title: Dutch cuisine

text: Due to the abundance of surface water and grassland, necessary to sustain dairy cattle, the area is known for its many dairy products, which for centuries includes prominent cheeses such as Gouda, Leyden (spiced cheese with cumin) and Edam (traditionally in small spheres), as well as relatively new trademarked cheese brands such as Leerdammer, and Beemster. Zeeland and South Holland produce a lot of butter, which contains a larger amount of milkfat than most other European butter varieties. A by-product of the butter-making process, buttermilk ("karnemelk"), is also considered typical for this region.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Seafood such as soused herring, mussels (called "Zeeuwse Mosselen", since all Dutch mussels for consumption are cleaned in Zeeland's Oosterschelde), eels, oysters and shrimps are widely available and typical for the region. "Kibbeling", once a local delicacy consisting of small chunks of battered white fish, has become a national fast food, just as "Lekkerbekje".


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Indirectly a product of the sea is Ossenworst (<nowiki>"ox sausage"</nowiki>), a raw beef sausage originating in Amsterdam, which used to be made of ox meat. This specialty has its origins in the seventeenth century, when oxen were imported large-scale from Denmark and Germany. The spices in the sausage, such as pepper, cloves, mace and nutmeg, came from the Dutch East Indies. Traditionally, aged beef was used for this sausage, that was then smoked at a low temperature such that the meat remained raw. Present-day Amsterdam ossenworst is made with lean beef, and the sausage is now often neither smoked nor aged. It is often eaten with "Amsterdamse uitjes", a kind of pickled onion.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Pastries in this area tend to be quite doughy, and often contain large amounts of sugar; either caramelized, powdered or crystallized. The "oliebol" (in its modern form) and "Zeeuwse bolus" are good examples. Cookies are also produced in great number and tend to contain a lot of butter and sugar, like "stroopwafel", as well as a filling of some kind, mostly almond, like "".


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Zaanstreek in North Holland is known for its chocolate industry, due to the development of the Dutch process chocolate in 1828 by Coenraad van Houten, that introduced the modern era of chocolate and was instrumental in the transformation of chocolate to its solid form which was up till then drunk as a liquid. The popular chocomel, a since 1932 trademarked chocolate-flavoured milk, is often the choice of drink as Koek-en-zopie, the food and drink sold on the ice during periods of ice skating. Zaanstreek is since the 16th century also known for its mayonnaise (for the Dutch a popular condiment to eat with French fries), and typical whole-grain mustards (popular to eat with "bitterballen)".


title: Dutch cuisine

text: The traditional alcoholic beverages of this region are beer (strong pale lager) and "Jenever", a high proof juniper-flavored spirit, that came to be known in England as gin. A noted exception within the traditional Dutch alcoholic landscape, "Advocaat", a rich and creamy liqueur made from eggs, sugar and brandy, is also native to this region.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Southern Dutch cuisine constitutes the cuisine of the Dutch provinces of North Brabant and Limburg and the Flemish Region in Belgium. It is renowned for its many rich pastries, soups, stews and vegetable dishes and is often called "Burgundian" which is a Dutch idiom invoking the rich Burgundian court which ruled the Low Countries in the Middle Ages renowned for its splendor and great feasts.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: It is the only Dutch culinary region which developed an haute cuisine and it forms the base of most traditional Dutch restaurants including typical main courses served such as "Biefstuk", "Varkenshaas", "Ossenhaas", these are premium cuts of meat, generally pork or beef, accompanied by a wide variety of sauces and potatoes which have been double fried in the traditional Dutch (or Belgian) manner.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Stews, such as "hachee", a stew of onions, beef and a thick gravy, contain a lot of flavour and require hours to prepare. Vegetable soups are made from richly flavored stock or bouillon and typically contain small meatballs alongside a wide variety of different vegetables. Asparagus and "witloof" are highly prized and traditionally eaten with cheese or ham.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Pastries are abundant, often with rich fillings of cream, custard or fruits. Cakes, such as the "Vlaai" from Limburg and the "Moorkop" and "Bossche Bol" from Brabant, are typical pastries. Savoury pastries also occur, with the "Brabantian worstenbroodje" (a roll with a sausage of ground beef, literally translates into sausage bread) being the most popular.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: The traditional alcoholic beverage of the region is beer. There are many local brands, ranging from Trappist beer to "Kriek lambic". 5 of the 11 International Trappist Association-recognised breweries in the world, are located in the Southern Dutch cultural area. Beer, like wine in French cuisine, is also used in cooking; often in stews.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Dutch agriculture roughly consists of five sectors: tillage-based, greenhouse-based, fruit agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Indonesian and Indo dishes became popular due to the arrival of former Dutch colonials and people of Eurasian descent into the Netherlands, especially after the independence of Indonesia from Dutch colonial rule in 1945. C. Countess van Limburg Stirum writes in her book "The Art of Dutch Cooking" (1962): "There exist countless Indonesian dishes, some of which take hours to prepare; but a few easy ones have become so popular that they can be regarded as 'national dishes'". She then provides recipes for "nasi goreng" (fried rice), "pisang goreng" (fried bananas), "lumpia goreng" (fried spring rolls), "bami" (fried noodles), "satay" (grilled skewered meat), "satay" sauce (peanut sauce), and "sambal oelek" (chilli paste). Of the Dutch-Indonesian fusion dishes the best known is the "rijsttafel" ("rice table"), which is an elaborate meal consisting of many (up to several dozen) small dishes (hence filling "an entire table"). While popular in the Netherlands, "rijsttafel" is now rare in Indonesia itself, while almost every town in the Netherlands has an Indonesian-Chinese restaurant. A popular fusion dish is ', ' or "patatje pinda", French fries with satay sauce as condiment, served at snack bars.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Surinamese cuisine is also popular in the Netherlands, especially in the bigger cities. Surinamese establishments commonly offer "roti", a staple of the Hindustani community in Suriname, various Surinamese interpretations of Chinese Indonesian cuisine, as well as Surinamese sandwiches ("Surinaamse broodjes").


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Italian and American style pizzerias have become widespread. In recent decades, Arab and Turkish dishes have become increasingly popular as well, especially as a snack food. In larger towns and cities, small restaurants selling kebabs, shawarma, and falafel can be found on virtually any street corner. Nowadays, food from every nook or corner of the world can be found throughout the country, especially in bigger towns and cities, including Greek, Thai, Japanese, and African cuisines.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Breakfast and lunch are similar in Dutch cuisine and both consist of bread with a wide variety of cold cuts, cheeses and sweet toppings, such as "hagelslag", "vlokken", "muisjes", "", treacle (a thick, dark brown sugar syrup called "stroop") and apple butter. Non sweet spreads are peanut butter and a 'spread' version of , a finely ground raw lean beef with the addition of mayonaise, mosterd paprika powder and other spices.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: The Dutch are famous for their dairy products and especially for their cheeses. The vast majority of Dutch cheeses are semi-hard or hard cheeses. Famous Dutch cheeses include Gouda, Edam, and Leyden. A typically Dutch way of making cheese is to blend in herbs or spices during the first stages of the production process. Famous examples of this are cheeses with cloves (usually the Friesian clove), cumin (most famously Leyden cheese), or nettles.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Dutch bread tends to be very airy, as it is made from yeast dough. From the 1970s onward Dutch bread became predominantly whole-grain, with additional seeds such as sunflower or pumpkin seeds often mixed with the dough for taste. Rye bread is one of the few dense breads of the Netherlands. White bread used to be the luxury bread, often made with milk as well as water. A Frisian luxury version of white bread is "suikerbrood", white bread with large lumps of sugar mixed with the dough. "Kerststol" is a traditional Dutch Christmas bread made of bread dough with sugar, dried fruits, raisins, almond paste; and currants, and lemon and orange zest, eaten sliced, spread with butter.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: "Ontbijtkoek" may be eaten as a substitute for a full breakfast, or simply as a snack. It is served as a small slice, usually with butter.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Dutch people invite friends over for "koffietijd" (coffee time), which consists of coffee and cake or a biscuit, served between 10:00 and 11:00 am (before lunch), 4:00 pm (between lunch and dinner) or between 7:00 pm and 8:00 pm (after dinner).


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Dutch thrift led to the famous standard rule of only one cookie with each cup of coffee. It has been suggested that the reasons for this can be found in the Protestant mentality and upbringing in the northern Netherlands.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: The traditionally Roman Catholic south does not share this tradition as for instance in Limburg, where serving a large "vlaai" (sweet pie or pastry with filling), cut into eight pieces, is tradition when visitors are expected.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: A popular Dutch story (never confirmed) says that in the late 1940s the wife of the then Prime Minister, Willem Drees, served coffee and one biscuit to a visiting American diplomat, who then became convinced that the money from the Marshall Plan was being well spent.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Café au lait is also very common. It is called "koffie verkeerd" (literally "wrong coffee") and consists of equal parts black coffee and hot milk. The Dutch drink tea without milk and the tea is quite a lot weaker than typical English or Irish types of tea which are stronger and are usually taken with milk. Other hot drinks used to include warm lemonade, called "kwast" (hot water with lemon juice), and "anijsmelk" (hot milk with aniseed). In the autumn and winter the very popular hot chocolate or chocolate milk is drunk. Both "anijsmelk" and "kwast" are hardly drunk any more, having lost popularity.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Between 5:00 pm and 9:00 pm it is time for an alcoholic beverage ("borrel"), beer or wine, and a savory snack. This is when the famous "bitterballen" are served, a miniature variant of the "kroket" (croquette), deep-fried ragout-filled balls with a crunchy layer of very fine bread crumbs. "Bitterballen" are served with mustard.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: "Borreltijd" mostly occurs on the weekends. "Borrelnootje" (peanuts in a spiced crusty coating) and "kaasstengels" (crusty cheese sticks) are other typical "borrel" snacks.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Dinner, traditionally served early by international standards, starts around or even before 6 o'clock in the evening. The old-fashioned Dutch dinner consists of one simple course: potatoes, meat and vegetables—known under the acronym "AVG" ("aardappelen, vlees, groente"). AVG consists traditionally of potatoes with a large portion of vegetables and a small portion of meat with gravy, or a potato and vegetable stew. Vegetable stews served as side dishes are for example "rodekool met appeltjes" (red cabbage with apples), or "rode bieten" (beetroot). Regular spices used in stews of this kind may be bay leaves, juniper berries, cloves, and vinegar, although strong spices are generally used sparingly. Stews are often served with pickles, including "augurken" (gherkins) or cocktail onions ("zilveruitjes"). Due to the influx of other countries, traditional meals have lost some popularity. "Stamppot", mashed potatoes with different options for vegetables, is traditionally eaten in winter. If there is a starter, it is usually soup.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: The below listed meals have historic origins as meals for common laborers. From the 17th to the 19th century workers worked 10 to 16 hours on farms or in factories in unheated rooms, hence these meals are very heavy on calories and fat and were meant to replenish a laborer's energy.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: The final course is a sweet dessert, traditionally yogurt with some sugar or "vla", thin milk pudding (cooked milk with custard). Other desserts include:


title: Dutch cuisine

text: The birth of a child is an occasion for serving "beschuit met muisjes" (Dutch rusk covered with sugared aniseed).


title: Dutch cuisine

text: The Dutch festival of "Sinterklaas" is held on 5 December. Saint Nicholas leaves gifts in the children's shoes. On this occasion, the Dutch drink hot chocolate milk and eat spice cookies, like "speculaas". Special treats distributed by Saint Nicholas' aide "Zwarte Piet" include "pepernoten" (irregularly shaped small cookies made of rye, honey and anise, often confused with kruidnoten); "kruidnoten" (gingernut-like biscuits but made with speculaas spices: a mix of cinnamon, pepper, cloves, and nutmeg); ' or "banket" (a baked pastry crust filled with a sugared almond paste filling and shaped into a letter); chocolate letters; marzipan (often in the shape of animals or other topical items), ' (discs of fondant); and "".


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Christmas in the Netherlands is a typical family holiday. Traditionally there is family brunch with "kerststol" (fruited raisin bread; often filled with almond paste). Christmas dinner is also a family occasion where "" (a kind of roulade consisting of spiced pork), roast pork, game, or other luxury meat may be served. Another popular Christmas dinner tradition is "gourmetten", where people cook their own food on a special "gourmetset" on the table, although this isn't limited to Christmas.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: On New Year's Eve, Dutch houses smell of the piping hot oil of deep-fat fryers used to prepare "oliebollen" and ' (a kind of apple fritter) – not to be mistaken for the ' which is completely different. Also "ananasbeignets" (pineapple fritter) are considered a treat. "Oliebollen" are yeast dough balls, either plain or filled with glacé fruits, apple pieces, raisins, and sultanas are served with powdered sugar and are a special treat for New Year's Eve.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: In the 17th century, Dutch settlers also took their "oliebollen" to the American colonies, where they are now known in a slightly different form as doughnuts. In Limburg, "nonnevotten" are sometimes served during New Year's Eve, although it is mostly eaten during Carnival. Around New Years "" are popular, in particular in the northern provinces.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: On birthdays all kinds of cakes and cookies are eaten, including "appeltaart", ', "bossche bol", ', ', ' (cookies filled with almond meal), ', "janhagel", ', ', ', ', ', ', ', "peperkoek" (gingerbread), ', "spekkoek" (originally from Indonesia), ', "tompouce", ', ', "", and "stroopwafel".


title: Dutch cuisine

text: "Poffertjes" are tiny puffed pancakes served on special occasions, served warm with melting butter and powdered sugar on top. They are mostly combined with a drink: plain milk, chocolate milk, or a yogurt drink. Cafeterias all around the Netherlands sell "poffertjes". Dutch people call such a restaurant a "". "Poffertjes" can be eaten as a dessert after dinner or as a sweet lunch.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: A famous Dutch sweet is "zoute drop" and other liquorice sweets. These sweets are small, black and look much like gums. Similar to Pontefract cakes found in Yorkshire, England. The four types of "drop" are soft sweet, soft salt, hard sweet, and hard salty "drop". Liquorice can be bought in shops and pharmacies. It also has a medical function as it is supposed to soften the symptoms throat and stomach aches. Dutch "drop" is sold in a large variety of shapes and forms. When they are flavored with coconut fondant they are called ' (lit. "English liquorice"; liquorice allsorts). Other varieties are made with honey ('), salmiac salt ('), salmiac salt ("salmiakdrop"), or bay laurel (').


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Typical shapes are diamonds, ovals, oblongs, and coins (known as munten in Dutch, leading to the name "muntdrop"). A honeycomb shape for honey ' is also popular. Some manufacturers have introduced speciality ranges where the "drop" is made in thematic shapes, such as cars ('), farm animals, and farm machinery (""), and so on.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Another popular Dutch sweet is the "stroopwafel" (""stroop"" meaning syrup). A thin waffle cookie, made typically in a pizelle pan, is sliced horizontally and used for sandwiching a layer of syrup, the "stroop". Occasionally, crushed hazelnuts will be mixed with the "stroop", and the dough may be spiced with cinnamon.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: One of the Dutch confectionery specialties is "vlaai". It is a sweet pie made with a yeast dough and filled with fruit (such as apple, apricot, pineapple, plum, or berry filling). Other ingredients may include custard and rhubarb. Rice "vlaai", stuffed with a rich rice-and-cream filling, and pudding "vlaai" sprinkled with crumbs are also popular. They can be additionally grafted with fruits, whipped cream or chocolate.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: "Banket" is a type of pastry or cookie that is traditionally eaten on Saint Nicholas Day (6 December, though the actual celebration is on Saint Nicholas Eve, the 5th) and on Christmas Eve in Holland.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Wine plays only a modest role in Dutch cuisine, but there are many brands of beer and strong alcoholic liquor. The most famous Dutch beer producers are Heineken in the west, Grolsch in the east, Alfa and Bavaria in the south. Traditionally, North Brabant and Limburg had a strong beer tradition, brewing many different types of beer (not unlike beer in Belgium).


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Dutch cities in the west had a long brewing tradition as well, but in the 20th century, big brewers took over many smaller breweries or offered them a license to sell their beer brand, while stopping their own production.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: In the 21st century, many new microbreweries were founded, brewing top fermenting beers in many different styles. In September 2013, there were 184 active breweries in the Netherlands. Popular styles include bock, trappist ale, stout, and wheat beer.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Of the range of bitters, "Beerenburg" is the most famous. Strong liquors include "Jenever" (distilled malt wine and the precursor to Gin), ' (brandy) and "Vieux", which is an imitation Cognac, but also "Kandeel" (made from white wine), ' (a liquor made from aniseed), ' (an orange-flavored brandy, which is traditionally served on festivities surrounding the royal family), "Advocaat", "Boerenjongens" (raisins in brandy), and ' (apricots in brandy).


title: Dutch cuisine

text: The Dutch have their own types of fast food, sold at a "snack bar". A Dutch fast food meal often consists of French fries (called "patat" or "friet") with sauce and meat. The most common sauce to accompany French fries is "fritessaus" (a low-fat mayonnaise substitute), or ketchup (often the "currysaus" variety), hot peanut sauce, and a pickle relish of chopped vegetables and spices, such as piccalilli or "joppiesaus".


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Sometimes the fries are served with a combination of sauces, such as "speciaal" (lit. "special"), which consists of mayonnaise with spiced ketchup, chopped raw onions, and "" (lit. "war"), which consists of fries covered in hot peanut sauce, mayonnaise, and chopped raw onions.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: A recently introduced Dutch-Turkish variety from Rotterdam is the "kapsalon" (lit. "barbershop"), consisting of fries, topped with either shawarma, kebab, or döner kebab and finished with salad, cheese, and various sauces such as sambal and garlic sauce.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Snacks made with meat are usually deep fried. This includes the "frikandel" (a skinless minced meat sausage) and the "kroket" (a meat ragout roll covered in breadcrumbs). They are available in bread rolls, especially "Broodje kroket" for carry out. A smaller, round version of the croquette is the "bitterballen" with mustard, often served as a snack in bars but also at official receptions.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Regional snacks include the ' (a combination of egg and ragout) in the north and east of the country, and ' or "", slightly spiced sausage meat baked in pastry (similar to the English sausage roll).


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Other snacks are the Indonesian-inspired "bamischijf" (a disk shaped "mie goreng" patty which is covered with breadcrumbs and deep-fried), "" (similar to the "bamischijf", a deep-fried "nasi goreng" filled ball covered in breadcrumbs), and "kaassoufflé" (lit. "cheese soufflé", a deep fried puff pastry envelope with a small amount of cheese in the center, popular with vegetarians).


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Fish is also sold as a fast food at the so-called "viskraam", most often street stalls and market stalls that specialize only in prepared fish products. The Netherlands is famous for its raw herring, optionally served together with chopped raw onions and gherkins, which is eaten by lifting the herring high up into the air by its tail and then biting into it upwards (except for Amsterdam, where the herring is cut into pieces and served on paper plates). Raw herring is also commonly sold in a soft white bun.


title: Dutch cuisine

text: Other popular fish snacks are "kibbeling" (deep-fried, nugget-sized chunks of Atlantic cod), "lekkerbekje" (deep-fried cod, similar to the British fish and chips, but delicately spiced and with a more tempura-like batter), "gerookte paling" (smoked European eel), and "rollmops".


title: Army ant

text: The name army ant (or legionary ant or marabunta) is applied to over 200 ant species in different lineages. Because of their aggressive predatory foraging groups, known as "raids", a huge number of ants forage simultaneously over a limited area.


title: Army ant

text: Another shared feature is that, unlike most ant species, army ants do not construct permanent nests; an army ant colony moves almost incessantly over the time it exists. All species are members of the true ant family, Formicidae, but several groups have independently evolved the same basic behavioural and ecological syndrome. This syndrome is often referred to as "legionary behaviour", and may be an example of convergent evolution.


title: Army ant

text: Most New World army ants belong to the genera "Cheliomyrmex", "Neivamyrmex", "Nomamyrmex", "Labidus", and "Eciton". The largest genus is "Neivamyrmex", which contains more than 120 species; the most predominant species is "Eciton burchellii"; its common name "army ant" is considered to be the archetype of the species. Most Old World army ants are divided between the tribes Aenictini and Dorylini. Aenictini contains more than 50 species of army ants in the single genus, "Aenictus". However, the Dorylini contain the genus "Dorylus", the most aggressive group of driver ants; 70 species are known.


title: Army ant

text: Originally, some of the Old World and New World lineages of army ants were thought to have evolved independently, in an example of convergent evolution. In 2003, though, genetic analysis of various species suggests that several of these groups evolved from a single common ancestor, which lived approximately 100 million years ago at the time of the separation of the continents of Africa and South America, while other army ant lineages (Leptanillinae, plus members of Ponerinae, Amblyoponinae, and Myrmicinae) are still considered to represent independent evolutionary events. Army ant taxonomy remains in flux, and genetic analysis will likely continue to provide more information about the relatedness of the various taxa.


title: Army ant

text: The workers of army ants are usually blind or can have compound eyes that are reduced to a single lens. There are species of army ants where the worker caste may show polymorphism based on physical differences and job allocations; however, there are also species that show no polymorphism at all. The worker caste is usually composed of sterile female worker ants.


title: Army ant

text: The soldiers of army ants are larger than the workers, and they have much larger mandibles than the worker class of ants, with older soldiers possessing larger heads and stronger mandibles than the younger ones. They protect the colony, and help carry the heaviest loads of prey to the colony bivouac.


title: Army ant

text: Males are large in size and have a large cylindrical abdomen, highly modified mandibles and uncommon genitalia not seen in other ants. They have 13 segments on their antennae, are alated (have wings) and therefore can resemble wasps. Males are born as part of a sexual brood. As soon as they are born, they will fly off in search of a queen to mate with. In some instances where males seek to mate with a queen from an existing colony, the receiving workers will forcibly remove the wings in order to accommodate the large males into the colony for mating. Because of their size, males are sometimes called "sausage flies" or "sausage ants."


title: Army ant

text: Colonies of real army ants always have only one queen, while some other ant species can have several queens. The queen is dichthadiigyne (a blind ant with large gaster) but may sometimes possess vestigial eyes. The queens of army ants are unique in that they do not have wings, have an enlarged gaster size and an extended cylindrical abdomen. They are significantly larger than worker army ants and possess 10–12 segments on their antennae. Queens will mate with multiple males and because of their enlarged gaster, can produce 3 to 4 million eggs a month, resulting in synchronized brood cycles and colonies composed of millions of individuals all related to a single queen.


title: Army ant

text: The army ant syndrome refers to behavioral and reproductive traits such as obligate collective foraging, nomadism and highly specialized queens that allow these organisms to become the most ferocious social hunters.


title: Army ant

text: Most ant species will send individual scouts to find food sources and later recruit others from the colony to help; however, army ants dispatch a cooperative, leaderless group of foragers to detect and overwhelm the prey at once. Army ants do not have a permanent nest but instead form many bivouacs as they travel. The constant traveling is due to the need to hunt large amounts of prey to feed its enormous colony population. Their queens are wingless and have abdomens that expand significantly during egg production. This allows for the production of 3–4 million eggs every month and often results in synchronized brood cycles, thus each colony will be formed of millions of individuals that descend from a single queen. These three traits are found in all army ant species and are the defining traits of army ants.


title: Army ant

text: Army ants have two phases of activitya nomadic (wandering) phase and a stationary (statary) phasethat constantly cycle, and can be found throughout all army ant species.


title: Army ant

text: The nomadic phase begins around 10 days after the queen lays her eggs. This phase will last approximately 15 days to let the larvae develop. The ants move during the day, capturing insects, spiders, and small vertebrates to feed their brood. At dusk, they will form their nests or bivouac, which they change almost daily. At the end of the nomadic phase, the larvae will spin pupal cases and no longer require food. The colony can then live in the same bivouac site for around 20 days, foraging only on approximately two-thirds of these days. Among the army ants are some species that venture out only at night, but no adequate studies of their activities have been made.


title: Army ant

text: The stationary phase, which lasts about two to three weeks, begins when the larvae pupate. From this point on, the prey that were previously fed to the larvae are now fed exclusively to the queen. The abdomen (gaster) of the queen swells significantly, and she lays her eggs. At the end of the stationary phase, both the pupae emerge from their cocoons (eclosion) and the next generation of eggs hatch so the colony has a new group of workers and larvae. After this, the ants resume the nomadic phase.


title: Army ant

text: Army ants will split into groups when the size of the colony has reached a size threshold, which happens approximately every three years. Wingless virgin queens will hatch among a male sexual brood that hatches at a later date. When the colony fissions, there are two ways new queens are decided. A possible outcome is a new queen will stay at the original nest with a portion of the workers and the male brood while the old queen will leave with the rest of the workers and find a new nest. Another possibility is that the workers will reject the old queen and new queens will each head a newly-divided colony. The workers will affiliate with individual queens based on the pheromone cues that are unique to each queen. When new bivouacs are formed, communication between the original colony and the new bivouacs will cease.


title: Army ant

text: Being the largest ants on Earth, army ants, such as African "Dorylus" queens have the greatest reproductive potential among insects, with an egg-laying capacity of several million per month. Army ant queens never have to leave the protection of the colony, where they mate with foreign incoming males which disperse on nuptial flights. The exact mating behaviour of the army ant queen is still unknown, but observations seem to imply that queens may be fertilized by multiple males. Due to the queen's large reproductive potential, a colony of army ants can be descended from a single queen.


title: Army ant

text: When the queen ant dies, there is no replacement and army ants cannot rear emergency queens. Most of the time, if the queen dies, the colony will likely die too. Queen loss can occur due to accidents during emigrations, predator attack, old age or illness. However, there are possibilities to avoid colony death. When a colony loses its queen, the worker ants will usually fuse with another colony that has a queen, within a few days. Sometimes, the workers will backtrack along the paths of prior emigrations to search for a queen that has been lost or merge with a sister colony. By merging with a related colony, the workers would increase their overall inclusive fitness. The workers that merge into a new colony may cause the colony to increase in size by 50%.


title: Army ant

text: When the queens emerge, the workers in the colony will form two 'systems' or arms in opposite directions. These queens that are hatched will move down either of the arms and only two queens will succeed, one for each branch. Any remaining new queens will be left in the middle and are abandoned. Two new bivouacs will be formed and break off into different directions. The workers will surround the two to-be queens to ensure they survive. These workers that surround the queens are affected by the CHC (pheromone) profile emitted by the new queen.


title: Army ant

text: When males hatch from their brood, they will fly off to find a mate. For males to access the queen and mate, they must run through the workers in the colony. Males that are favoured are superficially similar in size and shape to the queen. The males also produce large quantities of pheromones to pacify the worker ants.


title: Army ant

text: In a colony, the queen is the primary individual responsible for reproduction in the colony. Analysis of genotypes have confirmed that workers are, on average, more closely related to the offspring of the queen than to that of other workers, and that workers rarely, if ever, reproduce. Three factors have been suggested to rationalize the loss of worker reproduction in the presence of a queen. First, if the worker reproduces, it lowers the general performance of the colony because it is not working. Second, workers increase their inclusive fitness by policing other workers because they themselves are more related to the queen's offspring than other worker's offspring. Lastly, the large male larvae become too large to be transported, forcing colonies with a sexual brood to nest for a period of 41–56 days, as compared to non-reproductive colonies that remain in the nest an average of 17 days before returning to a nomadic phase. This suggests that if workers produced male offspring, they might be hatched out of sync with the queen's sexual brood and not likely to be successfully reared to adulthood.


title: Army ant

text: The whole colony of army ants can consume up to 500,000 prey animals each day, so can have a significant influence on the population, diversity, and behaviour of their prey. The prey selection differs with the species. Underground species prey primarily on ground-dwelling arthropods and their larvae, earthworms, and occasionally also the young of vertebrates, turtle eggs, or oily seeds. A majority of the species, the "colony robbers", specialize in the offspring of other ants and wasps. Only a few species seem to have the very broad spectrum of prey seen in the raiding species. Even these species do not eat every kind of animal. Although small vertebrates that get caught in the raid will be killed, the jaws of the American "Eciton" are not suited to this type of prey, in contrast to the African "Dorylus". These undesired prey are simply left behind and consumed by scavengers or by the flies that accompany the ant swarm. Only a few species hunt primarily on the surface of the earth; they seek their prey mainly in leaf litter and in low vegetation. About five species hunt in higher trees, where they can attack birds and their eggs, although they focus on hunting other social insects along with their eggs and larvae. Colonies of army ants are large compared to the colonies of other Formicidae. Colonies can have over 15 million workers and can transport 3000 prey (items) per hour during the raid period.


title: Army ant

text: When army ants forage, the trails that are formed can be over wide and over long. They stay on the path through the use of a concentration gradient of pheromones. The concentration of pheromone is highest in the middle of the trail, splitting the trail into two distinct regions: an area with high concentration and two areas with low concentrations of pheromones. The outbound ants will occupy the outer two lanes and the returning ants will occupy the central lane. The returning worker ants have also been found to emit more pheromones than those leaving the nest, causing the difference in concentration of pheromone in the trails. The pheromones will allow foraging to be much more efficient by allowing the army ants to avoid their own former paths and those of their conspecifics. Scaffolds structure has been observed when workers carried heavy prey food to inclined surface. Walking ants are prevented from falling by other ants.


title: Army ant

text: While foraging, army ants cause many invertebrates to flee from their hiding places under leaves of the forest floor, under tree bark, and other such locations, thereby allowing predators to catch them more easily. For example, in the tropical rainforests of Panama, swarms of army ants attract many species of birds to this feast of scrambling insects, spiders, scorpions, worms, and other animals. Some of these birds are named "antbirds" due to this tendency. While focused on feeding on these invertebrates, birds at army-ant swarms typically allow very close approach by peoplewithin in many casesoften providing the best opportunities to see many of these species. Depending on the size of the ant swarm and the amount of prey the ants stir up, birds can number from a few to dozens of individuals. Birds that frequent army-ant swarms include the white-whiskered puffbird, rufous motmot, rufous-vented ground cuckoo, grey-cowled wood rail, plain-brown woodcreeper, northern barred woodcreeper, cocoa woodcreeper, black-striped woodcreeper, fasciated antshrike, black-crowned antshrike, spotted antbird, bicolored antbird, ocellated antbird, chestnut-backed antbird, black-faced antthrush, and gray-headed tanager.


title: Army ant

text: Army ants do not build a nest like most other ants. Instead, they build a living nest with their bodies, known as a bivouac. Bivouacs tend to be found in tree trunks or in burrows dug by the ants. The members of the bivouac hold onto each other's legs and so build a sort of ball, which may look unstructured to a layman's eyes, but is actually a well-organized structure. The older female workers are located on the exterior; in the interior are the younger female workers. At the smallest disturbance, soldiers gather on the top surface of the bivouac, ready to defend the nest with powerful mandibles and (in the case of the Aenictinae and Ecitoninae) stingers. Inside the nest, there are numerous passages that have 'chambers' of food, larvae, eggs, and most importantly, the queen.


title: Army ant

text: Many species of army ants are widely considered to be keystone species due to their important ecological role as arthropod predators and due to their large number of vertebrate and invertebrate associates that rely on army ant colonies for nutrition or protection. During their hunt, many surface-raiding army ants are accompanied by various birds, such as antbirds, thrushes, ovenbirds and wrens, which devour the insects that are flushed out by the ants, a behavior known as kleptoparasitism. A wide variety of arthropods including staphylinid beetles, histerid beetles, spiders, silverfish, isopods, and mites also follow colonies. While some guests follow the colony emigrations on foot, many others are phoretically transported, for example by attaching themseles on army ant workers such as the histerid beetle "Nymphister kronaueri". The Neotropical army ant "Eciton burchellii" has an estimated 350 to 500 animal associates, the most of any one species known to science.


title: Army ant

text: Historically, "army ant" in the broad sense referred to various members of five different ant subfamilies. In two of these cases, the Ponerinae and Myrmicinae, only a few species and genera exhibit legionary behavior; in the other three lineages, Ecitoninae, Dorylinae, and Leptanillinae, all of the constituent species were considered to be legionary. More recently, ant classifications now recognize an additional New World subfamily, Leptanilloidinae, which also consists of obligate legionary species, so is another group now included among the army ants.


title: Army ant

text: A 2003 study of thirty species (by Sean Brady of Cornell University) indicates that army ants of subfamilies Ecitoninae (South America), Dorylinae (Africa) and Aenictinae (Asia) together formed a monophyletic group, based on data from three molecular genes and one mitochondrial gene. Brady concluded that these groups are, therefore, a single lineage that evolved in the mid-Cretaceous period in Gondwana, so these subfamilies are now generally united into a single subfamily Dorylinae, though this is still not universally recognized. However, the unification of these lineages means that the only subfamily that is composed solely of legionary species is Leptanillinae, as Dorylinae contains many non-legionary genera.


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: Like a Boss is a 2020 American comedy film directed by Miguel Arteta, written by Sam Pitman and Adam Cole-Kelly, and starring Tiffany Haddish, Rose Byrne, and Salma Hayek. The plot follows two friends who attempt to take back control of their cosmetics company from an industry titan.


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: The film was theatrically released in the United States on January 10, 2020, by Paramount Pictures. The film received negative reviews from critics, though the cast received praise. The film was also a box office bomb, grossing $30.4 million against a budget of $29 million and more than $100 million spent on marketing costs.


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: Two friends with very different personalities run their own beauty company, Mia&Mel. Mel is more practical and inventive, while Mia wants to earn her fortune quickly and live a lavish lifestyle.


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: Things take a turn for the worse when their company runs into $493,000 of debt, forcing them to turn to unscrupulous benefactor Claire Luna, head of a major cosmetics empire, who intends to steal the business out from under them. The two must address their differences to save their business, as they are faced with the challenge of proving themselves to Luna even as she steals their 'one-night-stand' bag idea and has it marketed through one of her other companies, as well as forcing them to fire one of their workers, Barrett, leaving fellow staffer Sydney as their sole employee.


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: Mia and Mel briefly 'split up' through their different approaches to Luna's offer, but they reconcile when their friends help them face how they need each other. Faced with the possible loss of their business, Mia and Mel approach Shay, Luna's former business partner, to start a new company, Proud Cosmetics, marketing their new 'Ride or Die' product, make-up intended to be used by best friends together to face their nights out. With this loophole, Mia and Mel can produce and market 'Ride or Die' under the 'Proud' banner while Luna takes ownership of Mia&Mel while still being required to pay them 49% of all subsequent earnings. Mia and Mel also bring along Sydney and Barrett to the new company.


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: On October 23, 2017, it was announced that Paramount Pictures had bought a female-centered comedy spec, "Limited Partners", specifically as a starring role for Tiffany Haddish. The film was written by Sam Pitman & Adam Cole-Kelly, from a story by the two, and Danielle Sanchez-Witzel, and was produced by Peter Principato, Itay Reiss, and Joel Zadak through their Principato-Young Entertainment. In July 2018, Paramount set Miguel Arteta as director. Later the same month, Rose Byrne was cast as the film's other lead. In September 2018, Salma Hayek was added to play the villain. In October 2018, Ari Graynor, Jacob Latimore, Karan Soni, Jimmy O. Yang, Natasha Rothwell, Jessica St. Clair and Billy Porter also joined the cast of the film.


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: Principal photography on the film began in October 2018. In July 2019, the film was re-titled "Like a Boss".


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: "Like a Boss" was released on January 10, 2020 by Paramount Pictures. It was previously scheduled for June 28, 2019.


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: "Like a Boss" grossed $22.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $7.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $29.7 million.


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside "Underwater" and the expansions of "Just Mercy" and "1917", and was projected to gross $10–12 million from 3,078 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $3.9 million on its first day of release, including $1 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $10 million, finishing fifth at the box office. The film fell 60% in its second weekend to $4 million (and $4.7 million over the four-day Martin Luther King Jr. Day holiday), finishing ninth.


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics consensus reads, ""Like a Boss" oversees a merger of powerful comedic talents, but the end results are likely to leave audience members feeling swindled out of their investments." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, and PostTrak reported viewers gave it an average 3 out of 5 stars.


title: Like a Boss (film)

text: "Rolling Stone"’s Peter Travers gave the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote, "What we have here is a comedy on life support, with Haddish and Byrne valiantly performing futile acts of resuscitation. Sorry to report: The patient died."


title: Margin of error

text: The margin of error is a statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in the results of a survey. The larger the margin of error, the less confidence one should have that a poll result would reflect the result of a census of the entire population. The margin of error will be positive whenever a population is incompletely sampled and the outcome measure has positive variance, which is to say, the measure "varies".


title: Margin of error

text: The term "margin of error" is often used in non-survey contexts to indicate observational error in reporting measured quantities.


title: Margin of error

text: Consider a simple "yes/no" poll formula_1 as a sample of formula_2 respondents drawn from a population formula_3 reporting the percentage formula_4 of "yes" responses. We would like to know how close formula_4 is to the true result of a survey of the entire population formula_6, without having to conduct one. If, hypothetically, we were to conduct poll formula_1 over subsequent samples of formula_2 respondents (newly drawn from formula_6), we would expect those subsequent results formula_10 to be normally distributed about formula_11. The "margin of error" describes the distance within which a specified percentage of these results is expected to vary from formula_11.


title: Margin of error

text: According to the 68-95-99.7 rule, we would expect that 95% of the results formula_10 will fall within "about" two standard deviations (formula_14) either side of the true mean formula_11.  This interval is called the confidence interval, and the "radius" (half the interval) is called the "margin of error", corresponding to a 95% "confidence level".


title: Margin of error

text: Generally, at a confidence level formula_16, a sample sized formula_2 of a population having expected standard deviation formula_18 has a margin of error


title: Margin of error

text: where formula_20 denotes the "quantile" (also, commonly, a "z-score"), and formula_21 is the standard error.


title: Margin of error

text: We would expect the normally distributed values  formula_10 to have a standard deviation which somehow varies with formula_2. The smaller formula_2, the wider the margin. This is called the standard error formula_25.


title: Margin of error

text: For the single result from our survey, we "assume" that formula_26, and that "all" subsequent results formula_10 together would have a variance formula_28.


title: Margin of error

text: For a confidence "level" formula_16, there is a corresponding confidence "interval" about the mean formula_32, that is, the interval formula_33 within which values of formula_1 should fall with probability formula_16. Precise values of formula_36 are given by the quantile function of the normal distribution (which the 68-95-99.7 rule approximates).


title: Margin of error

text: Note that formula_36 is undefined for formula_38, that is, formula_39 is undefined, as is formula_40.


title: Margin of error

text: Since formula_41 at formula_42, we can arbitrarily set formula_43, calculate formula_44, formula_25, and formula_46 to obtain the "maximum" margin of error for formula_1 at a given confidence level formula_16 and sample size formula_2, even before having actual results.  With formula_50


title: Margin of error

text: If a poll has multiple percentage results (for example, a poll measuring a single multiple-choice preference), the result closest to 50% will have the highest margin of error. Typically, it is this number that is reported as the margin of error for the entire poll. Imagine poll formula_1 reports formula_56 as formula_57


title: Margin of error

text: Imagine multiple-choice poll formula_1 reports formula_56 as formula_63. As described above, the margin of error reported for the poll would typically be formula_64, as formula_65is closest to 50%. The popular notion of "statistical tie" or "statistical dead heat," however, concerns itself not with the accuracy of the individual results, but with that of the "ranking" of the results. Which is in first?


title: Margin of error

text: If, hypothetically, we were to conduct poll formula_1 over subsequent samples of formula_2 respondents (newly drawn from formula_6), and report result formula_69, we could use the "standard error of difference" to understand how formula_70 is expected to fall about formula_71. For this, we need to apply the "sum of variances" to obtain a new variance, formula_72,


title: Margin of error

text: Note that this assumes that formula_80 is close to constant, that is, respondents choosing either A or B would almost never chose C (making formula_75and formula_76 close to "perfectly negatively correlated"). With three or more choices in closer contention, choosing a correct formula for formula_83 becomes more complicated.


title: Margin of error

text: The formulae above for the margin of error assume that there is an infinitely large population and thus do not depend on the size of population formula_6, but only on the sample size formula_2. According to sampling theory, this assumption is reasonable when the sampling fraction is small. The margin of error for a particular sampling method is essentially the same regardless of whether the population of interest is the size of a school, city, state, or country, as long as the sampling "fraction" is small.


title: Margin of error

text: In cases where the sampling fraction is larger (in practice, greater than 5%), analysts might adjust the margin of error using a finite population correction to account for the added precision gained by sampling a much larger percentage of the population. FPC can be calculated using the formula


title: Margin of error

text: In the former case, formula_2 is so small as to require no correction. In the latter case, the poll effectively becomes a census and sampling error becomes moot.


title: Electrical network

text: An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical components (e.g., batteries, resistors, inductors, capacitors, switches, transistors) or a model of such an interconnection, consisting of electrical elements (e.g., voltage sources, current sources, resistances, inductances, capacitances). An electrical circuit is a network consisting of a closed loop, giving a return path for the current. Linear electrical networks, a special type consisting only of sources (voltage or current), linear lumped elements (resistors, capacitors, inductors), and linear distributed elements (transmission lines), have the property that signals are linearly superimposable. They are thus more easily analyzed, using powerful frequency domain methods such as Laplace transforms, to determine DC response, AC response, and transient response.


title: Electrical network

text: A resistive circuit is a circuit containing only resistors and ideal current and voltage sources. Analysis of resistive circuits is less complicated than analysis of circuits containing capacitors and inductors. If the sources are constant (DC) sources, the result is a DC circuit. The effective resistance and current distribution properties of arbitrary resistor networks can be modeled in terms of their graph measures and geometrical properties.


title: Electrical network

text: A network that contains active electronic components is known as an "electronic circuit". Such networks are generally nonlinear and require more complex design and analysis tools.


title: Electrical network

text: An active network contains at least one voltage source or current source that can supply energy to the network indefinitely. A passive network does not contain an active source.


title: Electrical network

text: An active network contains one or more sources of electromotive force. Practical examples of such sources include a battery or a generator. Active elements can inject power to the circuit, provide power gain, and control the current flow within the circuit.


title: Electrical network

text: Passive networks do not contain any sources of electromotive force. They consist of passive elements like resistors and capacitors.


title: Electrical network

text: A network is linear if its signals obey the principle of superposition; otherwise it is non-linear. Passive networks are generally taken to be linear, but there are exceptions. For instance, an inductor with an iron core can be driven into saturation if driven with a large enough current. In this region, the behaviour of the inductor is very non-linear.


title: Electrical network

text: Discrete passive components (resistors, capacitors and inductors) are called "lumped elements" because all of their, respectively, resistance, capacitance and inductance is assumed to be located ("lumped") at one place. This design philosophy is called the lumped-element model and networks so designed are called "lumped-element circuits". This is the conventional approach to circuit design. At high enough frequencies, or for long enough circuits (such as power transmission lines), the lumped assumption no longer holds because there is a significant fraction of a wavelength across the component dimensions. A new design model is needed for such cases called the distributed-element model. Networks designed to this model are called "distributed-element circuits".


title: Electrical network

text: A distributed-element circuit that includes some lumped components is called a "semi-lumped" design. An example of a semi-lumped circuit is the combline filter.


title: Electrical network

text: An ideal independent source maintains the same voltage or current regardless of the other elements present in the circuit. Its value is either constant (DC) or sinusoidal (AC). The strength of voltage or current is not changed by any variation in the connected network.


title: Electrical network

text: Dependent sources depend upon a particular element of the circuit for delivering the power or voltage or current depending upon the type of source it is.


title: Electrical network

text: Applying these laws results in a set of simultaneous equations that can be solved either algebraically or numerically. The laws can generally be extended to networks containing reactances. They cannot be used in networks that contain nonlinear or time-varying components.


title: Electrical network

text: To design any electrical circuit, either analog or digital, electrical engineers need to be able to predict the voltages and currents at all places within the circuit. Simple linear circuits can be analyzed by hand using complex number theory. In more complex cases the circuit may be analyzed with specialized computer programs or estimation techniques such as the piecewise-linear model.


title: Electrical network

text: Circuit simulation software, such as HSPICE (an analog circuit simulator), and languages such as VHDL-AMS and verilog-AMS allow engineers to design circuits without the time, cost and risk of error involved in building circuit prototypes.


title: Electrical network

text: More complex circuits can be analyzed numerically with software such as SPICE or GNUCAP, or symbolically using software such as SapWin.


title: Electrical network

text: When faced with a new circuit, the software first tries to find a steady state solution, that is, one where all nodes conform to Kirchhoff's current law "and" the voltages across and through each element of the circuit conform to the voltage/current equations governing that element.


title: Electrical network

text: Once the steady state solution is found, the "operating points" of each element in the circuit are known. For a small signal analysis, every non-linear element can be linearized around its operation point to obtain the small-signal estimate of the voltages and currents. This is an application of Ohm's Law. The resulting linear circuit matrix can be solved with Gaussian elimination.


title: Electrical network

text: Software such as the PLECS interface to Simulink uses piecewise-linear approximation of the equations governing the elements of a circuit. The circuit is treated as a completely linear network of ideal diodes. Every time a diode switches from on to off or vice versa, the configuration of the linear network changes. Adding more detail to the approximation of equations increases the accuracy of the simulation, but also increases its running time.


title: Fort Detrick

text: Fort Detrick () is a United States Army Futures Command installation located in Frederick, Maryland. Historically, Fort Detrick was the center of the U.S. biological weapons program from 1943 to 1969. Since the discontinuation of that program, it has hosted most elements of the United States biological defense program.


title: Fort Detrick

text: As of the early 2010s, Fort Detrick's campus supports a multi-governmental community that conducts biomedical research and development, medical materiel management, global medical communications and the study of foreign plant pathogens. The lab is known to research pathogens such as Ebola and smallpox.


title: Fort Detrick

text: It is home to the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (USAMRDC), with its bio-defense agency, the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). It also hosts the National Cancer Institute-Frederick (NCI-Frederick) and is home to the National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research (NICBR) and National Interagency Biodefense Campus (NIBC).


title: Fort Detrick

text: In August 2019, its deadly germ research operations were shut down following serious safety violations, in particular relating to the disposal of dangerous materials.


title: Fort Detrick

text: Five farms originally constituted what is today known as "Area A" with , or the main post area of Fort Detrick, where most installation activities are located. "Area B" – known as "The Farm" and consisting of nearly – was purchased in 1946 to provide a test area west of Rosemont Avenue, then called Yellow Springs Pike. In addition, the post's water and waste water treatment plants comprise about on the banks of the Monocacy River.


title: Fort Detrick

text: Fort Detrick traces its roots to a small municipal airport established at Frederick, Maryland, in 1929. It was operated by a single person and the field was one of a string of emergency airfields between Cleveland, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., until 1938. The field was named in honor of squadron flight surgeon Major Frederick L. Detrick who served in France during World War I and died in June 1931 of a heart attack. The first military presence there was the encampment, on 10 August 1931 (two months after the Major's death), of his unit: the 104th Observation Squadron of the 29th Division, Maryland National Guard. The Squadron flew de Havilland observation biplanes and Curtiss JN-4 "Jennies".


title: Fort Detrick

text: A concrete and tarmac airfield replaced the grass field in 1939, and an upgraded Detrick Field served as a Cadet Pilot Training Center until the country's entry into World War II. Detrick Field was formally leased from the City of Frederick in 1940 (having previously been leased from the state for just two weeks per year). The last airplanes departed Detrick Field in December 1941 and January 1942 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. All aircraft and pilots in the 104th and the cadet program were reassigned after the Declaration of War to conduct antisubmarine patrols off the Atlantic Coast. The 2nd Bombardment Squadron, U.S. Army Air Corps was reconstituted at Detrick Field between March and September 1942, when it deployed to England to become the nucleus of the new Eighth Air Force headquarters. Thereafter, the base ceased to be an aviation center. The airfields buildings, runway and tarmac have all disappeared which ran along today's Hamilton Street from Beasley Drive to about Neiman Street.


title: Fort Detrick

text: On 9 March 1943, the government purchased encompassing the original and re-christened the facility "Camp Detrick". The same year saw the establishment of the U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories (USBWL), responsible for pioneering research into biocontainment, decontamination, gaseous sterilization, and agent purification. The first commander, Lt. Col. William S. Bacon, and his successor, Col. Martin B. Chittick, oversaw the initial $1.25 million renovation and construction of the base.


title: Fort Detrick

text: During World War II, Camp Detrick and the USBWL became the site of intensive biological warfare (BW) research using various pathogens. This research was originally overseen by pharmaceuticals executive George W. Merck and for many years was conducted by Ira L. Baldwin, professor of bacteriology at the University of Wisconsin. Baldwin became the first scientific director of the labs. He chose Detrick Field for the site of this exhaustive research effort because of its balance between remoteness of location and proximity to Washington, D.C. – as well as to Edgewood Arsenal, the focal point of U.S. chemical warfare research. Buildings and other facilities left from the old airfield – including the large hangar – provided the nucleus of support needed for the startup. The of Detrick Field were also surrounded by extensive farmlands that could be procured if and when the BW effort was expanded.


title: Fort Detrick

text: The Army's Chemical Warfare Service was given responsibility and oversight for the effort that one officer described as "cloaked in the deepest wartime secrecy, matched only by … the Manhattan Project for developing the Atomic Bomb". Three months after the start of construction, an additional $3 million was provided for five additional laboratories and a pilot plant. Lt. Col. Bacon was authorized 85 officers, 373 enlisted personnel, and 80 enlisted Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) members under two WAAC officers. At its peak strength in 1945, Camp Detrick had 240 officers and 1,530 enlisted personnel including WACs.


title: Fort Detrick

text: After the defeat of Japan, the researchers working at Unit 731 were given immunity from prosecution. In return, director Shirō Ishii provided "8,000 slides of tissue from human and animal dissections" from the experiments, which were reportedly stored at Fort Detrick.


title: Fort Detrick

text: The elaborate security precautions taken at Camp Detrick were so effective that it was not until January 1946, four months after VJ Day that the public learned of the war-time research in biological weapons.


title: Fort Detrick

text: In 1952, the Army purchased over more of land located between West 7th Street and Oppossumtown Pike to expand the permanent research and development facilities.


title: Fort Detrick

text: Two workers at the base died from exposure to anthrax in the 1950s. Another died in 1964 from viral encephalitis.


title: Fort Detrick

text: There was a building on the base, Building 470, locally referred to as "Anthrax Tower". Building 470 was a pilot plant for testing optimal fermentor and bacterial purification technologies. The information gained in this pilot plant shaped the fermentor technology that was ultimately used by the pharmaceutical industry to revolutionize the production of antibiotics and other drugs. Building 470 was torn down in 2003 without any adverse effects on the demolition workers or the environment. The facility acquired the nickname "Fort Doom" while offensive biological warfare research was undertaken there. 5,000 bombs containing anthrax spores were produced at the base during World War II.


title: Fort Detrick

text: From 1945 to 1955 under Project Paperclip and its successors, the U.S. government recruited over 1,600 German and Austrian scientists and engineers in a variety of fields such as aircraft design, missile technology and biological warfare. Among the specialists in the latter field who ended up working in the U.S. were Walter Schreiber, Erich Traub and Kurt Blome, who had been involved with medical experiments on concentration camp inmates to test biological warfare agents. Since Britain, France and the Soviet Union were also engaged in recruiting these scientists, the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) wished to deny their services to other powers, and therefore altered or concealed the records of their Nazi past and involvement in war crimes.


title: Fort Detrick

text: The U.S. General Accounting Office issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that between 1940 and 1974, DOD and other national security agencies studied hundreds of thousands of human subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances.


title: Fort Detrick

text: Many experiments that tested various biological agents on human subjects, referred to as Operation Whitecoat, were carried out at Fort Detrick, Maryland, in the 1950s. The human subjects originally consisted of volunteer enlisted men. However, after the enlisted men staged a sitdown strike to obtain more information about the dangers of the biological tests, Seventh-day Adventists (SDAs) who were conscientious objectors were recruited for the studies.


title: Fort Detrick

text: The Army purchased an additional in 1946 to increase the size of the original "Area A" as well as located west of Area A, but not contiguous to it, to provide a test area known as Area B. In 1952, another were purchased between West 7th Street and Oppossumtown Pike to expand the permanent research and development facilities.


title: Fort Detrick

text: Jeffrey Alan Lockwood wrote in 2009 that the biological warfare program at Ft. Detrick began to research the use of insects as disease vectors going back to World War II and also employed German and Japanese scientists after the war who had experimented on human subjects among POWs and concentration camp inmates. Scientists used or attempted to use a wide variety of insects in their biowar plans, including fleas, ticks, ants, lice and mosquitoes – especially mosquitoes that carried the yellow fever virus. They also tested these in the United States. Lockwood thinks that it is very likely that the U.S. did use insects dropped from aircraft during the Korean War to spread diseases, and that the Chinese and North Koreans were not simply engaged in a propaganda campaign when they made these allegations, since the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of Defense had approved their use in the fall of 1950 at the "earliest practicable time". At that time, it had five biowarfare agents ready for use, three of which were spread by insect vectors.


title: Fort Detrick

text: Camp Detrick was designated a permanent installation for peacetime biological research and development shortly after World War II, but that status was not confirmed until 1956, when the post became Fort Detrick. Its mandate was to continue its previous mission of biomedical research and its role as the world's leading research campus for biological agents requiring specialty containment.


title: Fort Detrick

text: The most recent land acquisition for the fort was a parcel of less than along the Rosemont Avenue fence in 1962, completing the present .


title: Fort Detrick

text: On Veterans Day, November 11, 1969, President Richard M. Nixon asked the Senate to ratify the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons. Nixon assured Fort Detrick its research would continue. On November 25, 1969, Nixon made a statement outlawing offensive biological research in the United States. Since that time any research done at Fort Detrick has been purely defensive in nature, focusing on diagnostics, preventives and treatments for BW infections. This research is undertaken by the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) which transitioned from the previous U.S. Army Medical Unit (USAMU) and was renamed in 1969.


title: Fort Detrick

text: As he ended the offensive biological research done at Fort Detrick, Nixon pledged to make former laboratories and land available by the disestablishment of the offensive biological warfare program transferred to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services during the 1970s and later. The National Cancer Research and Development Center (now the National Cancer Institute-Frederick) was established in 1971 on a parcel in Area A ceded by the installation.


title: Fort Detrick

text: In 1989 base researchers identified the Ebola virus in a monkey imported to the area from the Philippines.


title: Fort Detrick

text: In 1990, Hazelton Research Products' Reston Quarantine Unit in Reston, Virginia suffered a mysterious outbreak of fatal illness among a shipment of crab-eating macaque monkeys imported from the Philippines. The company's veterinary pathologist sent tissue samples from dead animals to the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) at Fort Detrick, where a laboratory test known as an ELISA assay showed antibodies to Ebola virus.


title: Fort Detrick

text: Thereafter, a team from USAMRIID euthanized the surviving monkeys, bringing the carcasses to Ft. Detrick for study by the veterinary pathologists and virologists, and eventual disposal under safe conditions. The Philippines and the United States had no previous cases of Ebola infection, and upon further study researchers concluded it was another strain of Ebola, or a new filovirus of Asian origin, which they named "Reston ebolavirus" (REBOV) after the location of the incident.


title: Fort Detrick

text: In 2009, author H. P. Albarelli published the book "" about Frank Olson's death and the experiments conducted at Fort Detrick. The book is based on documents released under FOIA and numerous other documents and interviews to the police and investigators.


title: Fort Detrick

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, KGB disinformation agent Jakob Segal claimed that Fort Detrick was the site where the United States government "invented" HIV.


title: Fort Detrick

text: USAMRIID had been the principal consultant to the FBI on scientific aspects of the 2001 Anthrax Attacks, which had infected 22 people and killed five. While assisting with the science from the beginning, it also soon became the focus of the FBI's investigation of possible perpetrators (see Steven Hatfill). In July 2008, a top U.S. biodefense researcher at USAMRIID committed suicide just as the FBI was about to lay charges relating to the incidents. The scientist, Bruce Edwards Ivins, who had worked for 18 years at USAMRIID, had been told about the impending prosecution. The FBI's identification of Ivins in August 2008 as the Anthrax Attack perpetrator remains controversial and several independent government investigations which will address his culpability are ongoing. Although the anthrax preparations used in the attacks were of different grades, all of the material derived from the same bacterial strain. Known as the Ames strain, it was first researched at USAMRIID. The Ames strain was subsequently distributed to at least fifteen bio-research labs within the U.S. and six locations overseas.


title: Fort Detrick

text: In June 2008 the Environmental Protection Agency said it planned to add the base to the Superfund list of the most polluted places in the country. On 9 April 2009, "Fort Detrick Area B Ground Water" was added to the list which currently includes 18 other sites within Maryland.


title: Fort Detrick

text: The Forest Glen Annex of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Silver Spring, Maryland was transferred to the command of Fort Detrick in 2008 as a result of the Base Realignment and Closure process.


title: Fort Detrick

text: In 2020, a conspiracy theory regarding COVID-19 arose that alleged that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was developed by the United States Army at Fort Detrick. This allegation has been promoted by Chinese government officials, most notably Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman Zhao Lijian who has called for an inspection of the facility, although the allegation remains baseless. A petition organized by the Chinese Communist Party-owned tabloid "Global Times" urging the WHO to investigate Fort Detrick for COVID origins reportedly amassed 25 million signatures.


title: Fort Detrick

text: Fort Detrick Area B is a 399-acre proving ground and was a disposal area for chemical, biological, and radiological material until 1970. Only very recently, in 2009, was it listed as a superfund site on the National Priorities List with four so-called "source areas": chemical waste disposal pits, a landfill, the Area B-Grid and the Area B-20 South burn area. There are 30 additional possible areas. Groundwater has been known to be contaminated with volatile organic compounds trichloroethylene (TCE) since 1992, as well as tetrachloroethene, both onsite and offsite. Eight 55-gallon drums of TCE buried in Area B in 1968 are believed one source of the contamination. Groundwater plume modeling is difficult due to underlying karst formations. No "Records of Decision" how each site will be remediated have been signed by EPA and Army.


title: Fort Detrick

text: In 2012, the United States National Research Council published a report after reviewing two investigations of potential health hazards at Fort Detrick: a 2009 public health assessment conducted by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and a cancer investigation in Frederick County by the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and the Frederick County Health Department. The report found neither study could show whether people were harmed by contaminated groundwater from Area B. It is unlikely that additional studies could establish a link, because no data on early exposures were collected and data cannot be obtained or reliably estimated now.


title: Fort Detrick

text: In May 2014, a developer who had bought 92 acres near the Center for Biological Research sued the U.S. Army for negligence in its chemical disposal practices, which led to levels of TCE of up to 42 times the federal maximum contaminant level. A U.S. attorney representing Fort Detrick argued in July 2014 that nonexistent EPA regulation at the time is an exception to the Federal Tort Claims Act and "protects the Army's waste disposal practices". The $37 million lawsuit was dismissed in January 2015.


title: Fort Detrick

text: After the Army denied claims of health problems in 106 Frederick families and individuals in February 2015, the residents filed a class action lawsuit, seeking $750 million for wrongful death and pain and suffering in August 2015.


title: Fort Detrick

text: The installation s Restoration Advisory Board has released a report on some of the findings in relation to the spillage of waste. The public Fort Detrick website provided a copy of the archive from the meeting of an environmental committee.


title: Fort Detrick

text: Following the cease and desist order from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in which the USAMRIID laboratory at the base was shut down in August 2019 for at least two "breaches of containment", the announcement to resume operations on a "limited scale" was made on November 25, 2019. The two breaches reported to the CDC by USAMRIID staff demonstrated failures of biosafety level 3 and 4 protocols in the Army laboratory to ""implement and maintain containment procedures sufficient to contain select agents or toxins"".


title: Fort Detrick

text: After approximately eight months of closure and restrictions, the USAMRIID BSL-4 lab had been authorized to resume full operational status by April 2020, to the applause of Maryland lawmakers including Senator Ben Cardin, who stated ""it is a relief to have USAMRIID fully operational with the current COVID-19 outbreak""'.


title: Fort Detrick

text: Each branch of the U.S. military is represented among Fort Detrick's 7,800 military, federal and contractor employees. Four cabinet-level agencies are represented by activities on the garrison: The U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the U.S. Department of Defense. The offices and laboratories include the Agriculture Department's Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute, the National Cancer Institute, the Naval Medical Logistics Command and the Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center. Currently under construction is a biotechnology campus that will house civilian and military research centers including units of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), as well as USAMRIID.


title: Fort Detrick

text: "The following units and organizations (military and otherwise) are located on the Fort Detrick installation:"


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: Cathy Lee Crosby (born December 2, 1944) is an American actress and former professional tennis player. She achieved TV and film success in the 1980s and was a co-host of the television series "That's Incredible!"


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: Crosby was born in Los Angeles, the middle daughter of three. Her father, Louis Clayton Crosby, was a scriptwriter-songwriter (he was also the National Commercial Spokesman for Dodge Automobiles on "The Lawrence Welk Show"), and her mother, Linda Hayes, was "an RKO contract actress in the 1940s". Her family is not related to Bing Crosby. Her parents eventually separated, and her father relocated to Australia.


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: She excelled at tennis as a youth, starting the game at age 12. She was ranked as high as #7 in singles in US junior tennis competition and #4 in doubles, which she often played with her elder sister, Linda Lou, as her partner.


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: She graduated in 1968 from the University of Southern California with a degree in psychology, although she originally was pre-med.


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: Crosby was a professional tennis player who played at Wimbledon twice, quitting the sport professionally sometime between 1967 and 1970.


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: As an actress, her first TV appearance was as Susan in the episode "The Lay of the Land" in the first season of "It Takes a Thief" (1968). Her first movie role was as Ann Chris in Michael Shurtleff's film version of his play "Call Me by My Rightful Name" (1972), opposite Don Murray and Otis Young. The following year she played Kay Butler in the 20th Century Fox crime drama "The Laughing Policeman" (1973) with Oscar winners Walter Matthau and Louis Gossett Jr.


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: In 1974, she starred as the title character in the television film "Wonder Woman", a year before Lynda Carter popularized the role in the weekly series "Wonder Woman". In 1975, she guest starred as Helen of Troy in the scifi/horror series "". Crosby starred in the movie "Trackdown" (1976) with James Mitchum, the TV movie "Keefer" (1978) with William Conrad, and in "Coach" (1978) with Michael Biehn, in which she played the coach of a high school basketball team who falls for one of her players.


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: She starred in the horror movie "The Dark" (1979), opposite William Devane, the 1982 TV miniseries "World War III", with Rock Hudson and David Soul, and the TV movie "Intimate Strangers" (1986), starring Stacy Keach and Teri Garr. She also played herself in cameo roles in "The Last Horror Film" (1982) and Robert Altman's 1992 film "The Player".


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: Crosby was a co-host of the TV series "That's Incredible!" from 1980 to 1984 on ABC, which remains in world-wide syndication. In 1986, she was a guest commentator for the nationally televised special of World Wrestling Federation (WWF)'s "WrestleMania 2".


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: Crosby starred as Judith Main in the 1994 TV miniseries "North and South: Book III". The same year she appeared in the Lifetime movie "Untamed Love" (1994), based on Torey Hayden's "One Child", and later starred in the film "Ablaze" (2001), opposite Ice-T and Tom Arnold.


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: Crosby was married at age 21 to Alexander Wilfred Ingle on July 30, 1966; they divorced in 1968. She dated actor Richard Roundtree during the mid 1970s.


title: Cathy Lee Crosby

text: She was in a relationship with football star Joe Theismann throughout the early 1980s. Their romantic relationship ended in 1991, after which she sued him for $4.5 million because he "abandoned his promise to financially support her". Theismann responded with a countersuit, ultimately leading to both settling out of court.


title: Ang Probinsyano (season 9)

text: The ninth and final season of "Ang Probinsyano" began airing on August 23, 2021 and ended on August 12, 2022 on Kapamilya Channel and Cine Mo! (on cable and satellite TV providers) and through a block-time agreement with A2Z (on analog free TV in Metro Manila only and digital TV nationwide) and TV5 (on nationwide free TV stations). It is also available on-demand via iWantTFC. The series stars Coco Martin as P/Maj. Ricardo Dalisay, together with an ensemble cast, following the celebration of 6th anniversary on air. This is also part of the 7th anniversary for the final weeks of airing.


title: Ang Probinsyano (season 9)

text: Cardo Dalisay and Task Force Agila have found their hiding place in the North, while their enemies, First Lady Lily Hidalgo, Secretary Arturo Padua, Defense Secretary Renato Hipolito, the Black Ops led by Albert de Vela and drug lord Lito Valmoria, are still hunting for them. Having recovered from the induced coma caused by Lily, Oscar escapes from the palace, along with his close friends, housemaid Elizabeth and PSG member Ambo, to warn Cardo of their evil intentions while both Lily and Renato separately deploy their respective men to find Oscar. Oscar is replaced by an ignorant decoy Mariano. Albert and the Black Ops, under the supervision of Arturo, focus on dealing with the high-value targets until Padua runs out of patience when Albert fails to catch Cardo. Albert later allies with Lito to work together for hunting drug competitors. Renato plans to allow the international drug syndicate to operate in the country if he becomes the president, while Lily also plans bring Renato down for the next election.


title: Ang Probinsyano (season 9)

text: Armando, his wife Lolita, and daughter Mara plan to kill the powerful business and political kingpin Don Ignacio Guillermo, who perpetrated the killing of farmers to claim Armando's land. Eventually, Cardo and Agila are eventually found by the local police at Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar, leading to the ensuing shootout. Armando and his group cross paths with Cardo during the chaos at Hotel de Oriente and they form an alliance after they seemingly killed Don Ignacio. However, Armando has malevolent intentions against the Agila merely for the bounty. Don Ignacio survives the firefight by Mara but was placed in critical condition, leading to the arrival of Oscar's first love Aurora from the United States. Meanwhile, Don Ignacio's estranged brother Eduardo is only interested in taking the family's wealth after hearing his brother's condition.


title: Ang Probinsyano (season 9)

text: It is later revealed that Mara is in fact Aurora's and Oscar's biological daughter; she is unaware of the fact that she was used and trained by Armando and Lolita to kill her biological grandfather Don Ignacio as revenge for the death of their biological child at the hands of Don Ignacio. Armando and Lolita decide to kill Mara to tie loose ends. The couple plans to neutralize Agila for the bounty but Agila escapes with the help of Lucas, Armando's mercenary member, but not before Delfin is left behind and is then mercilessly tortured.


title: Ang Probinsyano (season 9)

text: After a violent confrontation between Renato, Arturo, and Lily, Cardo is injured and is brought to the hospital by the Black Ops to keep him alive under orders from Lily. Lito plans to kill Cardo personally, and after a brutal cat-and-mouse fight, Cardo emerges victorious and kills Lito, thus avenging Alyana's death. Meanwhile, Agila eventually finds the real Oscar and decides to return to Armando's mansion to rescue Delfin. After days of recovering from his injuries at Ramona's camp, Cardo returns to Armando's lair, where he learns of the latter's true colors. A bloodied Delfin sacrifices himself to allow Cardo to buy some time to attack Armando's men, but Armando and Lolita eventually escape from Agila's attack. Their mansion was later burned down by Cardo and his group. The couple subsequently makes watertight their alliances with the despotic Lily.


title: Ang Probinsyano (season 9)

text: Oscar and Senate President Camilo Edades decide to unmask Lily, Renato, and Arturo's crimes, corruptions, and atrocities to the public. This allows him to return to power and reinstate Agila back into the police force and clearing the false allegations and the terror-tagging against them because everything is a lie and those false charges are perpetrated by Renato,Arturo,and Lily. Defeated and branded as enemies of the people, Lily, Albert, Armando, and Lolita hatch a plan in attempt to make their last stand and launch a counterrevolution against Agila,also to provoke a civil war by hiding in a secluded manor "Tierra Del Diablo" so they could commence the nightmarish war and to regain back the country under her absolute power, while Renato forges an alliance with a ruthless warlord named Lucio Santanar, who was also a former member of Pulang Araw and work together also to put the country into an era of totalitarian terror. Later that time Renato, Lily, and Arturo became warlords in order to put the country under their totalitarian and absolute state elite rule and in so doing although they are ousted from power they start to commit a wave of violent purges. Soon thereafter, Lucio and his paramilitary death squads launch a series of bombings of hospitals and schools, even launching a killing spree against innocent civilians, healthcare workers, teachers and students. When Arturo arrogantly refuses to ally with Lucio, Renato betrays him by killing Arturo with one push of a button for a bomb to detonate before winning Lucio's trust. On the other hand, Lily sets up a video call to talk to her foreign allies about their instigation of a bloody war and to sequester the country itself. She ruthlessly massacres the partygoers of the manor while they are having fun, and then betrays her foreign allies by gunning them down after they learn of her sinister agenda as they attempt to defect. Agila's first mission is to capture Lily, Albert, Armando, Lolita, Renato and their hordes of thugs and goons and to punish and execute them for their crimes against humanity and abuse of power either dead or alive, concluding with Agila's victory when they wiped out all of them. Now, Agila prepares for a final yet deadly showdown against their last remaining enemies Renato, Eduardo, and Lucio. James, Dante, and Marsial were all murdered by Lucio's lackeys. Victor was assasinated by Renato after murdering Eduardo by stoning him to death who tried to rape Roxanne, with Roxanne being murdered shortly thereafter. Jerome and Rigor, dressed and disguised by Lucio's group as their own, were killed in friendly fire by Ramil and Patrick. During Cardo's bloody duel with Lucio, he reveals his sinister secret that he created the bombs that Homer used back then to kill Cardo's son. Cardo then finishes off Lucio by decapitating him with a sword that was given by Ramona to him. Meanwhile, Renato and his men are still standing strong, and they go on to finish off the remaining members of the Agila. Diana, Greco, Billy, Ramil, and Patrick all sacrifice their lives to allow Cardo and Oscar to escape. Cardo diverts Renato and his men to buy Oscar some time to escape, but Oscar decides to help Cardo. Unfortunately for Cardo, he gets shot multiple times by Renato. While Renato celebrates and prepares to finally finish off Cardo, Oscar manages to kill him and his men before backup arrives, avenging the fallen members of Task Force Agila and resulting in a pyrrhic victory thus putting an end to Renato's diabolical reign of fear even his worst yet horrifying deeds. With the total and victorious defeat and the deaths of Lily, Arturo, Renato and the rest of their subordinates, justice is totally served for all the victims of their oppressive and despotic rule. The reign of terror, greed, corruption, injustice, and anarchy finally comes to an end. Oscar then mourns and honors the members of Task Force Agila for their bravery and their heroic sacrifices in saving the country from the fiendish rule of tyrants and murderers like the likes of Renato, Arturo, and Lily by giving them a solemn vigil, state funeral, and a Catholic memorial service. Eventually, Cardo gets promoted to Police Major by Oscar for his bravery but he changed his mind and Oscar lets him go to live a free life and hoping him all the best. After reuniting with his family and mourning Lola Flora's death, he decides to stay with them in Botolan. Cardo then narrates that good and justice will always win and also evil and injustice will not win, also to continue his selfless pursuit for social justice and to defend the cause of the weak and the oppressed but until then his work is still not done because he dreams of a better world where there will be no more evil, tyranny, corruption, greed, and violence and total liberation from the rule of tyrants and murderers. After the state funeral and state interment for Task Force Agila, Oscar later marries his first love, Aurora, effectively making her the new First Lady of the Philippines. Unbeknownst to the two of them, while Cardo was off to work, he suddenly spots their daughter Mara, who is alive. The two of them smiled and greeted one another, hinting the start of a relationship between them but all was well.


title: BC Lions

text: The BC Lions are a professional Canadian football team based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Lions compete in the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL), and play their home games at BC Place.


title: BC Lions

text: The Lions played their first season in 1954, and have played every season since, making them the oldest professional sports franchise in British Columbia. They have appeared in the league's Grey Cup championship game 10 times, winning six, with their most recent championship occurring in 2011.


title: BC Lions

text: The Lions were the first Western Canadian team to win the Grey Cup at home, doing so in 1994 and 2011, before Saskatchewan achieved the feat in 2013. Also in 1994, the Lions became the first team to play and defeat an American-based franchise for the Grey Cup. The Lions hold the second-longest playoff streak in CFL history, making the postseason 20 consecutive seasons, from 1997 to 2016 (only Edmonton has had a longer playoff streak, going 34 seasons from 1972 to 2005). With the Winnipeg Blue Bombers Grey Cup win in 2019 after a 29-year wait, the Lions currently have the longest Grey Cup drought of the West Division teams, last winning in 2011.


title: BC Lions

text: The BC Lions Football Club is owned by businessman Amar Doman, who was introduced as the club's owner on August 18, 2021. As of late 2020, the BC Lions Football Club executive committee consisted of two people:


title: BC Lions

text: Compared to the rest of the country, senior football arrived late in British Columbia. Rugby unions had been organized in all of the Prairie provinces by 1907 and the Western Canada Rugby Football Union had been formed in 1911.


title: BC Lions

text: However, it was not until 1926 (after the sudden collapse of the Western Hockey League) that the British Columbia Rugby Football Union was formed, and not until 1930 that the BCRFU competed to represent the West in the Grey Cup. The black and orange Vancouver Meralomas were the most successful British Columbian team of the era. They played in the Western Final in 1930 and again in 1934, only to lose on both occasions to the Regina Roughriders of the Saskatchewan Rugby Football Union.


title: BC Lions

text: The BCRFU stopped challenging for the Grey Cup following the formation of the Western Interprovincial Football Union. After the BCRFU disbanded in 1941, the Vancouver Grizzlies joined the WIFU. They played only one season, finishing 1–7, before the WIFU suspended operations for the duration of the Second World War. The Grizzlies did not return after the war.


title: BC Lions

text: In 1951, a group led by Ken Stauffer and Tiny Radar were inspired by "Vancouver Sun" columnist Andy Lytle's article to start a new football team in Vancouver that would play in the WIFU. The ownership group sent Radar and Orville Burke to represent them at the off-season WIFU meetings to initiate Vancouver's bid for a team. Radar and Burke were told to return to the meetings the following year with a $25,000 good-faith bond if they could generate sufficient interest in the Vancouver area. The first meetings were held at the Arctic Club in November and a committee headed by Burke and Harry Spring of the Meraloma Rugby Club, set out to sell memberships for $20 each.


title: BC Lions

text: Though Burke, Vic Spencer, and John Davidson offered the good-faith bond to the WIFU in 1952, the idea of having a Vancouver team was rejected when both Winnipeg and Saskatchewan voted against the idea of a fifth team. The group in Vancouver, however, did not give up their efforts to have a franchise in the WIFU.


title: BC Lions

text: On January 22, 1953, the first annual meeting of the club was held, and Arthur E. Mercer was confirmed as the club's first president. Later in the year, Mercer, Bill Morgan, Bill Ralston, and Whit Matthews went back to the WlFU meetings. One of the founding members included Indo-Canadian businessman, Jab Sidhoo. This time, they sold the idea of a fifth Western team, and Vancouver was granted a conditional franchise. They were required to provide a 15,000-seat stadium, sell at least 6,500 season tickets, and guarantee travel expenses for the visiting teams.


title: BC Lions

text: All the pieces began to fall into place when it was announced that Vancouver would host the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. That entailed the building of Empire Stadium, which seated 32,300 people and would be more than suitable for the new WIFU team once the Games concluded. By Easter of 1953, Annis Stukus was then lured away from the Toronto Argonauts to return to the West to become the first public relations manager, general manager, and head coach of the franchise.


title: BC Lions

text: During the rest of 1953, a fan contest was held by all of the local media to pick the new team's name. Lions was chosen because it represented a local landmark and legend of the area. The Lions are twin mountain peaks that rise northwest of Vancouver, and according to legend, resemble two mountain lions (cougars) guarding the city.


title: BC Lions

text: After the name was chosen, Stukus decided that the team should represent and embrace the entire province of British Columbia, introducing the team to the Canadian football world as the British Columbia Lions or "BC Lions" for short.


title: BC Lions

text: Native to BC, the mountain lion has a strong connection to team's brand, as it is renowned for speed, courage and strength, and carefully respected as a remarkable, but dangerous predator. The new team's logo combined this animal with the black and orange colours of the Meralomas.


title: BC Lions

text: The BC Lions have won 13 Western Conference/West Division regular-season championships and played for the Grey Cup 10 times, winning six.


title: BC Lions

text: For their inaugural season in 1954, Stukus sold football fever on the streets of Vancouver. The team made history when they stepped on the field of Empire Stadium for their first home game, against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, on Saturday, August 28, 1954. Fullback By Bailey scored the first touchdown in franchise history in an 8–6 loss. The first Lions win came on September 18, 1954, with Bailey scoring the winning touchdown to overtake the Calgary Stampeders 9–4. Fans celebrated in the streets, but it turned out to be their only win, as the Lions went 1-15 for the year.


title: BC Lions

text: In 1955, the team improved to a 5–11 record, eking out fourth place ahead of Calgary, but missing the playoffs. In October, the team's directors asked Stukus to step down as the team's head coach. While fan reaction to his dismissal was loud and divided, Stukus asked the fans to continue their support of the BC Lions. Stukus' assistant Clem Crowe was later named head coach for the upcoming 1956 season.


title: BC Lions

text: In 1956, the Lions again finished fourth in the West and missed the playoffs, despite improving to 6–10 in Crowe's first year.


title: BC Lions

text: During the offseason, Bill McMahan assumed the role of team president. One of his first duties involved him bringing back Kelowna native Herb Capozzi from the Montreal Alouettes as the new general manager. BC continued to struggle on the field, finishing the 1957 season with a 4–11–1 record, missing the playoffs for the fourth straight year.


title: BC Lions

text: 1958 marked the beginning of the CFL era, but the Lions lost their first 5 games, en route to a league-worst 3–13 record. The team's on-field struggles compelling Capozzi to fire Crowe as the head coach and replace him with Danny Edwards, who returned after playing with the club during the 1957 season. Although it was a season to forget, rookies Tom Hinton and Sonny Homer showed promising signs of being future football stars.