title: Hyundai Starex

text: The Hyundai Starex is a van built by Hyundai. First-generation models were known in Europe as the Hyundai H-1 and as the Hyundai H200 in the Netherlands. For the second generation, Australian and UK market models are sold as the Hyundai iLoad (cargo version), in Australia as Hyundai iMax and the UK as Hyundai i800 (people mover versions). European models are differentiated as the Hyundai H-1 Cargo (cargo version) and Hyundai H-1 Travel (people mover version). In the Netherlands, it is called Hyundai H300, in Malaysia, only as Hyundai Starex Royale with Minivan, while the people mover version of the H300 is sold only for fleets.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: The Starex succeeded the Hyundai Grace (also known as the H100) in most countries. Like the Hyundai Grace, the first generation A1-series Starex was available in a wide range of configurations, including minivan (MPV), minibus, van, pick-up, taxi and ambulance. For the very first 1997 models, it used the derived 2.5-liter "4D56" SOHC 8-valve non-turbo diesel engine with and at 2500 rpm. These first generation models were initially restricted for sale to the domestic South Korean market, but were eventually exported to a number of countries in Southeast Asia and some parts of Europe.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: For the 1998 model year, a gasoline engine was offered, a Mitsubishi derived "4G64" at 5250 rpm with of torque at 4000 rpm. The diesel engine now comes with a slightly more powerful Mitsubishi derived 4D56 non-intercooled turbo diesel engine with at at 2000 rpm. Available in two trim levels, SVX and Club, and a number of body styles (commercial panel van, and pick up (Libero)). A long wheelbase (12-seater) "Jumbo" and short wheelbase (seven- and nine-seater) "RV" was also available. First introduced to this model are luxurious features like side lower body cladding with two-tone paint scheme (SVX, Club), optional dual sunroof (Club), side body "Tetris style" decals (Club), chrome slant grills, rear tailgate handle opener cover (Club), cream moquette upholstery (Club), optional high-tech head unit with television screen and six-disc CD changer (Club) for domestic models, power windows and antenna (SVX, Club) an Aisin Seiki Co. sourced four-speed automatic transmission with electronically controlled transmission (ECT) and overdrive switch and differently styled "star" 15-inch alloy wheels with exposed lug nuts (Club). For safety, it also features limited-slip differential (LSD), anti-lock braking system (ABS) and driver side airbag. This models was exported to a number countries and proved a big hit to some car markets like the Philippines where at that time was imported via gray market. It gained instant popularity for comfortable sedan-like drive, availability of automatic transmission, expansive interior space and thickly bolstered seats. Its main advantage was being priced lower than its twin, the Mitsubishi Space Gear, yet it packed more features and factory accessories like front bull bars, top basket loader, and a rear ladder. For the following year in the Philippines, the gasoline engine version was dropped due to unusually high gasoline consumption, but still made available for other markets.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: For the 1999 model year, it gained the more powerful 2.5 SOHC 8-valve turbo diesel intercooled engine that has an output of at 4000 rpm and of torque, most notable feature is the addition of a hood scoop for the intercooler feed, different upholstery color scheme, blacked-out B-pillars (Club) and a top dashboard center binnacle with temperature, altimeter and a compass for 4x2 and 4x4 Club variant.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: The 2000 to 2002 model version, also known as the "millennium" model, retains the previous engine specs while it made available for its domestic market, a Mitsubishi derived 2,972 cc "6G72" V6 gas engine with at 5000 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm. This models features updated exterior and interior trims for the SVX and Club models, with features such as multi-reflectorized clear headlamps and jewel-like treatment for the tail-lights, differently styled front bumper over riders, front door "SVX" decals, black and gray interior color scheme with more durable upholstery material, and differently styled alloy wheels for the SVX and Club models.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: For the 2003 to 2004 model, a more powerful power plant was made available, a new 2.5 DOHC 16-valve common rail direct injection turbo diesel engine that had an output of and of torque. It retains the previous model's interior and exterior styling features and received a new digital climate control for the higher Club model.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: The 2005 to 2007 offered much more with a new front fascia, with features such as squared "bug" eye headlights, an extended bumper to accommodate the oversized square radiator grills with three vertical chrome bars and squared fog lamps. Also new was differently finished rear tail-lights and bumpers, integrated radio antenna, digital odometer and trip meter and (depending on the market) an updated multimedia head unit with flip-down ceiling-mounted screen. The engine was a Sirius 2.4-litre DOHC 16-valve MPi engine that had an output of at of torque, carry-over 2.5-liter DOHC 16-valve common rail direct injection turbo diesel engine that had an output of at of torque and a 2.5-liter SOHC eight-valve turbo diesel with intercooler engine that has an output of at 4000 rpm and of torque but now with ETC. The interior features upgraded upholstery, a number of cup holders located at the back seats, and an easy to wipe and clean rubberized floor matting. Top-of-the-line (Gold) models features a leather interior an overhead console and immobilizer. Aluminum accents, split, folding seats, all power features, digital climate control, key less entry and DVD player with six speakers are standard.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: The Starex is also produced in China under the name JAC Refine by Anhui Jianghuai Automobile from March 2002 to 2015 under the Hyundai licence. It is very successful, with a market share of about 20 percent. From 2003 to 2008, it has consecutively won "Year's MPV" and "The Best Official Car" from 2004 to 2008. In 2007, it was granted "The Best MPV" and "The Best MPV for Government". The Refine is available with a 2.0 litre turbo or 2.4 litre petrol engine and a 2.8 litre turbo diesel engine mated to a five-speed manual or four-speed automatic gearbox. 1.8 litre petrol and turbocharged diesel variants along with the 1.9 litre turbo diesel arrived in 2012, 2013 and 2015 respectively as well as a six-speed manual gearbox for 1.8 and 1.9 litre diesel.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: Between 2000 and 2007, Hyundai manufactured a pickup version of the A1-series Starex. Known as the Hyundai Libero, it was meant to replace the Hyundai Porter in the lineup. They were equipped with a 2.5-liter diesel engine (in normally aspirated and turbocharged forms) or 3.0-liter "Sigma" gasoline V6, and came in a multiple body styles, including pickup and flatbed. It was sold in The Netherlands as Hyundai H300 Pickup.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: The second-generation vehicle was introduced as the Grand Starex with larger dimensions and much stronger CRDi engine. The engine is a 2.5-Liter CRDi In-Line 4 cylinder engine delivering at 3,800 rpm with of torque between 2,000 and 2,500 rpm.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: In 2012, Hyundai updated their diesel engines slightly for the UK and Australian models. Chief among the changes is the addition of a new six-speed manual gearbox in place of the old five-speed unit, improving official fuel economy by 0.5 litres per 100 km to 8.0L/100 km.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: This comes at a cost, however, with Hyundai ditching the variable geometry turbocharger from the engine in favour of a less-potent waste gate set-up, resulting in substantially lower power and torque outputs than before.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: The new engine/manual gearbox combination will produce official figures of 100 kW and 343Nm, down from 125 kW/392Nm, although the new model hits its peak torque earlier, arriving from a low 1500 rpm.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: Five-speed automatic versions of the iLoad diesel get a substantial hike in torque output, with the engine retaining the variable geometry turbocharger but now producing figures of 125 kW and 441Nm (up from 125 kW/392Nm).


title: Hyundai Starex

text: The trade-off is a narrower peak torque-band, with the maximum available between a narrow 2000 and 2250 rpm (previously 2000 and 2500 rpm).


title: Hyundai Starex

text: Despite the beefy boost, claimed combined fuel consumption has dropped at an even larger rate than the manual, now returning 8.8L/100 km (previously 9.5L/100 km).


title: Hyundai Starex

text: In the UK, the passenger model is sold as the i800 and is available in two variants, the SE and SE Nav, both available with either manual or automatic transmissions both with the 2.5l CRDi diesel engine. The panel van is marketed as the iLoad.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: In Malaysia, the second generation Hyundai Starex was launched in May 2008 with 11 seats. In August 2009, the Starex was updated and now known as the Hyundai Grand Starex Royale. Updates included a new grille, body-coloured wing mirrors opposed to black, addition of a rear windscreen wiper and a new in-car-entertainment roof-mounted system. In July 2011, the Starex was updated yet again. The changes this time included a revised chrome grille, the addition of LED daytime running lights, side skirting, revised front and back bumpers and a new rear spoiler with built-in stop light. The second row of seats gained swivel functionality, the instrument cluster was revised and electronic stability programme or ESP and a GPS navigation system became standard equipment. This July 2011 update was available with in a sole GLS variant with an optional premium package being available. In March 2014, the Starex in Malaysia received yet another grille update and was now available with two variants: Base and Deluxe. For 2017, the Starex received yet another revised front end which included a revised front grille and front bumper. The update also brought along revised side cladding, gloss back panelling on the rear taillights and revised rear bumper with exhaust cut outs. During the 2018 Kuala Lumpur International Motorshow or KLIMS, the Starex was facelifted. But the facelift consisted only of only a new front end design and was now available with a sole Executive variant. The second generation Hyundai Starex was first launch in Malaysia in May 2008 and subsequently received 5 updates in August 2009, July 2011, March 2014, December 2016 and in November 2018 respectively.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: In the Philippines, the Starex is called the Hyundai Grand Starex and was launched in December 2007 and was offered in 3 grades, GL (ten-seater and twelve-seater, both have manual transmissions), GLS (ten-seater, witha five-speed automatic transmission) as well as the top-of-the-line Gold (10-seater). In 2014, Hyundai Philippines released the Grand Starex Platinum as the top grade. It has seen widely varying uses in the country not just as a commuter van; from UV Express, delivery vans, ambulances and even as a funeral hearse.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: In Indonesia, the second generation Hyundai Starex is available as the Hyundai H-1, and was introduced in 2008, with three options: GLS, Elegance, and XG. At first, only petrol engines were available for H-1. The diesel engines came in February 2010, when Hyundai decided to produce H-1 in Indonesia for ASEAN market.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: In Thailand, the second generation Hyundai Starex is marketed as the Hyundai H-1. It comes in three variants, the Touring, Executive and Deluxe. All come with 12 seats. The Executive and Deluxe were badged as "Maestro" until a minor change in 2011. The facelift H-1 was launch in Thailand in August 2018. In 8 November 2021, the H-1 Elite NS was released and limited to 300 units.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: The Grand Starex "VIP" variant is based on H-1. Features include seven seats with second-row "Double VIP" seats that can electrically control seat inclination and leg support and 19-inch TV and DVD player. They are available in late 2010. In late 2012, the Grand Starex "Premium" became available with sliding "Double Super VIP" seats on the second row and a DVD player with a smaller 10.2-inch screen.


title: Hyundai Starex

text: Hyundai gave a second facelift to the Grand Starex in South Korea, having new Urban and Limousine models. It has the cascading grille design but has differences on interior design. The standard version uses the same cockpit as the old model while the Urban version has the floating touch display and four-spoke steering wheel like most Hyundai vehicles. Special vehicle options (ambulance, school service, camping) are also revised for the vehicle. For right-hand drive models, only the exterior is updated. The interior remains unchanged. In 2022 it was discontinued for the Hyundai Staria


title: Hyundai Starex

text: The Hyundai Grand Starex was discontinued in South Korea on 18 March 2021, succeeded by the Hyundai Staria.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: Ke'Tara Shavon "Keke" Wyatt (born March 10, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter, actress and television personality. After performing in a number of girl bands and working as a songwriter during her teenage years, in 2000 she garnered national attention after her successful collaboration with fellow R&B singer Avant, In 2001 her rendition of "Nothing in This World" led to a nomination for the Best New R&B/Soul/Rap Artist award at the Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards. After a number of charting collaborations and solo releases, in 2017 she starred as a cast member in TV One's "", which featured the lives of five 1990s chart-topping R&B singers. She was featured in all 3 seasons of the show. She also performed with the group at events such as Essence Music Festival.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: In her career, Wyatt released official studio albums, including "Soul Sista" (2001), "Who Knew?" (2010), "Unbelievable" (2011), and her latest and recent release, "Rated Love" (2016). All of these albums charted prominently on "Billboard", as did her first and only EP release, "Ke'Ke'" (2014). Wyatt has also released a number of charting singles, with the lead single "Sexy Song" from the album "Rated Love" peaking at number 29 on the Adult R&B Songs chart. After getting involved with a number of non-profits, Wyatt served as a spokesperson for the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV).


title: Keke Wyatt

text: Wyatt was born March 10, 1982, in Indianapolis, Indiana to Lorna Wyatt, a vocalist and Keever Wyatt II, an organist and also a vocalist. Ke'Tara "Keke" Wyatt was raised in a musical family rooted in gospel music. She has four brothers. Despite her religious background, Wyatt was also exposed to Contemporary R&B and secular music, and she would perform with her vocals in genres as diverse as gospel, pop and opera. Wyatt began singing at the age of 2, experiencing her first live show by the age of 5. While of mixed white and black heritage, Wyatt and her four brothers, who were raised in a predominantly African-American household and community setting, identify as African-American. Wyatt grew up in Indianapolis, but also spent time in both Kentucky and Texas. She attended high school in Indianapolis, where she was a member of her high school's varsity wrestling team. As she grew, her musical tastes were influenced by the likes of R&B greats like Stevie Wonder, Donny Hathaway and Ella Fitzgerald. Inspired by many preceding musical greats, Wyatt found herself performing with various girl groups as a teen. She was often recognized for a maturity exceeding her teenage years.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: Wyatt's professional career began at the age of 10, when she began recording a song, called "What If", which would be included on a gospel compilation album for Indianapolis-based R.H. Duncan. With growing buzz surrounding "the little girl who could sing", news of Wyatt's talent led her to encounter with these artists from the likes of Bill Woodson, Nathan Alexander, Billy Badd, Chris Kelly, and multi-platinum producer, composer Jorge Corante and Emmanuel Officer. During the years of adolescence, Wyatt became as a student of a school by the Chicago-based producer and songwriter Steve "Stone" Huff. Huff eventually produced and shopped a few of Wyatt's demos in hopes of landing her a record deal. During her mid-teens, she performed demo songs for various gospel labels, earning around $1,500 per recording. During that time, Keke extended her skills by also writing music as a teenager, and while she was writing some music, Keke would experience her first coldly dealt disappointment as a music industry professional. She wrote the majority of the lyrics for a hit song but received no credit for her work.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: At age fifteen, Wyatt recorded "My First Love" with Avant which was released two years later, eventually becoming a single for his album entitled "My Thoughts". Wyatt gained much notoriety for the remake of the 1980s ballad by Rene & Angela. Its success, remaining in the top 10 for several weeks, resulted in a solo album contract with MCA Records. With the help of the late MCA Records executive Louil Silas, her friend and A&R Randy Jackson, whom she met at age twelve, and former Boyz II Men manager Quadri El Amin, Wyatt recorded her first album within two weeks time.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: Her first single, "Used to Love", helped to create buzz but failed to achieve radio play, though it did chart at No. 65 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart. The follow-up single "Nothing in This World", her second duet with Avant, charted higher on a number of "Billboard" charts, including No. 4 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart, No. 27 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, and No. 35 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: "Soul Sista", her solo debut in 2001, a platinum album, was released on November 13, 2001. It reached number 33 on the "Billboard" 200. Selling more than one million copies, Wyatt's fanbase broadened to audiences in Japan, South Korea and Europe. On December 11, 2001, Wyatt was interviewed. During that interview, Wyatt said that she was a founding member of an early incarnation of Destiny's Child, called "The Dolls" and that she was later replaced by Beyoncé. In 2002, her rendition of "Nothing in This World" led to a nomination for Best New R&B/Soul/Rap Artist at the Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: By 2004, Wyatt had departed from MCA Records. She signed a contract, negotiated by her ex-husband/road manager Rahmat Morton, with Cash Money Records/Universal Motown Records, under the management of Cassandra Ware. Her second album "Emotional Rollercoaster" was originally set for release on May 31, 2005, but was postponed for release in early 2006. The set's first single, "Put Your Hands on Me", became the most added urban track to radio in April 2005. However, the single failed to chart or gain radio airplay, and her album was, subsequently, shelved. Beyond the first single, other songs slated to appear on her second album included "Look at What You Made Me Do", "Insecurity" written by Bryan Michael Cox, "My Man", "Six Questions" featuring Avant, "Cheaters", "Who Knows" written by Tank, "Peace on Earth", a remake of a Rachelle Ferrell single, and the title track "Emotional Rollercoaster" featuring Ginuwine. In 2006, Wyatt was released from her contract with Cash Money Records, citing conflict with management as the reason for her departure.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: In 2007 Wyatt, reunited with her former manager Quadri El Amin on the TVT Records label. Work on her third solo album "Ghetto Rose" was completed in 2007. The title track, written by veteran songwriter Franne Golde along with Kasey Livingston and Curt Schneider, was released to urban radio outlets in the fall of that year. The album was originally set for release on October 23, 2007, but was postponed for release in early 2008. Then, in February 2008, the record label filed for bankruptcy and, for the second time in her solo career, Wyatt's album was shelved.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: In 2009, Wyatt played a leading role in a United States-based nationally touring production entitled "Love Over Board". The production also included many seasoned cast members such as actress Karen Malina White, singer Avant, actor Khalil Kain, and others.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: Wyatt released the single "Who Knew?" in 2010, which served as the title track for her album "Who Knew?", released on February 23, 2010 through Shanachie Records. On the US "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, the album peaked at No. 35. In May 2011, Wyatt released a remake of the popular 1980s single "Saturday Love", featuring Ruben Studdard. Shortly afterwards, she also released a music video for the track through Shanachie Records. "Saturday Love" was included in her second album on Shanachie, "Unbelievable!", which was released on June 14, 2011. It peaked at No. 48 on the R&B Albums chart.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: In 2012, Wyatt was cast in TV One's "" which features the lives of five 1990s chart-topping R&B singers including Wyatt, Faith Evans, Nicci Gilbert, Monifah and Syleena Johnson. The show documents the singers living in Atlanta, Georgia as they work towards rebuilding their careers. The first episode aired on August 20, 2012.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: Throughout the show, "R&B Divas" singers collaborated on a charity album commemorating the life of Whitney Houston, featuring the single "Love Yourself" which is also featured in the TV show's introduction. Proceeds of the album went towards benefiting organizations committed to improving the lives of women. She performed at the 2012 Essence Music Festival in New Orleans along with the other cast-members of "R&B Divas", and according to Erika Ramirez of "Billboard" in a ranking of the top ten performances at the festival, "Keke Wyatt's cover of Houston's 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody' left the audience in awe even after the performance." After the initial season of "R&B Divas", Wyatt appeared in the two following seasons as well, when the show was renamed to "".


title: Keke Wyatt

text: In 2013, she collaborated with Avant on their hit "You & I", which peaked at No. 1 on "Billboard"s Urban A/C chart, and remained there close to two months. "You & I" also reached No. 33 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: In May 2014, Wyatt released her first EP titled "Ke'Ke'", through The NorthStar Group and her own imprint Aratek Entertainment. The imprint is her birth name backwards, and is also meant as a stand-in for the word erotic.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: The EP featured songwriters and producers such as Neyo, Chuck Harmony, Claude Kelly, and Cristyle, while other guest artists include Pusha T on the track "Rain", and Nitty Scott in "Remember". Overall, the EP contains five newly written and produced songs, and the single "Fall in Love" reached No. 20 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 and No. 17 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. On the "Billboard" 200, the EP reached number 191, R&B Albums chart, the EP peaked at No. 12 in late June 2014, and it also reached No. 35 on the Independent Albums chart.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: In August 2014, Wyatt made a cameo in fellow "" co-star Faith Evans' music video "I Deserve It", featuring Missy Elliott and Sharaya J. Later that year, Wyatt was featured as a vocalist on the track "Make Love" by Faith Evans.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: In the fall of 2015, she signed a multi-album distribution deal for her Aratek Entertainment company with INgrooves Music Group, announcing then-upcoming promo singles. On November 20, 2015, she released her new R&B single "Sexy Song". The track is set to be the lead single from her album "Rated Love", which was released through Aratek Entertainment on April 22, 2016. "Sexy Song" was at No. 26 on the Adult R&B Songs chart as of early December 2015. "Love Me" was released as the album's second single on March 18, 2016.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: In August 2016, it was announced that she and her husband Michael Ford had joined the cast of the sixth season of "Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars" set for an October airdate. On October 13, 2016, Wyatt announced the single "Jodeci" on her Instagram account, writing: "I think we got a new one with my new single Jodeci!!! I wanna know what ya'll think", revealing it would be released with a deluxe version of her album "Rated Love" on October 21, 2016.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: It was announced on January 31, 2017, via Wyatt's social media accounts that a covers album "Keke Covers" would be released on February 14, 2017, "My YouTube cover series #kekecovers comes the cover album 'Keke Covers' #COMINGSOON #FEB14 #LOVERSDAY2017".


title: Keke Wyatt

text: On July 28, 2017, Wyatt released the single "Summertime", intended to be the lead single from her upcoming fifth studio album "Country Fried Soul".


title: Keke Wyatt

text: Wyatt has served as a spokesperson for the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV). As spokesperson, she shares her experience as a long-term victim of domestic abuse. She is also a supporter of the Saving our Daughters organization.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: Wyatt was 18 years old when she married Rahmat Morton, her road manager. A domestic violence situation between Wyatt and Morton was widely reported in the urban news circuit in 2001, with Wyatt explaining that she had stabbed her husband out of self-defense and to protect her children. Wyatt filed for divorce from Morton in 2009 after an escalation of violence, relocating her family from Kentucky to Atlanta, Georgia. They have 3 children together, sons Keyver Wyatt Morton (born March 27, 2000) & Rahjah Ke' Morton (born February 27, 2002) and daughter Ke'Tarah Victoria Morton (born August 29, 2008). Wyatt was pregnant with her & Morton's fourth child, a daughter by the end of the marriage, but suffered a still birth.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: She remarried in 2010 to Michael Jamar Ford, an ordained minister who went to appear with Wyatt in the reality TV show "". As of 2013, Wyatt was raising six children with Ford, three fathered by Wyatt's first marriage, a daughter named Mickayla from Ford's previous relationship and their two sons: Ke'Mar Von Ford (born August 16, 2010) & Wyatt Michael Ford (born May 17, 2012). Wyatt had her seventh child and Ford's fourth child, a daughter named Ke'Yoshi Bella Ford on March 10, 2015. Wyatt announced in April 2017 that she was pregnant with her eighth child. In early September 2017, it was reported that the couple were divorcing while she was eight months pregnant. On October 27, 2017, Wyatt gave birth to her eighth child and Ford's fifth child, a son named Kendall Miguel Ford. Ford confirmed their divorce in August 2018.


title: Keke Wyatt

text: In October 2018, Wyatt married her childhood ex-boyfriend, Zackariah Darring. On October 14, 2019, she announced she was pregnant with her ninth child with Zackariah. She gave birth to her tenth child on January 6, 2020; a son named Ke'Riah David Darring. She gave birth to her eleventh child in 2022.


title: Osla Benning

text: Margaret Osla Henniker-Major, Lady Henniker-Major ("née" Benning; 23 August 1921 – 29 October 1974) was a Canadian debutante, who worked at Bletchley Park, was Prince Philip's first girlfriend, and later married John Henniker-Major (later 8th Baron Henniker).


title: Osla Benning

text: Osla Benning was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on 23 August 1921, the daughter of Edith Black and James William Benning, and the goddaughter of Lord Louis Mountbatten. She went to finishing school in Austria, and came out as a debutante in August 1939.


title: Osla Benning

text: Benning went to stay with her godfather Lord Mountbatten, who mentioned to her friend (and fellow god-daughter) Sarah Baring that Prince Philip (Mountbatten's nephew) did not have a girlfriend and Baring acted as matchmaker. According to Baring, "It was obvious that he was Osla's boyfriend in a simple, nice way, so to speak". "I do know that he was her first love," says her daughter, Janie Spring. "She never told me about him for years. She just said: 'I fell in love with a naval officer.’"


title: Osla Benning

text: Early in the war, she and Baring went to build Hurricane fighter planes at a Hawker Siddeley factory close to Slough, and shared a cottage nearby.


title: Osla Benning

text: A few months later, by summer 1941, they were both tested on their German language skills and posted to Hut 4 at Bletchley Park, the naval section, as linguists.


title: Osla Benning

text: Kate Quinn’s 2021 novel about Bletchley Park, "The Rose Code," features a character named Osla Kendall, who is based heavily on Osla Benning.


title: Osla Benning

text: Her husband was knighted in the 1965 New Years Honours List and succeeded as the 8th Baron Henniker in 1980.


title: Eastern European Time

text: Eastern European Time (EET) is one of the names of time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. The zone uses daylight saving time, so that it uses during the summer.


title: Eastern European Time

text: A number of African countries use all year long, where it is called Central Africa Time (CAT), although Egypt and Libya also use the term "Eastern European Time".


title: Eastern European Time

text: The most populous city in the Eastern European Time zone is Cairo, with the most populous EET city in Europe being Athens.


title: Eastern European Time

text: The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use Eastern European Time all year round:


title: Eastern European Time

text: The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use Eastern European Time during the winter only:


title: Eastern European Time

text: Sometimes, due to its use on Microsoft Windows, FLE Standard Time (for Finland, Lithuania, Estonia, or sometimes Finland, Latvia, Estonia) or GTB Standard Time (for Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria) are used to refer to Eastern European Time.


title: Eastern European Time

text: Since political, in addition to purely geographical, criteria are used in the drawing of time zones, it follows that time zones do not precisely adhere to meridian lines. The EET () time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, would consist of exactly the area between meridians 22°30' E and 37°30' E. As a result, there are European locales that despite lying in an area with a "physical" time, are in another time zone; likewise, there are European areas that have gone for , even though their "physical" time zone is different from that. Following is a list of such anomalies:


title: 2021 WTA Tour

text: The 2021 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2021 tennis season. The 2021 WTA Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the WTA 1000 tournaments, the WTA 500 tournaments, the WTA 250 tournaments, the Billie Jean King Cup (organized by the ITF), and the year-end championships (the WTA Finals and the WTA Elite Trophy). Also included in the 2021 calendar are the Summer Olympic Games, which were rescheduled from 2020.


title: 2021 WTA Tour

text: The COVID-19 pandemic affected tournaments on both the ATP and WTA tours. The following tournaments were cancelled or postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2021 WTA Tour

text: These tables present the number of singles (S), doubles (D), and mixed doubles (X) titles won by each player and each nation during the season, within all the tournament categories of the 2019 WTA Tour: the Grand Slam tournaments, the year-end championships (the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Elite Trophy), the WTA Premier tournaments (WTA 1000 and WTA 500), and the WTA 250. The players/nations are sorted by:


title: 2021 WTA Tour

text: The following players achieved their career high ranking in this season inside top 50 (in bold the players who entered the top 10 for the first time).


title: 2021 WTA Tour

text: These are the WTA rankings and yearly WTA Race rankings of the top 20 singles and doubles players at the current date of the 2021 season.


title: 2021 WTA Tour

text: The following is a list of notable players (winners of a main tour title, and/or part of the WTA rankings top 100 in singles, or top 100 in doubles, for at least one week) who returned from retirement or inactivity during the 2021 season:


title: 2021 WTA Tour

text: The following is a list of notable players (winners of a main tour title, and/or part of the WTA rankings top 100 in singles, or top 100 in doubles, for at least one week) who announced their retirement from professional tennis, became inactive (after not playing for more than 52 weeks), or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2021 season:


title: Supernatural (season 12)

text: The twelfth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 13, 2016, on The CW and concluded on May 18, 2017. The season consisted of 23 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm (ET) for the first 8 episodes before moving to 8:00 pm (ET) in January 2017. This is the first season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners. The season follows Sam and Dean dealing with the resurrection of their mother while trying to stop Lucifer from creating a Nephilim, while also being the target of a faction called The British Men of Letters.


title: Supernatural (season 12)

text: "Supernatural" was renewed for a twelfth season by The CW on March 11, 2016. The twelfth season is the final season to feature Mark A. Sheppard as Crowley as the actor announced in May 2017 he would not be returning for season 13.


title: Supernatural (season 12)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes currently reports a 100% approval rating for "Supernatural"s twelfth season, with an average rating of 8.48/10 based on 10 reviews. The critics consensus reads, "Twelve seasons in, "Supernatural" still finds ways to entertain, forging new paths bound to lead to fresh adventures ahead for the Winchester brothers."


title: Gia Milinovich

text: She presented television programmes such as Channel 4's "Demolition Day" (2003–06), as well as Sky Sports, Nickelodeon and BBC Radio 5 Live shows. She produced the "behind the scenes" website for the film "Sunshine" and was part of the technical support team for the BBC programme "Electric Dreams" in 2009.


title: Gia Milinovich

text: She married English particle physicist and television presenter Brian Cox in Duluth, Minnesota in 2003. They have one son together.


title: Jo Woo-jin (actor)

text: Jo Woo-jin (born January 16, 1979) is a South Korean actor. He is known as an in-demand supporting or character actor on the big screen and TV series, such as "" (2017), "Chicago Typewriter" (2017), "The Drug King" (2018), "Mr. Sunshine" (2018), and "Happiness" (2021) He won Best Supporting Actor award at the 40th Blue Dragon Film Awards in 2019 for his performance in the film "Default".


title: Oligocene

text: The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain. The name Oligocene was coined in 1854 by the German paleontologist Heinrich Ernst Beyrich from his studies of marine beds in Belgium and Germany. The name comes from the Ancient Greek ("olígos", "few") and ("kainós", "new"), and refers to the sparsity of extant forms of molluscs. The Oligocene is preceded by the Eocene Epoch and is followed by the Miocene Epoch. The Oligocene is the third and final epoch of the Paleogene Period.


title: Oligocene

text: The Oligocene is often considered an important time of transition, a link between the archaic world of the tropical Eocene and the more modern ecosystems of the Miocene. Major changes during the Oligocene included a global expansion of grasslands, and a regression of tropical broad leaf forests to the equatorial belt.


title: Oligocene

text: The start of the Oligocene is marked by a notable extinction event called the Grande Coupure; it featured the replacement of European fauna with Asian fauna, except for the endemic rodent and marsupial families. By contrast, the Oligocene–Miocene boundary is not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional boundaries between the warmer late Oligocene and the relatively cooler Miocene.


title: Oligocene

text: The lower boundary of the Oligocene (its Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point or GSSP) is placed at the last appearance of the foraminiferan genus "Hantkenina" in a quarry at Massignano, Italy. However, this GSSP has been criticized as excluding the uppermost part of the type Eocene Priabonian Stage and because it is slightly earlier than important climate shifts that form natural markers for the boundary, such as the global oxygen isotope shift marking the expansion of Antarctic glaciation (the Oi1 event).


title: Oligocene

text: The upper boundary of the Oligocene is defined by its GSSP at Carrosio, Italy, which coincides with the first appearance of the foraminiferan "Paragloborotalia kugleri" and with the base of magnetic polarity chronozone C6Cn.2n.


title: Oligocene

text: Antarctica became more isolated as deep ocean channels were established between Antarctica and Australia and South America. Australia had been very slowly rifting away from West Antarctica since the Jurassic, but the exact timing of the establishment of ocean channels between the two continents remains uncertain. However, one estimate is that a deep channel was in place between the two continents by the end of the early Oligocene. The timing of the formation of the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica is also uncertain, with estimates ranging from 49 to 17 mya (early Eocene to Miocene), but oceanic circulation through the Drake Passage may also have been in place by the end of the early Oligocene. This may have been interrupted by a temporary constriction of the Drake Passage from sometime in the middle to late Oligocene (29 to 22 mya) to the middle Miocene (15 mya).


title: Oligocene

text: The reorganization of the oceanic tectonic plates of the northeastern Pacific, which had begun in the Paleocene, culminated with the arrival of the Murray and Mendocino Fracture Zones at the North American subduction zone in the Oligocene. This initiated strike-slip movement along the San Andreas Fault and extensional tectonics in the Basin and Range province, ended volcanism south of the Cascades, and produced clockwise rotation of many western North American terranes. The Rocky Mountains were at their peak. A new volcanic arc was established in western North America, far inland from the coast, reaching from central Mexico through the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field to the San Juan volcanic field, then through Utah and Nevada to the ancestral Northern Cascades. Huge ash deposits from these volcanoes created the White River and Arikaree Groups of the High Plains, with their excellent fossil beds.


title: Oligocene

text: Between 31 and 26 mya, the Ethiopia-Yemen Continental Flood Basalts were emplaced by the East African large igneous province, which also initiated rifting along the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.


title: Oligocene

text: The Alps were rapidly rising in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of the Tethys Sea. Sea levels were lower in the Oligocene than in the early Eocene, exposing large coastal plains in Europe and the Gulf Coast and Atlantic Coast of North America. The Obik Sea, which had separated Europe from Asia, retreated early in the Oligocene, creating a persistent land connection between the continents. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe, since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. However, towards the end of the Oligocene, there was a brief marine incursion in Europe.


title: Oligocene

text: The rise of the Himalayas during the Oligocene remains poorly understood. One recent hypothesis is that a separate microcontinent collided with south Asia in the early Eocene, and India itself did not collide with south Asia until the end of the Oligocene. The Tibetan Plateau may have reached nearly its present elevation by the late Oligocene.


title: Oligocene

text: The Andes first became a major mountain chain in the Oligocene, as subduction became more direct into the coastline.


title: Oligocene

text: Climate during the Oligocene reflected a general cooling trend following the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. This transformed the Earth's climate from a greenhouse to an icehouse climate.


title: Oligocene

text: The Eocene-Oligocene transition was a major cooling event and reorganization of the biosphere, being part of a broader trend of global cooling lasting from the Bartonian to the Rupelian. The transition is marked by the Oi1 event, an oxygen isotope excursion occurring approximately 33.55 million years ago, during which oxygen isotope ratios decreased by 1.3. About 0.3–0.4 of this is estimated to be due to major expansion of Antarctic ice sheets. The remaining 0.9 to 1.0 was due to about of global cooling. The transition likely took place in three closely spaced steps over the period from 33.8 to 33.5 mya. By the end of the transition, sea levels had dropped by , and ice sheets were 25% greater in extent than in the modern world.


title: Oligocene

text: The effects of the transition can be seen in the geological record at many locations around the world. Ice volumes rose as temperature and sea levels dropped. Playa lakes of the Tibetan Plateau disappeared at the transition, pointing to cooling and aridification of central Asia. Pollen and spore counts in marine sediments of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea indicate a drop in winter temperatures at high latitudes of about just prior to the Oi1 event. Borehole dating from the Southeast Faroes drift indicates that deep-ocean circulation from the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic Ocean began in the early Oligocene.


title: Oligocene

text: The best terrestrial record of Oligocene climate comes from North America, where temperatures dropped by in the earliest Oligocene. This change is seen from Alaska to the Gulf Coast. Upper Eocene paleosols reflect annual precipitation of over a meter of rain, but early Oligocene precipitation was less than half this. In central North America, the cooling was by 8.2 ± 3.1 °C over a period of 400,000 years, though there is little indication of significant increase in aridity during this interval. Ice-rafted debris in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea indicated that glaciers had appeared in Greenland by the start of the Oligocene.


title: Oligocene

text: Continental ice sheets in Antarctica reached sea level during the transition. Glacially rafted debris of early Oligocene age in the Weddell Sea and Kerguelen Plateau, in combination with Oi1 isotope shift, provides unambiguous evidence of a continental ice sheet on Antarctica by the early Oligocene.


title: Oligocene

text: The timing is wrong for this to be caused either by known impact events or by the volcanic activity on the Ethiopean Plateau. Two other possible drivers of climate change, not mutually exclusive, have been proposed. The first is thermal isolation of the continent of Antarctica by development of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep sea cores from south of New Zealand suggest that cold deep-sea currents were present by the early Oligocene. However, the timing of this event remains controversial. The other possibility, for which there is considerable evidence, is a drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (pCO2) during the transition. The pCO2 is estimated to have dropped just before the transition, to 760 ppm at the peak of ice sheet growth, then rebounded slightly before resuming a more gradual fall. Climate modeling suggests that glaciation of Antarctica took placed only when pCO2 dropped below a critical threshold value.


title: Oligocene

text: Oligocene climate following the Eocene-Oligocene event is poorly known. There were several pulses of glaciation in middle Oligocene, about the time of the Oi2 oxygen isotope shift. This led to the largest drop of sea level in past 100 million years, by about . This is reflected in a mid-Oligocene incision of continental shelves and unconformities in marine rocks around the world.


title: Oligocene

text: Some evidence suggests that the climate remained warm at high latitudes even as ice sheets experienced cyclical growth and retreat in response to orbital forcing and other climate drivers. Other evidence indicates significant cooling at high latitudes. Part of the difficulty may be that there were strong regional variations in the response to climate shifts. Evidence of a relatively warm Oligocene suggests an enigmatic climate state, neither hothouse nor icehouse.


title: Oligocene

text: The late Oligocene (26.5 to 24 mya) likely saw a warming trend in spite of low pCO2 levels, though this appears to vary by region. However, Antarctica remained heavily glaciated during this warming period. The late Oligocene warming is discernible in pollen counts from the Tibetan Plateau, which also show that the south Asian monsoon had already developed by the late Oligocene.


title: Oligocene

text: A deep 400,000-year glaciated Oligocene-Miocene boundary event is recorded at McMurdo Sound and King George Island.


title: Oligocene

text: The early Eocene climate was very warm, with crocodilians and temperate plants thriving above the Arctic Circle. The cooling trend that began in the middle Eocene continued into the Oligocene, bringing the poles well below freezing for the first time in the Phanerozoic. The cooling climate, together with the opening of some land bridges and the closing of others, led to a profound reorganization of the biosphere and loss of taxonomic diversity. Land animals and marine organisms reached a Phanerozoic low in diversity by the late Oligocene, and the temperate forests and jungles of the Eocene were replaced by forest and scrubland. The closing of the Tethys Seaway destroyed its tropical biota.


title: Oligocene

text: The Oi1 event of the Eocene-Oligocene transition covered the continent of Antarctica with ice sheets, leaving "Nothofagus" and mosses and ferns clinging to life around the periphery of Antarctica in tundra conditions.


title: Oligocene

text: Angiosperms continued their expansion throughout the world as tropical and sub-tropical forests were replaced by temperate deciduous forests. Open plains and deserts became more common and grasses expanded from their water-bank habitat in the Eocene moving out into open tracts. The decline in pCO2 favored C4 photosynthesis, which is found only in angiosperms and is particularly characteristic of grasses. However, even at the end of the period, grass was not quite common enough for modern savannas.


title: Oligocene

text: In North America, much of the dense forest was replaced by patchy scrubland with riparian forests. Subtropical species dominated with cashews and lychee trees present, and temperate woody plants such as roses, beeches, and pines were common. The legumes spread, while sedges and ferns continued their ascent.


title: Oligocene

text: Most extant mammal families had appeared by the end of the Oligocene. These included primitive three-toed horses, rhinoceroses, camels, deer, and peccaries. Carnivores such as dogs, nimravids (ancestor of cats), bears, weasels, and raccoons began to replace the creodonts that had dominated the Paleocene in the Old World. Rodents and rabbits underwent tremendous diversification due to the increase in suitable habitats for ground-dwelling seed eaters, as habitats for squirrel-like nut- and fruit-eaters diminished. The primates, once present in Eurasia, were reduced in range to Africa and South America. Many groups, such as equids, entelodonts, rhinos, merycoidodonts, and camelids, became more able to run during this time, adapting to the plains that were spreading as the Eocene rainforests receded. Brontotheres died out in the Earliest Oligocene, and creodonts died out outside Africa and the Middle East at the end of the period. Multituberculates, an ancient lineage of primitive mammals that originated back in the Jurassic, also became extinct in the Oligocene, aside from the gondwanatheres.


title: Oligocene

text: The Eocene-Oligocene transition in Europe and Asia has been characterized as the Grande Coupure. The lowering of sea levels closed the Turgai Strait across the Obik Sea, which had previously separated Asia from Europe. This allowed Asian mammals, such as rhinoceroses and ruminants, to enter Europe and drive endemic species to extinction. Lesser faunal turnovers occurred simultaneously with the Oi2 event and towards the end of the Oligocene. There was significant diversification of mammals in Eurasia, including the giant indricotheres, that grew up to at the shoulder and weighed up to 20 tons. "Paraceratherium" was one of the largest land mammals ever to walk the Earth. However, the indricotheres were an exception to a general tendency for Oligocene mammals to be much smaller than their Eocene counterparts. The earliest deer, giraffes, pigs, and cattle appeared in the mid-Oligocene in Eurasia. The first felid, "Proailurus", originated in Asia during the late Oligocene and spread to Europe.


title: Oligocene

text: There was only limited migration between Asia and North America. The cooling of central North America at the Eocene-Oligocene transition resulted in a large turnover of gastropods, amphibians, and reptiles. Mammals were much less affected. Crocodilians and pond turtles replaced by dry land tortoises. Molluscs shifted to more drought-tolerant forms. The White River Fauna of central North America inhabited a semiarid prairie home and included entelodonts like "Archaeotherium", camelids (such as "Poebrotherium"), running rhinoceratoids, three-toed equids (such as "Mesohippus"), nimravids, protoceratids, and early canids like "Hesperocyon". Merycoidodonts, an endemic American group, were very diverse during this time.


title: Oligocene

text: Australia and South America became geographically isolated and developed their own distinctive endemic fauna. These included the New World and Old World monkeys. The South American continent was home to animals such as pyrotheres and astrapotheres, as well as litopterns and notoungulates. Sebecosuchians, terror birds, and carnivorous metatheres, like the borhyaenids remained the dominant predators.


title: Oligocene

text: Africa was also relative isolated and retained its endemic fauna. These included mastodonts, hyraxes, arsinoitheres, and other archaic forms. Egypt in the Oligocene was an environment of lush forested deltas.


title: Oligocene

text: At sea, 97% of marine snail species, 89% of clams, and 50% of echinoderms of the Gulf Coast did not survive past the earliest Oligocene. New species evolved, but the overall diversity diminished. Cold-water mollusks migrated around the Pacific Rim from Alaska and Siberia. The marine animals of Oligocene oceans resembled today's fauna, such as the bivalves. Calcareous cirratulids appeared in the Oligocene. The fossil record of marine mammals is a little spotty during this time, and not as well known as the Eocene or Miocene, but some fossils have been found. The baleen whales and toothed whales had just appeared, and their ancestors, the archaeocete cetaceans began to decrease in diversity due to their lack of echolocation, which was very useful as the water became colder and cloudier. Other factors to their decline could include climate changes and competition with today's modern cetaceans and the requiem sharks, which also appeared in this epoch. Early desmostylians, like "Behemotops", are known from the Oligocene. Pinnipeds appeared near the end of the epoch from an otter-like ancestor.


title: Oligocene

text: The Oligocene sees the beginnings of modern ocean circulation, with tectonic shifts causing the opening and closing of ocean gateways. Cooling of the oceans had already commenced by the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, and they continued to cool as the Oligocene progressed. The formation of permanent Antarctic ice sheets during the early Oligocene and possible glacial activity in the Arctic may have influenced this oceanic cooling, though the extent of this influence is still a matter of some significant dispute.


title: Oligocene

text: The opening and closing of ocean gateways: the opening of the Drake Passage; the opening of the Tasmanian Gateway and the closing of the Tethys seaway; along with the final formation of the Greenland–Iceland–Faroes Ridge; played vital parts in reshaping oceanic currents during the Oligocene. As the continents shifted to a more modern configuration, so too did ocean circulation.


title: Oligocene

text: The Drake Passage is located between South America and Antarctica. Once the Tasmanian Gateway between Australia and Antarctica opened, all that kept Antarctica from being completely isolated by the Southern Ocean was its connection to South America. As the South American continent moved north, the Drake Passage opened and enabled the formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), which would have kept the cold waters of Antarctica circulating around that continent and strengthened the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (ABW). With the cold water concentrated around Antarctica, sea surface temperatures and, consequently, continental temperatures would have dropped. The onset of Antarctic glaciation occurred during the early Oligocene, and the effect of the Drake Passage opening on this glaciation has been the subject of much research. However, some controversy still exists as to the exact timing of the passage opening, whether it occurred at the start of the Oligocene or nearer the end. Even so, many theories agree that at the Eocene/Oligocene (E/O) boundary, a yet shallow flow existed between South America and Antarctica, permitting the start of an Antarctic Circumpolar Current.


title: Oligocene

text: Stemming from the issue of when the opening of the Drake Passage took place, is the dispute over how great of an influence the opening of the Drake Passage had on the global climate. While early researchers concluded that the advent of the ACC was highly important, perhaps even the trigger, for Antarctic glaciation and subsequent global cooling, other studies have suggested that the δO signature is too strong for glaciation to be the main trigger for cooling. Through study of Pacific Ocean sediments, other researchers have shown that the transition from warm Eocene ocean temperatures to cool Oligocene ocean temperatures took only 300,000 years, which strongly implies that feedbacks and factors other than the ACC were integral to the rapid cooling.


title: Oligocene

text: The latest hypothesized time for the opening of the Drake Passage is during the early Miocene. Despite the shallow flow between South America and Antarctica, there was not enough of a deep water opening to allow for significant flow to create a true Antarctic Circumpolar Current. If the opening occurred as late as hypothesized, then the Antarctic Circumpolar Current could not have had much of an effect on early Oligocene cooling, as it would not have existed.


title: Oligocene

text: The earliest hypothesized time for the opening of the Drake Passage is around 30 Ma. One of the possible issues with this timing was the continental debris cluttering up the seaway between the two plates in question. This debris, along with what is known as the Shackleton Fracture Zone, has been shown in a recent study to be fairly young, only about 8 million years old. The study concludes that the Drake Passage would be free to allow significant deep water flow by around 31 Ma. This would have facilitated an earlier onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.


title: Oligocene

text: The other major oceanic gateway opening during this time was the Tasman, or Tasmanian, depending on the paper, gateway between Australia and Antarctica. The time frame for this opening is less disputed than the Drake Passage and is largely considered to have occurred around 34 Ma. As the gateway widened, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current strengthened.


title: Oligocene

text: The Tethys Seaway was not a gateway, but rather a sea in its own right. Its closing during the Oligocene had significant impact on both ocean circulation and climate. The collisions of the African plate with the European plate and of the Indian subcontinent with the Asian plate, cut off the Tethys Seaway that had provided a low-latitude ocean circulation. The closure of Tethys built some new mountains (the Zagros range) and drew down more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, contributing to global cooling.


title: Oligocene

text: The gradual separation of the clump of continental crust and the deepening of the tectonic ridge in the North Atlantic that would become Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands helped to increase the deep water flow in that area. More information about the evolution of North Atlantic Deep Water will be given a few sections down.


title: Oligocene

text: Evidence for ocean-wide cooling during the Oligocene exists mostly in isotopic proxies. Patterns of extinction and patterns of species migration can also be studied to gain insight into ocean conditions. For a while, it was thought that the glaciation of Antarctica may have significantly contributed to the cooling of the ocean, however, recent evidence tends to deny this.


title: Oligocene

text: Isotopic evidence suggests that during the early Oligocene, the main source of deep water was the North Pacific and the Southern Ocean. As the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe Ridge sank and thereby connected the Norwegian–Greenland sea with the Atlantic Ocean, the deep water of the North Atlantic began to come into play as well. Computer models suggest that once this occurred, a more modern in appearance thermo-haline circulation started.


title: Oligocene

text: Evidence for the early Oligocene onset of chilled North Atlantic deep water lies in the beginnings of sediment drift deposition in the North Atlantic, such as the Feni and Southeast Faroe drifts.


title: Oligocene

text: The chilling of the South Ocean deep water began in earnest once the Tasmanian Gateway and the Drake Passage opened fully. Regardless of the time at which the opening of the Drake Passage occurred, the effect on the cooling of the Southern Ocean would have been the same.


title: Local government areas of Nigeria

text: Nigeria has 774 local government areas (LGAs), each administered by a local government council consisting of a chairman, who is the chief executive, and other elected members, who are referred to as councillors. Each LGA is further subdivided into a minimum of ten and a maximum of twenty wards. A ward is administered to by a councillor, who reports directly to the LGA chairman. The councillors fall under the legislative arm of the local government, the third tier of government in Nigeria, below the state governments and the federal government.


title: Local government areas of Nigeria

text: The functions of local governments are detailed in the Nigerian constitution and include the following:


title: Song Jae-rim

text: Song Jae-rim (; born February 18, 1985) is a South Korean actor and model. He began his career as a runway model for the Seoul collections of Juun. J, Herin Homme and Ha Sang Beg. He has also appeared in the magazines Bazaar Korea, Vogue Girl Korea, Dazed & Confused Korea, Nylon Korea, GQ Korea, Arena Homme + Korea, Esquire Korea, and Marie Claire Korea.


title: Song Jae-rim

text: Song began acting in 2009, and his notable roles include a loyal bodyguard in the period drama "Moon Embracing the Sun" (2012), and a cold-blooded assassin in "Two Weeks" (2013). He shot to fame after appearing in the fourth season of "We Got Married" with Kim So-eun.


title: Ryōta Ōsaka

text: Ōsaka is the middle child of three siblings. He played on a baseball team in elementary school and on the softball team as pitcher in secondary school. He was involved with anime while attending junior high school, but had no particular dream on acting before entering high school. After graduating from a local technical high school, Ōsaka moved to Tokyo with a friend who also wanted to be a voice actor, and studied the basics of acting for two years at Nippon Kogakuin Hachioji College. After graduating, Ōsaka attended a voice actor training school, passed the additional audition for the agency Early Wing, and made his debut in 2010.


title: Ryōta Ōsaka

text: In April 2012, Ōsaka voiced Yuki Sanada in "Tsuritama". Yukio Nagasaki, who saw his performance at the audition, said he thought that he could become the face of "a new generation of male voice actors in main roles". Nagasaki's support won Ōsaka the role. At the first post-recording, he was nervous and was encouraged by his co-star Tomokazu Sugita, who told him, "We will work, so you can concentrate." He received Best Male Newcomer at the 9th Seiyu Awards in 2015. He also hosts the radio show along with voice actor Natsuki Hanae. Ōsaka announced his marriage to fellow voice actress Manami Numakura on October 23, 2019. Numakura gave birth to their first child, a boy, on December 19, 2021.


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: Any Which Way You Can is a 1980 American action comedy film directed by Buddy Van Horn and starring Clint Eastwood, with Sondra Locke, Geoffrey Lewis, William Smith, and Ruth Gordon in supporting roles. The film is the sequel to the 1978 hit comedy "Every Which Way but Loose". The cast of the previous film return as Philo Beddoe (Eastwood) reluctantly comes out of retirement from underground bare-knuckle boxing to take on a champion hired by the mafia, who will stop at nothing to ensure the fight takes place, while the neo-Nazi biker gang Philo humiliated in the previous film also come back for revenge.


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: Two years after throwing his fight with Tank Murdock, Philo Beddoe is still fighting in underground bare-knuckle boxing matches to make money on the side. Philo, who still lives with his mother, his brother Orville and orangutan Clyde, decides to retire when he realizes that he has started to enjoy the pain. One evening, Philo encounters his ex-girlfriend, country-western singer Lynn Halsey-Taylor, singing at his favorite bar. Orville angrily reproves Lynn for her actions two years before. Lynn apologizes to Philo. Philo, initially gruff and reluctant, forgives her. They become a couple again and move in together.


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: The Black Widows, the biker gang with a long-running grudge against Philo, return. They still want revenge for the destruction of their bikes. However, Philo bests them in a chase that runs through an asphalt machine during a road-paving project.


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: Meanwhile, Jack Wilson, a new breed of fighter from the East Coast who mixes martial arts with boxing, dominates the bare-knuckle circuit. He is so effective at maiming his opponents that his handlers cannot book fights for him. After a fight between a mongoose and a rattlesnake, one of the handlers realizes that if Philo, king of the West Coast brawlers, agreed to fight Wilson, it would be the biggest draw in the history of bare-knuckle boxing. Philo initially agrees to the fight but after much prodding from Orville and Lynn, withdraws. The handlers, led by handicapper Jimmy Beekman and backed by the Mafia, kidnap Lynn to coerce Philo to show up for the fight. The fight is to take place near Jackson, Wyoming. The Black Widows follow Philo there.


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: Wilson, however, is a prize fighter with morals. After he learns of the plot and helps Philo and Orville rescue Lynn, he and Philo mutually decide to call off the fight. However, both fighters' personal pride makes them wonder who would have won. The brawl between the duo takes place after all, but it is punctuated by pauses and personal reflections on their mutual admiration for each other. Meanwhile, the Black Widows bet everything they have on Philo; despite their rivalry, they know that "he" is the better fighter. When the mobsters try to kill Philo once he gains the upper hand, the Black Widows protect their investment by beating up the Mafia men. Wilson eventually breaks Philo's arm and offers to end the fight, but the two men continue the brawl. After a long fight, Philo knocks Wilson out long enough to qualify for a win. Wilson helps Philo to the hospital, then later on they have a drink at the Million Dollar Cowboy Bar. On their way home, Philo and the Black Widows (who are now rich) declare a truce and part amicably. Beekman, whose attempts to rig the fight for Wilson failed, cannot pay the mob bettors and is marked for death. After reaching California, Philo and Lynn are pulled over by a cop who lost money betting against Philo earlier; he promises to endlessly harass them as punishment. Lynn calls out, "Right turn, Clyde!" Clyde promptly knocks out the cop and they drive away.


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: "Any Which Way You Can" started filming in summer 1980. The film was filmed in the California communities of Sun Valley, North Hollywood, and Bakersfield, and in Jackson, Wyoming.


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: Glen Campbell performed the "Any Which Way You Can" title song track in the final scene of the movie, and the song was a Top-10 hit on the country music charts.


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: Manis, the orangutan that played Clyde in the first film, was replaced by two younger orangutans, C.J. and Buddha. Generally, primates are not used as animal actors past the age of 8 because their strength is fully developed and they are often less docile. According to a book by Jane Goodall and Dale Peterson entitled "Visions of Caliban", Buddha was badly mistreated and beaten by his trainers, and C.J. was just brought in after filming was completed in order to do the publicity after Buddha's death, possibly from injuries inflicted by the trainers. Doubt has been cast on these claims by makeup effects artist William Munns.


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: "Any Which Way You Can" opened on Wednesday, December 17, 1980 and became the number one film at the U.S. box office with an opening weekend gross of $8,024,663 from a record 1,541 theatres. The following weekend, between Christmas and New Year, the film stayed at number one, grossing $10,091,105 from 1,572 theatres, a 26% increase. The Saturday was a record single day gross for a Warner Bros.' film with a gross of $3,861,561, beating the record set by "Superman".


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: It was the 5th highest-grossing film of 1980 with a gross of $70,687,344 in the United States and Canada.


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four and opened his review by stating: "Clint Eastwood's "Any Which Way You Can" is not a very good movie, but it's hard not to feel a grudging affection for it. Where else, in the space of 115 minutes, can you find a country & western road picture with two fights, a bald motorcycle gang, the Mafia, a love story, a pickup truck, a tow truck, Fats Domino, a foul-mouthed octogenarian, an oversexed orangutan and a contest for the bare knuckle championship of the world?" Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" thought the film was "better and funnier than its predecessor," adding that "Clyde's role has been expanded this time, and Ruth Gordon's has been made smaller, all of which makes the formula much more fun." Todd McCarthy of "Variety" wrote, "Filled with plenty of monkey business, first half is pretty funny as these things go, but film runs out of steam after mid-way highlight ... Although overlength didn't stop 'Loose,' same flaw here is even more irritating due to protracted finale and lack of any continuing tension in Eastwood-Locke relationship." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film three stars out of four and called it "a most genial Eastwood action-comedy." Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Directed in an appropriately laid-back manner by Buddy Van Horn in his directorial debut, 'Any Which Way You Can' aspires to nothing more than entertainment. As one comedy of admittedly greater ambitions after another proves disappointing these days, 'Any Which Way You Can' (PG) is welcome as just plain fun." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" wrote, "A generous entertainment of its kind, 'Any Which Way' mixes plentiful portions of gauche, robust action and comedy with frequent musical interludes ... The weakest element in the plot is the lack of a compelling reason for Philo and Jackson to go through with their fight."


title: Any Which Way You Can

text: As of December 2019, the film holds a rating of 20% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 4.92 out of 10.


title: Yui Hatano

text: Born on May 24, 1988 in Tokyo but raised in Kyoto, Hatano made her debut in the adult industry in 2008, when she first appeared in "Amateur Or More ZERO, Less Than Actress 07" on July 3, 2008, under the Zero label of the AV company Prestige which specialized in finding and introducing amateur girls into the industry. Prior to performing in adult films, she had graduated from a cosmetology school, and had initially thought of becoming a gravure idol. However the competitive and low-paying world of gravure forced her to look for a more lucrative career which happened to be performing in adult films.


title: Yui Hatano

text: Hatano's first releases were on a monthly schedule under the Prestige, h.m.p. and Befree labels, however her popularity began to quickly rise and she began to appear at other companies like Attackers, Moodyz and Soft on Demand as well. Due to her matured looks she has often been cast into "jukojo (housewife)" or "older sister" type roles. She also became known for her flexible role-playing and willingness to appear in more hardcore genres (simulated rape, lesbian roles and S&M). Hatano also regularly appears in ensemble cast AV's and maintains a close relationship with other actresses like Chihiro Hara, AIKA, Ai Uehara, Tomoda Ayaka and Ruka Kanae. Her most notable working relationship is her friendly rivalship with fellow popular AV idol Hibiki Ōtsuki. Their pair "HibiHata" is well known in the industry and they appeared in dozens of adult film since 2013. In 2014, she won the Best Actress award in the 2014 DMM Adult Awards.


title: Yui Hatano

text: Hatano's output and regular AV appearances only increased in time, and by 2019 she appeared in over 2400 AV's (including compilations). She also appeared in numerous uncensored porn scenes that were distributed outside of Japan, making her one of the more known Japanese porn stars in the West.


title: Yui Hatano

text: Hatano also became popular in Singapore and Taiwan, where she is regarded as a lookalike for the popular Taiwanese actress and model Lin Chi-ling. In a 2018 compilation of AV sales on Japanese e-commerce retailer FANZA, Hatano ranked first in the Top 10 digital downloads chart. She achieved the same feat in 2019 as well, with both at the physical and digital sales.


title: Yui Hatano

text: Hatano has had opportunities to work outside of the Japanese AV industry. She played a part in the 2013 movie "Sou shen ji" (Chinese: 搜神记, "In Search of Spirits"), a collection of short supernatural stories. She was also cast in a lead role in the 2015 Taiwanese film "Sashimi" (, transliteration of "sashimi").


title: Yui Hatano

text: In addition, she dabbled in the music industry when she joined musical idol group me-me*, which also featured AV idols Shiori Kamisaki, Ruka Kanae, and Maika. They launched a crowdfunding campaign for their first album via Japanese crowdfunding website Campfire on November 1, 2015. me-me* held their final concert on March 20, 2016. Currently she's part of the idol unit T♡Project with Hibiki Ōtsuki and Ruka Kanae.


title: Yui Hatano

text: On August 26, 2015, Taiwan's EasyCard Corporation announced that Hatano was to be featured on their public transport payment cards. The corporation stated that two collectible versions of the card, featuring a fully clothed Hatano, would be released: a "devil" edition, and an "angel" edition. EasyCard's decision to feature the AV idol drew criticism in Taiwan from parents and women's advocacy groups, who were concerned over the use of an adult film star's image. Additional controversy formed when it was discovered that one of the card's images was previously used as the cover of one of Hatano's adult films. EasyCard ended up going ahead with the sale of the metro cards, which sold out its entire run of 15,000 cards overnight.


title: Yui Hatano

text: In 2017, Hatano made a guest appearance on the Taiwanese public television program "" (, "Who is Coming to Dinner?"). She was invited to learn more about the () nonprofit, which provides sexual services for those who are physically disabled.


title: Yui Hatano

text: In gaming, Hatano has been the spokesperson for mobile games such as the Taiwanese RPG "Shén guǐ huànxiǎng" (, "God Ghost Fantasy") in 2014. She lent her voice and likeness to play a hostess in Yakuza Kiwami and in the remastered version of Yakuza 3 for the PlayStation 4.


title: The Men Who Stare at Goats

text: The Men Who Stare at Goats (2004) is a non-fiction work by Jon Ronson concerning the U.S. Army's exploration of New Age concepts and the potential military applications of the paranormal. The title refers to attempts to kill goats by staring at them and stopping their hearts. The book is companion to a three-part TV series broadcast in Britain on Channel 4—"Crazy Rulers of the World" (2004)—the first episode of which is also entitled "The Men Who Stare at Goats". The same title was used a third time for a loose feature film adaptation in 2009.


title: The Men Who Stare at Goats

text: The book's first five chapters examine the efforts of a handful of U.S. Army officers in the late 1970s and early 1980s to exploit paranormal phenomena, New Age philosophy, and elements of the human potential movement to enhance U.S. military intelligence-gathering capabilities as well as overall operational effectiveness. These include the "First Earth Battalion Operations Manual" (1979) and a "psychic spy unit" established by Army Intelligence at Fort Meade, Maryland, in the late 1970s. (This was the Stargate Project, which the book never mentions by name.) Ronson is put on the historical trail of the "men who stare at goats"—Special Forces soldiers who supposedly experimented with psychic powers against de-bleated goats at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, at the now-decommissioned "Goat Lab" medical training facility. He examines, and dispenses with, several candidates for the legendary "master sergeant" (Chapter 2) who was reported to have killed a goat simply by staring at it, in the earliest days of the program. A martial arts instructor named Guy Savelli claims to be the one.


title: The Men Who Stare at Goats

text: In the middle third of the book (Chapters 6–11), the author leaps to the present day—i.e., 2004, just after the Abu Ghraib abuse revelations—and attempts to make connections between the earlier (now terminated, and mostly discredited) military programs and the abuses resulting from the post-9/11 War on Terror (Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo Bay, psyops in Iraq, etc.). This includes the use of the children's song "I Love You" from Barney & Friends on Iraqi prisoners-of-war. A purported linking element is the alleged use of music and subliminal messaging at the 1993 Waco siege and other FBI operations. Another is the private business "franchises" and consultancies that retired members of the "psychic unit" later pursued as civilians. A connection is also proposed between these "privatized" psychics and the mass-suicide of members of the Heaven's Gate cult in 1997.


title: The Men Who Stare at Goats

text: The final section of the book (Chapters 13–16) leaps backward to the 1950s and attempts to connect the Army psychic program, and later interrogation techniques, with the CIA's MK-ULTRA "mind control" research program and the notorious death of Army researcher Frank Olson in 1953. Ronson spends time with Olson's son Eric as he attempts to uncover the mystery of his father's death. The reason his father was terminated, as we discover, was not simply because he knew too much but, rather, that he was having a crisis of conscience and seriously entertaining the notion of going public with all that he knew. The narrative ends with the suggestion that the "psychic warriors" are now back in business working for the U.S. military again, possibly in support of assassinations.


title: The Men Who Stare at Goats

text: Ronson's book was met with mostly positive, often glowing, reviews: the "Boston Globe" opined that it is "a hilarious and unsettling book... Ronson comes off as an unusual cross between Comedy Central's Jon Stewart and "The New Yorker"s Seymour Hersh." "The New York Times" Janet Maslin stated that "Ronson sets up his book perfectly. It moves with wry, precise agility from crackpot to crackpot in its search for the essence of this early New Age creativity...".


title: The Men Who Stare at Goats

text: Some critics, however, were skeptical of what they considered Ronson's shaky logic and some of his bolder assertions. Alex Heard's review in "U-T San Diego" was subtitled ""Goats" tries hard to link psychic-spy projects from the past to today's events, and mostly fails". In many instances, he wrote, "...there isn't a link. Instead there's a progression of occurrences that don't connect in a meaningful way. The result is a strange new blend: Conspiracy theory meets Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon... You're left feeling like you've been told a shaggy-goat story."


title: The Men Who Stare at Goats

text: A fictionalized feature film version of the book was released in 2009 under the same name. Grant Heslov directed from a script by Peter Straughan. It is set in Iraq, but was filmed in Comerío Street, Bayamón, Puerto Rico and at the New Mexico Military Institute. The story centers on "Bob Wilton" (Ewan McGregor)—the Ronson stand-in—a desperate reporter who stumbles upon the story of a lifetime. He meets "Lyn Cassady" (George Clooney)—a composite character—who claims to be a former secret U.S. military psychic soldier re-activated post-9/11. Jeff Bridges plays "Bill Django"—clearly a version of Jim Channon—the founder of the psychic soldier program and Lyn's mentor. Kevin Spacey plays "Larry Hooper"—a wholly fictional character—who is a former psychic soldier now running a rogue PsyOps unit in Iraq. The film is prefaced with a title card stating "More of this is true than you would believe". The DVD release of "The Men Who Stare at Goats" includes a bonus documentary featuring Ronson and many of the people who feature prominently in his book.


title: The Men Who Stare at Goats

text: Coinciding with the release of the feature film in 2009, John Sergeant, the producer of the TV series "Crazy Rulers of the World", accused Ronson of "airbrushing him out of the story". While Ronson dedicated his book to Sergeant and included an afterword commending his research and guidance, the feature film did not mention his contributions.


title: Lori Saunders

text: Lori Saunders (born Linda Marie Hines October 4, 1941, in Kansas City, Missouri) is an American film and television actress, probably best known for her role as Bobbie Jo Bradley in the television series "Petticoat Junction" (1965–1970).


title: Lori Saunders

text: Saunders played brunette middle-sister Bobbie Jo Bradley in 3 episodes of "Green Acres", 147 episodes of the rural sitcom "Petticoat Junction", and 7 episodes of "The Beverly Hillbillies". In "Petticoat Junction", she took over the role in 1965 from Pat Woodell, who left the show to focus on her singing career. Co-star Meredith MacRae, who joined the show in 1966, said in a 1960s interview that she and Lori were very close, "like the Bobbsey twins", since they were both married and had each replaced another actress on the series.


title: Lori Saunders

text: She played Betty Gordon, one of Mr. Drysdale's secretaries, in the last season of "The Beverly Hillbillies".


title: Lori Saunders

text: In 1973–74, Saunders played Betsy on the situation-comedy western "Dusty's Trail". Created by Sherwood Schwartz and starring Bob Denver, the show was based on "Gilligan's Island", but set in the wild west; her character Betsy was an ingénue drawn after Dawn Wells' character of "Mary Ann". Saunders quipped: "It was the same show, just no coconuts." She said it was interesting to work with Jeannine Riley, who had also starred in "Petticoat Junction" (as Billie Jo Bradley), but not at the same time as Saunders.


title: Lori Saunders

text: In 2015, she appeared in a MeTV commercial promoting "Petticoat Junction", along with fellow cast members Linda Kaye Henning and Gunilla Hutton... plus she was in season 6 of "Tales of Wells Fargo" as a regular cast member.


title: Lori Saunders

text: In her early television years, Saunders appeared five times (credited as Linda Marie Hines) as four different characters on "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet". She also appeared in "Burke's Law", and the season four episode "The Prairie Elephant" of "Rawhide" (original air-date November 17, 1961). She appeared in the 1970 episode "Bringing Up Josh" of "Daniel Boone", and also in the anthology series "Bob Hope Presents The Chrysler Theatre."


title: Lori Saunders

text: She appeared in the cult horror film "Blood Bath" (1966), credited as Linda Saunders. Other films include: "A Day at the White House" (1972), "So Sad About Gloria" (1973), "Captive" (1980), "The Girls on The Beach", (1965) and "Mara of the Wilderness" (1965, as Linda Saunders).


title: Lori Saunders

text: In the 1960s, Saunders released the single "Lonely Christmas", with the B-side "Out of Your Mind". The latter song was later featured on the compilation album "Girls in the Garage, Vol. 02".


title: Lori Saunders

text: Saunders and her "Petticoat Junction" co-stars Linda Kaye Henning and Meredith MacRae released several singles in the 1960s as the singing group "The Girls from Petticoat Junction", including "If You Could Only Be Me" (1968) and "Thirty Days Hath September". Their music is compiled on the album "The Girls from Petticoat Junction: Sixties Sounds".


title: Lori Saunders

text: Saunders married Bernard Sandler in 1961. They have two children. The couple campaigned against the elephant ivory trade in the 1980s. As there was another "Linda" (Linda Kaye Henning) credited on "Petticoat Junction", Saunders officially changed her first name to "Lori" in the fall of 1965. Saunders retired from acting in 1980.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: Celebrity Deathmatch is an adult stop-motion claymated series created by Eric Fogel and produced by John Worth Lynn Jr. for MTV. A parody of sports entertainment programs, "Celebrity Deathmatch" depicted various celebrities engaging in highly stylized professional wrestling matches. The series was known for its large amount of gory violence, including combatants employing different abilities and weapons to deliver particularly brutal attacks, resulting in exaggerated physical injuries.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: Two television pilots were broadcast on MTV on January 1 and 25, 1998. The series properly premiered on May 14, 1998, and ended on June 6, 2002, airing for 93 episodes. During its run, it was one of MTV's most popular cartoons alongside "Beavis and Butt-Head" and "Daria". A series of German shorts, "Celebrity Deathmatch Hits Germany", aired on June 21, 2001, but it was poorly received from the fans, which was rumored to be the source of the show's cancellation. For a brief period during that year, reruns of the series aired on broadcast network UPN. Early in 2003, a film based on the series was announced by MTV to be in production, but the project was canceled by the end of the year.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: In 2005, MTV2 announced the revival of the show as part of their Sic 'Em Friday programming block. Originally set to return in November 2005, the premiere was pushed back to June 10, 2006 as part of a block with two other animated series, "Where My Dogs At?" and "The Adventures of Chico and Guapo". The revival series was produced without any involvement from Fogel. While the first four seasons were animated by Fogelmania Productions and TakToon Enterprise, the series' fifth and sixth seasons were produced by Cuppa Coffee Studios, and the premiere drew over 2.5 million viewers, becoming MTV2's highest rated season premiere ever. It was canceled again in 2007.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: In April 2015, MTV2 announced a reboot of the series. However, in November 2016, Fogel stated via Twitter that MTV did not pick up the pilot to the series.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: On December 6, 2018, MTV Studios announced a reimagining of the show was set to return in 2019 with Ice Cube as star and executive producer. However, no announcements, updates, nor new information have surfaced since the announcement and it has been speculated to have been quietly cancelled. As of 2022, the revival from 2006 is available to watch on Paramount+.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: "Celebrity Deathmatch" started in 1997 on MTV's "Cartoon Sushi" as a short that featured convicted murderer Charles Manson and shock rocker Marilyn Manson fighting to the death. "Deathmatch" was brought back in 1998 for MTV's Super Bowl XXXII halftime special. Just three months later, "Celebrity Deathmatch" had entered MTV's main lineup. The show was popular enough for show creator Eric Fogel to be named one of the most creative people in the TV industry by "Entertainment Weekly". "CDM" was not the first time Fogel made a show for MTV, as he also had a hand in creating "The Head". also produced by John Worth Lynn, Jr.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: During the next four seasons, "Celebrity Deathmatch" became more popular in other countries and gained viewers from all over the world, but four seasons and 75 episodes later in 2002, MTV decided to cancel the show.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: Stephen Warbrick, one of the co-creators of "Superjail!" on Adult Swim, worked as a VFX colorist and graphic artist for the series.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: From 2001 to 2002, "Celebrity Deathmatch" was met with a series of shorts titled Celebrity Deathmatch Hits Germany. In "Celebrity Deathmatch Hits Germany", German celebrities would fight in a claymation style. Many of the celebrities were politicians or German musicians that were not well known to the general public.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: Eric Fogel had no involvement with "CDMHG", neither did TakToon Enterprise, as this was all handled by Andy Kaiser at the German stop-motion studio Studio Film Binder. While the show was broadcast on MTV in Germany, it was also shown on UPN in the United States. "CDM Hits Germany" was universally panned by critics, audiences, and the "Celebrity Deathmatch" fanbase, that it was cancelled in 2002 due to low ratings. It was often rumored to be the show that led to the cancellation of the original series.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: Due to its popularity, there were actual plans for a feature film adaptation of "Celebrity Deathmatch" launched in 2003. Eric Fogel was signed on to direct, write, and produce the film as his directorial debut film. But before production would begin, MTV cancelled plans for a movie due to not being as interested in animation as they used to be, along with fallout from the network's production of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show where several supportive executives were forced out.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: MTV asked Marilyn Manson to compose a song for the show. Ultimately, the song conveyed the public's obsession with violence and sadistic acts which were portrayed on television. Manson believed that was the show's satirical take regarding society as a whole. "Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes" became the only single off the "Celebrity Deathmatch" soundtrack. It was nominated in 2001 for the Best Metal Performance Grammy Award and later included on Manson's album "The Last Tour on Earth".


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: New episodes of the show, which began production in 2005, were produced by Cuppa Coffee Studio as opposed to MTV's now-defunct animation department. The show featured an all-new voice cast and a new look. Johnny, Nick, and Mills Lane returned, albeit with new voices. Mills Lane, who used to be played by himself, was played by Chris Edgerly due to the real Mills Lane's 2002 stroke. Debbie Matenopoulos was replaced by Tally Wong. Eric Fogel chose not to get very involved with the new seasons due to his involvement on his show "Starveillance" for the E! network. The show was directed by Jack Fletcher and Dave "Canadian" Thomas. During the 2006 season, fans were able to vote on MTV2.com for future matches by choosing one of three matches and by sending a write-in request. However, due to the second cancellation of the show, these matches would not come to fruition. Fogel would later go on to create "Glenn Martin, DDS", with Michael Eisner and Alex Berger, for Nickelodeon as part of Nick at Nite, and it performed poorly critically and financially.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: In April 2015, MTV2 announced a reboot of the show on its Twitter account. On November 2, 2016, Eric Fogel confirmed via Twitter that production on the reboot had been scrapped for unknown reasons and the pilot would not be going forward.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: On December 6, 2018, MTV Studios announced yet another "reimagining" of the show was set to air in 2019 with Ice Cube as star and executive producer through his Cube Vision production company, with series creator Eric Fogel also as an executive producer, being unclear whether or not the weekly series would air on MTV, as the new version of the show was seeking "an exclusive [streaming video on demand] or premium broadcast partner." However, in an interview, executive producer Eric Fogel said: "I've had some conversations with Ice Cube. We're trying to put a plan in place. There's nothing I can announce officially. But there have been conversations." Despite that, no other new information, announcements nor updates have surfaced, and it has been rumored or speculated that the reboot is presumed to have been quietly cancelled with the re-merger of Viacom and CBS into Paramount Global and the shift of content production overall for the company to Paramount+.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: A video game based on the series was released for the PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows on October 14, 2003 by Gotham Games.


title: Celebrity Deathmatch

text: Celebrity Deathmatch aired in reruns on UPN, and was re-aired on TNN (The National Network) (later Spike TV, now Paramount Network) from 2002 to 2003.


title: Postal (film)

text: Postal is a 2007 action comedy film co-written and directed by Uwe Boll, and starring Zack Ward, Dave Foley, Chris Coppola, Jackie Tohn, J.K. Simmons, Verne Troyer, Larry Thomas, David Huddleston and Seymour Cassel.


title: Postal (film)

text: Like the majority of Boll's previous films, "Postal" is a film adaptation of a video game, in this case, "Postal", though this film draws more heavily from the video game's sequel, "Postal 2". Also like Boll's predecessors, it was a critical and commercial failure, grossing less than 1% of its budget.


title: Postal (film)

text: The film begins with a prologue, showing Asif and Nabi, a fictional portrayal of two of the Flight 11 hijackers during the 9/11 attacks, debating the number of virgins they get as a reward for carrying out the attacks. After a long debate, they decide to call Osama bin Laden, their leader, to find out the exact amount. Osama tells them that there "are not enough virgins to go around", and upon hearing this, the two hijackers abandon the attack in dismay and happily change their flight path to the Bahamas. At this moment, however, the passengers of the plane storm the cockpit and attempt to retake the plane (this was based on what happened on Flight 93, one of the other hijacked aircraft during 9/11). In the struggle, the terrorists try and reason with the passengers, but to no avail, and ultimately, the plane inadvertently flies into the North tower of the World Trade Center.


title: Postal (film)

text: Five years later, in the town of Paradise, Arizona (a ghost town in real life), where the volatile Postal Dude, after being mocked at a job interview, kicked out of his local unemployment office and discovering that his morbidly obese wife is cheating on him with various and skinny townsmen, is more than a little angry and is desperate to get enough cash to finally leave his dead-end town. He decides to team up with his Uncle Dave, a slovenly con artist turned doomsday cult leader who owes the US government over a million dollars in back-taxes. With the help of Uncle Dave's right-hand man Richie and an army of big-breasted, scantily clad cult members, the Dude devises a plan to hijack a shipment of 2,000 Krotchy Dolls, a rare, sought-after plush toy resembling a giant scrotum. Uncle Dave plans to sell them online, where their prices have reached as high as $4,000 a doll.


title: Postal (film)

text: Unbeknownst to them, Osama bin Laden and his group of Al-Qaeda terrorists, who had been secretly hiding in Paradise since the 9/11 attacks, under the watchful eye of bin Laden's best friend President George W. Bush, are after the same shipment, but for entirely different reasons. Hoping to outdo the catastrophe of 9/11, they plan to instill the dolls with Avian influenza and distribute them to unsuspecting American children. The two groups meet at the shipment's destination, German-themed amusement park called Little Germany. A fight between "Postal" creator Vince Desi and "Postal" director and park owner Uwe Boll (which ends with Boll being shot in the genitals, confessing "I hate video games"), sparks a massive shootout between the cult, the terrorists and the police, resulting in the deaths of dozens of innocent children. The Dude and the cult are able to get away with both the shipment and the park's opening day guest, Verne Troyer, pursued by Al-Qaeda, the police and a mob of angry citizens.


title: Postal (film)

text: Upon returning to their compound, which has been overtaken by the terrorists, the Dude, Uncle Dave and the rest covertly sneak into the compound's underground bunker, where Richie reveals that he must now fulfill the prophecy foretold in Uncle Dave's fictional Bible: to bring about the extinction of the human race. As per Uncle Dave's Bible, the event initiating the apocalypse is the rape of a "tiny entertainer" by a thousand monkeys. After Verne Troyer is quickly thrown into a pit of chimpanzees, Richie shoots and kills Uncle Dave, then imprisons the Dude. The Dude manages to escape the compound with a plethora of weapons, deciding to wage a one-man war against al-Qaeda, his uncle's murderer, his cheating wife, the police and the many people who want him dead. On the way to his trailer (where he plans to blow up his spouse), he meets up with an attractive young barista, Faith, who joins forces with him after an explosive gunfight followed later by the Dude's heartfelt but futile monologue about war. The two of them then proceed to kill all the terrorists, all the bloodthirsty townspeople, the remains of the now-mad cult, his wife, and her multiple lovers. In the midst of the shootout, bin Laden is wounded but escapes to a payphone, where he calls Bush for help. Bush sends a helicopter to save him and plans for the two to rendezvous.


title: Postal (film)

text: Having won their war, the Dude, his dog Champ and the barista drive away in a stolen police car. They casually turn on the radio, only to learn that Bush has blamed the day's shootouts and explosions on China and India, and has been "forced to destroy both countries with extreme nuclear force". The United States then launches thirty nuclear missiles at China and India each. In retaliation, China and India launch thirty nuclear missiles each as well towards America, all missiles are scheduled to hit their targets in under two minutes.


title: Postal (film)

text: The film's final shot features Bush and bin Laden skipping through a field together, hand-in-hand. As mushroom clouds explode on the horizon, bin Laden laughs and says, "Georgie, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship". At that moment, all of the nuclear missiles hit, and the country, and possibly the world is destroyed.


title: Postal (film)

text: According to Uwe Boll, the German fan club for "Postal" contacted him, offering the possibility of the game being adapted into a film. Intrigued by the game's premise and blatant political incorrectness, Boll contacted Running with Scissors president Vince Desiderio, who sold him the rights under the condition that he would be involved with the script and the production. Supposedly, Desiderio and "Postal 2" director Steve Wik pitched a much grittier, darker version of the "Postal" story, but Boll rejected it, fully intent on turning it into a comedy in order to use the film as a platform for political satire as well as "revenge" against the people who have protested his movies. Boll ended up writing the script with assistant director Bryan C. Knight, who had worked on all of Boll's previous video game adaptations. In an interview for Nathan Rabin's book "My Year of Flops", Dave Foley said that Boll did want to make a serious statement about how a cult of heroism had surrounded people who were murdered in the 9/11 attacks, and that he and Boll agreed that being the victim of terrorism makes people victims, not heroes. Foley added that he tried to talk Boll out of including the notorious 9/11 sequence that opens the film where two Al Qaeda hijackers plan to call off their attack when Osama Bin Laden informs them that they will not receive anywhere near 72 virgins for their services, only to have passengers break into the cockpit and accidentally fly the plane into the World Trade Center because the film would have no chance of appearing on many (or any) screens in the U.S.