title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Historically, many Muslims from the julaha or weaver caste began to identify as "Ansaris", the butchers as "Quereshis", and the sanitation and "bhishti" caste Muslims as "Sheikh".


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: The Muslim concept of "kafa'a/kufu/kafa'ah", which ulama use to support endogamy, provides a justification for South Asian Muslim caste practices. Kafa'ah is hereditary.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Ashrafization, (analogous to Aryanization or Rajputization) includes adopting upper caste Muslims' practices to achieve social climbing.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Another type of Ashrafization is the establishment of caste associations to promote a community's interests and for, especially, social support. These ('forum', 'society') are commonly termed (; 'congregation', 'group', 'community'), replacing in the associations' names the use of , which signifies 'birth or origin group'. The Khoja caste, who are Ismaili Shias found particularly in Karachi and Sindh, are prominent in this regard. Other prominent Muslim caste associations are those of the Memons and the Bohras in Sindh and Gujarat.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: There are various definitions of the term "caste", and therefore, various contested opinions on whether this term can be used to denote social stratification among non-Hindu communities .(e.g Hindu Varna or British Raj classification). Ghaus Ansari (1960) uses the term "caste" to describe the Muslim social groups with following characteristics:endogamy within a given social group, hierarchical gradation of social groups, determination of the group membership by birth, and, in some cases, association of an occupation with the social group.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Nelson's book, in particular, included a whole chapter dedicated to the primarily British Raj Indologist derived neologism of Muslim "castes". In the 20th century British India, a number of works included the Muslim social groups in their descriptions of the Indian castes. These included H. A. Rose's "A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province" (1911).


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: In independent India, Ghaus Ansari (1960) initiated academic discussion over the neologism of Muslim "caste" system. Subsequently, Imtiaz Ahmed elaborated the topic in his "Caste and Social Stratification among the Muslims" (1973).


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: About 1915, Mirza Muhammad Hassan Qatil wrote about the four "firqa" (classes) of the Ashraf. He describes how people are considered to be "paji" (contemptible) in the following occupations: elephant caretaking, bread business, perfume business, and businesses in bazaars.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: The neologism Syedism (or Sayedism) is considered to be a system of social inequality among South Asian Muslims. Syedism involves the belief that Syeds (or Saiads/Sayyads/Saiyeds) have a more authentic grasp on Islam and all social and political matters. Zat is sometimes considered a broader category than Biradari. In Pakistani Punjab, being relatives is the main criterion to comprise a Biradari. The ranking, from highest to lowest, of Ashraf castes is the following: Syed, Gaur Muslims, Abbasi and Mughals


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: There is a hierarchy among Ashrafs that is determined by the degree of nearness to Muhammad and which country they originate from; accordingly the Syeds (who trace descent from Fatima, Muhammad's daughter) have the highest status.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: The non-Ashrafs are categorized as "Ajlaf". The untouchable Hindu converts are also categorized as "Arzal" ("degraded"). They are relegated to menial professions such as scavenging and carrying night soil.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: B.R. Ambedkar, citing the Superintendent of the Census for 1901 for the Province of Bengal, mentions that the Ajlaf primarily include:


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: For the Arzal, the following castes are mentioned by the Superintendent of the Census: Bhanar, Halalkhor, Hijra, Kasbi, Lalbegi, Maugta, Mehtar.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: In Pakistan, various social groups (called ) display a social stratification comparable to the Indian caste system. The various differ widely in power, privilege and wealth. Both ethnic affiliation (e.g. Pathan, Sindhi, Baloch, Punjabi, etc.) and membership of specific biraderis or are additional integral components of social identity. Within the bounds of endogamy defined by the above parameters, close consanguineous unions are preferred due to a congruence of key features of group- and individual-level background factors as well as affinities. McKim Marriott adds that a social stratification that is hierarchical, closed, endogamous, and hereditary is widely prevalent, particularly in western parts of Pakistan. The numerically and socially influential tribes in Pakistani Punjab includes the agricultural tribes of Arain, Awan, Jat Muslim and Gujjar as well as Rajput.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: The majority of ulemas (theologians/doctors of the law) are part of the Syed, and many Ashrafs are businessmen, landowners, and traders.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: A "marriage circle" can be formed over an area, over which a zat panchayat (caste council) can have the authority, and where marriage alliances occur.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: A Syed's status is sometimes based more on male descendants and hypergamous marriage than bloodline purity.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: In the "Rasum-i Hind", a textbook that was compiled by Master Pyare Lal in 1862, the four "firqa" (or subdivisions of the Ashraf) are explained, and "nasl" (lineage/pedigree) is elaborated:


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: In the ruling class of the Mughal Empire, Muslims were classified as native Hindustani, Afghan, Turani, and Irani.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Zamindars, which are landowning class, and Kammis, which are service providing castes, are status groups that are caste based that are found in a hierarchical system in Pakistani Punjabi villages. Kammi Quoms and Zamindar Quoms are rigid birth-based groups that are based on parentage occupations. In the Seyp System, which is contractual labor, the Kammis provide labor and services, and they receive favors, food, money, crops, and grains. Zamindars are considered to be a dominant caste, and leaders in the village and people who dominate affairs of the village tend to be Zamindars. Social, political, and economic affairs of the village are dominated by Zamindar Quoms in Pakistan, and land is controlled by Zamindar Quoms, while Kammi Quoms are socially marginalized and discriminated. Inter-Quom endogamy is found between Kammi Quoms and Zamindar Quoms. Ancestral land ownership and a parentage job being cultivation are what Punjabi Pakistanis ascribe to the Zamindar status.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: "Zamindars", in modern-day Pakistani Punjabi villages, typically refer to a Quom that owns land and has an occupation of agriculture - Zamindari. There are some castes that are higher than the service providing castes and below the landowning castes.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Caste endogamy is found in Pakistan, with members of a Quom tending to marry within the Quom. In the rural parts of Pakistani Punjab, the lack of marriages between Kammi and Zamindar Quoms is vital to the caste system. Kammis include artisan, laborer, and service providing Quoms (such as barbers, cobblers, and carpenters).


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Quoms are highly influential in marriage practices. However, different Zamindar Quoms sometimes intermarry, and this may constitute a Biradari. A large majority of Kammis perform daily wage labour or low ranking tasks.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: A study in a Pakistani Punjabi village found that in the "Seyp" (contractual relationships) between a "Zamindar" (landholding) family and "Kammi" (artisan castes) families, Kammi families give goods and perform services to the Zamindars, which give the Kammis grain; the Kammi families also perform some customary and ritual tasks - for example, the barber cooks in the Zamindar's house on special events and does circumcision.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: People also exhibit loyalty to their Quoms in elections. In Pakistani Punjab, Biradaris are the sole criteria in local bodies' elections. There are more Zamindars than Kammis in Pakistani Punjab. Including because of the high financial costs of running in an election, Kammis do not generally run in elections.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: There are around 35 Muslim castes in Bengal. Muslim society is historically divided into 3 large groupings in Bengal, with the Sharif/Ashraf at the top, followed by the "Atraf" (low-born), and with the Arzal or Ajlaf at the bottom.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Other Muslim castes historically do not associate with Arzal castes. Lower castes historically are not allowed to enter mosques or be buried in the public burial ground.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Sharifism refers to the special status given to claimants of prophetic "nasab" (also "qarabah"), which means "closeness", or being descended from Muhammad, Muhammad's Quraysh tribe, or Muhammad's family.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Many Ashrafs do not recognize Arzal Muslims as part of the Muslim South Asian community ("millat") and think they should not be part of liberation processes.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Over the centuries, like other South Asian societies, the Muslim society in the region has evolved into the concept of caste purity and pollution. Hence, the low-class ("Ajlaf") Muslims in the region have faced other kinds of discrimination. In 20th century India, the upper-class ("Ashraf") Muslims dominated the government jobs and parliamentary representation. As a result, there have been campaigns to include lower social classes among the groups eligible for affirmative action in India under "SC and STs provision act".


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: An analysis of Muslim representation in India's Lok Sabha found that of the roughly 400 Muslim representatives from the 1st to the 14th Lok Sabha, 340 were Ashraf, while 60 were Pasmanda (meaning oppressed/marginalized); Pasmandas make up 85% of India's Muslim population and Ashrafs 15%.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Some scholars say that Ashraf Muslims are over-represented in government-run institutions for minorities (including Aligarh Muslim University).


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: In India's Bihar state, higher caste Muslims have opposed lower caste Muslims being buried in the same graveyard.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: A study in a Pakistani village found that a caste-like hierarchy exists in the Muslim community of the village. The sweeper group is ranked the lowest. The other Muslim communities do not allow the sweepers to touch the cooking vessels of the upper ranking groups of Muslims.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Medieval Ashraf scholars mentioned that Muslims of Afghan, Iranian, Arab, and Central Asian origin were superior while local converts were inferior. This was due not only to racial differences with local concerts generally being dark skinned and Ashrafs being lighter skinned, but also due to Ashraf being the dominant political elite, while the majority of Ajlaf were associated with ancestral professions as peasants and artisans which were looked down upon as inferior and demeaning.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Based on classical literature, particularly the "Fatawa-i-Jahandari" written by Turkish scholar Ziauddin Barani, a leading courtier of Muhammad bin Tughlaq (Sultan of Delhi), caste divisions were recommended among Indian Muslims. Barani warned the Sultan not to educate the lowborn and that they are not allowed to mingle with the superior race.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Barani also explained at one point how Turkish sultans discriminated against Muslims of local descent. He explains how Iltutmish discriminated against low birth Muslims by letting go 33 of them from the government. Additionally, Iltutmish appointed Jamal Marzuq to the post of Mutassarif of Kanauj; Aziz Bahruz disagreed due to low birth status, which resulted in Marzuq no longer being the Mutassarif. Low born people were not allowed to be in the post of mudabbiri or khwajgi, and they also could not be eligible for an iqta recommendation.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Balban prevented low-birth people from being in important offices, and he also criticized how Kamal Mohiyar was selected for mutassarif of Amroaha. A letter by Sayyid Ashraf Jahangiri explains how Balban thoroughly researched the ancestry of every single one of his government servants and officers; he had genealogists meet in Delhi to ascertain these ancestries.


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Tughlaq had a policy of giving "preference to foreign born Muslims in administration and government" and "systematically ignored the claims of Indian Muslims". Sayyid Ashraf Jahangiri explains how:


title: Caste system among South Asian Muslims

text: Historians and Urdu writers (including Masood Alam Falahi) have explained how discrimination of Ashraf Muslims towards lower caste Muslims and Dalit Muslims was often disguised under claims of class and ""khandaani"" (family line) values among Uttar Pradesh Muslims.


title: Phablet

text: A phablet (, ) is a mobile device combining or straddling the size formats of smartphones and tablets. The word is a portmanteau of "phone" and "tablet".


title: Phablet

text: Phablets feature large displays that complement screen-intensive activity such as mobile web browsing and multimedia viewing. They may also include software optimized for an integral self-storing stylus to facilitate sketching, note-taking and annotation. Phablets were originally designed for the Asian market where consumers could not afford both a smartphone and tablet as in North America; phones for that market are known for having "budget-specs-big-battery" with large low resolution screens and midrange processors, although other phablets have flagship specifications. Since then, phablets in North America have also become successful for several reasons: Android 4.0 and subsequent releases of Android were suited to large as well as small screen sizes, while older consumers preferred larger screen sizes on smartphones due to deteriorating eyesight. Examples of earlier devices with similar form factors date to 1993. The term "phablet" was widespread in the industry from 2012 to 2014 although its usage has declined since as average smartphone sizes eventually morphed into small tablet sizes, up to 6.9 inches.


title: Phablet

text: As of 2020, most budget and entry-level Android smartphones constitute the phablet form factor, as they utilize a minimum of 6.5-inch screen size and a height of 160 mm or higher. This was first popularized by Chinese brands Oppo and Infinix Mobile in 2019, which began producing larger-screen budget smartphones for developing markets such as Bangladesh, India, South Africa and Indonesia. Samsung also started producing large-screen budget smartphones since 2020, with the introduction of Samsung Galaxy A21.


title: Phablet

text: The definition of a phablet has changed in recent years due to the proliferation of larger displays on mainstream smartphones, and smartphones designed with thin bezels and/or curved screens to make them more compact than other devices with similar screen sizes. Thus, a device with a "phablet-sized" screen may not necessarily be considered one.


title: Phablet

text: Current phablets typically have a diagonal display measurement between and . In comparison, most flagship smartphones released in 2021 have a screen size of over , with larger versions of mainstream flagships (such as iPhone 13 Pro Max, Pixel 6 Pro, and Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra 5G) using over displays. "PhoneArena" argued that the S7 Edge was not a phablet, as it has a narrow and compact build with a physical footprint more in line with the smaller-screened Nexus 5X, due primarily to its use of a display with curved edges.


title: Phablet

text: In 2017, several manufacturers began to release smartphones with displays taller than the conventional 16:9 aspect ratio used by the majority of devices, and diagonal screen sizes often around 6 inches. However, in these cases, the sizes of the devices are more compact than 16:9 aspect ratio devices with equivalent diagonal screen sizes.


title: Phablet

text: In tracing the 10 earliest devices in the history of the phablet concept, "PC Magazine" called the 1993 AT&T EO 440, "the first true phablet", followed by the following devices:


title: Phablet

text: However, the form factor did not become popular until the arrival of the Galaxy Note in the 2010s. The Android-based Dell Streak included a 5-inch (130 mm), 800×480 display and a widescreen-optimized interface. Reviewers encountered issues with its outdated operating system, Android 1.6, which was not yet optimized for such a large screen size, and the device was commercially unsuccessful.


title: Phablet

text: The Samsung Galaxy Note used a screen. While some media outlets questioned the viability of the device, the Note received positive reception for its stylus functionality, the speed of its 1.5 GHz dual-core processor, and the advantages of its high resolution display. The Galaxy Note was a commercial success; Samsung announced in December 2011 that the Galaxy Note had sold 1 million units in two months. In February 2012, Samsung debuted a Note version with LTE support. By August 2012, the Note had sold 10 million units worldwide.


title: Phablet

text: In late 2012, Samsung introduced the Galaxy Note II, featuring a 1.6 GHz quad-core processor, a screen and the ability to run two applications at once via a split-screen view. The Note II also incorporated a refreshed hardware design based on the Galaxy S III, with a narrower, smoother body. International sales of the Galaxy Note II reached 5 million in two months. The 2012 LG Optimus Vu used a 5-inch (130 mm) display with an unusual in contrast to the aspect ratio used by most smartphones. Joining the Galaxy Note II on many carriers' lineups in 2013 was the nearly-identically-sized LG Optimus G Pro, released in April.


title: Phablet

text: In late-2012 and early 2013, companies began to release smartphones with 5 inch screens at 1080p resolution, such as the HTC Droid DNA and Samsung Galaxy S4. Despite the screen size approaching those of phablets, HTC's design director Jonah Becker said that the Droid DNA was not a phablet. HTC would release a proper phablet, the HTC One Maxa smartphone with a screen and a design based on its popular HTC One model, in October 2013.


title: Phablet

text: Examples of Android phablets with screens larger than 6 inches began appearing in 2013 with the Chinese company Huawei unveiling its Ascend Mate at Consumer Electronics Show and Samsung introducing the Galaxy Mega, a phablet with a variant, which has midrange specs and lacks a stylus compared to the flagship Galaxy Note series. Sony Mobile also entered the phablet market with its Xperia Z Ultra.


title: Phablet

text: As a variation of the concept, Asus and Samsung also released otherwise small-sized tablets, the FonePad, Galaxy Note 8.0 and Galaxy Tab 3 8.0, with cellular connectivity and the ability to place voice calls. Later that year, Nokia also introduced Windows Phone 8 phablets, such as the 6-inch Lumia 1520.


title: Phablet

text: In September 2014, Apple released its first phablet, the -inch iPhone 6 Plus; the introduction of the new model reversed a previous policy under late Apple CEO Steve Jobs not to produce a mid-sized device larger than the iPhone or smaller than the iPad, which were 3.5 inches and 9.7 inches, respectively, at the time of his death. While Apple's iPad heavily dominated the tablet market, the void in their lineup left an opening for intermediate-sized devices, with other handset manufacturers already jumping on the trend of producing larger screen sizes to suit all niches.


title: Phablet

text: In September 2018, Apple released the iPhone XS Max; the first phablet iPhone to feature the reduced bezel form factor, utilizing the OLED screen, replacing the Touch ID into the new facial recognition system called Face ID which is enabled by the TrueDepth front facing camera since the iPhone X doesn't have a larger variant; iPhone 8 Plus is the final phablet iPhone to feature the Touch ID dedicated on the home button introduced in 2017.


title: Phablet

text: In October 2022, Apple released the iPhone 14 Plus; the first phablet iPhone to reduce the price as well as lacking the telephoto camera lens and LiDAR sensor since both lower-priced iPhone 12 lineup and lower-priced iPhone 13 lineup doesn't have a larger 6.7-inch display size option found on both iPhone 12 Pro Max and iPhone 13 Pro Max. The iPhone 14 Pro Max remained as the higher-priced phablet iPhone counterpart to the iPhone 14 Plus which these larger 6.7-inch display iPhone models are the first time available in both affordable and expensive tier price options.


title: Phablet

text: In January 2021, Samsung Electronics announced the Galaxy S21 Ultra; the first phablet despite the Samsung Galaxy Note series, it supports the S Pen accessory, albeit sold separately and with limited functionality. It features a 6.8" 1440p "Dynamic AMOLED" curved display with HDR10+ support, "dynamic tone mapping" technology, and a variable 120 Hz refresh rate.


title: Phablet

text: However, no successor to the 2020 Galaxy Note20/Galaxy Note20 Ultra would be unveiled at the 2021 launch event, which would only focus on unveiling the new foldable phones (including Galaxy Z Flip 3 and Galaxy Z Fold 3).


title: Phablet

text: In February 2022, Galaxy S22 Ultra became the first Samsung Galaxy S phone to include a built-in S Pen and the major upgrade over the 2021 Galaxy S21 Ultra.


title: Phablet

text: "Engadget" identified falling screen prices, increasing screen power efficiency and battery life, and the evolving importance of multimedia viewing as critical factors in the popularity of the phablet. Phablets also satisfy a consumer needfor the perfect sized device, since smartphones may be too small for viewing and tablets lose their portabilityfuelling their global market growth. Phablets have also been popular with an older demographic of smartphone userstheir large screens provide a benefit to those with deteriorating eyesight.


title: Phablet

text: In April 2013, Doug Conklyn, vice president of global design for Dockers told Fox News that the company reworked the size of its pants pockets "to accommodate the growing size of smartphones". For women, a small handbag can easily accommodate a phablet, but not most tablets.


title: Phablet

text: In January 2013, IHS reported that 25.6 million phablet devices were sold in 2012 and estimated that these figures would grow to 60.4 million in 2013, and 146 million by 2016. Barclays projected sales of phablets rising from 27 million in 2012 to 230 million in 2015. In September 2013 International Data Corporation (IDC) reported that its research indicated that phablets "overtook shipments of both laptops and tablets in Asia in the second quarter of 2013".


title: Phablet

text: In 2014, "Business Insider" predicted phablets would outsell smartphones by 2017. Speaking with CNET in 2014, David Burke, Vice President of Engineering at Google, said "If you gave them a phablet for a week, 50 percent of [consumers] would say they like it and not go back".


title: Phablet

text: In Q1 2014, phablets made up 6% of US smartphones sold. In the first quarter of 2015, phablets accounted for 21% of all smartphones sold in the US, with the iPhone 6 Plus making up 44 percent of those phablets sold. By 2016, the majority of the smartphones sold were phablets, and by 2018 they had come to dominate the market to the extent the term 'phablet' has largely fallen out of use.


title: Place of articulation

text: In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is a location along the vocal tract where its production occurs. It is a point where a constriction is made between an active and a passive articulator. Active articulators are organs capable of voluntary movement which create the constriction, while passive articulators are so called because they are normally fixed and are the parts with which an active articulator makes contact. Along with the manner of articulation and phonation, the place of articulation gives the consonant its distinctive sound.


title: Place of articulation

text: Since vowels are produced with an open vocal tract, the point where their production occurs cannot be easily determined. Therefore, they are not described in terms of a place of articulation but by the relative positions in vowel space. This is mostly dependent on their formant frequencies and less on the specific tongue position and lip rounding.


title: Place of articulation

text: The terminology used in describing places of articulation has been developed to allow specifying of all theoretically possible contrasts. No known language distinguishes all of the places described in the literature so less precision is needed to distinguish the sounds of a particular language.


title: Place of articulation

text: The "larynx" or "voice box" is a cylindrical framework of cartilage that serves to anchor the vocal folds. When the muscles of the vocal folds contract, the airflow from the lungs is impeded until the vocal folds are forced apart again by the increasing air pressure from the lungs. The process continues in a periodic cycle that is felt as a vibration (buzzing). In singing, the vibration frequency of the vocal folds determines the pitch of the sound produced. Voiced phonemes such as the pure vowels are, by definition, distinguished by the buzzing sound of this periodic oscillation of the vocal cords.


title: Place of articulation

text: The lips of the mouth can be used in a similar way to create a similar sound, as any toddler or trumpeter can demonstrate. A rubber balloon, inflated but not tied off and stretched tightly across the neck produces a squeak or buzz, depending on the tension across the neck and the level of pressure inside the balloon. Similar actions with similar results occur when the vocal cords are contracted or relaxed across the larynx.


title: Place of articulation

text: The active articulators are movable parts of the vocal apparatus that impede or direct the airstream, typically some part of the tongue or lips. There are five major parts of the vocal tract that move: the lips, the flexible front of the tongue, the body of the tongue, the root of the tongue together with the epiglottis , and the glottis. They are discrete in that they can act independently of each other, and two or more may work together in what is called "coarticulation".


title: Place of articulation

text: The five main active parts can be further divided, as many languages contrast sounds produced within the same major part of the vocal apparatus. The following areas are known to be contrastive:


title: Place of articulation

text: In bilabial consonants, both lips move so the articulatory gesture brings the lips together, but by convention, the lower lip is said to be active and the upper lip passive. Similarly, in linguolabial consonants the tongue contacts the upper lip with the upper lip actively moving down to meet the tongue; nonetheless, the tongue is conventionally said to be active and the lip passive if for no other reason than that the parts of the mouth below the vocal tract are typically active, and those above the vocal tract are typically passive.


title: Place of articulation

text: In dorsal gestures, different parts of the body of the tongue contact different parts of the roof of the mouth, but it cannot be independently controlled so they are all subsumed under the term "dorsal". That is unlike coronal gestures involving the front of the tongue, which is more flexible.


title: Place of articulation

text: The epiglottis may be active, contacting the pharynx, or passive, being contacted by the aryepiglottal folds. Distinctions made in these laryngeal areas are very difficult to observe and are the subject of ongoing investigation, and several still-unidentified combinations are thought possible.


title: Place of articulation

text: The glottis acts upon itself. There is a sometimes fuzzy line between glottal, aryepiglottal, and epiglottal consonants and phonation, which uses these same areas.


title: Place of articulation

text: The passive are the more stationary parts of the vocal tract that the active articulator touches or gets close to; they can be anywhere from the lips, upper teeth, gums, or roof of the mouth to the back of the throat. Although it is a continuum, there are several contrastive areas so languages may distinguish consonants by articulating them in different areas, but few languages contrast two sounds within the same area unless there is some other feature which contrasts as well. The following areas are contrastive:


title: Place of articulation

text: The regions are not strictly separated. For instance, in some sounds in many languages, the surface of the tongue contacts a relatively large area from the back of the upper teeth to the alveolar ridge, which is common enough to have received its own name, ". Likewise, the alveolar and post-alveolar regions merge into each other, as do the hard and soft palate, the soft palate and the uvula, and all adjacent regions. Terms like "pre-velar" (intermediate between palatal and velar), "post-velar" (between velar and uvular), and "upper" vs. "lower" pharyngeal may be used to specify more precisely where an articulation takes place. However, although a language may contrast pre-velar and post-velar sounds, it does not also contrast them with palatal and uvular sounds (of the same type of consonant) so contrasts are limited to the number above, if not always their exact location.


title: Place of articulation

text: The possible locations for sibilants as well as non-sibilants to occur are indicated in dashed red. For sibilants, there are additional complications involving tongue shape; see the article on sibilants for a chart of possible articulations.


title: Place of articulation

text: A precise vocabulary of compounding the two places of articulation is sometimes seen. However, it is usually reduced to the passive articulation, which is generally sufficient. Thus "dorsal–palatal", "dorsal–velar", and "dorsal–uvular" are usually just called "palatal", "velar", and "uvular". If there is ambiguity, additional terms have been invented, so "subapical–palatal" is more commonly called "retroflex".


title: Place of articulation

text: "NOTE:" Additional shades of passive articulation are sometimes specified using "pre-" or "post-", for example "prepalatal" (near the border between the postalveolar region and the hard palate; "prevelar" (at the back of the hard palate, also "post-palatal" or even "medio-palatal" for the middle of the hard palate); or "postvelar" (near the border of the soft palate and the uvula). They can be useful in the precise description of sounds that are articulated somewhat farther forward or back than a prototypical consonant; for this purpose, the "fronted" and "retracted" IPA diacritics can be used. However, no additional shade is needed to phonemically distinguish two consonants in a single language.


title: Place of articulation

text: Consonants that have the same place of articulation, such as the alveolar sounds in English, are said to be "homorganic". Similarly, labial and velar are homorganic. A homorganic nasal rule, an instance of assimilation, operates in many languages, where a nasal consonant must be homorganic with a following stop. We see this with English "intolerable" but "implausible"; another example is found in Yoruba, where the present tense of "ba" "hide" is "mba" "is hiding", while the present of "sun" "sleep" is "nsun" "is sleeping".


title: Place of articulation

text: The tongue contacts the mouth with a surface that has two dimensions: length and width. So far, only points of articulation along its length have been considered. However, articulation varies along its width as well. When the airstream is directed down the center of the tongue, the consonant is said to be "central". If, however, it is deflected off to one side, escaping between the side of the tongue and the side teeth, it is said to be "lateral". Nonetheless, for simplicity's sake the place of articulation is assumed to be the point along the length of the tongue, and the consonant may in addition be said to be central or lateral. That is, a consonant may be lateral alveolar, like English (the tongue contacts the alveolar ridge, but allows air to flow off to the side), or lateral palatal, like Castilian Spanish "ll" . Some Indigenous Australian languages contrast dental, alveolar, retroflex, and palatal laterals, and many Native American languages have lateral fricatives and affricates as well.


title: Place of articulation

text: Some languages have consonants with two simultaneous places of articulation, which is called coarticulation. When these are doubly articulated, the articulators must be independently movable, and therefore there may be only one each from the major categories "labial, coronal, dorsal" and "pharyngeal".


title: Place of articulation

text: The only common doubly articulated consonants are labial–velar stops like , and less commonly , which are found throughout Western Africa and Central Africa. Other combinations are rare but include labial–(post)alveolar stops , found as distinct consonants only in a single language in New Guinea, and a uvular–epiglottal stop, , found in Somali.


title: Place of articulation

text: More commonly, coarticulation involves secondary articulation of an approximantic nature. Then, both articulations can be similar such as labialized labial or palatalized velar . That is the case of English , which is a velar consonant with secondary labial articulation.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: As Told by Ginger (also known as As Told by Ginger Foutley) is an American animated comedy-drama television series aimed at preteens, produced by Klasky Csupo (which also produced "Rugrats"), and aired on Nickelodeon. The series focuses on a junior high school (later high school) girl named Ginger Foutley who, with her friends, tries to become more than a social geek. The series first aired on Nickelodeon on October 25, 2000.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: "As Told by Ginger" ended production in 2004, although some episodes remain unaired on U.S. television. It was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour). The series was approved and noted for the fact that it had ongoing story arcs and characters who developed, aged and changed their clothes throughout the show, a rare quality in an animated series at the time it came out.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: The series focuses mainly on the life of junior high school student Ginger Foutley (voiced by Melissa Disney). Ginger and her friends Darren Patterson (voiced by Kenny Blank), Deirdre Hortense "Dodie" Bishop (voiced by Aspen Miller), and Macie Lightfoot (voiced by Jackie Harris), try to rise from the position of school geeks as they solve many conflicts that come their way.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: Luckily for Ginger, the most popular girl in school, Courtney Gripling (voiced by Liz Georges), has taken a liking to her and often includes her in her social plans. She is intrigued by her "gingerisms", as Courtney calls them. However, Miranda Killgallen (voiced by Cree Summer), Courtney's right-hand woman, makes sure that she is not bumped down from her position thanks to Ginger. At home, Ginger writes her lively adventures in her diary. Her younger brother, Carl (voiced by Jeannie Elias), is often scheming with Robert Joseph "Hoodsey" Bishop (voiced by Tress MacNeille) in his own side plots, and her mother, Lois (voiced by Laraine Newman), is always there for advice – to which Ginger is always able to listen.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: The series takes place in the fictional suburban town of Sheltered Shrubs, located in Connecticut. Sheltered Shrubs is based on the real town of Larchmont, New York, where series creator Emily Kapnek moved to when she was in junior high. She said the town became "sort of the basis for this show". Other towns noted in the series are Protected Pines, a gated community in which Courtney lives, Brittle Branches, where Ginger's father resides, and Heathered Hills, the town of Ginger's summer camp crush, Sasha.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: "As Told by Ginger" has been recognized by fans and Nickelodeon alike for its character development, most of which was unusual for a cartoon in its time.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: In the first season, Ginger's age group is considered as being in seventh grade. By the second season, they move up to eighth grade rather than remaining the same age. In this season, Darren has his unwieldy orthodontic headgear that he has worn for the entire first season removed, which results in rising popularity. They graduate junior high in the middle of the third season and move on to becoming freshmen in high school. Carl's age group works in a same way, as they become junior high students by the third season. Many episodes make references to past episodes, giving the episodes a definite order.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: One of the most noticeable developments is that the characters change clothes every episode and often newer every day within the same episode, a highly unusual characteristic of cartoons in animation. Most animated cartoons have their characters remain in the same outfits throughout the series to save time and money. This was most conspicuous amongst the girls in Ginger's age group (Dodie, Courtney, Macie, Miranda and Ginger herself) and some of the adults such as Ginger's mother. After Darren got his orthodontic headgear removed, he changed clothes as well. Carl's age group changes clothes only infrequently and with few changes. Hoodsey's coat rack has similar purple hoodies, satirizing cartoons whose characters always remain in the same outfits. Unlike most live-action shows whose characters only wear an outfit once, "As Told by Ginger" characters wear their outfits in rotation, and new outfits are added every few episodes.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: The series also deals with several deeper themes. In "Wicked Game", Ginger's two best friends betray her after feeling jealousy toward her new boyfriend, Darren. In "And She Was Gone", the staff and students at school think Ginger is suicidally depressed after she writes a disturbing poem that worries them. In the episode "No Hope for Courtney", Carl's pranks cause his teacher to retire. After she agrees to come back, Mrs. Gordon passes on. In actuality, Mrs. Gordon's voice actress, Kathleen Freeman, died before the episode's completion, and the script was rewritten in dedication to her. "A Lesson in Tightropes" has Ginger going through an emotional breakup with Darren while she must undergo surgery for appendicitis. Furthermore, the episode "Stuff'll Kill Ya" shows Ginger dealing with a coffee and caffeine drug addiction. The old saying of "follow your dreams" became a whole new meaning. In "Butterflies Are Free" Part 1, when Dodie became so fascinated about the pep squad, she wanted to try out. However, the coach in charge of the team told her that a freshman has never succeeded in the attempt of the usual process. But despite that piece of info, she still became inspired. In "Kiss Today Goodbye", Dodie continue to further her attempt by cooking healthy meals for the coach, cleaning cheerleading outfits, presenting the team. In "Dodie's Big Break", she became a gopher, which is Lucky High School's mascot, and performed in her first game. Unfortunately she got injured, which led to her becoming a part of the team. Unfortunately, it got taken away from her after she confessed to faking the injury that she recovered from. After being confronted by Ginger, Coach Candace allowed Dodie back into the squad and she allowed her to try out. But she injured her leg again and Dodie is allowed to try again in her sophomore year.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: Nickelodeon had originally asked for the ending of "The Wedding Frame" to be changed to something less conclusive in case they wished to order more episodes, however, perhaps due to that situation being very unlikely, the original ending was eventually retained. It was released directly to DVD in the United States in November 2004, but it was not broadcast in the U.S.; also, one of the episodes ("Battle of the Bands") leading up to the film has never aired in the U.S. either, resulting in some continuity issues.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: In international airings, the films were divided into two (for "Butterflies are Free") and three parts (for the other three films) in reruns.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: The pilot for the show was completed in September 1999. The show premiered in October 2000 on Nickelodeon. The show was greatly popular at first, making its way into the teenager-aimed block TEENick. After the second season, the show's popularity began to decline, partially due to constant scheduling changes. Nickelodeon then pulled the show off the air after airing less than half the episodes of the third and final season. The show was a part of the Nicktoons channel since its inception in 2002, and began airing the remaining third-season episodes in November 2004, when "Ten Chairs" premiered. The "high school" episodes were slated to premiere during November 2006, but only one, "Stuff'll Kill Ya", premiered. The aforementioned Season 3 episodes remain unaired, though they instead aired on teen-oriented block The N.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: The opening theme, titled "I'm in Between", was written for the show by American rapper Ray Raymond. The song was first recorded with vocals by Melissa Disney, in character as Ginger. But this version was replaced before initial North American broadcasts with another version performed by Cree Summer. This would be used for half of the first season before a third version, featuring vocals by R&B artist Macy Gray, which was used for the rest of the series' run.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: In the UK broadcasts, the Melissa Disney and Cree Summer versions were used for the first two seasons, while the Macy Gray version was used for season three. Internationally, the Macy Gray version is the most recognizable version.


title: As Told by Ginger

text: The closing credits are typically-designed backgrounds with the show's signature font. These backgrounds include the ice cream cones from Ginger's bedroom walls, ladybugs from Dodie's bedroom walls, pencils, lizards and more. In several episodes, the ending theme is a rock-based instrumental, although there have been exceptions. "Piece of My Heart" ends with a different and softer instrumental melody. The episode "Never Can Say Goodbye" ended with a song called "Wrong", sung by voice actor Kenny Blank as Darren Patterson, and "And She Was Gone" ended with a musical version of Ginger's poem during the credits. The episode "Come Back, Little Seal Girl" featured the songs "Courtney's World" and "The Little Seal Girl" blended together. In "About Face", a song called "Diamonds Are Expensive", presumably sung by the engaged Lois and Dr. Dave, is played over the credits. "Next Question" ended with "The Teen Seal Girl" song. Finally, the episode "No Hope for Courtney" had no music during the credits, being dedicated to the memory of Kathleen Freeman.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Douglas Rainsford Tompkins (March 20, 1943 – December 8, 2015) was an American businessman, conservationist, outdoorsman, philanthropist, filmmaker, and agriculturalist. He co-founded the North Face Inc, Esprit and various environmental groups.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Beginning in the mid-1960s, he and Susie Tompkins Buell, his first wife, co-founded and ran two companies: the outdoor equipment and clothing company The North Face and the Esprit clothing company. Following their divorce and Tompkins' departure from the business world in 1989, he became active in environmental and land conservation causes. In the 1990s Tompkins and his second wife, Kris McDivitt Tompkins bought and conserved more than of wilderness in Chile and Argentina, exceeding that of any other private individuals in the region, thus becoming among the largest private land-owners in the world. The Tompkinses were focused on park creation, wildlife recovery, ecological agriculture, and activism, with the goal of saving biodiversity.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: He had assembled and preserved the land which became the largest gift of private land to any South American government. Due to this, he was posthumously naturalized Chilean.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Tompkins was born in Conneaut, Ohio on March 20, 1943, the son of an antiques dealer and decorator. He spent the first few years of his life in New York City before his family moved to Millbrook, New York. He graduated from Indian Mountain School, a pre-prep school in Lakeville, Connecticut, in 1957. In his senior year at Pomfret School in Connecticut, Tompkins was expelled for various minor infractions. He returned to his hometown in Millbrook, but did not graduate from high school.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Tompkins spent the years between 1960 and 1962 ski racing and rock climbing in Colorado, Europe, and South America. In 1963, Tompkins founded the California Mountaineering Guide Service. It was during this time he met Susie Russell, a casino employee who gave him a lift while hitch-hiking to Lake Tahoe. They married in 1964 in San Francisco, where Tompkins borrowed $5,000 from a bank to set up The North Face, now a global retailing company.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In 1964, Doug and Susie Tompkins started The North Face, Inc. as a mail order and retail company, selling rock climbing and camping equipment. The early years set the design standard of good quality sleeping bags, backpacks, and mountaineering tents. The Tompkinses designed tents that were some of the first to avoid a pole in the middle, by using bendable rods threaded through exterior sleeves instead. This design also increased the strength of the tent because the domed shape allowed the wind to roll over it. These tents have been widely copied throughout the world. In 1966, the first The North Face store was opened; the band The Grateful Dead played at the grand opening. Two years later, Tompkins sold out his stake to Kenneth "Hap" Klopp for $50,000, using the profit to join his wife in co-founding Esprit, a fashion house. Tompkins sold The North Face with the intention of a focus on adventure film making.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In 1968, Tompkins headed off on a six-month road-adventure trip from California to Patagonia, along with Yvon Chouinard, Dick Dorworth, and Chris Jones (calling themselves the "Fun Hogs"), who made the third ascent of Mount Fitz Roy in Patagonia in 1968. They put up a new route on Mount Fitzroy, and - together with filmmaker Lito Tejada-Flores, who also made the ascent - made an adventure film, "Mountain of Storms", about their experience. The 2010 film "" describes a modern-day recreation of this journey and also highlights the conservation work on which Tompkins had been working.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Tompkins also became a skilled whitewater kayaker, claiming first descents of rivers in California, Africa, and South America. In addition, he was a skilled bush pilot.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In 1968, Tompkins, his wife Susie, and her friend Jane Tise began selling girls dresses, which they had planned on the kitchen table, out of the back of a VW bus. In 1971 they incorporated the booming business under the name "Plain Jane", which later became Esprit. By 1978, sales topped $100 million a year and the company had formed partnerships in Germany and Hong Kong. Tompkins appointed himself "image director", developing his own marketing approach: overseeing all aspects of the company's image, from store design to catalogue layout, while his wife served as design director.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Emerging as one of the hottest brands of the era, the company grew into a transnational company operating in 60 countries. In 1989, the Japanese art publisher Robundo published "Esprit, the Comprehensive Design Principle" (), which documented the all-encompassing design principles that Tompkins had created for the brand.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Growing increasingly concerned about the ecological impacts of the fashion industry, Tompkins decided to leave the business world in the late 1980s. In 1989, he sold his share of the American company back to Susie, from whom he had separated, putting most of his profits into land conservation. Subsequently, in 1989 and 1994, he sold his interests in the other Esprit entities around the world.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: After selling his interest in Esprit, Tompkins turned his efforts toward southern Chile, where he had spent much time climbing, kayaking, and skiing, to focus on land conservation and environmental activism. He founded the Foundation for Deep Ecology in 1990, which supports environmental activism (see deep ecology), and The Conservation Land Trust in 1992, which works to protect wildlands, primarily in Chile and Argentina.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In 1993, he married Kristine L. McDivitt, a former chief executive of the Patagonia retail chain; the two worked together on conservation projects. The Tompkinses' conservation efforts focused on preserving wild landscapes and biodiversity. After purchasing large blocks of wilderness, they worked to create national parks, believing that this governmental designation serves as the best mode of guaranteeing long-term conservation.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Tompkins's first major conservation project was Pumalín Park in the Palena Province of Chile, an area of Valdivian temperate rain forest, high peaks, lakes, and rivers. In 1991 he bought the Reñihué farm, a semi-abandoned farm at the end of the Reñihué Fjord, planning to set aside of this unique forest from possible exploitation. In the next decade, The Conservation Land Trust added another in nearly contiguous parcels to create Pumalín Park, which eventually stretched from the Corcovado Gulf to the Andes mountains, over an area of 800,000 acres.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In 2005, then-president Ricardo Lagos declared this area a Nature Sanctuary, a special designation of the Chilean state, granting it additional environmental and non-developmental protection. The Conservation Land Trust (a U.S. environmental foundation) donated these protected lands to Fundación Pumalín (a Chilean foundation), for their administration and continual development as a type of National Park with public access under a private initiative. Through creating public-access infrastructure, including trails, campgrounds, visitor centers, and a restaurant, Tompkins sought to promote wilderness experience, in hopes of inspiring a deeper environmental ethic in the park's many thousands of visitors.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In March 2017, the Chilean president Michelle Bachelet announced that the government was accepting the gift of 1 million acres from Fundación Pumalín and creating a national park covering 11 million acres in all, the largest such park in South America. At a ceremony for signing of the accord between government and the foundation, Tompkins' long-term friend Yvon Chouinard claimed that “No other human has ever created this many acres of protected wildlands".


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Just to the south of Pumalin, Corcovado National Park represents one of Tompkins's completed conservation projects. In 1994, The Conservation Land Trust (CLT), along with U.S. philanthropist Peter Buckley, acquired of native forest that was slated for logging, adjacent to vast areas of federal land under the jurisdiction of the Chilean Armed Forces. CLT offered to donate this parcel back to the Chilean state, provided that the whole area became a national park. In 2005, then-president Ricardo Lagos accepted this proposal, and the Corcovado National Park was born.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: The Iberá Project was a private conservation enterprise that was spearheaded by Tompkins, working with George Soros, Harvard University, and Tompkins' Conservation Land Trust. Its goal was to strengthen protection and restore habitat and biodiversity in the Iberá Wetlands in Corrientes Province, Argentina.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Iberá Provincial Reserve, established in 1983, encompasses 1,300,000 ha of wetlands, grasslands, forest, and rangelands, including both publicly-owned lands and private cattle ranches. The Iberá project advocated for enhanced protection of government-owned floodplain lands, and in 2009 the provincial government created Iberá Provincial Park on 553,000 hectares of public land in the reserve.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Led by Tompkins, the Conservation Land Trust acquired 150,000 hectares of old cattle ranches bordering the provincial park, including habitats not then represented in the park. Most cattle and internal fences were removed, and a land management program was developed to restore native vegetation and habitat. In December 2015 the Trust donated these lands, including espinal, malezal grasslands, and forests, to the Argentine government to create a strictly-conserved national park to be called the Great Iberá Park. The proposed park, which would total 700,000 hectares, would be the largest national park in Argentina and home to hundreds of bird species, giant anteaters, and macaw parrots. It would provide safe habitat for a range of native species, and encourage a transition from "an exploitative economy" to "an economy of conservation and ecotourism". In 2018 the Argentine government created Iberá National Park from the donated lands, while the provincial park is administered separately.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In 2007 the Conservation Land Trust established a rewilding program to reintroduce native species which had been extirpated from the wetlands during the 20th century. Giant anteater ("Myrmecophaga tridactyla"), collared peccary ("Peccary tajacu"), South American tapir ("Tapirus terrestris"), pampas deer ("Ozotoceros bezoarticus"), and red-and-green macaw ("Ara chloropterus") have been reintroduced to the wild, and a captive breeding program for jaguars ("Panthera onca") was created to support eventual reintroduction of jaguars to the parks.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Envisioning "conservation as a consequence of production," Tompkins developed models of sustainable organic farming, which maintain soil health and ecological integrity at the same time that they provide for families and support the local economy.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In the area around Pumalin, the Hornopiren, Vodudahue, Ventisquero, Pillan, and Reñihué farms serve as exemplars of small-scale ecological agriculture and as informal park ranger stations. Each of these farms produces a variety of products, including sheep, cattle, honey, berries, and organic vegetables. A small facility in the Pillan farm processes honey and berries for jams, which are sold under the name Pillan Organics.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In northeastern Argentina, Tompkins managed cattle ranches in Corrientes Province and polyculture grain and fruit farms in Entre Ríos Province. Each farm pays close attention to developing sustainable practices.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Through the Foundation for Deep Ecology, Tompkins published a series of large-format, activist photograph books on environmental issues, including:


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In addition, The Foundation for Deep Ecology had a long history as a grant-maker in categories such as Biodiversity and Wilderness, Ecological Agriculture, and Megatechnology and Economic Globalization, although in-house publishing is now its main focus.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Tompkins also was involved in several large environmental campaigns in Chile and Argentina, such as the "Patagonia Sin Represas" campaign, which opposed the construction of dams on two of the largest and wildest rivers in the Patagonia region of Chile.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: Tompkins' environmental work won him respect and accolades outside of South America: in 2012, the African Rainforest Conservancy awarded Tompkins and his wife its "New Species Award"; in 2007, the International Conservation Caucus Foundation awarded its "Good Steward" award to him and his wife, Kris; in 2008, the American Alpine Club awarded him the David R. Brower Award, for his work preserving mountain regions; in 2009, Latin Trade named him the "Environmental Leader of the Year".


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In 2007, he was appointed as an honorary member of the American Society of Landscape Architects, in recognition of his work restoring damaged landscapes. "Eco Barons", Edward Humes' 2009 account of the "dreamers, schemers, and millionaires who are saving our planet," uses Tompkins as the first example of this new group of philanthropists.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: In Brazil, the environmentalist Douglas Tompkins was specially honored during the celebrations of 30 years of the Society for the Protection of Wildlife with the video “A Natureza do Brasil” with images of Haroldo Pallo Júnior and the Brazilian pianist Salete Chiamulera.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: On December 8, 2015, Tompkins was kayaking with five others (including Patagonia, Inc. founder Yvon Chouinard) on General Carrera Lake in southern Chile when strong waves caused their kayaks to capsize. Tompkins spent a "considerable amount of time" in waters.


title: Douglas Tompkins

text: He was flown, by helicopter, to a hospital in nearby Coyhaique, where he died hours later from severe hypothermia. He was 72 years old and survived by his second wife, Kristine (McDivitt), two daughters, brother and mother.


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: Nastassia Bianca Schroeder Clark (born June 24, 1988) is an American television personality, podcast host, fashion blogger, model and author. She is best known for appearing on Bravo's reality television series "Vanderpump Rules" (2013–2020).


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: Nastassia Bianca Schroeder was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, to an architect father, Mark, and a jewelry designer (Georgi Jules Jewelry) mother, Dayna. She has two younger brothers, Hunter and Nikolai, and a younger sister, Georgianna. Her grandmother, Rosemary died at age 95 in May 2019. When she was 11, Schroeder began taking theater classes at her local high school, Mount Carmel Academy When she turned 18, she moved to Hollywood and attended Loyola Marymount University, where she received a bachelor's degree in English writing.


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: In 2005, Schroeder appeared as a contestant on season 8 of the reality game show "The Amazing Race", alongside her father Mark, her step-mother Char, and her brother Hunter; the family came in 7th place of 10 teams. After the filming of the show, the Schroeders' house was flooded and destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. They stayed with another family from the show while they rebuilt their house. While going to school in 2008, she was on the television series "Queen Bees".


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: In 2010, she started working at Lisa Vanderpump's restaurants SUR and Villa Blanca, which earned her a spot on the reality television series "Vanderpump Rules". The series follows Vanderpump's employees, as they work on building their futures and become entangled in interpersonal drama. She departed the show at the end of season two to move to New York City, then she returned as an Intern to Lisa Vanderpump in season three.


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: In 2016, she portrayed Koening in the television film "". She has also appeared in three episodes of Bravo's reality television series "Summer House" between 2017 and 2019. In November 2019, Schroeder started a digital series called "Basically Stassi", with Beau Clark. The series was released online on Bravo's website and YouTube channel. The show followed Schroeder and her guests at her apartment in Los Angeles while playing games and discussing various topics such as relationships, love and life.


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: Schroeder worked as a model for several years, appearing in magazines like Italian "Vanity Fair", "944", "Glamour", "Genlux" and "Us Weekly". She has graced the covers of numerous magazines, including "Millennium", "Cliché" and "Pacific". Schroeder introduced a capsule collection with accessories e-retailer ShopPrimadonna.com which officially launched in December 2014. "When Shop Prima Donna came to me about designing a line for them, I just knew statement necklaces were what I wanted to do. I wanted to do something that has an Egyptian vibe because I love gold but with a ladylike twist [with] pearls and stones," Schroeder said of the collaboration. She released a clothing line in collaboration with JustFab in July 2019. The collection has two parts "Next Level Basics" and "#OOTN (Outfit of the Night)".


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: She has received noteworthy praise for her style from periodicals such as "People" magazine, who described Schroeder as "the most fashion-focused of all her castmates" on "Vanderpump Rules".


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: Schroeder worked as a style critic writing for Vanderpump's daughter's website, "The Divine Addiction". Schroeder's book "Next Level Basic: The Definitive Basic Bitch Handbook" was released on April 16, 2019, by Gallery Books. The book was third on the "New York Times" Best Seller list. The book is a humorous celebration of her most basic tendencies and a defense of the basic culture. In the book, she lists her favorite beauty products, a guide to the best Ranch dressings, tips on how to look good on social media and a graph indicating how psycho you are based on the charge of your phone. She wrote a wedding column titled "Basic Bride" for "Glamour" magazine for three months in 2020.


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: Her second book titled "Off with My Head: The Definitive Basic B*tch Handbook to Surviving Rock Bottom" was published on April 26, 2022, by Gallery Books.


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: Schroeder is popular on social media and endorses products such as beauty and wellness products on Instagram. She has partnered with several brands, including "Taco Bell" food, "Botox Cosmetic" prescription medicine, "Bondi Sands" tanning foam and "bioClarity" skin products.


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: On February 1, 2019, Schroeder, Kristen Doute and Katie Maloney-Schwartz launched a wine in partnership with Nocking Point Wines called "Basic Witch Potion No. 1". Their second collaboration with Nocking Point Wines, "Basic Witch Potion No. 2" Rosé was launched on June 1, 2019. In 2015, she launched a podcast titled "Straight Up with Stassi", which she hosted weekly for five years. Schroeder announced that she is doing "Straight Up With Stassi LIVE" podcast tour in four cities in September 2019.


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: In March 2021, Schroeder announced her new venture with husband Beau Clark, a Patreon-hosted parenting podcast entitled "The Good The Bad The Baby".


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: In July 2019, Schroeder became engaged to casting agent Beau Clark after two years of dating. Their engagement photos were published exclusively in "People" magazine in October 2019. The couple got married in a small ceremony in September 2020. Together they have a daughter, Hartford Charlie Rose, born on January 7, 2021.


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: Schroeder has a fascination with pseudo-science such as Tarot cards and astrology. She shares a birthday with her "Vanderpump Rules" co-star Ariana Madix (June 24), although Schroeder is three years her junior.


title: Stassi Schroeder

text: On June 9, 2020, Schroeder and co-star, Kristen Doute were fired from the show because they reported former co-star, Faith Stowers, to the police for a crime that she did not commit. Schroeder also was criticized for publicly making racially insensitive remarks and for insensitive remarks about the #metoo movement. She has since stated that she hired a diversity coach.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: The Bounty Hunter is a 2010 American action comedy film directed by Andy Tennant, starring Jennifer Aniston and Gerard Butler. The story centres on a bounty hunter hired to retrieve his ex-wife, who has skipped bail. The film was released in the United States on March 19, 2010. The film was panned by critics but was a box office success, grossing $136.3 million against a production budget of $40–45 million.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: Milo Boyd, a former New York Police Department detective is now a bounty hunter. His ex-wife, Nicole Hurley, is an investigative reporter who has been arrested for assaulting a police officer.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: Nicole receives a tip on a story, an apparent suicide that may have been a murder, she skips her bond hearing to meet her informant, causing the judge to revoke her bail and issue a warrant for her arrest. Just before Nicole arrives, her informant, Jimmy is kidnapped.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: Milo is ecstatic when Nicole's bail bondsman, Sid, offers him the job of bringing her to jail, for a bounty of $5,000. Nicole's mother Kitty inadvertently helps him find her at a race track in New Jersey. He throws her into his trunk and drives back towards Manhattan. Nicole escapes briefly before he catches up with her.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: They are being stalked: Milo by two thugs sent by his bookie Irene, because of his gambling debts, Nicole by corrupt cop Earl Mahler, who is connected with the story she is investigating, and both by Nicole's lovestruck coworker Stewart, bent on rescuing her from Milo. Irene's thugs confuse Stewart for Milo and mistakenly kidnap him.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: Earl tries to kill Nicole, but both Milo and Nicole narrowly escape. Milo is not interested in explanations until she tells him she's found evidence that implicates their mutual friend and Milo's ex-partner on the force, Bobby, indicating that he is involved with Earl. Milo decides to investigate with her.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: Clues from Earl's car lead them to a country club, where they learn from a caddie that Earl owns a tattoo parlor in Queens, so they start to make their way there. Bobby warns them to stay off the road.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: The nearest hotel is the bed and breakfast where they spent their honeymoon. They discover they still have feelings for each other and admit their mistakes. Coming out of the bathroom, Nicole overhears Milo telling Sid he may sleep with her, but he's still taking her to jail. She handcuffs him to the bed and goes to the tattoo parlor, finding Jimmy and freeing him before being captured by Irene's thugs.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: Milo rescues Nicole at a strip club. Then, they hear Bobby is heading to the police's evidence warehouse, which is being relocated to a new building. Bobby confronts Earl, a former friend who has used Bobby's name to gain access to the warehouse and steal a large amount of narcotics and cash. Bobby decides to arrest him, but Earl shoots him. Milo and Nicole enter the warehouse and Milo is ambushed, but Earl surrenders when Nicole points a shotgun at him.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: Bobby explains Earl was using him, as well as the man who supposedly committed suicide, to gain access to the warehouse. There was no proof, so Bobby was waiting for Earl to make his move before arresting him. Milo proudly notes that Earl might have gotten away with it if Nicole hadn't picked up clues. He and Nicole appear to have reconciled. They concede that sometimes their jobs have to come first. Milo turns Nicole in to the police, so she can make her court hearing the next day.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: On his way out of the precinct, Milo runs into a cop who insulted him earlier and punches him in the face. He is arrested and put in the cell next to Nicole's. He reminds her that it is their anniversary and they have to spend it together. Through the bars they admit their love and kiss.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: In May 2007, it was announced Columbia acquired the then untitled bounty hunter pitch for Development with Original Film.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: "The Bounty Hunter" was released alongside "Repo Men" and "Diary of a Wimpy Kid". It grossed $20.7 million in its opening weekend. As of July 5, 2010 it has grossed $67,061,228 in North America and $69,031,265 internationally for a worldwide total of $136,333,522.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 12%, based on 150 reviews, and an average rating of 3.60/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Gerard Butler and Jennifer Aniston remain as attractive as ever, but "The Bounty Hunter"s formula script doesn't know what to do with them – or the audience's attention." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 22 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film one-and-a-half stars out of four, commenting that "neither [Aniston nor Butler] is allowed to speak more than efficient sentences to advance the plot" and that it is rife with "exhausted action clichés." A.O. Scott of "The New York Times" gave the film a completely negative review and said it was rated PG-13 for "witless sexual innuendo and witless violence." Kerry Lengel of "The Arizona Republic" gave the film three and a half stars out of five: "As formula films go, "The Bounty Hunter" is more enjoyable than most, even if it packs in as many clichés as any." However, Lengel did praise Aniston's and Butler's performances, but was critical of the "improbable" plot.


title: The Bounty Hunter (2010 film)

text: "The Bounty Hunter" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on July 13, 2010. The only extra material is three featurettes ("Making The Bounty Hunter", "Rules for Outwitting a Bounty Hunter", and "Stops Along the Road: Hunting Locations"). The film grossed $23,310,266 from DVD sales in North America.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: Defection by legislators occurs in many democracies. It can be argued that they can undermine the stability of the cabinet, which is dependent on the support of elected legislators. The argument follows that such instability can amount to a betrayal of the people's mandate as voiced at the most recent prior election.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: Prior to the introduction of the anti-defection law, the election of both the Prime Minister and Chief Ministers of some of its states and territories had experienced instances of perceived uncertainty resulting from legislators changing their political allegiance. It may be noted that the 'Political Party' was not a recognised word in the Constitution of India at that time. By one estimate, almost 50 per cent of the 4,000 legislators elected to central and federal parliaments in the 1967 and 1971 general elections subsequently defected, leading to political turmoil in the country.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: A law was sought to limit such defections in India. In 1985, the Tenth Schedule of the 52nd amendment to the Constitution of India was passed by the Parliament of India to achieve this, which resulted in introduction of the new word 'Political Party' in the [Constitution of India]. Thus, Political Parties got recognition in the Constitution.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: Following recommendations from many constitutional bodies, Parliament in 2003 passed the Ninety-first Amendment to the Constitution of India. This strengthened the act by adding provisions for disqualification of defectors and banning them from being appointed as ministers for a period of time.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: Elections in a democratic country allow the people to assert their desire; some argue that political defections occurring between elections undermine that assertive act and thus the expressed will of the people. Defections were common in India even prior to the country's independence. Beginning around 1960, the rise of coalition politics increased the incidence of defections as elected representatives sought to occupy a berth in the cabinet of ministers. (It may be noted that in many countries including UK, "Government minister does Not have to be a member of either House of Parliament") As an example, in 1967 a legislator Gaya Lal changed his allegiance three times in a single day, and gave rise to the infamous expression "Aaya Ram Gaya Ram" ("Ram has come, Ram has gone").


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: Between 1957 and 1967, the Congress (I) party emerged as the sole beneficiary of defections. It lost 98 of its legislators but gained 419, whilst those who left other parties and who did not then join Congress (I) formed separate new parties with the aim of exerting power on administration in the future through coalition government, rather than supporting established administration. This situation gave Congress (I) a strong hold of power on administration. In the 1967 elections, approximately 3,500 members were elected to legislative assemblies of various states and union territories; out of those elected representatives, around 550 subsequently defected from their parent parties, and some legislatives crossed the floor more than once.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: To tackle the scourge of political party defection, during the fourth Lok Sabha in 1967 a committee was formed under the chairmanship of Y. B.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: Chavan. This committee submitted a report in 1968 which led to a first attempt to submit an anti-defection bill in Parliament. Although the opposition was supportive of the bill, the Government, then led by Indira Gandhi, referred it for consideration by a Joint Select Committee; it did not emerge from committee before all other legislative proposals were voided by subsequent elections.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: 1977–79 was one of the crucial periods in Indian politics when the first-ever national non-Congress administration, led by Morarji Desai, was driven out of power due to the defection of 76 parliamentarians. This caused political uncertainty until 1979, when Gandhi was elected by a clear majority. There was a definite trend in the political landscape of India during the 1970-80s. Whenever there was a Congress-led administration at the center, the regional administrations fell due to the defection of non-Congress elected representatives. Then Chief Minister of Karnataka, Virendra Patil, called this trend a "goldrush". Though corruption was a global phenomenon, the Gandhi period saw the disruptive politics of defection become rampant in India.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: With rising public opinion for an anti-defection law, immediately after securing a clear majority in 1984, Rajiv Gandhi proposed the new anti-defection bill in the Parliament. After marathon debates, both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha unanimously approved the bill on 30 and 31 January 1985, respectively. The bill received the President's approval on 15 February 1985 and the act came into effect on 18 March 1985. The law laid out the process for disqualifying an elected member for the remaining term, who either resigned from, voted against the will of the belonging party or remained absent during voting on a crucial bill. However, the law allowed mergers and splits of political parties, allowing splits in the party by one-third of its members and merger (joining another party) by two-thirds of other party members. Experts believed defections should not be viewed in terms of numbers alone and should be seen in the context of how such political defections damage the people's mandate. But Ashoke Kumar Sen justified the act of allowing mass defections by terming it as freeing the legislators from "chains of obscurantism and orthodox politics". Recently, Sachin Pilot and his MLAs (from Congress' Rajasthan constituency) moved to the high court and challenged the anti-defection law; stating that the provision should not jeopardize the fundamental freedom of speech and expression of a member of the house. They have also demanded the clause 2(1)(a), to be declared ultra vires (outside the scope) of the basic structure of the Constitution, and the freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a).


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: The Chavan committee suggested that a member who changes party allegiance for monetary benefit or other forms of greed, such as a promise of executive office, should not only be removed from parliament but also barred from contesting elections for a specified time.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: The anti-defection law enshrined through the introduction of the Tenth Schedule in the Constitution of India comprises 8 paragraphs. The following is a brief summary on the contents of the law:


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: After enactment, some legislators and parties exploited loopholes in the law. There was evidence that the law did not fulfill the purpose of bringing a halt to political defection, and in fact legitimised mass defection by exempting from its provisions acts that it termed "splits". For example, in 1990, Chandra Shekhar and 61 other parliamentarians did not receive penalties when they simultaneously changed allegiance. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha did not allow the defecting members of the breakaway faction of Janata Dal to explain their point of view. Another aspect of the law which was criticised was the role of the Speaker in deciding the cases arising out of political defections. Impartiality of the Speakers of various houses was questioned in regard to granting official recognition to different factions of political parties. Questions were raised about the nonpartisan role of the Speaker due to his/her political background with the party from which he/she was elected as the Speaker. In 1991, Janata Dal (S) was accused of undermining the spirit of the anti-defection law by keeping defecting members in ministerial posts. Later, all the opposition members of the house submitted an affidavit to the President of India, appealing to him to dismiss the ministers. Finally, responding to pressure to save the fallen dignity of the Speaker and of the House, the Prime Minister discharged the defecting members from their ministerial posts.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: Some legal luminaries of the time suggested that a legitimate remedy be made accessible to legislators to seek protection from the Speaker's decision. They further proposed that the Speaker's decision pertaining to disqualification on grounds of defection should not be final, and recommended that a process of judicial review be made available to the members by empowering a judicial tribunal for dealing with such cases.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: To make the existing law more effective in dealing with the frequent defections, an amendment was proposed to the Tenth Schedule in 2003. A committee headed by Pranab Mukherjee proposed the Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Bill, noting that the exception provided by allowing a "split", granted in paragraph three of the Schedule, was being grossly exploited, causing multiple divisions in various political parties. Further, the committee observed, the lure of personal gain played a significant aspect in defections and resulted in political horse-trading. The bill was passed in one day by the Lok Sabha on 16 December 2003, and similarly passed by the Rajya Sabha on 18 December. Presidential consent was obtained on 1 January 2004 and the Constitution (Ninety-First Amendment) Act – 2003 was notified in the "Gazette of India" on 2 January 2004.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: The amended act maintained that the a member disqualified due to defection should not hold any ministerial post or any other remunerative political post until the term of his office as a member expired. The 2003 amended act excluded the provisions from the Tenth Schedule for authorizing the defections arising out of splits. The amended act also stipulated that the number of ministers in states and union territories should not exceed fifteen percent of the total number of members in the respective house.


title: Anti-defection law (India)

text: Reforms suggested by various bodies—including the Law Commission, Election Commission, National Constitution Review Commission, Dinesh Goswami Committee on electoral reforms, and Halim Committee on anti-defection law—can be read under following heads.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Fosfomycin, sold under the brand name Monurol among others, is an antibiotic primarily used to treat lower UTI. It is not indicated for kidney infections. Occasionally it is used for prostate infections. It is generally taken by mouth.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, headache, and vaginal yeast infections. Severe side effects may include anaphylaxis and "Clostridium difficile"-associated diarrhea. While use during pregnancy has not been found to be harmful, such use is not recommended. A single dose when breastfeeding appears safe. Fosfomycin works by interfering with the production of the bacterial cell wall.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Fosfomycin was discovered in 1969 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1996 . It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization classifies fosfomycin as critically important for human medicine. It is available as a generic medication. It was originally produced by certain types of "Streptomyces", although it is now made chemically.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Additional uses have been proposed. The global problem of advancing antimicrobial resistance has led to a renewed interest in its use more recently.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Fosfomycin can be used as an efficacious treatment for both UTIs and complicated UTIs including acute pyelonephritis. The standard regimen for complicated UTIs is an oral 3 g dose administered once every 48 or 72 hours for a total of 3 doses or a 6 g dose every 8 hours for 7–14 days when fosfomycin is given in IV form.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Intravenous fosfomycin is being increasing used for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, mostly as partner drug in order to avoid the occurrence of resistances and to take advantage of its synergistic activity with several other antimicrobials. Daily adult dose usually ranges from 12 to 24 grams.


title: Fosfomycin

text: The fosfomycin molecule has an epoxide or oxirane ring, which is highly strained and thus very reactive.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Fosfomycin has broad antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, with useful activity against "E. faecalis", "E. coli", and various Gram-negatives such as " Citrobacter" and "Proteus". Given a greater activity in a low-pH milieu, and predominant excretion in active form into the urine, fosfomycin has found use for the prophylaxis and treatment of UTIs caused by these uropathogens. Of note, activity against "S. saprophyticus", "Klebsiella", and "Enterobacter" is variable and should be confirmed by minimum inhibitory concentration testing.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Activity against extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing pathogens, notably ESBL-producing "E. coli", is good to excellent, because the drug is not affected by cross-resistance issues.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Existing clinical data support use in uncomplicated UTIs, caused by susceptible organisms. However, susceptibility break-points of 64 mg/L should not be applied for systemic infections.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Development of bacterial resistance under therapy is a frequent occurrence and makes fosfomycin unsuitable for sustained therapy of severe infections. Mutations that inactivate the nonessential glycerophosphate transporter render bacteria resistant to fosfomycin.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Prescribing fosfomycin together with at least another active drug reduces the risk of developing bacterial resistance. Fosfomycin acts synergistically with many other antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, daptomycin and oritavancin.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Enzymes conferring resistance to fosfomycin have also been identified and are encoded both chromosomally and on plasmids.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Three related fosfomycin resistance enzymes (named FosA, FosB, and FosX) are members of the glyoxalase superfamily. These enzymes function by nucleophilic attack on carbon 1 of fosfomycin, which opens the epoxide ring and renders the drug ineffective.


title: Fosfomycin

text: The enzymes differ by the identity of the nucleophile used in the reaction: glutathione for FosA, bacillithiol for FosB, and water for FosX.


title: Fosfomycin

text: In general, FosA and FosX enzymes are produced by Gram-negative bacteria, whereas FosB is produced by Gram-positive bacteria.


title: Fosfomycin

text: FosC uses ATP and adds a phosphate group to fosfomycin, thus altering its properties and making the drug ineffective.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Despite its name (ending in -omycin) Fosfomycin is not a macrolide, but a member of a novel class of phosphonic antibiotics. Fosfomycin is bactericidal and inhibits bacterial cell wall biogenesis by inactivating the enzyme UDP-"N"-acetylglucosamine-3-enolpyruvyltransferase, also known as MurA. This enzyme catalyzes the committed step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, namely the ligation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to the 3'-hydroxyl group of UDP-"N"-acetylglucosamine. This pyruvate moiety provides the linker that bridges the glycan and peptide portion of peptidoglycan. Fosfomycin is a PEP analog that inhibits MurA by alkylating an active site cysteine residue (Cys 115 in the "Escherichia coli" enzyme).


title: Fosfomycin

text: Fosfomycin (originally known as phosphonomycin) was discovered in a joint effort of Merck and Co. and Spain's Compañía Española de Penicilina y Antibióticos (CEPA). It was first isolated by screening broth cultures of "Streptomyces fradiae" isolated from soil samples for the ability to cause formation of spheroplasts by growing bacteria. The discovery was described in a series of papers published in 1969. CEPA began producing fosfomycin on an industrial scale in 1971 at its Aranjuez facility.


title: Fosfomycin

text: The complete fosfomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from "Streptomyces fradiae" has been cloned and sequenced and the heterologous production of fosfomycin in "S. lividans" has been achieved by Ryan Woodyer of the Huimin Zhao and Wilfred van der Donk research groups.


title: Fosfomycin

text: Large scale production of fosfomycin is achieved by making an epoxide of cis-propenylphosphonic acid to yield racemic mixture fosfomycin.


title: David Sirota

text: David J. Sirota (born November 2, 1975) is an American journalist, columnist at "The Guardian", editor for "Jacobin", author, television writer, and screenwriter. He is also a political commentator and radio host based in Denver. He is a nationally syndicated newspaper columnist, political spokesperson, and blogger. In March 2019, he began working as the senior advisor and speechwriter on the Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign. In 2022, he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay for conceiving the story for Netflix's "Don't Look Up" alongside co-writer and director Adam McKay. He is founder of The Lever news outlet.


title: David Sirota

text: Sirota was born in New Haven, Connecticut, but grew up in the Montgomery County suburbs outside of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After being educated at the William Penn Charter School, he went to Northwestern University, where he earned a bachelor's degree with honors in journalism and political science. He has lived in various cities around the country including Philadelphia, Chicago, San Diego, Washington, D.C., Helena, and Denver.


title: David Sirota

text: Sirota's career in political campaigns began when he was a research director for Illinois State Senator Howard W. Carroll's unsuccessful run for U.S. Representative in Illinois's 9th congressional district in the 1998 election; Carroll lost in the Democratic primary to Illinois State Representative Jan Schakowsky. In 1999, Sirota served as Dwight Evans's deputy mayoral campaign manager in Philadelphia, but was let go for "overzealous behavior" related to the creation of a fake website with damaging racial comments attributed to their opponent John White, Jr. Evans said he believed that Sirota had not created the bogus page, but had discussed it with the person who created it who was his friend and former college roommate. Sirota then became a fundraiser for Joe Hoeffel in his first successful campaign for the House of Representatives in Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district. Later he moved to Washington, D.C. and worked in the political department of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). His next job was as press aide and spokesperson for Bernie Sanders while he was serving as the at-large U.S. Representative from Vermont.


title: David Sirota

text: Sirota worked as spokesperson for the House Appropriations Committee. While a fellow at the Center for American Progress, a liberal research and advocacy group, he created its "Progress Report".


title: David Sirota

text: In 2003 "Newsweek" profiled Sirota as a "political operative" skilled at "hacking out a daily barrage of anti-Bush media clips, commentary, and snappy quotes" who made "guerrilla attacks on the Bush administration", and who was "well schooled in the art of Washington warfare." According to the article, Sirota's main weapons were computer emails. Sirota was described as the "Internet child of the Clinton "War Room" generation." Former Clinton White House chief of staff John Podesta said of Sirota: "I just saw he had an eye for critique and the instinct for the jugular." For example, Sirota unearthed a two-year-old comment that Colin Powell had made to the effect that "Iraq posed no threat to its neighbors, and possessed no 'significant capability' in weapons of mass destruction." Sirota made Powell's statements more widely known. Reporters pounced, and it became a public relations blow to the Bush administration. Sirota was credited with having revealed that $87 billion for Iraq could have been used to erase huge state deficits at home, a fact that was repeated by Democrats nationwide.


title: David Sirota

text: He served as a senior strategist for Brian Schweitzer's unsuccessful 2000 Senate campaign and successful 2004 gubernatorial campaign. In September 2006, Sirota worked as a political consultant for Ned Lamont's U.S. Senate campaign. Lamont defeated Joe Lieberman in the primary, but Lieberman ran as an independent and defeated Lamont in the November election. In 2008, Sirota was co-chair of the Progressive Legislative Action Network (now renamed the Progressive States Network). He was a senior fellow at the Campaign for America's Future.


title: David Sirota

text: On March 19, 2019, the Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign announced it had hired Sirota to work as a senior advisor and speechwriter. Sirota was accused of launching attacks against Sanders's Democratic opponents on Twitter and through articles for "The Guardian" on behalf of the campaign as early as December. However, according to Sirota and "The Guardian", the Sanders campaign did not engage in conversations related to his hiring until January. "The Guardian" spokeswoman Deepal Patadia said after they were informed about the conversations Sirota quit filing columns for "The Guardian".


title: David Sirota

text: Sirota continued to contribute to "Capital & Main" and interviewed Washington Governor Jay Inslee, a Democrat who launched a 2020 presidential campaign. They talked about how Inslee planned to address the issue of climate change through his campaign. Once "The Atlantic" revealed that Sirota had been advising the Sanders campaign prior to his official hire, "Capital & Main"’s publisher told The Atlantic that “Capital & Main did not, and would never, knowingly allow Mr. Sirota or any reporter to use our site to advocate for or against a political candidate.”


title: David Sirota

text: In May 2005, Sirota became a contributor to "The Huffington Post" while writing his own blog. He was a regular guest on "The Al Franken Show" and makes guest appearances on "The Colbert Report", "Countdown with Keith Olbermann", "NOW", "Lou Dobbs Tonight", "CNBC", and "NPR". He is a senior editor at "In These Times", a regular columnist for "The Nation" and the "Intermountain Jewish News", and a past contributor to "The American Prospect". He has been published in "The Washington Post", the "Los Angeles Times", "The Baltimore Sun", and the "San Francisco Chronicle".


title: David Sirota

text: Sirota was a contributor to OpenLeft, a now-defunct progressive political blog. In June 2007, he replaced the late progressive columnist Molly Ivins with a column to be syndicated nationally by Creators Syndicate. Sirota became a contributing writer for Salon in May 2011.


title: David Sirota

text: From 2009 to 2012, Sirota was the morning host at the Denver progressive talk station KKZN. Sirota was initially filling in for Jay Marvin on his eponymous program; but Marvin was ultimately unable to return, and Sirota became the permanent host in 2010. Sirota also guest hosted for Thom Hartmann and Norman Goldman. On July 16, 2012, Sirota moved to sister station KHOW to co-host an afternoon drive program with former George W. Bush administration FEMA director Michael D. Brown, "The Rundown with Sirota and Brown". In January 2013, after nearly four years in radio, Sirota parted ways with KHOW/Clear Channel. Insiders speculate the reason for the abrupt departure was friction between the two co-hosts; it left Brown with his own show.<ref name="Westword Jan 2013 Sirota out at KHOW/Clear Channel"></ref>


title: David Sirota

text: In March 2017, Sirota joined The Young Turks online broadcast network as a contributor, providing periodic investigative reports.<ref name="Adweek TYT/Young Turks March 2017"></ref> In early 2018, after four years of reporting for the "International Business Times" as senior editor of investigations, Sirota left that publication.


title: David Sirota

text: In May 2020, some weeks after ending his work with Bernie Sanders's 2020 campaign, Sirota joined "Jacobin" as editor-at-large.


title: David Sirota

text: In May 2006, Random House's Crown Publishers released Sirota's book "Hostile Takeover". The first chapter of the book was published in "The New York Times" in July 2006. Sirota read sections of his book in public. In the book, Sirota argued that corporate interests are driving U.S. economic policy. The book became a "The New York Times" bestseller on July 9, 2006, entering at #23 on the nonfiction list. The paperback edition came out a year later.


title: David Sirota

text: Sirota's "Hostile Takeover" (2006) was reviewed by "The New York Times" critic Tobin Harshaw who described Sirota as a "Montana-based blogger with a take-no-prisoners mind-set" with "an admirably organized mind". Harshaw applauded some Sirota suggestions as "admirably specific, occasionally realistic and arguably on the side of the angels" and capable of bipartisan support, such as his recommendations for "regulating malpractice insurance for doctors... restoring state control over class-action laws... (and) forcing chief executives to certify corporate tax returns so they face liability for fraud." He felt Sirota was critical of "mainstream Democratic centrists". Harshaw criticized the writing style as "cliched" and "oppressive" and too lengthy and needing an editor, but admitted Sirota presented a "creditable analysis."


title: David Sirota

text: Sirota responded to Harshaw's review in a letter to the editor. Sirota denied his book was critical of mainstream Democrats, but aimed squarely at "exposing Republican hypocrisy." He described his position as a "centrist exploration of the corruption of the entire system" that "isn't the fault of just one party or another."


title: David Sirota

text: There was controversy in Washington, D.C., in 2007 about whether Sirota was a "journalist" or an "activist". While the Washington press corps tends to see him as an "activist", at one point he was criticized for skirting the rules about access to Congress, which would on some occasions deny activists access, by getting a "temporary intern's ID"; this gave him access to the Senate chamber, but he was criticized in "The Washington Post" afterward. He was described as having "pulled an end-run around the press galleries." Sirota denied he got "special access" and that such a claim was "just bizarre". He added: "I think a lot of reporters on the Hill want to monopolize access to our government as a way to preserve their monopoly on news I guess." Some analysts observed that conservative journalists were activists as well; one noted "("Weekly Standard" columnist) Fred Barnes has credentials, he espouses political views."