title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: "I Was Made for Lovin' You" draws heavily from the disco style that was popular in late-1970s United States. According to legend, the members of the band were in conflict with their producers, who wanted the band to shift to a more commercial sound. In response, the band argued that lucrative disco songs could be written by anyone in a short time frame. The story goes that the song's demo was completed in mere hours after the bet.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: While the story is unproven, Paul Stanley, who co-wrote the song with Desmond Child and Vini Poncia, has stated that it was a conscious effort on his part to prove how easy it was to write and record a hit disco song. Child confirms that he and Stanley wrote the verses together in an hour at SIR Studios, while the "Motown-influenced" chorus was penned by Stanley and Poncia after Child had left the studio. Gene Simmons revealed in a 2018 interview that he always disliked the song because of his vocal part.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: Although Peter Criss appears in the video and on the album cover, he did not actually play on the track. As with most of the "Dynasty" album, session drummer Anton Fig took his place, as Poncia had deemed Criss unfit to play. There is a bootleg audio recording of the writing sessions for the song in which Stanley mentions Criss's name a couple of times, indicating he was present during the arranging of the song. Stanley plays the rhythm guitar and bass guitar while Frehley provided the guitar solo. "The Return of KISS" was how "Dynasty" was billed in commercials and advertisements for the album.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: "I Was Made for Lovin' You" was Kiss's first songwriting collaboration with Desmond Child, who also wrote songs for the albums "Animalize", "Asylum", "Crazy Nights", "Smashes, Thrashes & Hits", and "Hot in the Shade". While not as drastic as the 1979 "Radio Single Mix", the length of the song is edited by some eleven seconds down to 4 minutes and 16 seconds. Like the 1979 edit, the beginning measures of the song are reduced from four to two and the harmonizing following the guitar solo is halved.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: The music video of "I Was Made for Lovin' You" was filmed on June 20, 1979, in the Savannah Civic Center in Savannah, Georgia, and was directed by John Goodhue. After the show was canceled, it was decided to use the already completed stage to film two videos. A promotional video was shot featuring the song performed on the Dynasty stage set, consisting simply of the band performing the song. The music video on YouTube has more than 450 million views. It was not included in the "Kissology" DVD series.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: "I Was Made for Lovin' You" was the band's second Gold single, selling over 1 million copies. The single was certified Gold in the U.S. on August 16, 1979, and in Canada on August 1, 1979.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: The song was one of the band's few singles to chart in the UK in the 1970s, though peaking only at No. 50, where a 7 min 54 sec version was released on 12" single in addition to the shorter 7" version.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: The single reached No. 11 on the U.S. "Billboard" singles chart and No. 1 in the Canadian "RPM" National singles chart (the band's second chart-topping single in that country, following "Shout It Out Loud"). It further became a hit in Australia reaching No. 2 on the ARIA charts in 1979. It also charted in Western Europe: it became a top 20 hit in Sweden, a top 10 hit in Norway, and made it to the number 2 position in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. In the Netherlands it was a No. 1. In the UK it stalled at number 50.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: "Billboard Magazine" described "I Was Made for Lovin' You" as a "catchy song" which is more melodic than previous Kiss efforts and that incorporates some disco influence and "heavy guitars."


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: Some Kiss fans dismissed it as a sell-out, with "Rolling Stone" magazine's David Fricke writing, "The Kiss army is going to mutiny when they hear 'I Was Made for Lovin’ You,' the disco-infected leadoff track on the Masked Marvels’ latest album. They'll demand to know why their heroes, after years of rallying the troops into battle against disco and other threatening schlock, have turned tail and joined forces with uptown popsters like producer Vini Poncia (whose soft-rock credentials include LPs by Ringo Starr and Melissa Manchester) and singer/tunesmith Desmond Child (who cowrote the offending song with Kiss’ Paul Stanley)." Lance Tawzer, curator of a museum exhibit chronicling the infamous Disco Demolition Night riot of 1979, suggested this song may have helped inspire that event, telling the "Chicago Tribune", "That's Kiss' disco song, 'I Was Made for Lovin' You... That's the moment when they jumped that shark."


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: Despite the backlash, the song has become a concert staple over the years, with a different arrangement that de-emphasizes the song's disco elements. Gene Simmons has stated that "I Was Made for Lovin' You" is his least favorite Kiss song, and Ace Frehley and Peter Criss have also indicated that they dislike the song.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: A cover version of the song by German group Scooter. This cover was released as a double a-side with "We Are the Greatest" on 21 September 1998.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: American boy band Menudo covered the song in Spanish as "Fui Hecho Para Amarte" on their Xanadu album during 1981, the cover was also appeared on their first film, 1981's .


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: Mexican pop singer Paulina Rubio recorded the song with producer Brian Rawling for her sixth studio album, "Border Girl", in 2002 at Soundtrack Studios in New York.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: Rubio's version received positive reviews from critics. While reviewing "Border Girl", Jose F. Promis of AllMusic selected the song as highlights, describing "almost unbelievably" as emblematic original version. MTV Asia declared "Gene Simmons and company would have died to have a groupie like her," while "Rolling Stone" saying, Rubio's version "replacing that song's roller coaster vocal howls with Rubio's sensuous purr and a dumbed-down dance beat."


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: Rubio's first performed the song on the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamérica. As well, performed the song on her Amor, Luz y Sonido Tour in 2007.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: Dutch DJ Oliver Heldens reworked the song with vocals provided by Nile Rodgers and British vocal group House Gospel Choir (HGC).


title: Zone 414

text: Zone 414 is a 2021 American science fiction neo-noir thriller film directed by Andrew Baird in his feature-film debut, and written by Bryan Edward Hill. It stars Guy Pearce, Matilda Lutz, Jonathan Aris and Travis Fimmel. It about a wealthy robot designer (Fimmel) who hires a private investigator (Pearce) after his adult daughter goes missing inside a walled city where humans can hire humanoid robots for sexual pleasure.


title: Zone 414

text: Zone 414 is a walled city of state-of-the-art humanoid robots which cater to wealthy clients, providing companionship and sex. When the genius inventor who created the robots and whose corporation runs Zone 414 realizes that his adult daughter Melissa has gone missing inside Zone 414, he hires private investigator David Carmichael to bring her home. David is a former police detective who was forced to retire after he caused the death of his police partner and a criminal during a hostage-taking. He is still troubled by his wife's suicide, and his refusal of alcoholic drinks suggests he may be trying to stop drinking.


title: Zone 414

text: The Veidt Corporation tests David by asking him to shoot a woman who pleads for her life. He deduces that she must be a lifelike android and shoots her, passing the test. Psychologist Joseph Veidt then interviews David to see if he is suitable for the job, which requires discretion and willingness to work outside of the law. When he passes both tests, he meets Veidt's inventor brother Marlon, who tells him that his adult daughter Melissa has gone missing inside Zone 414. He wants David to find her without involving the police, fearing that news of a missing person in Zone 414 might lead to a crackdown on the zone's regulatory exemptions.


title: Zone 414

text: David pairs up with Jane, a highly advanced and self-aware robot, to find Melissa. Jane has developed human-like emotions that transcend the simulated emotions required in her work as a prostitute. She tells David that a man is leaving threatening messages for her and that she has become afraid for her safety.


title: Zone 414

text: David meets Royale, the pimp who helps wealthy clients select a robot to cater to their sexual needs. He asks her if some wealthy clients are paying to be able to threaten robots like Jane, but Royale denies that she would comply with such a request. He asks her about Melissa, and she says that she was hanging out at a gritty part of the city, pretending to be a robot.


title: Zone 414

text: As Jane continues to face threats from her stalker, the pair discover Melissa hanging by a noose in an empty warehouse in a boatyard. David returns the body to Marlon and suggests that the authorities be alerted to Zone 414's dangers. When David meets Joseph Veidt to receive his payment, David goads the psychologist into admitting that he was stalking Jane. He tells David that when Melissa caught him torturing and killing androids, he killed her. Soon after, Joseph arrives at Jane's apartment and attempts to immobilize her with a handheld device. Jane is momentarily frozen, but regains mobility and overpowers Joseph. When David returns to see Jane, he offers his gun to Jane and she shoots Joseph dead.


title: Zone 414

text: Marlon Veidt is seen making adjustments to an android that looks exactly like Melissa (so she may have been a lifelike android all along, or Veidt may be replacing the dead human daughter with an android). In the final scene, the Veidt Corporation gets David to record a statement claiming that Zone 414 is safe, and threaten him with legal action if he criticizes the android city.


title: Zone 414

text: On August 28, 2019, it was announced that Travis Fimmel would play the lead role. On January 21, 2020, Guy Pearce and Matilda Lutz joined the cast, with Pearce replacing Fimmel, who took a supporting role instead.


title: Zone 414

text: The film was released in US theaters and on VOD on September 3, 2021 by Saban Films. Netflix began streaming it on January 1, 2022.


title: Zone 414

text: Cath Clarke from "The Guardian" gave it two out of five stars and called it a "hollow "Blade Runner" copycat" in which the script is "completely devoid of ideas about what the future of AI might look like." Todd Gilchrist from "What to Watch" says that while "Director Andrew Baird deserves credit for nakedly aping one of sci-fi's most famous films... he can't recreate its style or storytelling". Gilchrist states that the "'malfunctioning' android Jane" character (Matilda Lutz) has "lackluster dialogue", and noted that her character had "some interesting dimensions the movie needed to explore better". He criticized screenwriter Bryan Edward Hill for "front-load[ing] the film with too many ideas and references that its director, and its budget, cannot deliver [on]."


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: As of September 2020, the caste population data for each upper caste citizen in Punjab collected in "Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011" has not been released to public by Government of India. Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes form 63.2% of the total population of Punjab.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: The Punjabi language written in the Gurmukhi script is the official language of the state. Muslims form a slight majority in the Malerkotla town and use Shahmukhi for communication. Punjabi is the sole official language of Punjab and is spoken by the majority of the population numbering around 24,919,067 constituting (89.82%) of the population as of 2011 census report. Hindi is the second largest language, spoken by 2,177,853 constituting 7.85% of the population. And the remaining 646,418 spoke other Indian languages, comprising 2.83% in the Others category.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: Sikhism is the most practiced faith in Punjab, practiced by 16 million people representing 57.69% of the population of Punjab population, making it the only Sikh-majority state in India. Around 38.49% of the population i.e. 10.67 million practice Hinduism, while Islam is followed by 5.35 lakhs comprising 1.93% of the state population. Other faiths include Buddhism, Christianity and Jainism.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: Note: It's includes only the present geographical area of Punjab i.e. after the 1966 part of geographical area.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: Present day India's Punjab have a population 9,238,810 as per 1946 statistics concerned, Sikhism is marginally the majority religion of the region practiced by 4,679,599, Islam being second largest religion practiced by 2,699,651, while 1,619,878 adheres to Hindu faith. Other minority religion community includes; Christians at 188,576, Buddhists at 27,290, Jains at 22,741, while 1,075 people follow other religions or not stated anyone.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: Sikhism was born in the Punjab area of South Asia, which now falls into the present day states of India and Pakistan. The main religions of the area at the time were Hinduism and Islam.The Sikh faith began around 1500 CE, when Guru Nanak began teaching a faith that was quite distinct from Hinduism and Islam. Nine Gurus followed Nanak and developed the Sikh faith and community over the next centuries.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: The Sikh population in India's Punjab have grown from 5.53 million in 1951 to 16 million in 2011 census (an increase of 10.47 million in last 60 years). Sikhs in Punjab have the lowest fertility rate of 1.6 children per women as per census 2011.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: While population that adheres to Sikh faith has increased, the percentage of Sikhs has declined from 60.62% in 1951 to 57.69% (a decline of 2.93% in last 60 years).


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: Hinduism is the second largest and fastest growing religion in the Indian state of Punjab with around 38.5% followers as of 2011 census. Hinduism is the 2nd largest religion of Punjabi peoples. It was the largest religion in Punjab before the advent of Islam from the West and birth of Sikhism in Punjab region from the east.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: The Hindu percentage remained stable for decades. The Hindu percentage have increased from 37.66% in 1951 to 38.49% in 2011.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: The Hindu population have increased from 3.44 million in 1951 to 10.67 million in 2011 (a growth of 7.23 million in 6 decades). Hindus in Punjab have a fertility rate of 1.9 children per women as per as census 2011.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: The Muslim population in Punjab have reduced from 33% in 1946 to 0.5% in 1947 as a result of Partition of Punjab riots which were caused during 1947 mainly in the various parts of East Punjab.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: Before partition 2.7 million Muslims lived in what is now called today's political Punjab region of India. After partition of India most of them about 99% or say 2.67 million Muslims left the region permanently for Pakistan's Punjab.


title: Demographics of Punjab, India

text: Muslims in Punjab have a fertility rate of 2.4 children per women as per 2011 census. Islam is the fastest-growing religion in Punjab.


title: Jens Bergensten

text: Jens Peder Bergensten (born 18 May 1979), also known as Jeb or Jeb_, is a Swedish video game programmer and designer. He is best known as the lead designer of "Minecraft". In 2013, he, along with "Minecraft" creator Markus Persson, was named as one of "Time" 100 most influential people in the world. As an employee of Mojang Studios, he had been co-developing "Minecraft" with Persson since 2010, became the lead designer in 2011, and assumed full control in 2014, when Persson left the company after its acquisition.


title: Jens Bergensten

text: Bergensten started programming his first games at 11 years old, using BASIC and Turbo Pascal. By age 21, he was a mapper and modder for the first-person shooter game "Quake III Arena". He worked as a C++ and Java programmer for the game developer Korkeken Interactive Studio, which went bankrupt and became Oblivion Entertainment. After the insolvency of Oblivion Entertainment, Bergensten moved to Malmö and earned a master's degree in computer science at Lund University in 2008.


title: Jens Bergensten

text: During his time working at Korkeken, Bergensten led the development for the online role-playing game "Whispers in Akarra", which entertained a small playerbase of several hundred players. He later discontinued this project after straying from the team's original creative vision for the project. Bergensten publicly released the world editors and source code for "Akarra"'s server client in 2008.


title: Jens Bergensten

text: Afterwards he founded the indie game development company Oxeye Game Studio with Daniel Brynolf and Pontus Hammarber, who wanted to create a spiritual successor to "Whispers in Akarra". The studio's first project was "Dawn of Daria", a self-described "massively-multiplayer fantasy life simulator". After several public alpha tests, the project was discontinued like its predecessor, and Oxeye Games Studio switched their focus to various game jam project and tech demos. The company was soon recognized known for the real-time strategy game "" and later the platform games "Cobalt" and "Cobalt WASD".


title: Jens Bergensten

text: In November 2010, Bergensten was hired as Mojang's back-end developer for "Scrolls" (now known as "Caller's Bane"). He later began programming increasingly significant parts of "Minecraft" until he became its lead designer in December 2011, taking over from Markus Persson. Bergensten was part of the team that developed "Catacomb Snatch" as part of Humble Bundle Mojam, a game jam. In recent years Bergensten has been featured in the teaser videos for Minecraft Live along with Agnes Larsson.


title: Jens Bergensten

text: On 11 May 2013, Bergensten married photographer Jenny Bergensten ( Thornell). On 10 December 2015, Bergensten had a son, Björn.


title: Ramanujan summation

text: Ramanujan summation is a technique invented by the mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan for assigning a value to divergent infinite series. Although the Ramanujan summation of a divergent series is not a sum in the traditional sense, it has properties that make it mathematically useful in the study of divergent infinite series, for which conventional summation is undefined.


title: Ramanujan summation

text: Since there are no properties of an entire sum, the Ramanujan summation functions as a property of partial sums. If we take the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula together with the correction rule using Bernoulli numbers, we see that:


title: Ramanujan summation

text: where "C" is a constant specific to the series and its analytic continuation and the limits on the integral were not specified by Ramanujan, but presumably they were as given above. Comparing both formulae and assuming that "R" tends to 0 as "x" tends to infinity, we see that, in a general case, for functions "f"("x") with no divergence at "x" = 0:


title: Ramanujan summation

text: where Ramanujan assumed formula_4 By taking formula_5 we normally recover the usual summation for convergent series. For functions "f"("x") with no divergence at "x" = 1, we obtain:


title: Ramanujan summation

text: "C"(0) was then proposed to use as the sum of the divergent sequence. It is like a bridge between summation and integration.


title: Ramanujan summation

text: In the following text, formula_8 indicates "Ramanujan summation". This formula originally appeared in one of Ramanujan's notebooks, without any notation to indicate that it exemplified a novel method of summation.


title: Ramanujan summation

text: Ramanujan had calculated "sums" of known divergent series. It is important to mention that the Ramanujan sums are not the sums of the series in the usual sense, i.e. the partial sums do not converge to this value, which is denoted by the symbol formula_11 In particular, the formula_8 sum of was calculated as:


title: Ramanujan summation

text: It has been proposed to use of "C"(1) rather than "C"(0) as the result of Ramanujan's summation, since then it can be assured that one series formula_16 admits one and only one Ramanujan's summation, defined as the value in 1 of the only solution of the difference equation formula_17 that verifies the condition formula_18.


title: Ramanujan summation

text: This demonstration of Ramanujan's summation (denoted as formula_19) does not coincide with the earlier defined Ramanujan's summation, "C"(0), nor with the summation of convergent series, but it has interesting properties, such as: If "R"("x") tends to a finite limit when "x" → 1, then the series formula_19 is convergent, and we have


title: Ramanujan summation

text: Ramanujan resummation can be extended to integrals; for example, using the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula, one can write


title: Ramanujan summation

text: With formula_27, the application of this Ramanujan resummation lends to finite results in the renormalization of quantum field theories.


title: GSM frequency bands

text: GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the cellular frequencies designated by the ITU for the operation of GSM mobile phones and other mobile devices.


title: GSM frequency bands

text: A dual-band 900/1800 device is required to be compatible with most networks apart from deployments in ITU Region 2.


title: GSM frequency bands

text: GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are used in most parts of the world (ITU-Regions 1 and 3): Africa, Europe, Middle East, Asia (apart from Japan and South Korea where GSM has never been introduced) and Oceania.


title: GSM frequency bands

text: In common GSM-900 is most widely used. Fewer operators use GSM-1800. Mobile Communication Services on Aircraft (MCA) uses GSM-1800.


title: GSM frequency bands

text: In North America, GSM operates on the primary mobile communication bands 850 MHz and 1900 MHz. In Canada, GSM-1900 is the primary band used in urban areas with 850 as a backup, and GSM-850 being the primary rural band. In the United States, regulatory requirements determine which area can use which band.


title: GSM frequency bands

text: The term "Cellular" is sometimes used to describe GSM services in the 850 MHz band, because the original analog cellular mobile communication system was allocated in this spectrum. Further GSM-850 is also sometimes called "GSM-800" because this frequency range was known as the "800 MHz band" (for simplification) when it was first allocated for AMPS in the United States in 1983. In North America GSM-1900 is also referred to as Personal Communications Service (PCS) like any other cellular system operating on the "1900 MHz band".


title: GSM frequency bands

text: Some countries in Central and South America have allocated spectrum in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands for GSM in addition to the common GSM deployments at 850 MHz and 1900 MHz for ITU-Region 2 (Americas). The result therefore is a mixture of usage in the Americas that requires travelers to confirm that the devices they have are compatible with the bands of the network at their destination. Frequency compatibility problems can be avoided through the use of multi-band (tri-band or, especially, quad-band) device.


title: GSM frequency bands

text: Another less common GSM version is GSM-450. It uses the same band as, and can co-exist with, old analog NMT systems. NMT is a first generation (1G) mobile system which was primarily used in Nordic countries, Benelux, Alpine Countries, Eastern Europe and Russia prior to the introduction of GSM. The GSM Association claims one of its around 680 operator-members has a license to operate a GSM 450 network in Tanzania. However, currently all active public operators in Tanzania use GSM 900/1800 MHz. There are no publicly advertised handsets for GSM-450 available.


title: GSM frequency bands

text: Very few NMT-450 networks remain in operation. Overall, where the 450 MHz NMT band has been licensed, the original analogue network has been closed, and sometimes replaced by CDMA. Some of the CDMA networks have since upgraded from CDMA to LTE (LTE band 31).


title: GSM frequency bands

text: Today, most telephones support multiple bands as used in different countries to facilitate roaming. These are typically referred to as multi-band phones. Dual-band phones can cover GSM networks in pairs such as 900 and 1800 MHz frequencies (Europe, Asia, Australia and Brazil) or 850 and 1900 (North America and Brazil). European tri-band phones typically cover the 900, 1800 and 1900 bands giving good coverage in Europe and allowing limited use in North America, while North American tri-band phones utilize 850, 1800 and 1900 for widespread North American service but limited worldwide use. A new addition has been the quad-band phone, also known as a World Phone, supporting at least all four major GSM bands, allowing for global use (excluding non-GSM countries such as Japan, South Korea and as well countries where 2G system was shut down to release frequencies and spectrum for LTE networks like Australia (since 2017), Singapore and Taiwan (since 2018).


title: GSM frequency bands

text: There are also multi-mode phones which can operate on GSM as well as on other mobile phone systems using other technical standards or proprietary technologies. Often these phones use multiple frequency bands as well. For example, one version of the Nokia 6340i GAIT phone sold in North America can operate on GSM-1900, GSM-850 and legacy TDMA-1900, TDMA-800, and AMPS-800, making it both multi-mode and multi-band. As a more recent example the Apple iPhone 5 and iPhone 4S support quad-band GSM at 850/900/1800/1900 MHz, quad-band UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA at 850/900/1900/2100 MHz, and dual-band CDMA EV-DO Rev. An at 800/1900 MHz, for a total of 'six' different frequencies (though at most four in a single mode). This allows the same handset to be sold for AT&T Mobility, Verizon, and Sprint in the U.S. as well as a broad range of GSM carriers worldwide such as Vodafone, Orange and T-Mobile (Excluding-US), many of whom offer official unlocking.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: A non-banking financial institution (NBFI) or non-bank financial company (NBFC) is a financial institution that does not have a full banking license or is not supervised by a national or international banking regulatory agency. NBFC facilitate bank-related financial services, such as investment, risk pooling, contractual savings, and market brokering. Examples of these include insurance firms, pawn shops, cashier's check issuers, check cashing locations, payday lending, currency exchanges, and microloan organizations. Alan Greenspan has identified the role of NBFIs in strengthening an economy, as they provide "multiple alternatives to transform an economy's savings into capital investment which act as backup facilities should the primary form of intermediation fail."


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: The term "non-bank" likely started as non-deposit taking banking institution. However, due to financial regulations adopted from English speaking countries, non-English speaking countries took "non-bank" as a single word. This is probably because in English speaking countries the term 'bank' is generally accepted as equivalent to 'financial institution' but outside English speaking countries, especially developing countries, see the term bank as deposit taking institutions only, and every other financial service providers as something that must not be termed a bank. This is possibly due to language differences. But also importantly, this is likely due to developing countries in the past having adopted the western banking system much later than the West. As developing countries adopted, or learned the financial system from English speaking countries, there was a higher focus in regulatory terms such as bank and non-bank, while not understanding that non-bank is actually a shortened version of non-deposit taking bank. This is in contrast to English speaking countries as in English speaking countries the general public, as well as regulatory institutions, refer to financial institutions as simply a "bank" in many instances.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: NBFIs supplement banks by providing the infrastructure to allocate surplus resources to individuals and companies with deficits. Additionally, NBFIs also introduces competition in the provision of financial services. While banks may offer a set of financial services as a packaged deal, NBFIs unbundle and tailor these service to meet the needs of specific clients. Additionally, individual NBFIs may specialize in one particular sector and develop an informational advantage. Through the process of unbundling, targeting, and specializing, NBFIs enhances competition within the financial services industry.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Non-bank financial companies (NBFCs) offer most sorts of banking services, such as loans and credit facilities, private education funding, retirement planning, trading in money markets, underwriting stocks and shares, TFCs(Term Finance Certificate) and other obligations. These institutions also provide wealth management such as managing portfolios of stocks and shares, discounting services e.g. discounting of instruments and advice on merger and acquisition activities. The number of non-banking financial companies has expanded greatly in the last several years as venture capital companies, retail and industrial companies have entered the lending business.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Non-bank institutions also frequently support investments in property and prepare feasibility, market or industry studies for companies. However they are typically not allowed to take deposits from the general public and have to find other means of funding their operations such as issuing debt instruments.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: NBFCs are neither providing the cheque book nor saving account and current account. It only takes fixed deposit or time deposits.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Some research suggests a high correlation between a financial development and economic growth. Generally, a market-based financial system has better-developed NBFIs than a bank-based system, which is conducive for economic growth.linkages between bankers and brokers.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: A multi-faceted financial system that includes non-bank financial institutions can protect economies from financial shocks and enable speedy recovery when these shocks happen. NBFIs provide “multiple alternatives to transform an economy's savings into capital investment, [which] serve as backup facilities should the primary form of intermediation fail.”


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: However, in the absence of effective financial regulations, non-bank financial institutions can actually exacerbate the fragility of the financial system.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Since not all NBFIs are heavily regulated, the shadow banking system constituted by these institutions could wreak potential instability. In particular, CIVs, hedge funds, and structured investment vehicles, up until the financial crisis of 2007–2008, were entities that focused NBFI supervision on pension funds and insurance companies, but were largely overlooked by regulators.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Because these NBFIs operate without a banking license, in some countries their activities are largely unsupervised, both by government regulators and credit reporting agencies. Thus, a large NBFI market share of total financial assets can easily destabilize the entire financial system. A prime example would be the 1997 Asian financial crisis, where a lack of NBFI regulation fueled a credit bubble and asset overheating. When the asset prices collapsed and loan defaults skyrocketed, the resulting credit crunch led to the 1997 Asian financial crisis that left most of Southeast Asia and Japan with devalued currencies and a rise in private debt.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Due to increased competition, established lenders are often reluctant to include NBFIs into existing credit-information sharing arrangements. Additionally, NBFIs often lack the technological capabilities necessary to participate in information sharing networks. In general, NBFIs also contribute less information to credit-reporting agencies than do banks.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: For continual growth and sustenance of NBFCs, it is important to have a regulation around them while maintaining their innovativeness. An introduction of regulatory sandbox in different ecosystem will help them achieve the desired results. Many countries have adopted Regulatory Sandbox and soon more will adopt.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Insurance companies underwrite economic risks associated with illness, death, damage and other risks of loss. In return to collecting an insurance premium, insurance companies provide a contingent promise of economic protection in the case of loss. There are two main types of insurance companies: general insurance and life insurance. General insurance tends to be short-term, while life insurance is a longer-term contract, which terminates at the death of the insured. Both types of insurance, life and general, are available to all sectors of the community.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Although insurance companies do not have banking licenses, in most countries insurance has a separate form of regulation specific to the insurance business and may well be covered by the same financial regulator that also covers banks. There have also been a number of instances where insurance companies and banks have merged thus creating insurance companies that do have banking licenses.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Contractual savings institutions (also called institutional investors) run investment funds like pension and mutual funds. They give individuals the opportunity to invest in funds as fiduciaries rather than as principals. Funds pool resources from individuals and firms into various financial instruments including equity, debt, and derivatives. The individual holds equity in the fund itself, rather directly in the investments.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: The two main types of mutual funds are open-end and closed-end funds. Open-end funds generate new investments by allowing the public to purchase new shares at any time, and shareholders can liquidate their holding by selling the shares back to the open-end fund at the net asset value. Closed-end funds issue a fixed number of shares in an IPO. In this case, the shareholders capitalize on the value of their assets by selling their shares in a stock exchange.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Mutual funds are usually distinguished by the nature of their investments. For example, some funds specialize in high risk, high return investments, while others focus on tax-exempt securities. There are also mutual funds specializing in speculative trading (i.e. hedge funds), a specific sector, or cross-border investments.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Pension funds are mutual funds that limit the investor's ability to access their investments until a certain date. In return, pension funds are granted large tax breaks in order to incentivize the working population to set aside a portion of their current income for a later date after they exit the labor force (retirement income).


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Market makers are broker-dealer institutions that quote a buy and sell price and facilitate transactions for financial assets. Such assets include equities, government and corporate debt, derivatives, and foreign currencies. After receiving an order, the market maker immediately sells from its inventory or makes a purchase to offset the loss in inventory. The differential between the buying and selling quotes, or the bid–offer spread, is how the market-maker makes a profit. A major contribution of the market makers is improving the liquidity of financial assets in the market.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: They provide a limited range of financial services to a targeted sector. For example, real estate financiers channel capital to prospective homeowners, leasing companies provide financing for equipment and payday lending companies that provide short-term loans to individuals that are underbanked or have limited resources, like Uganda Development Bank.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Financial service providers include brokers (both securities and mortgage), management consultants, and financial advisors, and they operate on a fee-for-service basis. Their services include: improving informational efficiency for the investors and, in the case of brokers, offering a transactions service by which an investor can liquidate existing assets.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: According to the World Bank, approximately 30% total assets of South Korea's financial system was held in NBFIs as of 1997. In this report, the lack of regulation in this area was claimed to be one reason for the 1997 Asian financial crisis.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: As of 2019, China's banking system is estimated to hold the equivalent of $8.3 trillion USD in assets (or approximately 20% of total bank assets) largely in the form of loans wrapped by NBFI investments.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: The European Commission's Payment Services Directive (PSD) regulates payment services and payment service providers throughout the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area. The PSD describes which types of organisation can provide payment services in Europe: credit institutions (i.e. banks), certain authorities (e.g. central banks, government bodies), electronic money institutions (EMI) and payment institutions. Organisations that are not credit institutions or EMI can apply for authorisation to be a payment institution in any EU country of their URL choice (where they are established) and then passport their payment services into other states across the EU.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: In contrast, until 2006, were subject to minimal regulation. Since April 1, 2007, non-deposit taking NBFCs with assets over €1B are classified as systemically important. Prudential regulations, such as capital adequacy requirements and exposure norms with reporting requirements, apply to these companies. The reporting and disclosure norms have also been made applicable to them at different points in time.


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: Depending upon their nature of activities, non-banking finance companies can be classified into the following categories, also known as "notified entities:"


title: Non-bank financial institution

text: In 1996, the NBFI sector accounted for approximately $200 billion in transactions in the United States.


title: Seychelle Gabriel

text: Seychelle Suzanne Gabriel is an American actress. On television, she portrayed Lourdes Delgado in "Falling Skies" (2011–2014) and voiced Asami Sato in "The Legend of Korra" (2012–2014). She has also appeared in the films "The Spirit" (2008), "The Last Airbender" (2010), "Honey 2" (2011), "Sleight" (2016), and "Blood Fest" (2018).


title: Seychelle Gabriel

text: Gabriel was raised in Burbank, California. Gabriel got into acting through her mother's involvement in casting extras for commercials and videos.


title: Seychelle Gabriel

text: Gabriel appeared as Princess Yue in "The Last Airbender" (2010), directed by M. Night Shyamalan. The film was based on of "".


title: Seychelle Gabriel

text: Gabriel appeared in "Honey 2" (2011), directed by Bille Woodruff, produced by Universal Studios Home Entertainment.


title: Seychelle Gabriel

text: Gabriel also appeared in the films "The Spirit" (2008), as Young Sand Saref. She has performed on "The Tonight Show", a late-night talk show, and had a recurring role on the comedy-drama television series "Weeds". She has also appeared in one episode of "Zoey 101". She was chosen as one of the 55 faces of the future by "Nylon"'s Young Hollywood Issue in 2010.


title: Seychelle Gabriel

text: It was announced on March 7, 2011, that Gabriel was to voice the character Asami Sato in the Nickelodeon series "The Legend of Korra".


title: Seychelle Gabriel

text: Gabriel appeared as Lourdes, a series regular on the original TNT sci-fi action/drama series "Falling Skies" produced by Steven Spielberg 2011–2014. She also appeared in a 2014 music video by My Dear titled "Standing in This Dream".


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Martine Aliana Rothblatt (born October 10, 1954) is an American lawyer, author, entrepreneur, and transgender rights advocate. Rothblatt graduated from University of California, Los Angeles with J.D. and M.B.A. degrees in 1981, then began to work in Washington, D.C., first in the field of communications satellite law, and eventually in life sciences projects like the Human Genome Project. She is also influential in the field of aviation, particularly electric aviation, as well as with sustainable building.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: She is the founder and chairwoman of the board of United Therapeutics. She was also the CEO of GeoStar and the creator of SiriusXM Satellite Radio. She was the top earning CEO in the biopharmaceutical industry in 2018.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rothblatt was born 1954 into a Jewish family in Chicago, Illinois, to Rosa Lee and Hal Rothblatt, a dentist. She was raised in a suburb of San Diego, California.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rothblatt left college after two years and traveled throughout Europe, Turkey, Iran, Kenya, and the Seychelles. It was at the NASA tracking station in the Seychelles, during the summer of 1974, that she had her epiphany to unite the world via satellite communications. She then returned to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), graduating "summa cum laude" in communication studies in 1977, with a thesis on international direct-broadcast satellites.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: As an undergraduate, she became a convert to Gerard K. O'Neill's "High Frontier" plan for space colonization after analyzing his 1974 "Physics Today" cover story on the concept as a project for Professor Harland Epps' "Topics in Modern Astronomy" seminar. Rothblatt subsequently became an active member of the L5 Society and its Southern California affiliate, the Organization for the Advancement of Space Industrialization and Settlement (OASIS).


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: During her four-year J.D./M.B.A. program, also at UCLA, she published five articles on the law of satellite communications and prepared a business plan for the Hughes Space and Communications Group titled "PanAmSat" about how satellite spot beam technology could be used to provide communication service to multiple Latin American countries. She also became a regular contributor on legal aspects of space colonization to the OASIS newsletter.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Upon graduating from UCLA in 1981 with a joint J.D./M.B.A. degree, Rothblatt was hired by the Washington, D.C., law firm of Covington & Burling to represent the television broadcasting industry before the Federal Communications Commission in the areas of direct broadcast satellites and spread spectrum communication. In 1982, she left to study astronomy at the University of Maryland, College Park, but was soon retained by NASA to obtain FCC approval for the IEEE C band system on its tracking and data relay satellites and by the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Radio Frequencies to safeguard before the FCC radio astronomy quiet bands used for deep space research. Later that year she was also retained as vice president by Gerard K. O'Neill to handle business and regulatory matters for her newly invented satellite navigation technology, known as the Geostar System.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rothblatt is a regulatory attorney. She also served as a member of the Space Studies Institute (SSI) board of trustees.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In 1984, she was retained by Rene Anselmo, founder of Spanish International Network, to implement her PanAmSat MBA thesis as a new company that would compete with the global telecommunications satellite monopoly, Intelsat. In 1986, she discontinued her astronomy studies and consulting work to become the full-time CEO of Geostar Corporation, under William E. Simon as chairman. She left Geostar in 1990 to create both WorldSpace and Sirius Satellite Radio. She left Sirius in 1992 and WorldSpace in 1997 to become the full-time chairman and CEO of American medical biotechnology company United Therapeutics.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rothblatt was responsible for launching several communications satellite companies, including the first private international spacecom project (PanAmSat, 1984), the first global satellite radio network (WorldSpace, 1990), and the first non-geostationary satellite-to-car broadcasting system (Sirius Satellite Radio, 1990).


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rothblatt helped pioneer airship internet services with her Sky Station project in 1997, together with Alexander Haig.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: She then successfully led the effort to get the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to allocate frequencies for airship-based internet services.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: As an attorney-entrepreneur, Rothblatt was also responsible for leading the efforts to obtain worldwide approval, via new international treaties, of satellite orbit/spectrum allocations for space-based navigation services (1987) and for direct-to-person satellite radio transmissions (1992). She also led the International Bar Association's biopolitical project to develop a draft Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights for the United Nations (whose final version was adopted by the UNESCO on November 11, 1997, and endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly on December 9, 1998).


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rothblatt is a well-known voice for medical and pharmaceutical innovation. In 1994, motivated by her daughter being diagnosed with life-threatening pulmonary hypertension, Rothblatt created the PPH Cure Foundation and in 1996 founded United Therapeutics. That same year, she says, she had sex reassignment surgery. At that time she also began studying for a Ph.D. in medical ethics at the Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London. The degree was granted in June 2001 based upon her dissertation on the conflict between private and public interests in xenotransplantation. This thesis, defended before England's leading bioethicist John Harris, was later published by Ashgate House under the title "Your Life or Mine".


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: As of April 2018, Rothblatt earned a compensation package worth $37.1 million from United Therapeutics. The majority of the compensation package is for stock options.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In January 2022, Rothblatt's company Lung Biotechnology made an attempt at effectuating her Ph.D. dissertation by transplanting the first genetically-modified porcine heart in hopes that it would successfully save the life of a patient. Unfortunately, the recipient subsequently passed away on Tuesday, March 8, 2022.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In June 2022, Rothblatt unveiled the world's most complex 3D printed object, a human lung scaffold, based on 44 trillion [voxel]s of data and comprising four thousand kilometers of capillaries and 200 million alveoli.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rothblatt is an airplane and helicopter pilot with night-vision goggle (NVG) certification. She generally pilots a Pilatus PC-12NG and a Bell 429WLG. Her other achievements in aviation include providing current weather information to all XM radio-equipped North American aircraft via her SiriusXM satellite system, and pioneering Aircraft Geolocation Tracking via her Geostar Satellite System. In 2018, Rothblatt received the American Helicopter Museum and Education Center Annual Achievement Award for innovation in rotary-wing flight.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rothblatt's company United Therapeutics formed a subsidiary, Lung Biotechnology, to preserve and restore selected donor lungs, making them viable for transplantation. Rothblatt began looking at electric helicopters as a way of reducing energy consumption and noise while reducing transportation time for the sensitive organs.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In September 2016, Rothblatt teamed with Glen Dromgoole of Tier 1 Engineering and pilot Ric Webb of OC Helicopters to conduct the world's first electric-powered full-size helicopter flight at Los Alamitos Army Airfield. The helicopter, a modified Robinson R44 weighed 2,500 pounds with Webb as its test pilot, flew for five minutes, attained 400 feet and exceeded 80 knots airspeed, all completely powered by rechargeable batteries.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: On February 16, 2017, Rothblatt's electric helicopter established new world records of a 30-minute duration flight and an 800-foot altitude at Los Alamitos Army Airfield. At the end of the flight, the 2,500 pound helicopter still had 8% state of charge remaining in its Brammo batteries. On March 4, 2017, Rothblatt and Ric Webb set a world speed record for electric helicopters of 100 knots at Los Alamitos Army Airfield under an FAA Experimental permit for tail number N3115T. This was also the first-ever flight of two people in a battery-powered helicopter. On December 7, 2018, Rothblatt earned certification in the Guinness Book of World Records for the farthest distance traveled (56.82 kilometers) by an electric helicopter.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In September 2021, Dr. Rothblatt's project to deliver transplantable organs by electric drones was successfully achieved at Toronto General Hospital (TGH), resulting in the world's first delivery of transplanted lungs by drone.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rothblatt's United Therapeutics has placed orders for with both EHang and BETA Technologies for electric vertical take-off and landing eVTOL aircraft. In June 2021, she was the first flight engineer to fly BETA's ALIA eVTOL aircraft, and as of November 2021 sat on the company’s board of directors.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In September 2018 Rothblatt inaugurated the world's largest net zero office building site, called the Unisphere, containing 210,000 square feet of space in Silver Spring, Maryland, powered, heated and cooled completely from on-site sustainable energy technologies. This office building uses 1 MW of solar panels, fifty-two geothermal wells, a quarter mile long earth labyrinth and electrochromic glass to operate with a zero carbon footprint while graphically communicating its net energy status in real time to the building occupants.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In 1982, Rothblatt married Bina Aspen, a realtor from Compton, California. Rothblatt and Aspen each had a child from a previous relationship and legally adopted each other's children; they went on to have two more children together.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In 1994, at age 40, she came out as transgender and changed her name to Martine Aliana Rothblatt. She has since become a vocal advocate for transgender rights.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In 2004, Rothblatt launched the Terasem Movement, a transhumanist school of thought focused on promoting joy, diversity, and the prospect of technological immortality via mind uploading and geoethical nanotechnology. Through a charitable foundation, leaders of this school convene publicly accessible symposia, publish explanatory analyses, conduct demonstration projects, issue grants, and encourage public awareness and adherence to Terasem values and goals. The movement maintains a "Terasem Island" on the Internet-based virtual world "Second Life", which is currently composed of two sims, which was constructed by the E-Spaces company.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rothblatt is an advocate for LGBTQ rights and an outspoken opponent of North Carolina's controversial Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act or HB-2 law.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Through her blog "Mindfiles, Mindware and Mindclones", she writes about "the coming age of our own cyberconsciousness and techno-immortality" and started a vlog together with Ulrike Reinhard on the same topic. She also created Lifenaut.com as a place where thousands of people could go to backup their minds.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rothblatt contributed $258,000 to SpacePAC, a super PAC that supported her son, Gabriel, who was running as a Democrat in Florida's 8th congressional district but lost. Gabriel is a pastor for the Terasem Movement.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Lawyer and bioethicist Wesley J. Smith ridiculed the feasibility of the Terasem Movement Foundation's claims to offer a free service that can "preserve one's individual consciousness so that it remains viable for possible uploading with consciousness software into a cellular regenerated or bionanotechnological body by future medicine and technology". Smith facetiously questioned whether this offer would be followed by the sale of "longevity products".


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Rhetorician and technocritic Dale Carrico harshly criticized Rothblatt's writings for promoting what he argues to be the pseudoscience of mind uploading and the techno-utopianism of the Californian Ideology. Carrico later criticized Rothblatt's claims about digital technology and "mindclones" as being nothing more than wishful thinking. Carrico went on to criticize Rothblatt for caring more about rights of "virtual, uploaded persons"—who he argues are neither real nor possible—more than the rights of actual human persons and some nonhuman persons, such as great apes and dolphins.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: Describing a conversation with BINA48, one of "humanity's first cybernetic companions," created by Rothblatt and Hanson Robotics, journalist Amy Harmon concluded it was "not that different from interviewing certain flesh and blood subjects."


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: On May 11, 2010, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Ben Gurion University of the Negev in recognition of her accomplishments in satellite communications and biotechnology.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In September 2017 "Forbes" magazine named Rothblatt one of the 100 Greatest Living Business Minds of the past century, with special reference to her roles as a "perpetual reinventor, founder of Sirius and United Therapeutics, and creator of PanAmSat." On December 5, 2017, North Carolina State University conferred her an honorary Doctor of Sciences degree.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In January 2018 Rothblatt was presented the UCLA Medal, the university's highest award, in recognition of her creation of Sirius XM satellite radio, advancing organ transplant technology, and having "expanded the way we understand fundamental concepts ranging from communication to gender to the nature of consciousness and mortality." On May 16, 2018, Rothblatt and Didi Chuxing President Jean Liu were awarded Doctors of Commercial Science degrees, honoris causa, at NYU's 186th Commencement at Yankee Stadium. In 2018, the University of Victoria's Chair in Transgender Studies, Founder and Academic Director of the Transgender Archives, nominated Martine for an Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD). She was officially awarded this on November 13, 2019, at the 10:00am graduation ceremony.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In 2019 Rothblatt was recognized as one of "Business Insider"'s most powerful LGBTQ+ people in tech. Also in 2019, Rothblatt received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Sir Peter Jackson during the International Achievement Summit in New York City.


title: Martine Rothblatt

text: In October 2021, the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) selected Dr. Rothblatt for its highest honor, the Meritorious Service to Aviation Award, for her fostering of aviation weather information on the flight deck and of advanced air mobility such as electric helicopters.


title: Barry Sheene

text: Barry Steven Frank Sheene (11 September 1950 – 10 March 2003) was a British professional motorcycle racer. He competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing and was a two-time world champion, winning consecutive 500cc titles in 1976 and 1977.


title: Barry Sheene

text: Sheene's 1977 title remained as Britain's last solo motorcycle world championship until Danny Kent in 2015 in the Moto3 category.


title: Barry Sheene

text: After a racing career stretching from 1968 to 1984 he retired from competition and relocated to Australia, working as a motorsport commentator and property developer.


title: Barry Sheene

text: Sheene was born off the Gray's Inn Road, Bloomsbury, London, the second child of parents Frank, who had been resident engineer at the Royal College of Surgeons, and was himself a former competitive rider who retired in 1956 and an experienced motorcycle mechanic. and Iris. He grew up in Queen Square, Holborn, London. Before entering road racing Sheene found work as a messenger and delivery driver.


title: Barry Sheene

text: Sheene began competitive motorcycle racing in 1968, winning his first races at Brands Hatch riding father Frank's 125cc and 250cc Bultacos. He improved to second behind Chas Mortimer in 1969 in the 125cc class on the Bultaco.


title: Barry Sheene

text: By 1970, Sheene had become the British 125cc champion at age 20, riding a former Suzuki factory racing team motorcycle that he purchased for £2,000. The 1967 Suzuki RT67 twin-cylinder motorcycle had previously been ridden by Suzuki Factory-backed rider, Stuart Graham in the 1968 Grands Prix and in selected 1969 events. In 1971, still riding the same Suzuki twin, he finished second in the 125cc World Championship, probably missing the title due to injuries sustained in a well-paid non-championship race at Hengelo (Netherlands) and during the Race Of the Year at Mallory Park (compression fractures of three vertebrae and five broken ribs). His first Grand Prix win coming on that bike at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium, soon followed by a win on a 50cc Van Veen Kreidler at the Czechoslovakian Grand Prix held at the Masaryk Circuit, where he finished over two and a half minutes ahead.


title: Barry Sheene

text: For the 1972 season, Sheene was signed by Yamaha to ride a factory-supported Yamaha YZ635 for the 250cc World Championship under the French Yamaha importer Sonauto's banner. There was no Yamaha factory team at the time, but Sheene was one of six riders receiving support from the factory. However, at the third round in Austria, after losing a sprint to the finish line to the Australian John Dodds for third place, he voiced his displeasure to team management about the performance of the bike. The next Grand Prix was the Grand Prix of Nations at Imola at the end of May, but Sheene crashed in practice and broke his collarbone, preventing him from taking part in the race, and in the Isle of Man TT as well (which was the fifth Grand Prix of 1972). The next seven races of the world championship all took place in close succession in June and July and Barry was not fit to take part in them.


title: Barry Sheene

text: After the Yugoslavian Grand Prix, Sheene's factory-supported Yamaha YZ635 was given to Jarno Saarinen, already a Yamaha factory rider in the 350cc class, who went on to win four races and the 250cc World Championship that year. Once back to fitness, Sheene would get factory-supported Yamahas back for British races over the summer (Silverstone, Scarborough, Mallory Park) and for the last Grand Prix of the season, at the Montjuïc circuit in Spain on 23 September, where he scored a third place in the 250cc class.


title: Barry Sheene

text: Sheene was signed by Suzuki during the off season 1972–1973 and won the newly formed Formula 750 European championship for them in 1973. As a works Suzuki rider Sheene had two contracts, with the World Championship events taking precedence over his Suzuki GB contract for home and international events, if any race dates clashed.


title: Barry Sheene

text: For 1974, Suzuki introduced the RG500 which Sheene rode to a second, third and a fourth scoring 30 points and finishing sixth in the World Championship. A spectacular crash at the Daytona 200 in the 1975 season threatened to end his career, breaking his left thigh, right arm, collarbone and two ribs, yet he recovered and was racing again seven weeks afterwards. Again riding the RG500 he scored an impressive first 500cc victory in June at the 1975 Dutch TT, edging out Giacomo Agostini.


title: Barry Sheene

text: In the 1976 season, he won five 500cc Grands Prix, bringing him the World Championship. He took the Championship again in the 1977 season with six victories. For the 1977 season Sheene was partnered by Steve Parrish, who rode Sheene's 1976 Suzuki 500cc machine.


title: Barry Sheene

text: Sheene's battle with Kenny Roberts at the 1979 British Grand Prix at Silverstone has been cited as one of the greatest motorcycle Grand Prix races of the 1970s. After the 1979 season, he left the Heron-Suzuki factory team, believing that he was receiving inferior equipment to his teammates. He switched to a privateer on a Yamaha machine, but soon started receiving works equipment. In 1981, Roberts was the reigning World 500cc Champion for the third time in succession. Sheene, by now on a competitive Yamaha, was determined to take the championship from him. Sheene and Roberts battled all season and let Suzuki riders Marco Lucchinelli of Italy and American Randy Mamola beat them for the top two spots. Roberts finished third and Sheene fourth in the final World Championship standings. Sheene's win at the 1981 Swedish Grand Prix would be the last win for a British rider in the top category until Cal Crutchlow's debut win at the 2016 Czech Republic GP.


title: Barry Sheene

text: In a crash at Silverstone when riding his Yamaha, Sheene hit the unsighted machine of fallen Frenchman Patrick Igoa during practice for the 1982 British Grand Prix. His injured legs were saved by orthopaedic surgeon Mr Nigel John Cobb FRCS at the nearby Northampton General Hospital. This largely ended his potential as a title threat and he retired in 1984. He remains the only rider to win Grand Prix races in the 50 cc and 500 cc categories.


title: Barry Sheene

text: Sheene was known for being outspoken in his criticism of what he considered to be dangerous race tracks, most notably the Isle of Man TT course, which he considered too dangerous for world championship competition. He was a colourful, exuberant character who used his good looks, grin and London accent to good effect in self-promotion, and combined with an interest in business was one of the first riders to make a lot of money from endorsements. He is credited with boosting the appeal of motorcycle racing into the realm of the mass marketing media. He also tried his hand as a TV show host, including the ITV series "Just Amazing!", where he interviewed people who had, through accident or design, achieved feats of daring and survival (including the former RAF air gunner, Nicholas Alkemade, who survived a fall of 18,000 feet without a parachute from a blazing Avro Lancaster bomber over Germany in March 1944). Sheene and his wife Stephanie also starred in the low-budget film "Space Riders".


title: Barry Sheene

text: Finding fame and wealth through racing, Sheene had houses in Putney, in south-west London, and in Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, and in 1977 he purchased a 700-year-old manor house in Charlwood, Surrey once owned by the actress Gladys Cooper. He was contracted by Faberge to promote their Brut aftershave lotion.


title: Barry Sheene

text: In 1975 while on crutches, Sheene met fashion-model-turned-glamour-model Stephanie McLean, who was "Penthouse" Pet of the Month for April 1970 and Pet of the Year in 1971, while they were working together on a photoshoot for Chrysler. She left her first husband for Sheene and after she had divorced, the couple married in 1984, having a son and a daughter.


title: Barry Sheene

text: Sheene enjoyed a lavish lifestyle, socialising with friends such as James Hunt, Ringo Starr and George Harrison, drinking and smoking heavily. He even had a hole drilled through the chin-bar on his full-face helmet allowing him to smoke right up to the start of a race.


title: Barry Sheene

text: The Sheene family moved to Australia in the late 1980s, in the hope that the warmer climate would help relieve some of the pain of Sheene's injury-induced arthritis, settling in a property near the Gold Coast. He combined a property development business with a role as a commentator on motor sport. He began on SBS TV then moved to the Nine Network with Darrell Eastlake, and finally followed the TV broadcast rights of the Grand Prix motorcycle series to Network Ten. Further to this, on Network Ten Sheene co-hosted the weekly motor sport television show "RPM" from 1997 to 2002 with journalists Bill Woods and Greg Rust and was involved in Ten's coverage of other motor sport including V8 Supercars for several years.


title: Barry Sheene

text: In the 1990s, Sheene appeared in a series of well-known and popular television advertisements for Shell, with Australian motor sport icon Dick Johnson.


title: Barry Sheene

text: In later years, Sheene became involved in historic motorcycle racing, often returning to England to race at Donington Park. Sheene competed in his last UK race at the Goodwood Revival in 2002. He was also chosen to run with the Queen's Baton in the run-up to the 2002 Commonwealth Games held in Manchester, England.


title: Barry Sheene

text: In July 2002, at the age of 51, Sheene was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus and stomach. Refusing conventional treatments involving chemotherapy, Sheene instead opted for a holistic approach involving a strict diet devised by Austrian healer Rudolf Breuss, intended to starve the cancer of nourishment.


title: Barry Sheene

text: He died at a hospital on Queensland's Gold Coast in 2003, aged 52, having suffered from the condition for eight months.


title: Barry Sheene

text: Following reconstruction of the Brands Hatch Circuit in England for safety concerns after requests by the FIM, the Dingle Dell section was changed for safety, and shortly after Sheene's death the new section was renamed Sheene's Corner in his honour. The FIM named him a Grand Prix "Legend" in 2001. For the 2003 season, V8 Supercars introduced a medal in honour of Sheene, the Barry Sheene Medal, for the 'best and fairest' driver of the season. A memorial ride from Bairnsdale to Phillip Island, Victoria is held by Australian motorcyclists annually, before the MotoGP held at the island.


title: Barry Sheene

text: He was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1978 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at a motor racing cycle exhibition in London's Victoria.


title: Barry Sheene

text: A song titled "Mr. Sheene" that describes "Mr. Sheene's riding machine" was recorded by comedians Eric Idle and Rikki Fataar and released in 1978 as the B-side of the single "Ging Gang Goolie" under the names Dirk and Stig, their characters in Beatles-parody band The Rutles.


title: Barry Sheene

text: Sheene is also featured on a vase by ceramic artist Grayson Perry entitled "My Heroes" created in 1994.


title: Barry Sheene

text: In the UK television series Queer as Folk, the main characters Stuart and Vince reminisce about their teenage attraction to a photo of Sheene "On his motorbike! In his leathers..."


title: Virginia-class cruiser

text: The "Virginia"-class, (also known as the CGN-38 class), were four nuclear-powered, guided-missile cruisers, that served in the United States Navy until the mid-to-late 1990s. The double-ended cruisers, (with missile armament carried both fore and aft), were commissioned between 1976 and 1980. They were the final class of nuclear-powered cruisers completed and the last ships ordered as Destroyer Leaders under the pre-1975 classification system.


title: Virginia-class cruiser

text: The ships had relatively short service lives. As with any nuclear-powered ship, they were expensive to operate. The class was just coming up for their mid-life reactor refuelings when the 1994 Defense Authorization Bill was being formulated, which would effect cuts of 38% to the Navy's budget, compared to the 1993 bill. The $300-million-plus cost of each refueling and other upgrades made the class easy targets for decommissioning. Each ship was therefore retired starting with "Texas" in July 1993 and ending with "Arkansas" in 1998; all went through the nuclear vessel decommissioning and recycling program.


title: Virginia-class cruiser

text: The ships were derived from the earlier "California"-class nuclear cruiser (CGN-36 class). Three of the four "Virginia"-class ships were authorized as guided-missile frigates (in the pre-1975 definition), and they were redesignated as cruisers either before commissioning or before their launching. The last ship, "Arkansas", was authorized, laid down, launched, and commissioned as a guided-missile cruiser. A fifth member of the class, CGN-42, was canceled before being named or laid down.


title: Virginia-class cruiser

text: With their nuclear power plants, and the resulting capability of steaming at high speeds for long periods of time, these were excellent escorts for the fast nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, such as the . They also had excellent flagship facilities. Their main mission was as air-defense ships, while they also had capabilities as anti-submarine (ASW) ships, surface-to-surface warfare (SSW) ships, and in gun and missile bombardment of shore targets.


title: Virginia-class cruiser

text: The "Virginia" class as designed carried one LAMPS helicopter, aft of the superstructure with a flight deck. In a unique arrangement among the U.S. Navy the hangars were below-decks, with an electro-mechanical elevator covered by a telescopic hatch. This was an improvement over the preceding "California" class, which only had a landing pad aft and basic refueling equipment.


title: Virginia-class cruiser

text: It was found that, while it was possible to mass-produce nuclear-powered warships, the ships were less cost-efficient than conventionally powered warships. Also, the new gas turbine–powered ships then entering the fleet—the s—required much less manpower. While eleven ships of the "Virginia" class were planned, only four were produced and the remainder were cancelled. Following the completion of the final member of the class, "Arkansas", the U.S. Navy continued conventional destroyer/cruiser production, and it re-designated the DDG-47 class of guided-missile destroyers as the CG-47 s.


title: Virginia-class cruiser

text: In the 1980s, the class received a New Threat Upgrade electronics overhaul to better suit them to modern threats. Their rapid-fire Mk 26 launchers could fire the powerful Standard SM-2MR medium-range surface-to-air missile—earlier decommissioned cruisers used the slower-firing Mk-10 launchers, which required manual fitting of the missiles' fins prior to launch.


title: Virginia-class cruiser

text: Nevertheless, the CGN-38-class cruisers, with their missile magazines and Mk-26 missile launchers, were incapable of carrying the SM-2ER long-range surface-to-air missile, being restricted to the SM-2MR medium-range surface-to-air missile. This was a significant limitation in their capabilities.


title: Virginia-class cruiser

text: Each member of the class also received Tomahawk cruise missile armored box launchers. The Tomahawk missiles were installed, even though this meant the removal of the LAMPS helicopter as it was found that the elevator and below-deck hangar proved problematic during aviation operations.


title: Virginia-class cruiser

text: All four vessels were decommissioned as part of the early 1990s "peace dividend" after the Cold War ended, considered by naval standards an early retirement given their designed service life of 38 years. Despite being of a modern design with a recent refit, what really doomed the "Virginia" nuclear-powered cruisers was a lack of resources, as the Navy and other branches of the U.S. military were downsizing after the Cold War. The ships of the class were coming due for their first nuclear refuelings, mid-life overhauls, and NTU refittings, which were all budgeted projects, together costing about half the price of a new ship. Further, they required relatively large crews, straining the operating budget. The 1996 Navy Visibility and Management of Operating and Support Costs (VAMOSC) study determined the annual operating cost of a "Virginia"-class cruiser at $40 million, compared to $28 million for a "Ticonderoga"-class cruiser, or $20 million for an , the latter two classes designed with the much more capable Aegis Combat System. Given a lower requirement for cruisers, it was decided to retire "Virginias" and other nuclear-powered ships as a money-saving measure, a decision made while "Texas" was in the middle of her refueling overhaul. The early "Ticonderoga"-class cruisers which lacked the Vertical Launch System had equally short careers, serving between 18 and 21 years.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Republic of Serbia. As of 26th November 2022, Serbian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 136 countries and territories, ranking the Serbian passport 38th overall in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index. The Serbian passport is still one of the 5 passports with the greatest improvement in rating since 2006, adding 103 countries to its visa-free list.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: As of May 2019, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei, Dominica, Grenada, Mauritius, Seychelles, Serbia and the United Arab Emirates are the only countries whose citizens may travel without a visa to China, Russia and the Schengen Area.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Before Serbia began issuing new biometric passports in 2008, its citizens travelled using old Federal Republic of Yugoslavia passport.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Until the 1990s, the Yugoslav passport has been described as highly sought-after commodity. As part of its non-aligned policies, the Yugoslav government signed numerous mutual agreements on visa-free entry from the mid-1960s. Eventually this applied to most states of the world, promoting the Yugoslav passport to "one of the most convenient in the world, as it was one of the few with which a person could travel freely through both the East and West" during the Cold War. Passport holders only required visas for six countries: the United States, West Germany, Greece, Israel, Albania and the People's Republic of China.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: With the subsequent dissolution of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the period of difficulties related to travel bureaucracy started for all successor states, including Serbia. From the 2000s onward, the situation has been significantly and constantly improving.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: In November 2017 Iran abolished visas for Serbian citizens but reversed its decision in October 2018.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Serbia as initiators and creators of the Open Balkan have already implemented since 1 January 2022 and visa free movements for the truckers, agriculture and workers between Serbia, Albania & North Macedonia.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: The new Open Balkan zone between the three countries will be fully implemented on 1 January 2023, allowing the citizens to enjoy the full complete freedom and movement just like the citizens with in the EU.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: The Serbian government & Turkish government signed an agreement on 10 June 2022, allowing citizens of both countries to travel to each other's with just an ID card.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Possible inclusion of Serbia in the Visa Waiver Program of the United States was proposed by Serbia in 2009. Serbian adjusted visa refusal rate remains above the threshold (3%).


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: The United Kingdom Embassy in Serbia announced that visas could be abolished for Serbian citizens in 2011. However, in 2013, the Home Office announced it had no intention of abolishing visas for Serbian citizens.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Serbia and Australia officials held talks on facilitation measures for the issuance of Australian visas for Serbian citizens in 2012.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: In November 2016 Serbia foreign minister held talks with Canada officials on the beginning of visa liberalisation for Serbian citizens.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: In September 2021 Serbian foreign minister announced that Serbia and Guatemala are ready to mutually abolish visas.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Serbian government intends to sign reciprocal visa-free deals with Panama, Paraguay, Bahamas, Brunei, Bolivia, Mauritius, Malaysia, Venezuela and Guatemala


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Serbian ministers of foreign affairs have also talked about visa liberalization with next countries : Jordan, Sri Lanka, Nicaragua, Mexico, Cape Verde, Comoros, Antigua and Barbuda, Vietnam., Saudi Arabia


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Serbian authorities are also in process of signing visa-free deals for diplomatic passports with Zambia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Oman, Bangladesh, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Cambodia, Bhutan, Philippines, South Africa, Bahrain, Egypt, Lesotho, Togo, Qatar, and Mali


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Due to regional interests of expanding the economic opportunities in cooperation with the governments of Serbia, Albania and North Macedonia, these three Western Balkan countries signed agreements to open their national borders to each other's citizens and products by 1 January 2023, without restrictions.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognised countries and restricted zones:


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: The Constitution of Serbia recognises Kosovo as Serbian sovereign territory. Nevertheless, in reality, the Serbian authorities do not exercise effective control over the territory. In an agreement, facilitating visa free travel to the Schengen area, Serbia agreed with the EU to form the Serbian Coordination Directorate, responsible for issuing Serbian passports to the Kosovo resident Serbian citizens. These passports are treated differently from the regular Serbian passports and their holders are required to obtain entry visas for most territories and countries for which holders of the regular Serbian passport do not require a visa. All Serbian citizens resident in Kosovo, regardless of their ethnicity, are entitled to these special passports.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: The UN administration in Kosovo UNMIK used to issue its own travel documents with the last ones being issued in July 2008. This document was recognised by several countries, but was in general refused at borders. The UNMIK travel documents were valid for two years, consequently there are no longer any valid UNMIK travel documents in circulation. Serbia didn't recognise the validity of the UN issued document nor does it recognise the Kosovan passport, which is officially recognised and is de facto accepted by other states.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Both Governments are actively negotiating various issues of mutual importance among which is what travel documents can be used for crossing between both countries.


title: Visa requirements for Serbian citizens

text: Serbian identity cards can be used instead of a passport for travel to some regional countries that have signed special agreements with the Serbian Government. Not all Serbian IDs feature contact-less RFID chips, so some are not fully ICAO9303 compliant biometric travel documents.


title: Indigofera tinctoria

text: Indigofera tinctoria, also called true indigo, is a species of plant from the bean family that was one of the original sources of indigo dye.


title: Indigofera tinctoria

text: True indigo is a shrub one to two meters high. It may be an annual, biennial, or perennial, depending on the climate in which it is grown. It has light green pinnate leaves and sheafs of pink or violet flowers.


title: Indigofera tinctoria

text: The rotenoids deguelin, dehydrodeguelin, rotenol, rotenone, tephrosin and sumatrol can be found in "I. tinctoria".


title: Indigofera tinctoria

text: It has been naturalized to tropical and temperate Asia, as well as parts of Africa, but its native habitat is unknown since it has been in cultivation worldwide for many centuries.


title: Indigofera tinctoria

text: The plant is a legume, so it is rotated into fields to improve the soil in the same way that other legume crops such as alfalfa and beans are. The plant is also widely grown as a soil-improving groundcover.


title: Indigofera tinctoria

text: Dye is obtained from the processing of the plant's leaves. They are soaked in water and fermented in order to convert the glycoside indican naturally present in the plant to the blue dye indigotin. The precipitate from the fermented leaf solution is mixed with a strong base such as lye.


title: Indigofera tinctoria

text: Today most dye is synthetic, but natural dye from "I. tinctoria" is still available, marketed as natural coloring where it is known as "tarum" in Indonesia and "nila" in Malaysia. In Iran and areas of the former Soviet Union it is known as "basma".


title: Indigofera tinctoria

text: Marco Polo (13th century) was the first European to report on the preparation of indigo in India. Indigo was quite often used in European easel painting, beginning in the Middle Ages.


The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined a national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23, coming back from a 13–0 deficit at halftime to secure the win in the first CFP National Championship game to be decided into overtime. Aside from the all star games following this, this was the cumulating game of the 2017-18 bowl season. True freshman quarterback Tua Tagovailoa and defensive tackle Daron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game.


title: 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship

text: The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season. Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and Rose Bowl Game respectively in January 2018. The championship game was played at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia on January 8, 2018.


text: The Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4, 2015.


text: The College Football Playoff (CFP) selection committee selected four teams to advance to the playoff: the Clemson Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, Georgia Bulldogs, and Alabama Crimson Tide.


text: The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24–6 to reach the championship game. The Tide had a 12–1 season, becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers. The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban.


text: The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54–48 in double overtime to reach the championship game. The Bulldogs had a 13–1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a rematch victory over the Auburn Tigers, 28–7. The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart.


text: After winning the coin toss, Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game. After two plays, quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown. Alabama began their first drive of the game, and, after eleven plays, that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40-yard field goal. The teams each had three-and-outs for the game's first two punts. During Georgia's ensuing drive, the quarter ended, with no score.


text: After a failed third down conversion, on the second play of the second quarter, Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41-yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three. Alabama's ensuing drive went nowhere, as they gained four yards on three plays and punted. Georgia took the ball and drove down the field, and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10-yard-line; the Tide defense held, however, and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6–0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half. On Alabama's next drive, the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama's J. K. Scott punted for the third time. Just prior to the punt, Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room, reportedly with a left shoulder injury. Both defenses then forced punts, and Georgia took back over with 1:19 remaining in the half on their own 31-yard-line. Nine plays later, on Alabama's 1-yard-line, Mecole Hardman took a direct snap, faked a handoff, and ran into the end zone for the game's first touchdown, putting Georgia up 13–0 going into halftime.


text: Because they deferred the coin toss, Alabama received the ball first in the second half. They started their drive on their own 22-yard-line. Tua Tagovailoa, Alabama's backup quarterback, started the second half for the Tide; that drive quickly resulted in a three-and-out. The initial punt was blocked, but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt. Georgia started their drive on their own 36-yard-line, but punted on 4th & 17. Alabama took over on their own 44-yard-line. The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6-yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs, but Georgia immediately responded with an 80-yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman, putting Georgia up 20–7. On the second play of Alabama's ensuing drive, Tagovailoa, while scrambling to the left, threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia's Deandre Baker. Up 13, the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama's 39-yard-line. The Tide defense responded immediately, however, as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia's drive, returning the pick to the UGA 40-yard-line. The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43-yard field goal that put Bama within ten. The teams then traded punts. Just prior to Alabama's punt, it was announced that an Alabama defensive back, Kyriq McDonald, had collapsed on the sideline; the situation was described as a "serious medical emergency". He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious. Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive, and punted. The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3:49. With three seconds remaining in the game, Andy Pappanastos kicked a potential game-winning 36-yard field goal wide left, sending the CFP Championship to overtime, the first in the era.


text: In overtime, Georgia had an unsuccessful drive that resulted in both a three-and-out, and a 13-yard loss sack to Fromm. Georgia opted to attempt a 51-yard field goal, which they made. On Alabama's first offensive play in overtime, Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16-yard loss, but immediately followed that with a game-winning 41-yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith, in a play that has since been called "2nd and 26" by fans. Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game, and Daron Payne was named the defensive player of the game.


text: The game was televised nationally by ESPN. On January 8, 2018, the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime. This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes-Benz Stadium (which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams), and originated from Centennial Olympic Park.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: The Zero Theorem is a 2013 science fiction film directed by Terry Gilliam, starring Christoph Waltz, David Thewlis, Mélanie Thierry and Lucas Hedges. Written by Pat Rushin, the story is about Qohen Leth (Waltz), a reclusive computer genius tasked with solving a formula that will determine whether life holds meaning. The film began production in October 2012.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: Gilliam has given conflicting statements about whether "The Zero Theorem" is meant as the third part of a satirical dystopian trilogy ("Orwellian triptych") that began with 1985's "Brazil" and continued with 1995's "12 Monkeys".


title: The Zero Theorem

text: At some point in the future, Qohen Leth, an eccentric and reclusive programmer who refers to himself in the plural, works crunching "entities" for the ontological research division of a large company called Mancom. He does not like having to leave the quiet, fire-damaged church in which he lives to travel the bright, crowded streets and work in a noisy office and fears missing a mysterious phone call he has been expecting for years, so he requests disability leave or permission to work from home. Though he points to the fact that all of his hair has fallen out as evidence he is dying, three company doctors determine he is physically healthy but they do require he start sessions with Dr. Shrink-Rom, an AI therapist.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: Qohen attends a party thrown by his supervisor, Joby, so he can talk to Management, their boss. He requests permission to work from home, saying he would be more productive and mentioning his call, which he says he hopes will provide his life with a purpose. Management at first calls Qohen "insane" but later says he has a special project for Qohen that he thinks might prove mutually beneficial.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: The project is the "Zero Theorem", an extremely complex mathematical formula with a reputation for quickly exhausting anyone who tries to solve it. Qohen spends months locked in his home working on it and becomes increasingly deranged, as the "entities refuse to remain crunched" and Mancom's demands for processed data are relentless. In frustration, he smashes his work station with a hammer.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: Joby comes by to check on Qohen and says he knows someone he thinks can help. He sends over Bainsley, a young woman Qohen had met at Joby's party, who knocks on Qohen's door dressed in a sexy nurse outfit. She cleans up a bit and they talk, and Qohen confides that the call he is waiting for is a call-back from someone he once accidentally hung up on who he believes will tell him the meaning of life. Saying she will be right back, Bainsley leaves.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: Bob, the teenage son of Management, visits Qohen to repair his computer. Qohen says he has decided to quit but Bob tells him Management is not done with him, so he cannot. Ambivalent toward his father, Bob reveals that Bainsley was paid to spend time with Qohen and then offers to get Qohen his call, if he agrees to continue to work on the Zero Theorem. When Bainsley returns, she gives Qohen an advanced VR suit, and they arrange to meet up through her website. Qohen clicks on a link and finds himself, with hair, on a virtual beach with Bainsley. He is concerned that it is not real but she assures him it is "better than real" and they end up kissing.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: The next day, Bob visits Qohen again. He explains that proving the Zero Theorem will prove life is meaningless by affirming the Big Crunch theory, which Qohen does not want to believe. Unable to focus on work, he virtually meets with Bainsley again. He is troubled that the Sun never sets on her beach, so she invites him to imagine an environment for them to inhabit, and he ends up sending them to a vortex around a black hole that has been haunting his dreams. Back on the beach, Bainsley comforts Qohen and they embrace, but when he suggests they stay in the virtual world together and denounces Management, he is forcefully disconnected from the system and his VR suit is damaged. When Qohen goes to Bainsley's website at an unplanned time, he discovers her performing as a webcam stripper and logs off abruptly. He later returns to the site and finds his access has been blocked.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: Weeks later, Bob returns with Qohen's VR suit, which he says he has turned into a "prototype soul-searching device". Bob gets Dr. Shrink-Rom to confirm that the phone call Qohen is waiting for is a delusion but says the upgraded suit has the ability to connect Qohen with his soul, assuming he has one. Bainsley arrives and says that, while she initially agreed to seduce Qohen because Joby said she could keep her VR suit if she did so, she developed real feelings for Qohen. She offers to run away with him but Qohen turns her down. He and Bob take a break from work and go to a park, where Qohen reveals he was once married.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: Back at the church, Bob's health declines rapidly, and Qohen cares for him. Once Bob is asleep, Qohen finds and smashes the cameras Management hid throughout the building. Two of Management's employees break in and take Bob away and, later, Joby drops by to blame Qohen for getting him fired. Once alone, Qohen dons his upgraded VR suit and tries to connect to his computer but there is a problem and he is electrocuted.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: Finding himself in front of the Neural Net Mancrive, a massive supercomputer that is the destination for all of the entities crunched by the employees of Mancom, Qohen is greeted by Management, who tells him Bob has been hospitalized due to a chronic illness. Qohen asks if Management is real or just in his mind and is told that it does not matter, as he is now part of the Neural Net. He asks what the point of his life is but Management says he does not know, as Mancom is still crunching the data but he believes the Universe came from and will return to chaos. Management states his goal was never to prove life has no meaning but to improve his models so he can make more money by bringing order to the natural disorder. The reason Qohen was chosen to work on the Zero Theorem is that he is a man of faith, which represents the antithesis of Management's project. Unfortunately, Management says, the faith that led Qohen to spend his life waiting for the phone call he believed would give his life meaning caused him to live a meaningless life.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: After saying he no longer requires Qohen's services, Management disappears. Qohen destroys the Neural Net, which blows open, revealing the black hole vortex from his nightmare inside, though now there are countless pictures, including one of Bainsley, swirling toward the center. He begins to walk away, but turns back and smiling, jumps into the vortex. Alone on the virtual beach, a calm, naked (and still-bald) Qohen stands looking out to sea. He goes over to where he had a picnic with Bainsley and picks her bikini top up off the sand. A beach ball floats by, and he throws it up in the air a few times before he does the same thing with the Sun, which then sets. Mixed in with the music as the credits begin, Bainsley can be heard calling Qohen's name and laughing.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: Gwendoline Christie, Rupert Friend, Ray Cooper, and Lily Cole appear in commercials Qohen passes on the street early in the film.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: Pat Rushin, a professor of creative writing at the University of Central Florida, was inspired to write the film by vanitas of Ecclesiastes (the Hebrew title of which is קֹהֶלֶת, or "Qoheleth", meaning "Gatherer", but traditionally translated as "Teacher" or "Preacher"), which he felt suggested such questions as "What is the value of life? What is the meaning of existence? What's the use?" He wrote the 145-page first draft of the script in ten days, with "no idea what [he] was doing". To learn how to write a screenplay, he checked out several screenwriting books and screenplays from the UCF library, that of Terry Gilliam's "Brazil" among them.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: Producer Richard D. Zanuck originally signed Ewan McGregor to play Qohen Leth, but the actor dropped out. A later iteration of the project, which would have starred Billy Bob Thornton, Jessica Biel, and Al Pacino and been directed by Gilliam, was set to begin production in 2009, first in London, and then in Vancouver. Plans to film with this cast fell through when Gilliam pulled out to complete work on "The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus", which was put behind schedule by the death of its star, Heath Ledger.


title: The Zero Theorem

text: In 2012, the project was restarted. Christoph Waltz replaced Thornton in the lead role, and the late Zanuck's son Dean replaced him as producer.