of an intended audience.


title: Media bias

text: The most commonly discussed types of bias occur when the (allegedly partisan) media support or attack a particular political party, candidate, or ideology.


title: Media bias

text: Based on the findings of Gentzkow, Shapiro, and Stone, they summarize two forms of media bias in the literature driven by different motivations: demand-driven bias and supply-driven bias. Demand-driven bias includes three factors: "reputation", "intrinsic utility from beliefs", and "delegation (or advice)".


title: Media bias

text: Other forms of bias include reporting that favors or attacks a particular race, religion, gender, age, sexual orientation, ethnic group, or even person


title: Media bias

text: Political bias has been a feature of the mass media since its birth with the invention of the printing press. The expense of early printing equipment restricted media production to a limited number of people. Historians have found that publishers often served the interests of powerful social groups.


title: Media bias

text: John Milton's pamphlet "Areopagitica, a Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing", published in 1644, was one of the first publications advocating freedom of the press.


title: Media bias

text: In the 19th century, journalists began to recognize the concept of unbiased reporting as an integral part of journalistic ethics. This coincided with the rise of journalism as a powerful social force. Even today, though, the most conscientiously objective journalists cannot avoid accusations of bias.


title: Media bias

text: Like newspapers, the broadcast media (radio and television) have been used as a mechanism for propaganda from their earliest days, a tendency made more pronounced by the initial ownership of broadcast spectrum by national governments. Although a process of media deregulation has placed the majority of the western broadcast media in private hands, there still exists a strong government presence, or even monopoly, in the broadcast media of many countries across the globe. At the same time, the concentration of media ownership in private hands, and frequently amongst a comparatively small number of individuals, has also led to accusations of media bias.


title: Media bias

text: There are many examples of accusations of bias being used as a political tool, sometimes resulting in government censorship.


title: Media bias

text: Not all accusations of bias are political. Science writer Martin Gardner has accused the entertainment media of anti-science bias. He claims that television programs such as "The X-Files" promote superstition. In contrast, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, which is funded by businesses, accuses the media of being biased in favor of science and against business interests, and of credulously reporting science that shows that greenhouse gasses cause global warming.


title: Media bias

text: A major problem in studies is confirmation bias. Research into studies of media bias in the United States shows that liberal experimenters tend to get results that say the media has a conservative bias, while conservative experimenters tend to get results that say the media has a liberal bias, and those who do not identify themselves as either liberal or conservative get results indicating little bias, or mixed bias.


title: Media bias

text: The study "A Measure of Media Bias", by political scientist Timothy J. Groseclose of UCLA and economist Jeffrey D. Milyo of the University of Missouri-Columbia, purports to rank news organizations in terms of identifying with liberal or conservative values relative to each other. They used the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) scores as a quantitative proxy for political leanings of the referential organizations. Thus their definition of "liberal" includes the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit research organization with strong ties to the Defense Department. Their work claims to detect a bias towards liberalism in the American media.


title: Media bias

text: A potential bias driver which represent that companies may "prefer consumers to take particular actions".


title: Media bias

text: An example of supply-driven bias is Zinman and Zitzewitz's study of snowfall reporting. Ski attractions tend to be biased in snowfall reporting, and they have higher snowfall than official forecasts report.


title: Media bias

text: A potential bias driver that is "demand from consumers themselves". Consumers tend to favor a biased media based on their preferences, which is also known as “confirmation news”.


title: Media bias

text: Demand-side incentives are often not related to distortion. Competition can still affect the welfare and treatment of consumers, but it is not very effective in changing bias compared to the supply side.


title: Media bias

text: In demand-driven bias, preferences and attitudes of readers can be monitored on social media, and mass media write news that caters to readers based on them. Mass media skew news driven by viewership and profits, leading to the media bias. And readers are also easily attracted to lurid news, although they may be biased and not true enough.


title: Media bias

text: Dong, Ren, and Nickerson investigated Chinese stock-related news and weibos in 20132014 from Sina Weibo and Sina Finance (4.27 million pieces of news and 43.17 million weibos) and found that news that aligns with Weibo users' beliefs are more likely to attract readers. Also, the information in biased reports also influences the decision-making of the readers.


title: Media bias

text: In Raymond and Taylor's test of weather forecast bias, they investigated weather reports of the New York Times during the games of the baseball team the Giants from 1890 to 1899. Their findings suggest that the New York Times produce biased weather forecast results depending on the region in which the Giants play. When they played at home in Manhattan, reports of sunny days predicting increased. From this study, Raymond and Taylor found that bias pattern in New York Times weather forecasts was consistent with demand-driven bias.


title: Media bias

text: Another type of bias in media is time biased media. The theory of Time Biased media comes from Harold Innis. Time biased media are hard to move and durable. Examples of time biased are stone, parchment, and clay. Due to the manner of being difficult to move time biased media don't encourage territorial expansion. Time biased media encourage and facilitate the development of heiarchy. They are kept for more traditional, sacred, and civilized societies. Time can be described as en entity where only the information in the environment is seen as important. Harold Innis believed that our societies today moved away from this media bias in order to allow for more democratic practices as opposed to monarch practices.


title: Media bias

text: Space biased media is another type of bias that comes from Harold Innis. In contrast to time biased media, social biased media is light and portable (easy to move). An example of space biased media is paper. Space biased media allows for the expansion of empires over space, can be quickly transported, administrative, has a relatively short lifespan and allows for limitless opportunity. Harold Innis argues that space biased media has allowed society to create a more accessible world in everyday life.


title: Media bias

text: Both time and space media biases demonstrate the way in which society communicate through sending information to one another. Space biased media is prevalent in today's society. These biases are crucial to understanding all the different intricacies of media bias.


title: Media bias

text: Media bias in the United States occurs when the media in the United States systematically emphasizes one particular point of view in a manner that contravenes the standards of professional journalism. Claims of media bias in the United States include claims of liberal bias, conservative bias, mainstream bias, corporate bias and activist/cause bias. To combat this, a variety of watchdog groups that attempt to find the facts behind both biased reporting and unfounded claims of bias have been founded. These include:


title: Media bias

text: Yu-Ru and Wen-Ting's research looks into how liberals and conservatives conduct themselves on twitter after three mass shooting events. Although they would both show negative emotions towards the incidents they differed in the narratives they were pushing. Both sides would often contrast in what the root cause was along with who are deemed the victims, heroes, and villain/s. There was also an decrease any conversation that was considered proactive.


title: Media bias

text: Media bias is studied at schools of journalism, university departments (including media studies, cultural studies, and peace studies) and by independent watchdog groups from various parts of the political spectrum. In the United States, many of these studies focus on issues of a conservative/liberal balance in the media. Other focuses include international differences in reporting, as well as bias in reporting of particular issues such as economic class or environmental interests. Currently, most of these analyses are performed manually, requiring exacting and time-consuming effort. However, an interdisciplinary literature review from 2019 found that automated methods, mostly from computer science and computational linguistics, are available or could with comparably low effort be adapted for the analysis of the various forms of media bias. Employing or adapting such techniques would help to further automate the analyses in the social sciences, such as content analysis and frame analysis.


title: Media bias

text: Martin Harrison's "TV News: Whose Bias?" (1985) criticized the methodology of the Glasgow Media Group, arguing that the GMG identified bias selectively, via their own preconceptions about what phrases qualify as biased descriptions. For example, the GMG sees the word "idle" to describe striking workers as pejorative, despite the word being used by strikers themselves.


title: Media bias

text: Herman and Chomsky (1988) proposed a propaganda model hypothesizing systematic biases of U.S. media from structural economic causes. They hypothesize media ownership by corporations, funding from advertising, the use of official sources, efforts to discredit independent media ("flak"), and "anti-communist" ideology as the filters that bias news in favor of U.S. corporate interests.


title: Media bias

text: Many of the positions in the preceding study are supported by a 2002 study by Jim A. Kuypers: "Press Bias and Politics: How the Media Frame Controversial Issues". In this study of 116 mainstream US papers, including "The New York Times", "the Washington Post", "Los Angeles Times", and the "San Francisco Chronicle", Kuypers found that the mainstream print press in America operate within a narrow range of liberal beliefs. Those who expressed points of view further to the left were generally ignored, whereas those who expressed moderate or conservative points of view were often actively denigrated or labeled as holding a minority point of view. In short, political leaders, regardless of party, speaking within the press-supported range of acceptable discourse receive positive press coverage. Politicians, again regardless of party, speaking outside of this range are likely to receive negative press or be ignored. Kuypers also found that the liberal points of view expressed in editorial and opinion pages were found in hard news coverage of the same issues. Although focusing primarily on the issues of race and homosexuality, Kuypers found that the press injected opinion into its news coverage of other issues such as welfare reform, environmental protection, and gun control; in all, cases favoring a liberal point of view.


title: Media bias

text: Henry Silverman (2011) of Roosevelt University analyzed a sample of fifty news-oriented articles on the Middle East conflict published on the Reuters.com websites for the use of classic propaganda techniques, logical fallacies and violations of the Reuters Handbook of Journalism, a manual of guiding ethical principles for the company's journalists. Across the articles, over 1,100 occurrences of propaganda, fallacies and handbook violations in 41 categories were identified and classified. In the second part of the study, a group of thirty-three university students were surveyed, before and after reading the articles, to assess their attitudes and motivation to support one or the other belligerent parties in the Middle East conflict, i.e., the Palestinians/Arabs or the Israelis. The study found that on average, subject sentiment shifted significantly following the readings in favor of the Arabs and that this shift was associated with particular propaganda techniques and logical fallacies appearing in the stories. Silverman inferred from the evidence that Reuters engages in systematically biased storytelling in favor of the Arabs/Palestinians and is able to influence audience affective behavior and motivate direct action along the same trajectory.


title: Media bias

text: Studies reporting perceptions of bias in the media are not limited to studies of print media. A joint study by the Joan Shorenstein Center on Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University and the Project for Excellence in Journalism found that people see media bias in television news media such as CNN. Although both CNN and Fox were perceived in the study as not being centrist, CNN was perceived as being more liberal than Fox. Moreover, the study's findings concerning CNN's perceived bias are echoed in other studies. There is also a growing economics literature on mass media bias, both on the theoretical and the empirical side. On the theoretical side the focus is on understanding to what extent the political positioning of mass media outlets is mainly driven by demand or supply factors. This literature is surveyed by Andrea Prat of Columbia University and David Stromberg of Stockholm University.


title: Media bias

text: According to Dan Sutter of the University of Oklahoma, a systematic liberal bias in the U.S. media could depend on the fact that owners and/or journalists typically lean to the left.


title: Media bias

text: Along the same lines, David Baron of Stanford GSB presents a game-theoretic model of mass media behaviour in which, given that the pool of journalists systematically leans towards the left or the right, mass media outlets maximise their profits by providing content that is biased in the same direction. They can do so, because it is cheaper to hire journalists who write stories that are consistent with their political position. A concurrent theory would be that supply and demand would cause media to attain a neutral balance because consumers would of course gravitate towards the media they agreed with. This argument fails in considering the imbalance in self-reported political allegiances by journalists themselves, that distort any market analogy as regards offer: (..) "Indeed, in 1982, 85 percent of Columbia Graduate School of Journalism students identified themselves as liberal, versus 11 percent conservative"" (Lichter, Rothman, and Lichter 1986: 48), quoted in Sutter, 2001.


title: Media bias

text: This same argument would have news outlets in equal numbers increasing profits of a more balanced media far more than the slight increase in costs to hire unbiased journalists, notwithstanding the extreme rarity of self-reported conservative journalists (Sutton, 2001).


title: Media bias

text: As mentioned above, Tim Groseclose of UCLA and Jeff Milyo of the University of Missouri at Columbia use think tank quotes, in order to estimate the relative position of mass media outlets in the political spectrum. The idea is to trace out which think tanks are quoted by various mass media outlets within news stories, and to match these think tanks with the political position of members of the U.S. Congress who quote them in a non-negative way. Using this procedure, Groseclose and Milyo obtain the stark result that all sampled news providers – except Fox News' Special Report and the Washington Times – are located to the left of the average Congress member, i.e. there are signs of a liberal bias in the US news media.


title: Media bias

text: The methods Groseclose and Milyo used to calculate this bias have been criticized by Mark Liberman, a professor of Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania. Liberman concludes by saying he thinks "that many if not most of the complaints directed against G&M are motivated in part by ideological disagreement – just as much of the praise for their work is motivated by ideological agreement. It would be nice if there were a less politically fraught body of data on which such modeling exercises could be explored."


title: Media bias

text: Sendhil Mullainathan and Andrei Shleifer of Harvard University construct a behavioural model, which is built around the assumption that readers and viewers hold beliefs that they would like to see confirmed by news providers. When news customers share common beliefs, profit-maximizing media outlets find it optimal to select and/or frame stories in order to pander to those beliefs. On the other hand, when beliefs are heterogeneous, news providers differentiate their offer and segment the market, by providing news stories that are slanted towards the two extreme positions in the spectrum of beliefs.


title: Media bias

text: Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse Shapiro of Chicago GSB present another demand-driven theory of mass media bias. If readers and viewers have a priori views on the current state of affairs and are uncertain about the quality of the information about it being provided by media outlets, then the latter have an incentive to slant stories towards their customers' prior beliefs, in order to build and keep a reputation for high-quality journalism. The reason for this is that rational agents would tend to believe that pieces of information that go against their prior beliefs in fact originate from low-quality news providers.


title: Media bias

text: Given that different groups in society have different beliefs, priorities, and interests, to which group would the media tailor its bias? David Stromberg constructs a demand-driven model where media bias arises because different audiences have different effects on media profits. Advertisers pay more for affluent audiences and media may tailor content to attract this audience, perhaps producing a right-wing bias. On the other hand, urban audiences are more profitable to newspapers because of lower delivery costs. Newspapers may for this reason tailor their content to attract the profitable predominantly liberal urban audiences. Finally, because of the increasing returns to scale in news production, small groups such as minorities are less profitable. This biases media content against the interest of minorities.


title: Media bias

text: Steve Ansolabehere, Rebecca Lessem and Jim Snyder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology analyze the political orientation of endorsements by U.S. newspapers. They find an upward trend in the average propensity to endorse a candidate, and in particular an incumbent one. There are also some changes in the average ideological slant of endorsements: while in the 1940s and in the 1950s there was a clear advantage to Republican candidates, this advantage continuously eroded in subsequent decades, to the extent that in the 1990s the authors find a slight Democratic lead in the average endorsement choice.


title: Media bias

text: John Lott and Kevin Hassett of the American Enterprise Institute study the coverage of economic news by looking at a panel of 389 U.S. newspapers from 1991 to 2004, and from 1985 to 2004 for a subsample comprising the top 10 newspapers and the Associated Press. For each release of official data about a set of economic indicators, the authors analyze how newspapers decide to report on them, as reflected by the tone of the related headlines. The idea is to check whether newspapers display some kind of partisan bias, by giving more positive or negative coverage to the same economic figure, as a function of the political affiliation of the incumbent president. Controlling for the economic data being released, the authors find that there are between 9.6 and 14.7 percent fewer positive stories when the incumbent president is a Republican.


title: Media bias

text: Riccardo Puglisi of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology looks at the editorial choices of the "New York Times" from 1946 to 1997. He finds that the "Times" displays Democratic partisanship, with some watchdog aspects. This is the case, because during presidential campaigns the "Times" systematically gives more coverage to Democratic topics of civil rights, health care, labor and social welfare, but only when the incumbent president is a Republican. These topics are classified as Democratic ones, because Gallup polls show that on average U.S. citizens think that Democratic candidates would be better at handling problems related to them. According to Puglisi, in the post-1960 period the "Times" displays a more symmetric type of watchdog behaviour, just because during presidential campaigns it also gives more coverage to the typically Republican issue of defense when the incumbent president is a Democrat, and less so when the incumbent is a Republican.


title: Media bias

text: Alan Gerber and Dean Karlan of Yale University use an experimental approach to examine not whether the media are biased, but whether the media influence political decisions and attitudes. They conduct a randomized control trial just prior to the November 2005 gubernatorial election in Virginia and randomly assign individuals in Northern Virginia to (a) a treatment group that receives a free subscription to the Washington Post, (b) a treatment group that receives a free subscription to the Washington Times, or (c) a control group. They find that those who are assigned to the Washington Post treatment group are eight percentage points more likely to vote for the Democrat in the elections. The report also found that "exposure to either newspaper was weakly linked to a movement away from the Bush administration and Republicans."


title: Media bias

text: A self-described "progressive" media watchdog group, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), in consultation with the Survey and Evaluation Research Laboratory at Virginia Commonwealth University, sponsored a 1998 survey in which 141 Washington bureau chiefs and Washington-based journalists were asked a range of questions about how they did their work and about how they viewed the quality of media coverage in the broad area of politics and economic policy. "They were asked for their opinions and views about a range of recent policy issues and debates. Finally, they were asked for demographic and identifying information, including their political orientation". They then compared to the same or similar questions posed with "the public" based on Gallup, and Pew Trust polls. Their study concluded that a majority of journalists, although relatively liberal on social policies, were significantly to the right of the public on economic, labor, health care and foreign policy issues.


title: Media bias

text: This study continues: "we learn much more about the political orientation of news content by looking at sourcing patterns rather than journalists' personal views. As this survey shows, it is government officials and business representatives to whom journalists "nearly always" turn when covering economic policy. Labor representatives and consumer advocates were at the bottom of the list. This is consistent with earlier research on sources. For example, analysts from the non-partisan Brookings Institution and from conservative think tanks such as the Heritage Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute are those most quoted in mainstream news accounts.


title: Media bias

text: In direct contrast to the FAIR survey, in 2014, media communication researcher Jim A. Kuypers published a 40-year longitudinal, aggregate study of the political beliefs and actions of American journalists. In every single category, for instance, social, economic, unions, health care, and foreign policy, he found that nationwide, print and broadcast journalists and editors as a group were "considerably" to the political left of the majority of Americans, and that these political beliefs found their way into news stories. Kuypers concluded, "Do the political proclivities of journalists influence their interpretation of the news? I answer that with a resounding, yes. As part of my evidence, I consider testimony from journalists themselves. ... [A] solid majority of journalists do allow their political ideology to influence their reporting."


title: Media bias

text: Jonathan M. Ladd, who has conducted intensive studies of media trust and media bias, concluded that the primary cause of belief in media bias is media telling their audience that particular media are biased. People who are told that a medium is biased tend to believe that it is biased, and this belief is unrelated to whether that medium is actually biased or not. The only other factor with as strong an influence on belief that media is biased is extensive coverage of celebrities. A majority of people see such media as biased, while at the same time preferring media with extensive coverage of celebrities.


title: Media bias

text: Starting in 2017, the Knight Foundation and Gallup conducted research to try to understand the effect of reader bias on the reader's perception of news source bias. They created the NewsLens site to present news from a variety of sources without labeling where the article came from. Their research showed that those with more extreme political views tend to provide more biased ratings of news. NewsLens became generally available in 2020, with the goals of expanding on the research and helping the US public to read and share news with less bias. However, , the platform was closed.


title: Media bias

text: A technique used to avoid bias is the "point/counterpoint" or "round table", an adversarial format in which representatives of opposing views comment on an issue. This approach theoretically allows diverse views to appear in the media. However, the person organizing the report still has the responsibility to choose reporters or journalists that represent a diverse or balanced set of opinions, to ask them non-prejudicial questions, and to edit or arbitrate their comments fairly. When done carelessly, a point/counterpoint can be as unfair as a simple biased report, by suggesting that the "losing" side lost on its merits. Besides these challenges, exposing news consumers to differing viewpoints seems to be beneficial for a balanced understanding and more critical assessment of current events and latent topics.


title: Media bias

text: Using this format can also lead to accusations that the reporter has created a misleading appearance that viewpoints have equal validity (sometimes called "false balance"). This may happen when a taboo exists around one of the viewpoints, or when one of the representatives habitually makes claims that are easily shown to be inaccurate.


title: Media bias

text: One such allegation of misleading balance came from Mark Halperin, political director of ABC News. He stated in an internal e-mail message that reporters should not "artificially hold George W. Bush and John Kerry 'equally' accountable" to the public interest, and that complaints from Bush supporters were an attempt to "get away with ... renewed efforts to win the election by destroying Senator Kerry." When the conservative web site the Drudge Report published this message, many Bush supporters viewed it as "smoking gun" evidence that Halperin was using ABC to propagandize against Bush to Kerry's benefit, by interfering with reporters' attempts to avoid bias. An academic content analysis of election news later found that coverage at ABC, CBS, and NBC was more favorable toward Kerry than Bush, while coverage at Fox News Channel was more favorable toward Bush.


title: Media bias

text: Scott Norvell, the London bureau chief for Fox News, stated in a May 20, 2005 interview with the "Wall Street Journal" that:


title: Media bias

text: "Even we at Fox News manage to get some lefties on the air occasionally, and often let them finish their sentences before we club them to death and feed the scraps to Karl Rove and Bill O'Reilly. And those who hate us can take solace in the fact that they aren't subsidizing Bill's bombast; we payers of the BBC license fee don't enjoy that peace of mind.


title: Media bias

text: Fox News is, after all, a private channel and our presenters are quite open about where they stand on particular stories. That's our appeal. People watch us because they know what they are getting. The Beeb's (British Broadcasting Corporation) (BBC) institutionalized leftism would be easier to tolerate if the corporation was a little more honest about it".


title: Media bias

text: Another technique used to avoid bias is disclosure of affiliations that may be considered a possible conflict of interest. This is especially apparent when a news organization is reporting a story with some relevancy to the news organization itself or to its ownership individuals or conglomerate. Often this disclosure is mandated by the laws or regulations pertaining to stocks and securities. Commentators on news stories involving stocks are often required to disclose any ownership interest in those corporations or in its competitors.


title: Media bias

text: In rare cases, a news organization may dismiss or reassign staff members who appear biased. This approach was used in the Killian documents affair and after Peter Arnett's interview with the Iraqi press. This approach is presumed to have been employed in the case of Dan Rather over a story that he ran on "60 Minutes" in the month prior to the 2004 election that attempted to impugn the military record of George W. Bush by relying on allegedly fake documents that were provided by Bill Burkett, a retired Lieutenant Colonel in the Texas Army National Guard.


title: Media bias

text: Finally, some countries have laws enforcing balance in state-owned media. Since 1991, the CBC and Radio Canada, its French language counterpart, are governed by the Broadcasting Act. This act states, among other things:


title: Media bias

text: Besides these manual approaches, several (semi-)automated approaches have been developed by social scientists and computer scientists. These approaches identify differences in news coverage, which potentially resulted from media bias, by analyzing the text and meta data, such as author and publishing date. For instance, NewsCube is a news aggregator that extracts phrases that describe a topic differently compared to another. Another approach, matrix-based news aggregation, spans a matrix over two dimensions, such as "publisher countries" (in which articles have been published) and "mentioned countries" (on which country an article reports). As a result, each cell contains articles that have been published in one country and that report on another country. Particularly in international news topics, such an approach helps to reveal differences in media coverage between the involved countries. Attempts have also been made to utilize machine-learning to analyze the bias of text. For example, person-oriented framing analysis attempts to identify frames, i.e., "perspectives", in news coverage on a topic by determining how each person mentioned in the topic's coverage is portrayed.


title: Media bias

text: To detect bias in news articles automatically, effort has been done to collect and annotate datasets for machine-learning methods. Conducted by Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, a multidimensional dataset based on Crowdsourcing has been created for analyzing and detecting News Bias. This schema covers the overall bias, as well as the bias dimensions (1) hidden assumptions, (2) subjectivity, and (3) representation tendencies. The data set consists of more than 2,000 sentences annotated with 43,000 bias and bias dimension labels. The study shows that crowdworkers’ countries of origin seem to affect their judgements. Non-Western crowdworkers tend to annotate more bias either directly or in the form of bias dimensions (e.g., subjectivity) than Western crowdworkers do.


title: Media bias

text: Many news organizations reflect, or are perceived to reflect in some way, the viewpoint of the geographic, ethnic, and national population that they primarily serve. Media within countries are sometimes seen as being sycophantic or unquestioning about the country's government.


title: Media bias

text: Western media are often criticized in the rest of the world (including eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East) as being pro-Western with regard to a variety of political, cultural and economic issues. Al Jazeera is frequently criticized both in the West and in the Arab world.


title: Media bias

text: The Israeli–Palestinian conflict and wider Arab–Israeli issues are a particularly controversial area, and nearly all coverage of any kind generates accusation of bias from one or both sides. This topic is covered in a separate article.