title: Daeva

text: In "Vendidad" 10.9 and 19.43, three divinities of the Vedic pantheon follow Angra Mainyu in a list of demons: Completely adapted to Iranian phonology, these are "Indra" (Vedic Indra), Sarva (Vedic Sarva, i.e. Rudra), and Nanghaithya (Vedic Nasatya). The process by which these three came to appear in the Avesta is uncertain. Together with three other "daeva"s, Tauru, Zairi and Nasu, that do not have Vedic equivalents, the six oppose the six Amesha Spentas.


title: Daeva

text: "Vendidad" 19.1 and 19.44 have Angra Mainyu dwelling in the region of the "daeva"s which the "Vendidad" sets in the north and/or the nether world ("Vendidad " 19.47, "Yasht" 15.43), a world of darkness. In Vendidad 19.1 and 19.43–44, Angra Mainyu is the "daevanam daevo", ""daeva" of "daeva"s" or chief of the "daeva"s. The superlative "daevo.taema" is however assigned to the demon Paitisha ("opponent"). In an enumeration of the "daeva"s in Vendidad 1.43, Angra Mainyu appears first and Paitisha appears last. "Nowhere is Angra Mainyu said to be the creator of the "daeva"s or their father."


title: Daeva

text: The "Vendidad" is usually recited after nightfall since the last part of the day is considered to be the time of the demons. Because the "Vendidad" is the means to disable them, this text is said to be effective only when recited between sunset and sunrise.


title: Daeva

text: Old Persian "daiva" occurs twice in Xerxes' "daiva inscription" (XPh, early 5th century BCE). This trilingual text also includes one reference to a "daivadana" "house of the "daiva"s", generally interpreted to be a reference to a shrine or sanctuary.


title: Daeva

text: In his inscription, Xerxes records that "by the favour of Ahura Mazda I destroyed that establishment of the daivas and I proclaimed, 'The daivas thou shalt not worship!'" This statement has been interpreted either one of two ways. Either the statement is an ideological one and "daiva"s were gods that were to be rejected, or the statement was politically motivated and "daiva"s were gods that were followed by (potential) enemies of the state.


title: Daeva

text: In the Middle Persian texts of Zoroastrian tradition, the "dew"s are invariably rendered with the Aramaic ideogram "ŠDYA" or the more common plural "ŠDYAʼn" that signified "demons" even in the singular.


title: Daeva

text: "Dew"s play a crucial role in the cosmogonic drama of the "Bundahishn", a Zoroastrian view of creation completed in the 12th century. In this text, the evil spirit "Ahriman" (the middle Persian equivalent of Avestan Angra Mainyu) creates his hordes of "dew"s to counter the creation of "Ormuzd" (Avestan Ahura Mazda). This notion is already alluded to in the "Vendidad" (see "Younger Avestan" texts above), but only properly developed in the "Bundahishn". In particular, Ahriman is seen to create six "dew"s that in Zoroastrian tradition are the antitheses of the "Amahraspand"s (Avestan Amesha Spentas).


title: Daeva

text: Mirroring the task of the Amesha Spentas through which Ahura Mazda realized creation, the six antitheses are the instrument through which Angra Mainyu creates all the horrors in the world. Further, the arch-"daeva"s of "Vendidad" 10.9 and 19.43 are identified as the antithetical counterparts of the Amesha Spentas. The six arch-demons as listed in the "Epistles of Zadspram" (WZ 35.37) and the "Greater Bundahishn" (GBd. 34.27) are:


title: Daeva

text: These oppositions differ from those found in scripture, where the moral principles (that each Amesha Spenta represents) are opposed by immoral principles. This is not however a complete breach, for while in the Gathas "asha"—the principle—is the diametric opposite of the abstract "druj", in Zoroastrian tradition, it is "Ardawahisht", the Amesha Spenta that is the hypostasis of "asha", that is opposed to by Indar, who freezes the minds of creatures from practicing "righteousness" ("asha").


title: Daeva

text: "Greater Bundahishn" 34.27 adds two more arch-demons, which are not however in opposition to Amesha Spentas:


title: Daeva

text: Also mirroring Ormuzd's act of creation, i.e., the realization of the Amesha Spentas by his "thought", is Ahriman's creation of the "dew"s through his "demonic essence". Other texts describe this event as being to Ahriman's detriment for his act of "creation" is actually an act of destruction. Ahriman is the very epitome (and hypostasis) of destruction, and hence he did not "create" the demons, he realized them through destruction, and they then became that destruction. The consequence is that, as Ahriman and the "dew"s can only destruct, they will ultimately destroy themselves ("Denkard" 3). As the medieval texts also do for Ahriman, they question whether the "dew"s exist at all. Since "existence" is the domain of Ormuzd, and Ahriman and his "dew"s are anti-existence, it followed that Ahriman and his "dew"s could not possibly exist. One interpretation of the "Denkard" proposes that the "dew"s were perceived to be non-existent physically (that is, they were considered non-ontological) but present psychologically. (see also: Ahriman: In Zoroastrian tradition)


title: Daeva

text: For a different set of texts, such as the "Shayest ne shayest" and the "Book of Arda Wiraz", Ahriman and the "dew"s were utterly real, and are described as being potentially catastrophic. In such less philosophical representations, the "dew"s are hordes of devils with a range of individual powers ranging from the almost benign to the most malign. They collectively rush out at nightfall to do their worst, which includes every possible form of corruption at every possible level of human existence. Their destructiveness is evident not only in disease, pain, and grief but also in cosmic events such as falling stars and climatic events such as droughts, cyclones and earthquakes. They are sometimes described as having anthropomorphic properties such as faces and feet, or given animal-like properties such as claws and body hair. They may produce semen, and may even mate with humans as in the tale of "Jam" and "Jamag" ("Bundahishn" 14B.1).


title: Daeva

text: But with the exception of the "Book of Arda Wiraz", the "dew"s are not generally described as a force to be feared. With fundamental optimism, the texts describe how the "dew"s may be kept in check, ranging from cursing them to the active participation in life through good thoughts, words and deeds. Many of the medieval texts develop ideas already expressed in the "Vendidad" ("given against the demons").


title: Daeva

text: A fire (cf. "Adur") is an effective weapon against the "dew"s, and keeping a hearth fire burning is a means to protect the home. The "dew"s are "particularly attracted by the organic productions of human beings, from excretion, reproduction, sex, and death". Prayer and other recitations of the liturgy, in particular the recitation of "Yasht" 1 (so "Sad-dar" 57), is effective in keeping the demons at bay. Demons are attracted by chatter at mealtimes and when silence is broken a demon takes the place of the angel at one's side. According to "Shayest-ne-Shayest" 9.8, eating at all after nightfall is not advisable since the night is the time of demons. In the 9th century "rivayat"s (65.14), the demons are described as issuing out at night to wreak mayhem, but forced back into the underworld by the divine glory ("khvarenah") at sunrise.


title: Daeva

text: The Zoroastrianism of the medieval texts is unambiguous with respect to which force is the superior. Evil cannot create and is hence has a lower priority in the cosmic order ("asha"). According to "Denkard" 5.24.21a, the protection of the "yazata"s is ultimately greater than the power of the demons. The "dew"s are agents ("procurers—"vashikano"—of success") of Ahriman (Avestan "Angra Mainyu") in the contests that will continue until the end of time, at which time the fiend will become invisible and (God's) creatures will become pure. ("Dadestan-i Denig" 59)


title: Daeva

text: But until the final renovation of the world, mankind "stands between the "yazad"s and the "dēw"s; the ["yazad"s] are immortal in essence and inseparable from their bodies ("mēnōg"), men are immortal in essence but separable from their bodies (moving from "gētīg" to "mēnōg" condition), but "dēw"s are mortal in essence and inseparable from their bodies, which may be destroyed."


title: Daeva

text: In addition to the six arch-demons (see above) that oppose the six Amesha Spentas, numerous other figures appear in scripture and tradition. According to "Bundahishn" XXVII.12, the six arch-demons have cooperators ("hamkars"), arranged in a hierarchy (not further specified) similar to that of the "yazata"s. These are ""dew"s [...] created by the sins that creatures commit." ("Bundahishn" XXVII.51)


title: Daeva

text: The most destructive of these are "Astiwihad", the demon of death that casts the noose of mortality around men's necks at birth, and "Az", who is most capable of destroying the "innate wisdom" of man. "Az" is thus the cause of heresy and blinds the righteous man from being able to discern the truth and falsehood.


title: Daeva

text: A list of ten demons is provided in the "Shahnameh": Besides the afore-mentioned "Az" "greed", "Kashm" "wrath" (Avestan "Aeshma"), "Nang" "dishonor", "Niaz" "want", and "Rashk" "envy", the epic poem includes "Kin" "vengeance", "Nammam" "tell-tale", "Do-ruy" "two-face", "napak-din" "heresy", and (not explicitly named) ungratefulness.


title: Daeva

text: Some of the entities that in the Middle Persian texts are demons, are in the "Shahnameh" attributes of demons, for instance, "varuna" "backwards" or "inside out", reflecting that they tend to do the opposite of what they are asked to do. Although Ferdowsi generally portrays "div"s as being distinct from humans, the poet also uses the word to denote "evil people".


title: Daeva

text: One of the more popular stories from the "Shahnameh" is that of "Rostam and the Dīv-e Sapīd", the "white demon" of Mazandaran, who blinds Rostam's men (who are then cured with the blood of the demon's gall).


title: Crystal Mangum

text: Crystal Gail Mangum (born July 18, 1978) is a former exotic dancer and convicted murderer from Durham, North Carolina, who is best known for having made false allegations of rape against lacrosse players in the 2006 Duke lacrosse case. The fact that Mangum was a black woman working in the sex industry, while the accused were all white men, created extensive media interest and academic debate about race, class, gender and the politicization of the justice system.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: In February 2010, she was arrested on charges of attempted murder of her live-in partner, Milton Walker. She was eventually convicted of contributing to the delinquency of a juvenile, injury to personal property and resisting a public officer.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: In November 2013, she was found guilty of second-degree murder after she stabbed boyfriend Reginald Daye, who died 10 days after. She argued that she acted in self-defense, fearing that Daye would kill her. She was sentenced to 14 to 18 years in prison.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: Mangum was born and grew up in Durham, North Carolina, the daughter of Travis Mangum, a truck driver, and his wife Mary. She was the youngest of three children. She attended Hillside High School, graduating in 1996.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: In 1996, Mangum filed a police report alleging that three years earlier, when she was 14, she had been kidnapped by three assailants, driven to Creedmoor, North Carolina, and raped. One of those whom she accused was her boyfriend, who being 21 at the time, would indicate statutory rape. She subsequently backed away from the charges, a move relatives claimed was motivated by fear for her life. Mangum's father said he did not believe she was raped or injured, though her mother believed such an incident could have occurred—but not in 1993. She thinks it is more likely to have happened when Crystal was 17 or 18 years old, shortly before she made the police report. Mangum's ex-husband, Kenneth Nathanial McNeill, believed the incident occurred as she said it did.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: After graduation from high school in 1996, Mangum joined the US Navy. She trained to operate radios and navigation technology. While serving in the Navy, Mangum married McNeill. Her marriage quickly broke down. Mangum reported to police that her husband had threatened to kill her, but the charge was dismissed when she failed to appear in court. She served for less than two years in the Navy before being discharged after becoming pregnant by a fellow sailor, with whom she went on to have another child.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: By 2002, Mangum had returned to Durham and was working as an exotic dancer. In 2002, she was arrested on 10 charges after stealing the taxicab of a customer to whom she had given a lap dance. This prompted a police pursuit at speeds of up to 70 miles per hour, occasionally in the wrong lane. After being stopped, Mangum nearly ran over a police officer, succeeding only in hitting his patrol vehicle. She was found to have a blood alcohol content of over twice the legal limit. Ultimately, Mangum pleaded guilty to four counts: assault on a government official, larceny, speeding to elude arrest, and driving while impaired, serving three weekends in jail, paying $4,200 in restitution and fees, and being given two years' probation.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: In 2004, Mangum earned an associate degree from Durham Technical Community College, and subsequently enrolled full-time at North Carolina Central University. At the time of the rape allegations, she was in her second year, studying police psychology, and earning a 3.0 average.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: In March 2006, Mangum was hired as a stripper at a party organized by members of the Duke University men's lacrosse team. After arriving in an intoxicated state, having earlier consumed alcohol and cyclobenzaprine, to perform with another stripper at a house rented by three of the team captains, she became involved in an argument with the occupants of the residence and subsequently left.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: Mangum then became involved in an altercation with her fellow stripper that necessitated police assistance. The officer who arrived on scene took her to a local drug and mental health center, where she was in the process of being involuntarily committed when, after being asked a leading question, she made a false allegation that she had been raped at the party. District Attorney Mike Nifong, who was up for re-election, pursued the case despite questions about the credibility of Mangum, and conspired with a DNA lab director to withhold exculpatory evidence that would have cleared the lacrosse players of the rape accusations. It took almost a year for the state's attorney general's office to dismiss the charges and declare that the players were innocent of the charges laid against them by Nifong.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: In 2008, Mangum published a memoir, "The Last Dance for Grace: The Crystal Mangum Story", written with Vincent Clark. The book gives an unsubstantiated version of events, and she continued to insist on the debunked claim that she was assaulted at the party. Mangum claimed that the dropping of the case was politically motivated. The book also outlines her earlier life, reasserting her claim that she was raped at the age of 14.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: Just before midnight on February 17, 2010, Durham police were called to Mangum's residence by her nine-year-old daughter. They said that, when they arrived, they found Mangum and her live-in partner, Milton Walker, fighting. She reportedly set fire to some of his clothing in a bathtub in their presence. The building suffered heavy smoke damage. They arrested Mangum on charges of attempted murder, first-degree arson, assault and battery, identity theft, communicating threats, damage to property, resisting an officer, and misdemeanor child abuse.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: Mangum was ordered to remain in jail on $1 million bond. Her bond was lowered to $100,000 in May, and she was released from jail to live in a friend's house. She was required to wear an electronic monitoring device. On July 12, 2010, Mangum was released from house arrest and required to move in with her mother. She was allowed to visit her three children but only under supervision of social services. Mangum was arrested again on August 25, 2010, and held on $150,000 bond for failure to comply with the restrictions on her child visitation order.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: On December 17, 2010, Mangum was convicted of contributing to the delinquency of a juvenile, injury to personal property and resisting a public officer. The jury deadlocked 9–3 in favor not guilty on the felony arson charge and was unable to reach a decision on it.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: After the verdict, Judge Abe Jones sentenced Mangum to 88 days in jail, which she had already served, and left the custody decision in the hands of social services. Durham Assistant District Attorney Mark McCullough announced on January 21, 2011, that he would not retry Mangum on arson charges.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: Mangum was arrested on April 3, 2011, following accusations that she repeatedly stabbed and seriously injured a boyfriend, Reginald Daye. She was charged with assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill or inflicting serious bodily injury, a class C felony in North Carolina. Ten days later, Daye died in the hospital, and Mangum was indicted on a murder charge. Mangum was held in jail under a $300,000 secured bail bond, which was set prior to her boyfriend's death. On November 1, 2011, Mangum was deemed competent to stand trial for murder.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: On May 1, 2012, Mangum's attorney withdrew, citing the release by Mangum of confidential information regarding her case to her supporters. On February 20, 2013, Mangum was released on bail until trial.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: At the trial, Mangum argued that she stabbed Daye in self-defense, as she was being assaulted by him. The prosecution argued that the forensic evidence supported Daye's dying statement that he was attempting to get away from Mangum when he was stabbed.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: On November 22, 2013, she was convicted of second-degree murder by a jury of seven men and five women. Judge Paul Ridgeway sentenced her to serve a minimum of 14 years and 2 months and a maximum of 17 years and 9 months in prison. According to the North Carolina Department of Public Safety, she is projected to be released from prison on February 27, 2026.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: In 2015, Mangum filed for an appeal of her 2013 conviction due to trial testimony allowed during trial related to an argument with a man in 2010. She later filed grievances with the North Carolina State Bar Association against the attorney that filed the appeal and her attorneys from the 2013 murder trial. The bar declined to take any action.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: In 2018, Mangum appeared before Superior Court Judge Carolyn J. Thompson in Durham County on motions Mangum filed against the Durham County Police Department, the Durham County District Attorney's Office and Police Officer Marianne Bond for malicious prosecution related to 2011 larceny charges. When arrested in 2011, Mangum was in possession of two money orders from Daye. Mangum stated that the money orders were given to her by Daye to pay rent and that Daye, prior to his death had confirmed this to Bond, however Bond and the DA's Office sought to charge Mangum with 2 counts of larceny, one for each money order. Judge Thompson dismissed the motion due to the expiration of the three year statute of limitations. Mangum has not been convicted of the larceny charges.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: As of August 2018, Mangum is currently held at Neuse Correctional Institution in Goldsboro, North Carolina.


title: Crystal Mangum

text: A version of the story of Daye's killing was featured in an episode of "Wives with Knives", which aired December 12, 2012, during its first season on Investigation Discovery. Mangum appeared in the episode, having given a jailhouse interview to the show's producers in the summer of 2012. The interview focused mostly on the murder and not the Duke lacrosse case. Daye's murder was featured on an episode of "Fatal Attraction", called "Toxic Romance", which aired on TV One on August 4, 2014 (Season 2 Episode 23). An episode of "Snapped", which aired on October 7, 2018, titled "Crystal Mangum", detailed her story and Daye's murder.


title: Rickon Stark

text: Rickon Stark is a fictional character in the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation "Game of Thrones". Introduced in 1996's "A Game of Thrones", Rickon is the youngest child of Eddard Stark, the honorable lord of Winterfell, an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared in Martin's "A Clash of Kings" (1998). Rickon is portrayed by Irish actor Art Parkinson in the HBO television adaptation.


title: Rickon Stark

text: Rickon is the fifth and youngest child of Eddard "Ned" Stark and his wife Catelyn, and has five siblings — Robb, Sansa, Arya, Bran, and his illegitimate half-brother Jon Snow. Like his brothers and sisters, Rickon is constantly accompanied by his direwolf, Shaggydog, with whom he shares a strong connection. Martin describes Rickon as favoring his mother in appearance. He is naturally aggressive, bold, tough, strong-willed, and violent: traits reflected in his direwolf companion 'Shaggydog'.


title: Rickon Stark

text: Rickon Stark is not a point of view character in the novels and is mostly a background character. His actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of his older brother, Bran.


title: Rickon Stark

text: In "A Game of Thrones" (1996), Ned Stark departs Winterfell with his daughters to serve King Robert Baratheon in King's Landing, while his wife Catelyn remains behind with their sons, grief-stricken over their comatose son Bran. An overwhelmed young Rickon can only follow around his oldest brother Robb, crying. Upset when Robb prepares to leave himself, Rickon hides in the crypts of Winterfell. Shortly after Ned's death in King's Landing, both Bran and Rickon share a vision of their father's spirit in the crypts.


title: Rickon Stark

text: Following Ned's death, Rickon is largely unsupervised as Robb and Catelyn leave for war and his sisters are held captive at King's Landing in 1998's "A Clash of Kings". Alone with his crippled brother Bran, Rickon develops an unruly, often violent temper. His fear and rage are reflected in Shaggydog, who turns largely feral and attacks several people before being restrained. Several times, Bran's direwolf Summer is forced to fight Shaggydog into submission. Bran and Rickon become Theon Greyjoy's hostages when Theon takes Winterfell by force. He later manages to escape and hide in the crypts below the castle with Bran, Hodor, the Reed siblings Meera and Jojen, and the wildling woman Osha. After Winterfell is sacked and burned by Ramsay Bolton, the group emerges to find Winterfell in ruins, and a mortally wounded Maester Luwin tells them that Bran and Rickon need to be separated and taken into hiding. Osha flees with Rickon in her care, and the others accompany Bran.


title: Rickon Stark

text: In "A Dance with Dragons" (2011), most of Westeros believes Rickon is dead, but Lord Wyman Manderly hears from a survivor of the sack of Winterfell that Rickon is allegedly alive and has fled with a woman to the island of Skagos. Skagos is a large, northern island in the mouth of the Bay of Seals and is subject to the rule of House Stark. In return for pledging his loyalty to Stannis Baratheon instead of the Lannisters, Manderly tasks Ser Davos Seaworth with retrieving Rickon from Skagos so that they may reveal him to the Northern lords and inspire them to rally against Roose Bolton, Ramsay Bolton, and Walder Frey for betraying the Starks.


title: Rickon Stark

text: Rickon Stark is played by Art Parkinson in the television adaption of the book series. During an interview with Flicks and the City in 2014, Parkinson mentioned that he was not allowed by his parents to watch "Game of Thrones" due to its adult content, apart from a few scenes that were related to him. In a later interview published in the "New Zealand Herald" on 7 April 2015, Parkinson admitted that he was put off watching "Game of Thrones" after seeing a 3-year-old child getting his throat slit in one episode. In a later interview with IGN, he admitted that he had begun watching the series.


title: Rickon Stark

text: In an interview with IGN, Parkinson spoke about his return and death, saying: "Whenever I was told that I was coming back for Season 6, before they sent me through the scripts and stuff, they sent me through a ring just to say, 'Listen, so that you don't get a shock whenever you read the scripts, just know that you die this season.'" He continued, "Whenever I came back, I was excited to come back, and the scenes all seemed pretty amazing. I was so happy to re-embrace the character."


title: Rickon Stark

text: Parkinson has said that his fellow castmember Natalia Tena, who played Rickon's travelling companion Osha, helped him with his acting. He also shared what he believes Rickon went through after the death of his father Ned Stark, saying "After the death of his father, I think he became very independent and very angry, I think Rickon is a little bit more mature now. He's been away for quite a long time at this point. I think he's a bit more independent and stronger-willed.


title: Rickon Stark

text: It was sad at first, but once I realized how I was going to die in it, then it was cool. It was a cool death, and it was always going to be a good death, so at the same time, I was pretty happy.


title: Rickon Stark

text: Rickon Stark is Lord Eddard and Lady Catelyn's youngest child, naturally aggressive, and strong-willed. His black direwolf Shaggydog shares these qualities. When Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell in Season 2, Rickon hides in the crypts with Bran, Hodor, and the Wildling woman Osha. After Theon can't seem to find where Rickon and Bran are, he has two farm boys killed and burned, to pass their charred bodies off as the Stark boys'. After Winterfell is sacked and burned, Rickon, Bran, Hodor, Osha, and the direwolves travel through the North. In Season 3 before they reach the Wall, Rickon, Osha, and Shaggydog split up from the rest of the group and head to Last Hearth, the seat house of the Umbers.


title: Rickon Stark

text: Following Lord Greatjon Umber's death, Rickon and Osha are betrayed by Greatjon's heir Smalljon and handed over to the new Warden of the North, Ramsay Bolton, in order to secure an alliance with the Boltons against the wildlings Jon Snow has let through the Wall. To prove Rickon's identity, Smalljon kills Shaggydog and presents his head to Ramsay. Ramsay kills Osha, locks Rickon in the dungeons, and sends a letter to Jon at Castle Black demanding the return of Sansa Stark (his wife) and threatening to kill Rickon if Jon does not comply. In retaliation, Jon gathers an army of Stark loyalists and marches on Winterfell, now occupied by House Bolton.


title: Rickon Stark

text: As the armies prepare for battle outside Winterfell, Ramsay brings out Rickon and orders him to run to Jon in one of his sadistic "games", shooting arrows at Rickon in order to lure Jon into the open. Jon charges out to save Rickon, but Rickon is shot through the heart and dies almost instantly. In the aftermath of the ensuing battle, Rickon's body is recovered, and Jon buries him in the crypt, alongside Ned's remains.


title: Rickon Stark

text: Because many Northern noble houses were plotting against the Boltons in the books, the show's decision to have them betray Rickon led to fan theories that the direwolf head Smalljon Umber showed to Ramsay was fake and the Umbers would turn on the Boltons. Parkinson dispelled the rumours, confirming the direwolf head was intended to be real. Rickon's death scene referenced his first appearance in the series pilot, where he laughs at Bran's poor archery shot before handing off arrows to the archer and running to stand by the target.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 13)

text: Big Brother Australia 13, also known as Big Brother 2021, is the thirteenth season of the Australian reality television series "Big Brother". It began airing on 26 April 2021 on Seven Network. Sonia Kruger returned as host of the series. The concept for this season is "More Than Meets The Eye".


title: Big Brother (Australian season 13)

text: This season revolved around strangers living in a house together with no communication with the outside world as they competed for $250,000. They were constantly filmed during their time in the house and were not permitted to communicate with those filming them. Over the course of the competition, housemates will compete in challenges for power and safety before voting each other out of the house. When three housemates remain, the Australian public decided which finalist would win the grand prize.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 13)

text: The series was filmed from October to December 2020 and aired from April to late June in the following year on Seven Network. The live finale was aired on 29 June 2021, where Marley Biyendolo was declared the winner and won a prize of $250,000 with Christina Podolyan and Sarah Jane "SJ" Adams being declared as the Runners-up. In addition, Biyendolo also won a prize of $10,000 after winning the challenge on Episode 26.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 13)

text: In June 2020, during the release of the twelfth season, it was announced that "Big Brother Australia" had been renewed for a thirteenth season set to air in 2021. As in the previous season, the show was pre-recorded and was filmed between October and December 2020. On 11 April Seven announced that the season would premiere on 26 April.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 13)

text: The season was broadcast in New Zealand online-only, via TVNZ OnDemand, starting 4 May 2021 with the first four episodes and each subsequent episodes being released within 48 hours of the Australian broadcast. This marked the return of the show to TVNZ after a 16-year absence following the conclusion of the 2005 season.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 13)

text: The live finale was impacted by the on-going pandemic, as the plan was to broadcast from Hordern Pavilion at Fox Studios in Randwick in front of an audience of 2,000 people with all 26 housemates in attendance. As the result of lockdowns announced on June 24, 2021, it was confirmed the following day that no audience would be in attendance for the finale. In addition, due to inter-state travel restrictions nine housemates opted to appear via video link despite an initial desire from Endemol Shine Australia to still have everyone appear in-person. Lillian Ahenkan, the second evictee of the series, did not participate in the finale as she was given the option to not attend in-person due to the lockdowns - but did not appear via video link like other housemates that were unable to attend in-person.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 13)

text: On 14 March 2021, Channel Seven revealed Sarah Jane Adams as the first housemate for the series. More housemates were revealed over the following weeks, with the full cast of the 20 original Housemates being introduced on 25 April. Among the Intruders, Brenton was revealed in pre-show material, whilst the other 5 intruders were revealed on 15 May, a few days before their introduction on the show on Episode 12.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 13)

text: Two pre-existing relationships were a part of the game in a minor twist: Max and Katie are ex-boyfriend and girlfriend and intruders Alex and Charlotte M are twin sisters. Other than the personal effects of their relationships, there was no direct effect on the mechanics of the game.


title: Big Brother (Australian season 13)

text: Daniel Hayes competed in "Big Brother: VIP". He was the fourth housemate to be evicted from the house. In 2022, Marley Biyendolo competed on "".


title: Big Brother (Australian season 13)

text: Ratings data is from OzTAM and represents the viewership from the 5 largest Australian metropolitan centres (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide).


title: Big Brother (Australian season 13)

text: This season of Big Brother has several alleged instances of the production team favouring game events for particular Housemates, including Daniel. One alleged incident is that of the Panic Room task in Episode 19. The alleged incident reported that Daniel wanted to enter the room early in the task, before being asked to go to the Diary Room. After the Diary Room visit, Daniel requested to go last (the position that would be awarded a secret game power).


title: Popcorn ceiling

text: A popcorn ceiling, also known as a stipple ceiling or acoustic ceiling, is a ceiling with one of a variety of spray-on or paint-on treatments. The bumpy surface is created by tiny particles of vermiculite or polystyrene, which gives the ceiling sound-deadening properties. Mixtures are available in fine, medium, and coarse grades.


title: Popcorn ceiling

text: In many parts of the world, it was the standard for bedroom and residential hallway ceilings for its bright, white appearance, ability to hide imperfections, and acoustical characteristics. In comparison, kitchen and living room ceilings would normally be finished in smoother skip-trowel or orange peel texture for their higher durability and ease of cleaning. Popcorn ceilings, in pre-1970s and early formulations, often contained white asbestos fibers. When asbestos was banned in ceiling treatments by the Clean Air Act in the United States, popcorn ceilings fell out of favor in much of the country. However, in order to minimize economic hardship to suppliers and installers, existing inventories of asbestos-bearing texturing materials were exempt from the ban, so it is possible to find asbestos in popcorn ceilings that were applied through the 1980s. After the ban, popcorn ceiling materials were created using a paper-based or Styrofoam product to create the texture, rather than asbestos. Textured ceilings remain common in residential construction in the United States.


title: Popcorn ceiling

text: Since the mid-2000s, the popularity of textured popcorn ceilings has diminished significantly across North America. A trend toward more modern, clean-lined design features has influenced home improvement professionals to provide popcorn ceiling removal services. In comparison to smooth ceilings, textured ceilings are generally less reflective of natural light, may harbor more dust and allergens, and may be more difficult to patch and touch up after drywall repair.


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: "Brokeback Mountain" is a short story by American author Annie Proulx. It was originally published in "The New Yorker" on October 13, 1997, for which it won the National Magazine Award for Fiction in 1998. Proulx won a third place O. Henry Award for the story in 1998. A slightly expanded version of the story was published in Proulx's 1999 collection of short stories, "". The collection was a finalist for the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: Screenwriters Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana adapted the story for the 2005 film. At that time, the short story and the screenplay were published together, along with essays by Proulx and the screenwriters, as "Brokeback Mountain: Story to Screenplay." The story was also published separately in book form.


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: This story has also been adapted as an opera by the same name, composed by Charles Wuorinen with a libretto in English by Proulx. It premiered at the Teatro Real in Madrid on January 28, 2014.


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: In 1963, two young men, Ennis del Mar and Jack Twist, are hired for the summer to look after sheep at a seasonal grazing range on the fictional Brokeback Mountain in Wyoming. Unexpectedly, they form an intense emotional and sexual attachment, but have to part ways at the end of the summer. Over the next twenty years, as their separate lives play out with marriages, children, and jobs, they continue reuniting for brief liaisons on camping trips in remote settings.


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: "Brokeback Mountain" is a story told by an omniscient narrator. The narrative is realistic in tone and employs description, metaphor and dialogue to examine the actions, thoughts, emotions, and motivations of its main characters.


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: The narrative is mostly linear, apart from an introductory prologue (which was accidentally omitted from the initial publication in "The New Yorker" magazine); the story describes events in sequence from a beginning point in time, the year 1963 when the characters are introduced, to the end of the story some 20 years later. Other than the title location and the town of Signal which is the nearest settlement to the eponymous mountain, the settings are actual locations in the United States. The characters are described in a naturalistic manner, as people living in a specific milieu. The story adheres to conventions of modern dramatic fiction; its literary devices serve to present a portrait of recognizable people in familiar situations, without supernatural or metaphysical allusions (while other of the "Wyoming Stories" do include passages of magical realism).


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: In the two-paragraph prologue, the lead protagonist, Ennis del Mar, awakes in his trailer at some unspecified time beyond the ending of the story. He has had a dream about Jack Twist, and over a cup of coffee he reflects on the time in 1963 when he first met Jack. The main narrative then begins with the description of the two protagonists as they were in 1963:


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: From there, the story is an episodic examination of conflicts arising from the characters' interaction with each other and other people in their lives. The story condenses passing years and significant events into brief passages, and employs dialogue to reveal character and conflict.


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: Proulx said she wrote the story based on her own reflections about life in the West. Regarding the setting, Proulx stated:


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: She mentioned once noticing a middle-aged man in a bar, who appeared to be watching only the men playing pool, which led her to consider the life of a typical western ranch hand who might be gay.


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: She wrote the story over a period of about six months, and went through more than sixty drafts. Working titles for the story included, "The Pleasures of Whiskey Mountain," "Bulldust Mountain," "Swill-Swallow Mountain," and "Drinkard Mountain". Proulx said her main characters of the two men affected her long after the story was published. The film version rekindled her feelings for them — an attachment that she had previously rejected. In a 1999 interview in "The Missouri Review", Proulx said the notion of falling in love with fictional characters was "repugnant".


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: The film "Brokeback Mountain" (2005) won numerous awards, including Academy Awards (for 2005) for Best Adapted Screenplay (McMurtry and Ossana), Best Director (Ang Lee), and Best Original Score (Gustavo Santaolalla). It was nominated for a total of eight awards (the most that year), including Best Picture, Best Actor (Heath Ledger as Ennis), Best Supporting Actor (Jake Gyllenhaal as Jack), and Best Supporting Actress (Michelle Williams as Ennis' wife Alma). Its loss of Best Picture to "Crash" was not generally expected, though predicted by some.


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: Charles Wuorinen, a contemporary American composer, became interested in the story, and Proulx wrote the libretto to adapt her work. Their work was commissioned by Mortier of the New York City Opera and they started working together in 2008, completing it in 2012. The work premiered at the Teatro Real in Madrid on January 28, 2014.


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: The film's popularity has inspired numerous viewers to write their own versions of the story and send these to Proulx. In 2008, Proulx said she wished she had never written the 1997 short story which inspired the film, because she has received so much fan fiction presenting alternative plots:


title: Brokeback Mountain (short story)

text: She said the authors, mostly men who claim to "understand men better than I do", often send her their works:


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: The Notebook is a 1996 romantic novel by American novelist Nicholas Sparks. The novel was later adapted into a popular 2004 film of the same name.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: The Notebook was Nicholas Sparks first published novel and written over a time period of six months in 1994. Literary agent Theresa Park discovered Sparks by picking the book out of her agency's slush pile and reading it. Park offered to represent him. In October 1995, Park secured a $1 million advance for the book from the Time Warner Book Group, and the novel was published in October 1996. It was on "The New York Times Best Seller list" in its first week of release. "The Notebook" was a hardcover best seller for more than a year.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: In interviews, Sparks said he was inspired to write the novel by the story of his wife's grandparents, who had been married for more than 60 years when he met them. In "The Notebook," he tried to express the long romantic love of that couple.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: The novel opens with Noah Calhoun, an old man, reading to a woman in a nursing home. He tells her the following story:


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: Noah, 24, returns from World War II to his town of New Bern, North Carolina. He finishes restoring an antebellum-style house, after his father's death. Meanwhile, Allie, 24, sees the house in the newspaper and decides to pay him a visit.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: They are meeting, again, after a 7-year separation, which followed their brief but passionate summer romance when her family was visiting the town. They were separated by class, as she was the daughter of a wealthy family, and he worked as a laborer in a lumberyard. Seeing each other brings on a flood of memories and strong emotions in both of them. They have dinner together and talk about their lives and the past. Allie learns that Noah had written letters to her for one year after their breakup. She realizes that her mother hid the letters so that Allie could never receive them and would conclude that Noah had forgotten about her. They talk about what could have happened between them without her mother's interference. At the end of the night, Noah invites Allie to come back the next day and promises her a surprise. She decides to see him again. During this time, her fiancé, Lon, tries to reach her at the hotel. When Allie does not respond to his calls, he begins to worry.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: The next day, Noah takes Allie on a canoe ride in a small lake where swans and geese swim. She is enchanted. On their way back, they are caught in a storm and end up soaked. When they return to his house, they talk again about how important they were to each other, and how their feelings have not changed. Noah and Allie share a kiss and make love.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: Allie's mother shows up the next morning and gives Allie the letters from Noah. When her mother leaves, Allie is torn and has a decision to make. She knows she loves Noah, but she does not want to hurt Lon. Noah begs her to stay with him, but she decides to leave. She cries all the way back to the hotel and starts reading the letters her mother returned to her. At the hotel, her fiancé Lon is waiting in the lobby.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: The man stops reading the story at this point, and implies to the audience that he is reading to his wife, who suffers from Alzheimer's disease and does not recognize him. Throughout the story he explains he is also ill, battling a third cancer, and suffering heart disease, kidney failure, and severe arthritis in his hands.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: He resumes reading the story and describing their life together: her career as a noted painter, their children, growing old together, and finally the diagnosis of Alzheimer's. He had changed the names in the story to protect her, but he is Noah and she is Allie. They walk together and Allie, although she does not recognize him, says she might feel something for him.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: That night they have dinner together. Referring to the story, she can't quite remember who Allie chose. Recognizing her husband, she tells him that she loves him. They embrace and talk, but after almost four hours, Allie fades. She begins to panic and hallucinate, and forgets who Noah is again.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: Later, Noah has a stroke and cannot visit Allie. When he recovers, he goes to visit Allie late at night, as he is staying in the same care home. When Noah tries to sneak past the nurse station, the nurse on duty states that she is going for a coffee, even though she has one on the counter. The nurse also tells Noah she won't be back for a while and not to do anything while she is away. Noah realises it is just a ruse to let him go see Allie, and he goes and finds Allie in bed in her room, asleep. She wakes up, recognizes him as Noah, and tells him that she loves him. They kiss and fall asleep next to each other, believing their love will take them away together.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: In 2004, the novel was adapted into a popular film of the same name starting Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: A television series based on the novel is also being developed by writer Todd Graff, who will also exec produce along with Sparks and Theresa Park for the Warner Bros. Television and Nicholas Sparks Productions.


title: The Notebook (novel)

text: As of 2019, a musical adaptation of the novel is currently in development, which will premiere on Broadway.


title: The Kliq

text: The Kliq was a backstage group in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) during the mid-1990s, composed of Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, Sean Waltman, Shawn Michaels, and Triple H. Michaels, Nash, and Hall wielded a considerable amount of power within the company at the time, which they reportedly used to positively influence one another's careers and occasionally negatively influence the careers of others.


title: The Kliq

text: In May 1996, The Kliq broke character at a live event at Madison Square Garden in an unscripted incident referred to as the "Curtain Call", which had far-reaching ramifications for the WWF specifically and the wrestling world as a whole. At a time when professional wrestling organizations worked to maintain the illusion of storylines and characters, the Curtain Call marked the first time that such high-profile performers had so publicly broken character, forcing the WWF and other wrestling organizations to begin acknowledging the scripted elements of their programming.


title: The Kliq

text: The Kliq was also the primary catalyst for two of the most well-known stables in wrestling history: the New World Order (nWo) in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and later the WWF/E, and D-Generation X (D-X) in the WWF/E. Michaels and Waltman would serve in both groups; Triple H was a member of D-X, while Nash and Hall performed with the nWo. Waltman, who wrestled for both WCW and the WWF during the mid-to-late 1990s, is recognized by WWE as the only wrestler to have been "an active member of both the nWo and DX during their heydays".


title: The Kliq

text: The Kliq was formed in 1994 by real-life friends Scott Hall (then known as Razor Ramon), Kevin Nash (Diesel), Michael Hickenbottom (Shawn Michaels), and Sean Waltman (1-2-3 Kid). In January 1995, Paul Levesque left WCW and arrived in the WWF as Hunter Hearst Helmsley (Triple H) and became the next member of The Kliq. Each man enjoyed a tremendous amount of popularity with fans, which allotted them a particular degree of control over their own careers. Nash, Hall, and Michaels, then among the company's most popular performers, came up with the idea of forming a backstage alliance, which would potentially allow them to consolidate even more power within the company. Bret Hart, another of the company's top performers at the time, claims in his autobiography "Hitman" that he was also asked if he wanted to be part of The Kliq, but declined the offer: "The thing I remember most about that tour was Shawn, Razor, and Nash talking to me in Hamburg about the idea of forming a clique of top guys who strictly took care of their own". Levesque mentioned on the 2013 "Triple H – Thy Kingdom Come" DVD that he was recruited to the Kliq by Kevin Nash because he didn't do drugs or alcohol, and thus could serve as the group's designated driver after events.


title: The Kliq

text: Michaels claims that the name "The Kliq" was originally coined by Lex Luger, due to the closeness of the five friends backstage, while Lex Luger had suggested that Davey Boy Smith created the name, because the five kept "clicking", referring to how often they talked. At the suggestion of Vince Russo, Michaels began referring to his fans as his "Kliq". Michaels wrote in his 2006 autobiography that he disliked the idea, and that it "was not a huge hit" with the fans.


title: The Kliq

text: In 1995, the men's growing popularity as performers led to the group developing a heavy influence on the power to schedule matches and decide match outcomes, write storylines, and largely determine the trajectory of other performers' careers. The group used this power to give one another preferential treatment, usually scheduling each other in heavily promoted, high-profile matches, often against one another: during the period of 1994 through 1996 particularly, Ramon had high-profile feuds with 1-2-3 Kid, Diesel, and Michaels, while Diesel and Michaels formed a championship-winning tag-team called Two Dudes with Attitudes.


title: The Kliq

text: The group's perceived abuse of power led to animosity amongst other wrestlers, particularly lower-ranking members of the company. In one instance, performer Carl Ouellet, then performing as Jean-Pierre Lafitte, claimed that his scheduled defeat of Diesel was vetoed by Michaels, leading to a backstage confrontation between Ouellet and Michaels. The match between the two ended in a double-countout because Lafitte refused to be pinned by Nash. In retaliation, the group effectively ended Ouellet's career with the company by scheduling him to repeatedly lose low-profile matches. In his autobiography, Michaels admitted that "we buried him." Lafitte left the company soon after the incident; contrary to rumors, Michaels says that WWF Chairman Vince McMahon did not fire Lafitte.


title: The Kliq

text: In April 1996, Nash and Hall signed contracts with WCW, the WWF's top competitor, with whom the company was embroiled in a bitter rivalry. Accounts have differed as to what led to the men's departure. Wrestling commentators have speculated that their contracts were allowed to expire in order to cripple The Kliq's influence in the company, while official WWE media asserts that Nash and Hall were simply offered more money by WCW than the WWF was able to promise them at the time. Hall himself claims he left because he felt his pay in the WWF had plateaued, while Nash has stated he left because WCW offered a guaranteed contract, something the WWF had been unwilling to do for any wrestler at that point.


title: The Kliq

text: Nash and Hall's last contracted match for the WWF took place on May 19, 1996 at Madison Square Garden. At the time, Levesque and Nash were wrestling as villains, while Michaels and Hall were fan favorites. At the end of the night, Michaels wrestled Nash in a steel cage match. Immediately after the match, Hall entered the ring and hugged Michaels; this was not seen as unusual in-story, as both wrestlers were fan favorites. However, Levesque then entered the ring and hugged Hall, followed by Nash. The four wrestlers then group hugged for several seconds before they turned to face the crowd with their arms raised together. Waltman, who himself would leave for WCW shortly after the incident, was in drug rehab at the time and thus didn't participate.


title: The Kliq

text: Their actions – dubbed the "Curtain Call" – scandalized WWF management. At the time, most major wrestling promotions, the WWF included, prided themselves on maintaining kayfabe – the illusion that all of the events which transpired in-ring were real and unscripted, and that wrestlers' on-screen rivalries extended outside of the ring. The company had a strict policy of onscreen rivals not breaking character by associating with one another on WWF programming, as a means of maintaining storylines and feuds between wrestlers, which sometimes lasted for years and could unravel in seconds if the two feuding wrestlers were seen associating as friends in public. WWF Chairman Vince McMahon was reported to have initially given his tacit approval for a "farewell" ceremony, but did not realize that it would become so elaborate. The severity of the incident was further compounded by the revelation that the event—which was not broadcast on television—had been filmed by two fans, Mani Mohtadi and Jason Cosmides, who had smuggled a camcorder past security. Stills from the footage were widely disseminated online and in wrestling magazines at the time, bringing the Curtain Call to a wider audience than if it had not been recorded.


title: The Kliq

text: Because Hall and Nash had already confirmed their departure for WCW, and because Waltman was never there to begin with, the three of them escaped punishment. Michaels, who was the WWF Champion at the time and one of the promotion's biggest drawing performers, could not be punished. The punishment fell solely on Levesque, who was demoted from being a championship contender to wrestling inexperienced or lesser experienced wrestlers for the next several months. He did, however, win the WWF Intercontinental Championship five months later. Levesque's unquestioning acceptance of his punishment had the unintended side effect of rehabilitating his image in the eyes of other performers who held a grudge against him for his time with the Kliq: according to The Undertaker in the "HHH: The Game" DVD, when Levesque first arrived in the WWF he was perceived as being arrogant and self-centered, but by accepting his punishment he earned legitimate respect.


title: The Kliq

text: The incident turned out to have a major impact on the WWF's future. For the first time in modern pro-wrestling history, a major company was forced to acknowledge that its events were scripted; McMahon would later use this to his advantage in the development of several meta-storylines, including a skit on the October 6, 1997 episode of "Raw Is War" in which Michaels and Levesque, both in character, played footage of the Curtain Call incident. Before the Curtain Call, Levesque had been booked into the finals of the 1996 King of the Ring tournament during the following summer, but his place – and the push that usually went with it – would instead go to Stone Cold Steve Austin, igniting his , an event which ultimately helped the WWF defeat WCW in the Monday Night Wars. Levesque's acceptance of his punishment and the respect it earned him resulted in him only suffering short-term repercussions. He would go on to win the following year's King of the Ring tournament and later went on to become a 14-time world champion, beginning with his WWF Championship victory over Mankind the night after SummerSlam in 1999.


title: The Kliq

text: When Hall and Nash went to WCW, they formed the tag team The Outsiders, as well as the New World Order (nWo) stable alongside Hulk Hogan. Rather than see the breaking of kayfabe as a crisis moment for professional wrestling, WCW decided to exploit it by introducing their own meta-storyline that incorporated fans' growing awareness of the backstage politics of pro-wrestling: Upon Nash and Hall's arrival, they were implied to still be working for the WWF, staging an "invasion" of WCW.


title: The Kliq

text: When Waltman later jumped to WCW, he also joined the nWo as Syxx, often working closely with the Outsiders and forming the trio known as the Wolfpac. Many fans criticized Kevin Nash for his booking tenure in WCW since it displayed the same self-promoting behavior associated with The Kliq on an even larger scale. Fans often pointed to Nash booking himself to win the WCW World Heavyweight Championship from the then-undefeated Goldberg and the subsequent match with Hogan as the most grievous of his "offenses". Nash, however, claims that he did not have booking power at the time of the incident. Nash's innocence claim is disputed in several shoot interviews by various WCW wrestlers from the time who claimed that he, Hogan and several others often refused to put other wrestlers over in order to keep themselves as the main stars.


title: The Kliq

text: Meanwhile, Michaels and Levesque began to persuade WWF management to let them pair up on screen, but management was hesitant and wanted to keep them separated on-screen. They eventually aligned together in the faction D-Generation X (D-X), with Levesque's "Hunter Hearst Helmsley" fictional persona gradually transformed and re-dubbed Triple H or HHH, and alongside Levesque's then-girlfriend and on-screen female "bodyguard" Chyna. Rick Rude also temporarily joined the group (as a sort of on-screen bodyguard for Michaels), though his membership ended when he signed with WCW after his WWF contract expired in early November 1997.


title: The Kliq

text: D-X eventually became as influential to the Monday Night Wars as the nWo. D-X's antics also went on to help spark The Attitude Era in the WWF. After Sean Waltman was fired from WCW, he was hired by WWF and joined D-X, replacing the injured Michaels. The nWo's hand sign, often referred to as the "Wolf Head", was originally used by the Kliq members in the WWF. Hall and Nash brought the hand sign with them and it became widely used by the nWo members and fans worldwide.


title: The Kliq

text: On the October 6, 1997 "Raw Is War", Shawn Michaels alluded to this off-screen connection. After Bret Hart claimed to have destroyed the Kliq and to have "run [Scott Hall and Kevin Nash] outta town", Michaels declared, "The Kliq owns this [professional wrestling] business", and said that it had really undergone "expansion" rather than "destruction". During a brief period in 1998, after Waltman's return to the WWF as X-Pac, in promos the members of D-Generation X made numerous references to their "friends" in WCW. On the April 27, 1998 "Raw" (recorded live in Hampton, Virginia), D-X (by now composed of Triple H, Waltman, Billy Gunn, Road Dogg and Chyna) staged a mock "invasion" protest/paramilitary take-over of the nearby Norfolk Scope, where "Nitro" was being held. Triple H, riding in an M38, chanted "Let our people go!" through a megaphone during the incident. Waltman called out, "We just wanted to say 'what's up' to our boys Kevin Nash and Scott Hall". D-X also led a chant of "WCW sucks" by fans outside the arena who had tickets to the show (some of whom, Triple H alleged, had been given free tickets to "Nitro" by WCW in order to boost crowd numbers, a common trick promoters have done to fill arenas and increase concession and merchandise sales).


title: The Kliq

text: In 2002, after WCW had gone out of business, The nWo was reformed in the WWF with Hall, Nash and Hogan, the group's initial members. Hogan soon left the group after being attacked by Nash and Hall as a result of his turning into a fan favorite at WrestleMania X8. Other former members, including Big Show and Waltman, joined the group. Later, Shawn Michaels – after years away from the ring –was introduced by Kevin Nash as the newest member of the nWo, and Michaels promised the rest of the group that he would soon deliver Triple H. After weeks of lobbying for Triple H's services, a backstage promo of The nWo wishing Triple H luck before the match aired. This included 4 members of The Kliq (Michaels, Nash, Waltman and Triple H), as Big Show appeared wishing Triple H good luck as well. The nWo told Triple H to "throw up the hand signal" if he needed any help out there. Shortly thereafter, Nash suffered a torn quadriceps (after returning the same night after time off due to a biceps injury) during a ten-man tag-team match, and the following week Vince McMahon disbanded The nWo. Eric Bischoff (acting as the Raw brand General Manager) later tried to make Michaels Triple H's manager. This led to a short-lived reformation of D-X, as Triple H turned on him the same night, setting off a long and heated feud that took approximately two years to resolve. The year after, Nash returned from injury as a fan favorite and sided with Michaels against Evolution (Triple H, Ric Flair, Batista and Randy Orton).


title: The Kliq

text: Michaels and Triple H have reformed D-Generation X multiple times, first reuniting for a six-month stint on the June 12, 2006, edition of Monday Night Raw. They would feud against The Spirit Squad (Kenny, Johnny, Mitch, Nicky, and Mikey), Big Show and Vince McMahon, and later the team of Rated-RKO (Edge and Randy Orton), until Triple H's legitimate knee injury in the beginning of 2007. They would reform again on August 2009 during Shawn Michaels' last year in the WWE. During this year, D-Generation X would capture the Unified WWE Tag Team Championships at against Jericho and Big Show, which would become the start of the first and only title reign for Triple H and Shawn Michaels as a tag team. D-Generation X would later go on to disband in March 2010 (after losing the tag Team titles to Big Show and The Miz). Michaels would then focus heavily on ending the winning streak of The Undertaker at WrestleMania, having failed to do so at WrestleMania XXV, and he would put his career on the line for their second WrestleMania encounter at WrestleMania XXVI which he would go on to lose and therefore end his career.


title: The Kliq

text: Hall, Nash and Waltman (then working for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling) would reunite in a stable called The Band, where Hall and Nash won the TNA World Tag Team Championship, but Hall and Waltman were released shortly after (and Nash's contract would expire later on in the year).


title: The Kliq

text: On April 2, 2011, The Kliq, consisting of Nash, Waltman, Triple H and Shawn Michaels, made a special appearance as Shawn Michaels was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame 2011. Scott Hall decided not to attend the Hall of Fame ceremony or other WrestleMania XXVII festivities due to concerns of remaining sober. In 2014, at the conclusion of Scott Hall's Hall of Fame induction, the members of The Kliq joined him onstage and reunited for the first time since the curtain call incident. They reunited again in 2015 on an episode of "Raw", and then again at Nash's Hall of Fame induction.


title: Sommersby

text: Sommersby is a 1993 American romantic period drama film directed by Jon Amiel from a screenplay written by Nicholas Meyer and Sarah Kernochan, adapted from the historical account of the 16th century French peasant Martin Guerre. Based on the 1982 French film "The Return of Martin Guerre", the film stars Richard Gere and Jodie Foster, with Bill Pullman, James Earl Jones, Clarice Taylor, Frankie Faison, and R. Lee Ermey in supporting roles. Set in the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War, the film depicts a farmer returning home from the war, with his wife beginning to suspect that the man is an impostor.


title: Sommersby

text: "Sommersby" was released in the United States on February 5, 1993 by Warner Bros. The film received generally positive reviews from critics who praised the performances and chemistry of its lead actors as well as the musical score and was a box office success grossing over $140 million worldwide on a budget of $30 million.


title: Sommersby

text: John "Jack" Sommersby left his farm to fight in the American Civil War and is presumed dead after six years. Despite the hardship of working their farm in Vine Hill, Tennessee, his apparent widow Laurel is content in his absence, because Jack was an unpleasant and abusive husband. She makes remarriage plans with one of her neighbors, Orin Meacham, who has been helping her and her young son with the farmwork.


title: Sommersby

text: One day, Jack seemingly returns with a change of heart. He is now kind and loving to Laurel and their young son, Rob. In the evenings, he reads to them from Homer's "Iliad", which the old Jack would never have done. He claims that the book was given to him by a man he met in prison. Jack and Laurel rekindle their intimacy, which leads to Laurel becoming pregnant.


title: Sommersby

text: Displaced from his courtship of Laurel, Meacham suspects Jack to be an impostor. The town shoemaker also finds that this man's foot is two sizes smaller than the last made for Sommersby before the war. Jack finds the local economy ruined, and his own land mortgaged and exhausted. To revive the economy, he suggests Burley tobacco as a cash crop. He persuades the townsfolk to pool their resources to buy seed, offering them to share-crop on his land, and to sell them their plots at a fair price once the mortgage is cleared. This raises further doubts in his old neighbors, who believe that the "old" Jack would not give away his father's land, and resentment about the inclusion of former slaves.


title: Sommersby

text: Joseph, a black freedman living on Sommersby's land, is brutally attacked and brought to Sommersby's door by hooded night riders proclaiming themselves the Knights of the White Camellia (one of them is Meacham). Jack is threatened, in an attempt to force him to exclude black people from the landowning, but he refuses.


title: Sommersby

text: Upon taking the townspeople's money, he buys the tobacco seed claiming that the crops will raise enough funds to rebuild the town church. All those that bought in on the deal set to work, transforming the plantation into a breeding ground of promise and prosperity. Laurel gives birth to a daughter, Rachel.


title: Sommersby

text: Shortly after Rachel's baptism, two U.S. Marshals arrest Jack on the charge of murder, which carries the death penalty. Laurel's attempts to save her husband focus on the question of his identity: whether this "Jack" is who he claims to be, or a lookalike who met the real Sommersby whilst in prison for deserting the Confederate Army. Laurel and Jack's lawyer agree to argue that her husband is an impostor. This would save him from hanging for murder, but he would still be imprisoned for fraud and military desertion. Meacham devises this plan in exchange for Laurel promising to marry him upon "Sommersby's" imprisonment.


title: Sommersby

text: Jack fires the lawyer and sets about re-establishing himself as the real Sommersby. Several witnesses are brought up to discredit this Sommersby as a fraud, who state that he is Horace Townsend, an English teacher and con artist from Virginia. One witness says that the man currently posing as Jack defrauded his township of several thousand dollars after claiming he wanted to help rebuild the schoolhouse there. He is also said to have deserted the Confederate Army and ended up in prison. Sommersby discredits the man's testimony by identifying him as one of the Klansmen who had threatened him earlier. He points out that Orin Meacham was another of those men and that this is all a set-up to try to rob the new black farmers of the land they have bought.


title: Sommersby

text: When Laurel is called as a witness, she reveals that his kind nature convinced her of his being an impostor, admitting "…because I never loved him the way I love you!". Judge Barry Conrad Isaacs calls Jack to his bench to ask whether he wishes to be tried as Jack Sommersby, even if it will certainly mean death by hanging. Jack states that he wants to be tried as John "Jack" Sommersby.


title: Sommersby

text: Jack is convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to death by hanging. While awaiting death, he is asked by Laurel to tell the truth about his identity as Horace Townsend. Laurel mentions the book on Homer's works that he holds. Jack tells her the story of how a man had to share a cell with another man, who looked like they could have been brothers. After sharing a cell for four years, they came to know everything about each other.


title: Sommersby

text: Upon his release, Jack Sommersby killed another man, then died from a wound he got during the fight. Horace Townsend then buried Jack Sommersby, which is seen in the opening scene of the film. Horace decided to assume Jack Sommersby's identity. 'Jack' (who is, in fact, Horace) concludes by saying he cannot admit his true identity, because Laurel and the children would lose everything, and the newly-freed slaves who had bought plots of land would lose them.


title: Sommersby

text: As Jack is taken to the gallows, he asks Laurel to be amongst the crowds, as he cannot "hang alone". As Jack is about to be hanged, Laurel makes her way to the front of the crowd. Jack calls for her, claiming to the executioner that he "isn't ready". She calls back to him, and the two see each other before he is executed.


title: Sommersby

text: The closing scenes show Laurel walking up a hill with flowers. She then kneels by the gravestone of "John Robert Sommersby" and lays the flowers down for him. It is revealed that work is being done on the steeple of the village church, as Jack had wished.


title: Sommersby

text: The film was a box office success, grossing over $50 million in the United States and Canada and $90 million overseas, with a worldwide gross of $140 million against a budget of $30 million.


title: Sommersby

text: "Sommersby" received generally positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, gives the film an approval rating of 62% based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's consensus states: ""Sommersby" stumbles as a consistently compelling mystery, but typically solid work from Jodie Foster and Richard Gere fuels an engaging romance." Critics praised the acting and chemistry of the two leads, Gere and Foster, but criticised the ending of the film.


title: Sommersby

text: "Sommersby" is based on the French film "The Return of Martin Guerre" which in turn is based on the true story of Martin Guerre.


title: Sommersby

text: The same basic theme was used in a 1997 episode of "The Simpsons", "The Principal and the Pauper," when it turns out that Principal Seymour Skinner is actually Armin Tamzarian (a delinquent orphan from New Orleans) who assumed the identity of Sergeant Seymour Skinner when the latter was missing and assumed dead. When the real Seymour Skinner returns home, the townspeople turn against him, discovering that for all of his faults, Armin Tamzarian is actually a better "Seymour Skinner" than the real one. The episode's working title was "Skinnersby", in reference to the film.


title: Sommersby

text: In the 1946 British war drama, "The Captive Heart", the protagonist, a Czech army captain (played by Michael Redgrave) assumes the identity of a dead British officer, in hopes of avoiding being returned to Dachau concentration camp.


title: Sommersby

text: The 1957 film, "The Bridge on the River Kwai", has a protagonist (played by William Holden) who has assumed the identity of his dead commanding officer in the hope of receiving better treatment as a prisoner of war.


title: Sommersby

text: In "Libel" (a 1959 film, and a 1935 play), Sir Mark Loddon is accused of being an imposter by Buckenham, with whom he was a POW during the war. They had shared quarters with Wellney, who had borne a resemblance to Loddon and at times pretended to be him. Buckenham alleges that Loddon is in fact Wellney impersonating the baronet. Loddon sues for libel but his case is hampered by memory loss, so that his wife, and even Loddon himself, start to doubt his identity.


title: Sommersby

text: Similarly, in "Mad Men", Richard "Dick" Whitman goes to war in Korea and his commanding officer, Lt. Donald "Don" Draper, is killed in an artillery barrage. With his body charred beyond recognition, Whitman switches dog tags with Draper and assumes his identity. The widow of the real Don Draper, Anna Draper, hunts him down, believing Don has run out on her. Instead, she discovers the switch, becoming a very close friend of the fake Don Draper.


title: Sommersby

text: In the final minutes of the "Family Guy" episode "Thanksgiving", another man claiming to be the real Kevin Swanson bursts in the door, claiming the other is an impostor in a spoof.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: Kim Eun-sook (Korean: 김은숙, born 1973) is a South Korean screenwriter. She wrote the popular television dramas "Lovers in Paris" (2004), "On Air" (2008), "Secret Garden" (2010), "A Gentleman's Dignity" (2012), "The Heirs" (2013), "Descendants of the Sun" (2016), "" (2016–2017), "Mr. Sunshine" (2018) and "" (2020).


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: Kim first gained attention when her television drama "Lovers in Paris" became a major hit in the summer of 2004, with viewership ratings averaging 41.3% and a peak of 57.6% (#11 highest rated of all time). The cast and crew flew to France to film several scenes in Paris and Nice, igniting a trend among Korean dramas for overseas location shoots. A "Cinderella"-like story of a cheerful, ordinary girl who becomes the housekeeper of a cold and suave businessman, lead actors Park Shin-yang and Kim Jung-eun shared the Grand Prize ("Daesang") at the 2004 SBS Drama Awards. Then at the 2005 Baeksang Arts Awards, "Lovers in Paris" won the following awards: the Daesang, Best TV Actress for Kim Jung-eun, and Best TV Screenplay for Kim Eun-sook and Kang Eun-jung. It also became popular internationally, and Kim Jung-eun was named Best Actress at the 2005 Asian Television Awards.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: Kim chose another European setting for her next drama, "Lovers in Prague" (2005). In a gender reversal, Jeon Do-yeon played a diplomat in Prague, Czech Republic, who falls in love with a police detective, played by Kim Joo-hyuk. Kim Eun-sook said she wanted to feature a romance in which the woman's social status is higher than her partner, and wanted to make the social difference between the two main characters as extreme as possible by also making the heroine the daughter of the president of South Korea. Kim added, "Although some might say it is another unrealistic story, a drama is a drama. I just want to make people enjoy the fantasy." Jeon won the Daesang at the 2005 SBS Drama Awards, and Kim Joo-hyuk won Best TV Actor at the 2006 Baeksang Arts Awards.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: Kim tried her hand at writing for the big screen in the 2006 melodrama "Fly High" (also known as "Loving is Okay"). Directed by Kwak Ji-kyoon, it starred Ji Hyun-woo as a high school student who falls for a girl with a terminal illness (Im Jung-eun). The film was a critical and box office disappointment, and Kim soon returned to her milieu, television.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: Despite overseas shoots in Hainan, China, the conclusion to Kim's loosely named ""Lovers" trilogy" was simply titled "Lovers" (2006-2007). Based on the Lee Man-hee stage play "Turn Around and Leave" (that also inspired the 1998 film "A Promise"), Kim again cast Kim Jung-eun, this time opposite Lee Seo-jin, as they played a plastic surgeon and a gangster entering into an unlikely romance. Though not as successful as its predecessors, "Lovers" recorded solid ratings in the high teens to low-20s.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: Kim's next drama, "On Air" (2008), revolved around four entertainment industry figures - a newbie TV director (Park Yong-ha), an established screenwriter (Song Yun-ah, as Kim's alter-ego), a diva actress (Kim Ha-neul), and her struggling manager (Lee Beom-soo), whose personal and professional lives intertwine during the shooting of a fictional TV drama. Filled with cameos and a gossipy, insider look at stars behind the scenes, "On Air" was a hit, and director Shin Woo-chul (in his fourth collaboration with Kim) won Best TV Director at the 2009 Baeksang Arts Awards.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: In "City Hall" (2009), Cha Seung-won played an elite deputy mayor with presidential aspirations who unexpectedly falls for an unwitting female government employee-turned-town mayor (Kim Sun-a). Though she left space in the script for Cha and Kim to ad-lib, Kim Eun-sook called it her funniest work. She said she used politics as a backdrop for the romance to show her idealism regarding public officials.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: A love story between the rich, arrogant and eccentric president of a department store (Hyun Bin) and a brave but sweet stunt woman (Ha Ji-won) whose bodies switch souls whenever it rains, "Secret Garden" (2010-2011) became one of the biggest hits of Kim's career. After writing six dramas, Kim said she "contemplated on whether to write a drama that benefits the world or one that will garner good ratings" and decided to "abandon the depth I showed in "City Hall"" (which recorded solid, if unimpressive, ratings in the high teens). Instead, she "made an easy, light drama for the whole family to enjoy on weekends," and intentionally wrote it "to be fun." "Secret Garden" won Best TV Drama at the 2011 Baeksang Arts Awards, as well as Best TV Screenplay for Kim, Best New TV Actress for Yoo In-na, and the Daesang for Hyun. Kim also won Best Writer at the Seoul International Drama Awards, the Korea Drama Awards, and the Korea Content Awards.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: By this time, the writer-director duo of Kim and Shin had gained a reputation for making hits, and their projects attracted high-profile actors. In 2012, after 12 years of acting in films, superstar Jang Dong-gun made his television comeback in "A Gentleman's Dignity". Jang said that Kim and Shin's involvement in the project influenced his decision. After repeatedly alluding to him in "On Air", Kim confessed her "ulterior motives" that she had really wanted to work on a drama with Jang. She and the crew were so determined to cast him in the lead that not only was the airdate moved back from March to late May to accommodate his schedule, but Kim, in the hopes of getting him to take the role, lied to Jang's wife, actress Ko So-young that there would be no kissing scenes. Instead, Kim wrote racy and sexy scenes, as befitting what has been called a "40-year-old, male version of "Sex and the City"." The drama portrayed the humorous love lives of a group of close-knit male friends played by Jang, Kim Min-jong, Kim Su-ro, and Lee Jong-hyuk, and previous "On Air" star Kim Ha-neul played Jang's love interest.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: Kim said she wrote the hero of 2013 drama "He Who Wishes To Wear the Crown Endures Its Weight: Heirs" (also known as "The Heirs" or "The Inheritors", 2013) specifically for actor Lee Min-ho. He starred opposite Park Shin-hye in a "Gossip Girl"-esque trendy drama set in a high school populated by the uber-rich. Kim said the biggest difference was writing about 18-year-olds when her previous characters had been in their thirties and forties, calling "The Heirs" "a teen romance for grown-ups". She admitted that she utilizes clichés, "but all my previous works used plenty of cliches and were embraced by audiences. The key is making characters that are different, so the audience forgets the clichéd setting. That's what I'm good at, and that is what I find fun. I want people to think, 'I've seen something like this before, but still this is strangely fun.'"


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: Three years since "The Heirs", Kim Eun-sook announced that she would be coming back with a human melodrama about a man and a woman who bond gradually as they save lives in disaster zones and end up falling in love. Titled "Descendants of the Sun", the drama starred Song Joong-ki in his first television drama after military discharge along with Song Hye-kyo. Set in the fictional world of Uruk, Song Joong-ki plays a special forces captain who juggles peacekeeping duties with wooing a surgeon played by Song Hye-kyo. The military drama gained huge success and received immense popularity across Asia. It has given rise to the popularity of Korean soldier talk. The show also contributed to the rise of tourism in Greece, where scenes of the drama were shot.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: The success of "Descendants" saw a change in tide toward pre-produced Korean dramas. However, in an interview, Kim Won-seok (co-writer of "Descendants") stated that said there were some parts that could have been improved on if the show had been shot as it was being aired, per local industry norm.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: Following the success of "Descendants of the Sun", Kim Eun-sook wrote her next two dramas, "" and "Mr. Sunshine" for cable network TVN in 2016 and 2018. Both dramas held the highest average nationwide ratings recorded for cable dramas—12.955% for "Mr. Sunshine", and 12.428% for "Guardian: The Lonely and Great God"—until the former's two-year long record was broken by The World of the Married in 2020.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: Kim Eun-sook returned to free-to-air television with the series "" on SBS. She worked again with Lee Min-ho of "The Heirs" and Kim Go-eun of "Guardian: The Lonely and Great God" in the leading roles. After premiering with a promising double-digit rating of 10.1%, the drama peaked at 11.6% for the second episode but ratings slid to as low as 5.2% during the eleventh episode, the lowest ever recorded for her works including her cable dramas with the series received criticisms for its screenplay, direction and editing, leading to lower-than-expected domestic popularity in Korea.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: Kim's trademark is slick and glossy romantic comedies with fast-flying banter. Some critics have opined that Kim writes shallow characters, and she is as polarizing as she is successful. But not only do most of her dramas appeal to a wide age range of viewers and receive high ratings, but they often have that extra element that make them pop-culture buzz projects, whether it's due to a particularly catchy line of dialogue or a recurring joke.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: On March 10, 2022, Kim made a donation millions to the Hope Bridge Disaster Relief Association to help the victims of the massive wildfire that started in Uljin, Gyeongbuk and has spread to Samcheok, Gangwon. and donated money millions to help Ukraine war victims.


title: Kim Eun-sook

text: On August 17, 2022, Kim donated to help those affected by the 2022 South Korean floods through the Hope Bridge Korea Disaster Relief Association.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium is a 2007 children's fantasy comedy film written and directed by Zach Helm, produced by FilmColony, Mandate Pictures, Walden Media, Richard N. Gladstein and James Garavente, and with music composed by Alexandre Desplat and Aaron Zigman.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: The film stars Dustin Hoffman as the owner of a magical toy store and Natalie Portman as his store employee. A cameo by Kermit the Frog was the character's first major theatrical appearance since 1999's "Muppets from Space".


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: Theatrically released on 16 November 2007 by 20th Century Fox, it received mixed reviews and grossed $69.5 million worldwide. Helm subsequently disowned the film in later years. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 4 March 2008 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: Molly Mahoney, a former musical prodigy suffering from artist's block is an amateur pianist and an employee at "Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium", a magical toy shop run by 243-year-old Mr. Edward Magorium. Besides Molly and Mr. Magorium, store bookbuilder Bellini, a strongman, is also employed. Eric Applebaum is a boy who comes to the store daily and functions as an employee despite his age.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: Mr. Magorium gives Molly the Congreve Cube, a block of wood, and tells her it will guide her to a new life if she has faith in it. Molly wants to become a concert pianist and composer but has not been able to complete her first concerto.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: Mr. Magorium announces that he intends to "leave" and is giving the shop to Molly. In preparation for his departure, Mr. Magorium hires an accountant, Henry Weston to organize the shop's paperwork and determine his legacy to Molly. Henry does not believe that the toy store is magical.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: When Molly becomes upset about her inability to properly run the store, the Emporium 'throws a tantrum', assaulting everyone inside with the toys until Mr. Magorium calms it down. Molly realizes that Mr. Magorium is going to die, so she rushes him to a hospital until he is discharged the next day. She then attempts to prevent Mr. Magorium's departure by showing him the joys of life. Back at the store, Mr. Magorium uses the stage notes of Shakespeare's "King Lear" to make a point about the natural simplicity of death before dying himself. Believing herself to be incapable of owning a magical store, Molly puts the Emporium up for sale, and the store loses all its magic.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: Henry meets Molly to draw up the sale papers, where he sees the Congreve Cube and asks her about it. When Molly confesses her complete faith in the store, the block flies around the store. After witnessing this, Henry faints with shock. When he awakes and questions Molly, she tells him that it was a dream. He then learns Molly made the cube fly and he believes in her, realizing Molly can be anything if she believes in herself. The store returns to its former glory as Molly's confidence increases.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: Photography was from 31 March 2006 to 6 June 2006 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The film was produced by FilmColony's Richard N. Gladstein and Gang of Two's James Garavente, and financed by Walden Media, and Mandate Pictures's Joe Drake and Nathan Kahane.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: The premiere of "Mr Magorium's Wonder Emporium", attended by Natalie Portman and Dustin Hoffman, also doubled as a fundraising event with tickets having been made available to the public. Funds raised at the event were donated to the Barnardo's children's charity and other charities based in the United Kingdom.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: To promote the film the Los Angeles Times ran a scratch and sniff advertisement with a frosted cake smell.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: The film was released in the United States and Canada on 16 November 2007 and grossed $9.6 million in 3,164 theaters its opening weekend, ranking #5 at the box office. It went on to gross $32.1 million in the U.S. and a further $35.4 million in the rest of the world which gives the film a box office total of $67.5 million.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 39% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 126 reviews, with an average rating of 5.20/10. The consensus reads, ""Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium"s title is much more fun than the film itself, as colorful visuals and talented players can't make up for a bland story." On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 48 out of 100, based on 26 reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" declared the film the year's Worst Family Film on his list of the Worst Movies of 2007.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 and wrote: "This isn't quite the over-the-top fantasy you'd like it to be, but it's a charming enough little movie, and probably the younger you are, the more charming."


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: In recognition of the fact that it was "aimed directly at very young children", William Arnold of the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" observed its "unforced and exceedingly gentle humor, its imaginative but never-quite-excessive production design and its ingratiating and surprisingly detailed performancesespecially by Portman and Batemangradually break down one's cynical defenses".


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: Writer-director Zach Helm later disowned the film, calling it "a trainwreck", after the film was referenced in an episode of the AMC drama "Breaking Bad".


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: For his performance in the film, Zach Mills was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: The film has won two awards: the Heartland Film Festival Truly Moving Pictures award; and the Dove Foundation Seal of Approval, whose presenters felt it was "a delightful family film". Shawn Edwards of Fox called it "the most magical film of the year".


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on 4 March 2008 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in the US.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: The score was composed by Alexandre Desplat and Aaron Zigman, and was released on 13 November 2007. The album also included the song "Love the World You Find" performed by the Flaming Lips.


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: In the penultimate episode of the hit AMC series "Breaking Bad" (season 5, episode 15, "Granite State"), Walter White's off-grid New Hampshire residence contains only two DVDs, both of which are "Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium".


title: Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium

text: In season 1, episode 7 of the HBO Max series "Close Enough", a flashback scene of Josh and Emily's first date shows Josh explaining to Emily why he feels the Academy Award for Best Picture might go to "Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium".


title: Père David's deer

text: The Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus), also known as the milu () or elaphure, is a species of deer native to the subtropical river valleys of China. It grazes mainly on grass and aquatic plants. It is the only extant member of the genus "Elaphurus". Some experts suggest demoting "Elaphurus" to a subgenus of "Cervus". Based on genetic comparisons, Père David's deer is closely related to Eld's deer.


title: Père David's deer

text: Père David's deer were hunted almost to extinction in their native China by the late 19th century, but a number were taken to zoos in France and Germany and the deer was bred successfully in captivity. In the early 20th century, the British nobleman and politician Herbrand Russell, 11th Duke of Bedford, acquired a few Père David's deer from the Berlin Zoo and built up a large herd on his estate at Woburn Abbey. In the 1980s, the duke's great-grandson Robin Russell, 14th Duke of Bedford, donated several dozen deer to the Chinese government for reintroducing the species to the wild. As of 2020, the wild population in China was estimated 2825 individuals, with a further 7380 in various nature reserves in China. All Père David's deer alive today descend from the Herbrand Russell's original herd.


title: Père David's deer

text: The Père David's deer is endemic to the Chinese region. According to fossil records, the species first appeared during the Pleistocene period, when it could be found across Manchuria. This demography changed during the Holocene period; during this time, the species could only be found in the swamp lands and wetlands of southern China. Due to hunting and land reclamation, the population of the Père David's deer became even smaller. By 1939, the last of the wild species were shot and killed.


title: Père David's deer

text: This species of deer was first made known to Western science in 1866 by Armand David (Père David), a French missionary working in China. He obtained the carcasses of an adult male, an adult female and a young male, and sent them to Paris, where the species was named "Père David's Deer" by Alphonse Milne-Edwards, a French biologist.


title: Père David's deer

text: The species is sometimes known by its informal name "sibuxiang" (; Japanese: "shifuzō"), literally meaning "four not alike", which could mean "the four unlikes" or "like none of the four"; it is variously said that the four are cow, deer, donkey, horse (or) camel, and that the expression means in detail:


title: Père David's deer

text: By this name, this undomesticated animal entered Chinese mythology as the mount of Jiang Ziya in "Fengshen Bang" (translated as "Investiture of the Gods"), a Chinese classical work of fiction written during the Ming Dynasty.


title: Père David's deer

text: The adult Père David's deer reaches a head-and-body length of up to and stands about tall at the shoulder. The tail is relatively long for a deer, measuring when straightened. Weight is between . The head is long and slender with large eyes, very large preorbital glands, a naked nose pad and small, pointed ears.


title: Père David's deer

text: The branched antlers are unique in that the long tines point backward, while the main beam extends almost directly upward. There may be two pairs per year. The summer antlers are the larger set, and are dropped in November, after the summer rut. The second set—if they appear—are fully grown by January, and fall off a few weeks later.


title: Père David's deer

text: The coat is reddish tan in the summer, changing to a dull gray in the winter. Long wavy guard hairs are present on and coat throughout the year, with the coat becoming woolier in winter. There is a mane on the neck and throat and a black dorsal stripe running along the cervicothoracic spine. The tail is about in length, with a dark tuft at the end. The hooves are large and spreading, and make clicking sounds (as in the reindeer) when the animal is moving.


title: Père David's deer

text: A semiaquatic animal, Père David's deer swims well, spending long periods standing in water up to its shoulders. Although predominantly a grazer, the deer supplements its grass diet with aquatic plants in the summer.


title: Père David's deer

text: Père David's deer has similar reproductive physiological mechanisms to other deer species living in temperate latitudes. These mechanisms aid in the adaptation to a high-latitude environment. The reproductive behavior in stags differs from hinds.


title: Père David's deer

text: In stags rutting behavior includes urine sniffing, anogenital sniffing, wallowing, and antler adorning. Communication behavior includes the spraying of urine and preorbital gland marking. The stags generally begin to rut before any signs of female sexual behavior. The reason to this is to establish a social rank among the stags. For Père David's deer the stag initiates the breeding season with the rutting.


title: Père David's deer

text: In hinds, estrous behavior includes urinating frequently, receptivity, and allowing the stags to mount. Parental behavior involves sniffing the calf, calling, and rubbing the face of the calf. The hind has a typical behavior of being solitary.


title: Père David's deer

text: The gestation period is about nine months, roughly around 280 days, after which a single offspring is usually born; twins are born rarely. The gestation period is significantly longer than any other deer besides the roe deer. Père David's deer are considered seasonal breeders because three out of four calves are born during April in captive European populations. The breeding season is 160 days with the mating season usually being in June and July. Calf weight, calculated using Robbins and Robbins equation, tends to be between 11.3 and 13.2 kg. The juveniles (referred to as either "fawns" or "calves") have a spotted coat, as is commonly seen in most species of deer. They are known to develop very quickly after birth. They reach sexual maturity at about 14 months. The average lifespan of a Père David deer is up to 18 years.


title: Père David's deer

text: An experiment was conducted to show how captivity would affect the deer's behavior and survival rate. Two areas were created; one with a large area containing a few Père David's deer present and one with a small area containing a high concentration of Père David's deer present. It was found when in captivity, it is best to keep the deer in large open areas that allow for adequate space with a reasonable number of individual deer living in the area; if put in a small area with a multitude of individuals present, stress amongst the deer will build up. Studies have shown through the high concentration of fecal matter in an area of captivity with limited space and a large number of Père David deer that they have shown different behavioral patterns to their wild counterparts. These deer would spend less time resting, and would stand longer due to human presence as well as display social aggression and competition over food sources. It is therefore unwise to keep them in small, densely populated areas to prevent accumulation of stress and aggression against each other.


title: Père David's deer

text: The Père David's deer has been in isolation from the wild for more than 1200 years, causing humans to be the primary perceived threat due to a long-term lack of exposure to other natural predators. When encountering humans, the deer's response varies according to sex. Female-only groups display a lower degree of caution towards humans than in male-only groups. It was hypothesized that the presence of a single type of threat may be sufficient to maintain anti-predator responses in the face of relaxed predation pressure. During rutting season, the does will display increased vigilance and heightened threat perception, likely in response to the mating activities of the males.