title: Maribor

text: Maribor was the site of a German prisoner-of-war camp from 1941 to 1945 for many British, Australian, and New Zealand troops who had been captured in Crete in 1941. In 1944, the largest mass rescue of POWs of the war in Europe took place when 105 Allied prisoners from the camp were freed by Slovene partisans in the Raid at Ožbalt. The city, a major industrial centre with an extensive armament industry, was systematically bombed by the Allies in the closing years of World War II. A total of 29 bombing raids devastated some 47% of the city area, killing 483 civilians and leaving over 4,200 people homeless. Over 2,600 people died in Maribor during the war. By the end of the war, Maribor was the most war-damaged major town of Yugoslavia. The remaining German-speaking population, except those who had actively supported the resistance during the war, was summarily expelled at the end of the war in May 1945. At the same time Croatian Home Guard members and their relatives who tried to escape from Yugoslavia were executed by the Yugoslav Army. The existence of nine mass graves in and near Maribor was revealed after Slovenia's independence.


title: Maribor

text: After the Second World War, Maribor became part of SR Slovenia, within SFR Yugoslavia. A major process of renewal and reconstruction began in the city. Maribor soon after became the industrial centre of Slovenia and the whole of Yugoslavia, hosting many known companies such as the Maribor Automobile Factory among others. The first clash between the Yugoslav People's Army and the Slovenian Territorial Defence in Slovenia's war of independence happened in nearby Pekre and on the streets of Maribor resulting in the conflicts first casualty. After Slovenia seceded from Yugoslavia in 1991, the loss of the Yugoslav market severely strained the city's economy, which was based on heavy industry. The city saw a record unemployment rate of nearly 25%.


title: Maribor

text: The economic situation of Maribor after the mid-1990s crisis worsened again with the onset of global economic crisis combined with the European sovereign-debt crisis, which was one of the causes for the beginning of 2012–13 Maribor protests which spread into 2012–2013 Slovenian protests. During the year 2012 Maribor was also one of two European Capitals of Culture and the following year Maribor was the European Youth Capital.


title: Maribor

text: On the Drava River lies Maribor Island (). The oldest public bath, still an important and often visited place in Maribor, is located on the island.


title: Maribor

text: There are two hills in Maribor: Calvary Hill and Pyramid Hill, both surrounded by vineyards. The latter dominates the northern border of the city. Ruins of the first Maribor castle from the 11th century and a chapel from the 19th century also stand there. The hill offers an easily accessible scenic overlook of Maribor and the countryside to the south over the Drava River.


title: Maribor

text: The city of Maribor is divided into 11 districts () of the City Municipality of Maribor. The Drava River separates the districts of Center, Koroška Vrata, and Ivan Cankar to the north from other districts south of it. The various city districts are connected by four road bridges, a rail bridge, and a pedestrian bridge.


title: Maribor

text: Maribor has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb), bordering on oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Average temperatures hover around zero degrees Celsius during the winter. Summers are generally warm. Average temperatures during the city's warmest month (July) exceed 20 degrees Celsius, which is one of the main reasons for the Maribor wine tradition. The city sees on average roughly of precipitation annually and it's one of the sunniest Slovene cities, with an average of 266 sunny days throughout the course of the year. The most recent temperature heatwave record for August is 40.6 °C, measured at the Maribor–Tabor weather station by the Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO) on 8 August 2013.


title: Maribor

text: Many historical structures stand in Maribor. Of the remains of city walls surrounding the old downtown, the most prominent are the Judgement Tower, the Water Tower, and the Jewish Tower. Maribor Cathedral was built in the Gothic style in the 13th century. Maribor Synagogue was built in the 14th century, and is the second oldest synagogue of Europe. Today it serves as a centre for cultural activities. Other prominent Medieval buildings are Maribor Castle, Betnava Castle, and the ruins of Upper Maribor Castle on Pyramid Hill. Town Hall was constructed in the Renaissance style, and the Plague Column in the Baroque style.


title: Maribor

text: At the start of the 21st century, plans were made for a new modern business, residential and entertainment district, called the Drava Gate () and nicknamed the "Maribor Manhattan". The project includes many new exclusive residential apartments, offices and conference halls, a green and recreational space, and other structures. It also includes a tall skyscraper that would be the tallest building in Slovenia. Due to lack of finances, the project has been postponed.


title: Maribor

text: In 2008, the Studenci Footbridge () was renovated according to the design of the Ponting company. The design was awarded that year at the 3rd International Footbridge Conference in Porto.


title: Maribor

text: In 2010, Maribor organised an international architectural competition "ECC Maribor 2012 – Drava 2012" to gather proposals for the design and reconstruction of the Drava banks, the construction of a new art gallery, and for a new footbridge. Its jury received about 400 proposals for the three different projects. The footbridge and the river embankments will be built in the near future, but the art gallery was replaced with a cultural center MAKS, which is currently under construction.


title: Maribor

text: The construction of a new modern Faculty of Medicine started in 2011 near the Drava River. It was designed by architect Boris Podrecca and was completed in 2013.


title: Maribor

text: There are plans to renovate the Maribor Public Library and Town Hall Square (). In addition, the renovation of Maribor Island () in the Drava River has been planned.


title: Maribor

text: The main park of the city is Maribor City Park, with the City Aquarium and Terrarium, and a wide promenade leading to the Three Ponds (), containing over 100 local and foreign species of deciduous and coniferous trees.


title: Maribor

text: Maribor, previously in the Catholic Diocese of Graz-Seckau, became part of the Diocese of Lavant on 1 June 1859, and the seat of its Prince-Bishop. The name of the diocese (after a river in Carinthia) was later changed to the Diocese of Maribor on 5 March 1962. It was elevated to an archdiocese by Pope Benedict XVI on 7 April 2006.


title: Maribor

text: Jewish people living in Maribor were first mentioned in 1277. It is suggested that at that time there was already a Jewish quarter in the city. The Jewish ghetto was located in the southeastern part of the city and it comprised, at its peak, several main streets in the city centre including part of the main city square. The ghetto had a synagogue, a Jewish cemetery and also a Talmud school. The Jewish community of Maribor was numerically at its apex around 1410. After 1450 the circumstances changed dramatically: increasing competition that coincided with an economic crisis dealt a severe blow to the economic activities that were crucial to their economic success. According to a decree issued by Emperor Maximilian I in 1496, Jews were forced to leave the city of Maribor. Restrictions on settlement and business for Jews remained in place until 1861. From late spring 1941, after Lower Styria was annexed by the Third Reich, the Jews of Maribor were deported to concentration camps.


title: Maribor

text: The city is the location of the University of Maribor, established in 1975, Alma Mater Europaea, and several other higher education institutions. High schools include Maribor High School No. 1 ("Prva gimnazija Maribor") and Maribor High School No. 2 ("II. gimnazija Maribor").


title: Maribor

text: Every June, the two-week Lent Festival (named after the waterfront district called Lent) is held, with hundreds of musical, theatrical and other events. Every year the festival attracts theatre, opera, ballet performers, classical, modern, and jazz musicians and dancers from all over the world.


title: Maribor

text: Maribor is known for wine and culinary specialities of international and Slovene cuisine (mushroom soup with buckwheat mush, tripe, sour soup, sausages with Sauerkraut, cheese dumplings, apple strudel, special cheese cake called gibanica). There are also many popular restaurants with Serbian cuisine. The Vinag Wine Cellar (), with the area of and the length of , keeps 5,5 millions litres of wine. The house of the oldest grapevine in the world () at Lent grows the world's oldest grapevine, which was in 2004 recorded in "Guinness World Records". The grapevine of Žametovka is over 400 years old.


title: Maribor

text: The most listened radio station transmitting from Maribor is the commercial radio station Radio City. Other radio stations broadcasting from Maribor include Radio NET FM, Radio Maribor, Rock Maribor, Radio Brezje, and Maribor Študent Radio (MARŠ).


title: Maribor

text: The alternative scene of Maribor is situated in the Pekarna Cultural Centre, located in a former military bakery area in the Magdalena District.


title: Maribor

text: Maribor is the hometown of the association football club NK Maribor, playing in the Slovenian top division. NK Maribor has won the domestic title a record 16 times and has participated in the UEFA Champions League group stage on three occasions, in 1999, 2014, and 2017. The club's home ground is Ljudski vrt, located in the Koroška Vrata district.


title: Maribor

text: Maribor's handball club is RK Maribor Branik. The team competes in the Slovenian First League of Handball and plays home games at Tabor Hall.


title: Maribor

text: Since 1964, the Maribor Pohorje Ski Resort, situated on the outskirts of the city on the slopes of the Pohorje mountain range, hosts the women's slalom and giant slalom races for the Alpine Skiing World Cup. The competition is known as the Golden Fox ().


title: Maribor

text: In November 2012, Maribor hosted the World Youth Chess Championship with Garry Kasparov as the guest of honour. It was presumed that Maribor would also host the 2013 Winter Universiade, but the Government of Slovenia refused any financial support for the project. As a result, in March 2012, the International University Sports Federation decided that it would organise the Universiade elsewhere. In the same year, Maribor also withdrew as one of the host cities of the EuroBasket 2013 due to lack of finances.


title: Maribor

text: Maribor's Ljudski vrt stadium was one of the venues for the 2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship and the 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. In July 2023, Maribor will host the 17th edition of the European Youth Olympic Festival.


title: Maribor

text: Maribor's sports parks include the Pohorje Adrenaline Park (), the Pohorje Bike Park, and the Betnava Adventure Park ("Pustolovski park Betnava") with ropes courses, zip-lines, and poles.


title: War Room (film)

text: War Room is a 2015 American Christian drama film directed by Alex Kendrick and written by him and Stephen Kendrick. It is the Kendrick brothers' fifth film and their first through their subsidiary, Kendrick Brothers Productions. The film was produced by Provident Films, Affirm Films and TriStar Pictures in partnership with the Kendrick brothers.


title: War Room (film)

text: The film was released by Sony Pictures Releasing in North American theaters on August 28, 2015, and received generally negative reviews from secular critics, while Christian critics received generally positive reviews, and became a box office success and a sleeper hit, grossing $74 million worldwide including $67.8 million domestically to become the 7th highest-grossing Christian film in the United States.


title: War Room (film)

text: Pharmaceutical salesman Tony Jordan and his wife, realtor Elizabeth Jordan, appear outwardly successful; they have a large house, plenty of money, and a beautiful daughter named Danielle. Behind the façade, however, Tony and Elizabeth's relationship is strained. Tony is callous, verbally abusive and thinking about cheating on Elizabeth. In addition, because his job requires frequent travel, he is almost never there for his daughter.


title: War Room (film)

text: Elizabeth goes to work with an elderly woman, Miss Clara, to sell her house. Miss Clara senses the stress Elizabeth is under, and suggests that Elizabeth fight for their marriage by praying for Tony. Miss Clara shows Elizabeth a special closet she has dedicated to praying, which she calls her "War Room"; as she puts it, "in order to stand up and fight the enemy, you need to get on your knees and pray." As Elizabeth starts to seriously pray for her husband, Tony leaves for a business trip, having dinner with a beautiful woman who invites him back to her apartment. Just as he is about to leave with her, he becomes nauseous and runs to the bathroom to throw up.


title: War Room (film)

text: Shortly afterward, Tony is fired for stealing drug samples; unbeknownst to Elizabeth and Danielle, he has been illegally selling those stolen samples to make even more money. Realizing he has hit rock bottom, Tony rededicates his life to God. He now realizes that he has to return both the stolen samples and his ill-gotten money, even though revealing what he's done could potentially send him to prison. Tony meets with his former boss and confesses; his former boss is moved by his willingness to admit his wrongdoing and make amends, and decides not to press charges. Tony begins to show an interest in his daughter's jump-roping skills and offers to participate with her and her friends in the upcoming double Dutch competition at the local community center. Tony and his daughter's team takes second place in the competition, creating a new bond between him and his daughter.


title: War Room (film)

text: Elizabeth successfully sells Miss Clara's house to a retired pastor who realizes someone has been praying in the closet. Shortly afterwards, Tony is offered a job as the director of the community center. Although the pay is only half of what he used to make, he realizes that with the income from this new job combined with Elizabeth picking up some extra work, the family can make a budget and survive.


title: War Room (film)

text: For this film, Alex and Stephen Kendrick decided to move away from Sherwood Pictures, the church-based film production company which had previously produced their films. In part the brothers left because they felt that the movie-making was distracting from other parts of the church's ministry, with Alex telling "The Hollywood Reporter" that they felt "We were the elephant in the room." Instead, the brothers produced the film through FaithStep Films and released it through Sony Pictures. Regarding the title of the film, director Kendrick says "We called it <nowiki>'</nowiki>"War Room" because, like the military, we should seek God for the right strategy before going into combat. By combat, I mean daily issues we face in our culture." The brothers got their inspiration from prayer, with Alex stating that he believes even the idea of a war room was given to them by God.


title: War Room (film)

text: Principal photography took place over a three-month period during the summer of 2014 in several North Carolina locations, including Charlotte, Kannapolis, Concord, Hickory and Birkdale Village in Huntersville. At Oakwood Cemetery in Concord, two different scenes set 40 years apart were filmed. Through special effects, the Charlotte skyline, larger trees and some additional headstones were added.


title: War Room (film)

text: Initial plans had the main characters being white; however, Alex began having dreams about a predominantly African-American cast and, believing that God was trying to tell him something, the brothers switched the characters to make it more in line with Alex's dream. Early on, Sony expressed some concerns over a film with a mostly African-American cast produced by a white-led production company, but the brothers stuck to the premise.


title: War Room (film)

text: Several characters in the film are African-American and being released only months after the Charleston church shooting, those involved with the film say they don't believe that the timing of the film's release is a coincidence. According to director Kendrick, when Affirm Films first saw the film, they said, "If this had been told with a different race, it would be a different movie."


title: War Room (film)

text: Stallings, who plays a major role in the film, says, "There are many people out there—white and black—who stay with their families and work through their problems. They aren’t thugs or gang leaders. "War Room" tells the truth about society by showing the reverse of that stereotype. Racial tension is dangerous and people are dying and a lot of us want to see that stopped. We protest and speak out and tweet out, but this problem is much bigger than human beings. This movie will give people a way to take these problems to the Lord and show them that prayer is the best weapon to fight back."


title: War Room (film)

text: Provident Label Group and Sony Music Entertainment released a soundtrack with music from and inspired by the film and the film's original motion picture score by Paul Mills. They were both released on August 7, 2015.


title: War Room (film)

text: "War Room" grossed $67.8 million in the United States and Canada and $6.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $74 million, against a production budget of $3 million.


title: War Room (film)

text: "War Room" made an estimated $600,000 from Thursday night shows, which began at 7 p.m. in 1,017 theaters. On its opening day, the film grossed $4 million. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $11.4 million, more than double initial projections, finishing second at the box office behind third-week number one holder "Straight Outta Compton" ($13.1 million) with only 1/3 the number of theaters and twice the gross revenue per theater.


title: War Room (film)

text: In its second weekend, the film finished first at the box office with $9.5 million, and became the first film to reach the number 1 spot at the North American box office with a gross of less than $10 million since "The Possession" reached number 1 in its second weekend with $9.31 million during the same weekend in 2012. Over its four-day Labor Day weekend, the film posted an 18% increase with a weekend total of $13.4 million from 1,526 screens. Regarding "War Room"s box office performance, CNN said "some might call it a faith-based David versus the secular Goliaths in the entertainment industry". It still ranked number 3 in its third week, increasing its screen count to 1,647 with revenue of $7.8 million (18% drop). It increased its screen count by 295, but dropped to sixth place to $6.2 million.


title: War Room (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 34% based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 4.70/10. Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 26 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a rare average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak-surveyed filmgoers gave the film a 73% "definite recommend".


title: War Room (film)

text: The "Los Angeles Times" called the film "more of a Bible study than anything else" and "so heavy on broad pulpit pounding that it’s challenging to get swept away by the story’s message." "The A.V. Club" called it "structurally listless and unimaginative", and said that it was "creepy to encourage women to believe the true source of their husbandly woes is Satan rather than an issue that probably needs to be discussed."


title: War Room (film)

text: Christian-focused publications gave it positive reviews, however. "The Christian Post" praised the film, calling it better than "Courageous" and "Fireproof". According to Crosswalk.com, "it comes as good news that "War Room" is a step up for the Kendricks, who continue to develop as filmmakers."


title: War Room (film)

text: "War Room" was released on Blu-ray, DVD, and Digital HD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on December 22, 2015. The film debuted in second place on the home video chart behind "Minions". The following week, "War Room" reached the top spot of the home video sales chart. , the film has made $48 million from home media sales.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Minangkabau people (; Indonesian or Malay: "Orang Minangkabau" or "Minangkabo"; Jawi: منڠكبو), also known as Minang, are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra, Indonesia. The Minangkabau's West Sumatran homelands was the seat of the Pagaruyung Kingdom, believed by early historians to have been the cradle of the Malay race, and the location of the Padri War (1821 to 1837).


title: Minangkabau people

text: Minangkabau are the ethnic majority in West Sumatra and Negeri Sembilan. Minangkabau are also a recognised minority in other parts of Indonesia as well as Malaysia, Singapore and the Netherlands.


title: Minangkabau people

text: There are several etymology of the term Minangkabau. While the word "kabau" undisputedly translates to "Water Buffalo", the word "minang" is traditionally known as a pinang fruit that people usually chew along the 'Sirih' leaves. But there is also a folklore that mention that term Minangkabau (Minangkabau: "Minang" Jawi script: منڠ) came from a popular legend that was derived from a territorial dispute between a people and a prince from a neighbouring region. To avoid a battle, the local people proposed a fight to the death between two water buffalo ("kabau") to settle the dispute. The prince agreed and produced the largest, meanest, most aggressive buffalo. The villagers on other hand produced a hungry baby calf with its small horns ground to be as sharp as knives. Seeing the adult buffalo across the field, the calf ran forward, hoping for milk. The big buffalo saw no threat in the baby buffalo and paid no attention to it, looking around for a worthy opponent. But when the baby thrust his head under the big bull's belly, looking for an udder, the sharpened horns punctured and killed the bull giving the villagers their victory ("menang", hence "minang kabau": "victors of the buffalo" which eventually became "Minangkabau"). That legend, however, is known to be a mere tale and that the word "minang" is too far from the word "menang" which means 'win'.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The legend however has its rebuttals as the word 'minang' refers to the consumption of areca nut ("pinang"), yet there hasn't been any popular explanation on the word 'minang' that relates the aforementioned action to the word for "water buffalo".


title: Minangkabau people

text: The first mention of the name Minangkabau as Minanga Tamwan, is in the late 7th century Kedukan Bukit inscription, describing Sri Jayanasa sacred journey from Minanga Tamwan accompanied with 20.000 soldiers heading to Matajap and conquering several areas in the southern of Sumatra.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The Minangkabau language is a member of the Austronesian language family, and is closest to the Malay language, though when the two languages split from a common ancestor and the precise historical relationship between Malay and Minangkabau culture is not known. Until the 20th century the majority of the Sumatran population lived in the highlands. The highlands are well suited for human habitation, with plentiful fresh water, fertile soil, a cool climate, and valuable commodities. It is probable that wet rice cultivation evolved in the Minangkabau Highlands long before it appeared in other parts of Sumatra, and predates significant foreign contact.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Adityawarman, a follower of Tantric Buddhism with ties to the Singhasari and Majapahit kingdoms of Java, is believed to have founded a kingdom in the Minangkabau highlands at Pagaruyung and ruled between 1347 and 1375. The establishment of a royal system seems to have involved conflict and violence, eventually leading to a division of villages into one of two systems of tradition, "Bodi-Caniago system" based on Adat Perpatih and "Koto-Piliang system" based on Adat Temenggung, the latter having overt allegiances to royalty. By the 16th century, the time of the next report after the reign of Adityawarman, royal power had been split into three recognised reigning kings. They were the King of the World ("Raja Alam"), the King of Adat ("Raja Adat"), and the King of Religion ("Raja Ibadat"), and collectively they were known as the Kings of the Three Seats ("Rajo Tigo Selo"). The Minangkabau kings were charismatic or magical figures, but did not have much authority over the conduct of village affairs.


title: Minangkabau people

text: It was around the 16th century that Islam started to be adopted by the Minangkabau. The first contact between the Minangkabau and western nations occurred with the 1529 voyage of Jean Parmentier to Sumatra. The Dutch East India Company first acquired gold at Pariaman in 1651, but later moved south to Padang to avoid interference from the Acehnese occupiers. In 1663 the Dutch agreed to protect and liberate local villages from the Acehnese in return for a trading monopoly, and as a result setup trading posts at Painan and Padang. Until early in the 19th century the Dutch remained content with their coastal trade of gold and produce, and made no attempt to visit the Minangkabau highlands. As a result of conflict in Europe, the British occupied Padang from 1781 to 1784 during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, and again from 1795 to 1819 during the Napoleonic Wars.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Late in the 18th century the gold supply which provided the economic base for Minangkabau royalty began to be exhausted. Around the same time other parts of the Minangkabau economy had a period of unparalleled expansion as new opportunities for the export of agricultural commodities arose, particularly with coffee which was in very high demand. A civil war started in 1803 with the "Padri" fundamentalist Islamic group in conflict with the traditional syncretic groups, elite families and Pagaruyung royals. As a result of a treaty with a number of penghulu and representatives of the Minangkabau royal family, Dutch forces made their first attack on a Padri village in April 1821. The first phase of the war ended in 1825 when the Dutch signed an agreement with the Padri leader Tuanku Imam Bonjol to halt hostilities, allowing them to redeploy their forces to fight the Java War. When fighting resumed in 1832, the reinforced Dutch troops were able to more effectively attack the Padri. The main centre of resistance was captured in 1837, Tuanku Imam Bonjol was captured and exiled soon after, and by the end of the next year the war was effectively over.


title: Minangkabau people

text: With the Minangkabau territories now under the control of the Dutch, transportation systems were improved and economic exploitation was intensified. New forms of education were introduced, allowing some Minangkabau to take advantage of a modern education system. The 20th century marked a rise and cultural and political nationalism, culminating in the demand for Indonesian independence. Later rebellions against the Dutch occupation occurred such as the 1908 Anti-Tax Rebellion and the 1927 Communist uprising. During World War II the Minangkabau territories were occupied by the Japanese, and when the Japanese surrendered in August 1945 Indonesia proclaimed independence. The Dutch attempts to regain control of the area were ultimately unsuccessful and in 1949 the Minangkabau territories became part of Indonesia as the province of Central Sumatra.


title: Minangkabau people

text: In February 1958, dissatisfaction with the centralist and communist-leaning policies of the Sukarno administration triggered a revolt which was centred in the Minangkabau region of Sumatra, with rebels proclaiming the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) in Bukittinggi. The Indonesian military invaded West Sumatra in April 1958 and had recaptured major towns within the next month. A period of guerrilla warfare ensued, but most rebels had surrendered by August 1961. In the years following, West Sumatra was like an occupied territory with Javanese officials occupying most senior civilian, military and police positions. The policies of centralisation continued under the Suharto regime. The national government legislated to apply the Javanese "desa" village system throughout Indonesia, and in 1983 the traditional Minangkabau "nagari" village units were split into smaller "jorong" units, thereby destroying the traditional village social and cultural institutions. In the years following the downfall of the Suharto regime decentralisation policies were implemented, giving more autonomy to provinces, thereby allowing West Sumatra to reinstitute the "nagari" system.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The traditional historiography of the Minangkabau tells of the development of the Minangkabau World ("alam Minangkabau") and its "adat". These stories are derived from an oral history which was transmitted between generations before the Minangkabau had a written language. The first Minangkabau are said to have arrived by ship and landed on Mount Marapi when it was no bigger than the size of an egg, which protruded from a surrounding body of water. After the waters receded the Minangkabau proliferated and dispersed to the slopes and valleys surrounding the volcano, a region called the "darek". The "darek" is composed of three "luhak" – Tanah Datar, Agam and Limapuluh Koto. The "tambo" claims the ship was sailed by a descendant of Alexander the Great ("Iskandar Zulkarnain").


title: Minangkabau people

text: A division in Minangkabau "adat" into two systems is said to be the result of conflict between two half-brothers Datuak Katumangguangan and Datuak Parpatiah nan Sabatang, who were the leaders who formulated the foundations of Minangkabau "adat". The former accepted Adityawarman, a prince from Majapahit, as a king while the latter considered him a minister, and a civil war ensued. The Bodi Caniago/Adat perpatih system formulated by Datuak Parpatiah nan Sabatang is based upon egalitarian principles with all "panghulu" (clan chiefs) being equal while the Koto Piliang /Adat Katumangguangan system is more autocratic with there being a hierarchy of "panghulu". Each village ("nagari") in the "darek" was an autonomous "republic", and governed independently of the Minangkabau kings using one of the two "adat" systems. After the "darek" was settled, new outside settlements were created and ruled using the Koto Piliang system by "rajo" who were representatives of the king.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Minangkabau have large corporate descent groups, but they traditionally reckon descent matrilineally. A young boy, for instance, has his primary responsibility to his mother's and sisters' clans. It is considered "customary" and ideal for married sisters to remain in their parental home, with their husbands having a sort of visiting status. Not everyone lives up to this ideal, however. In the 1990s, anthropologist Evelyn Blackwood studied a relatively conservative village in Sumatra Barat where only about 22 percent of the households were "matrihouses", consisting of a mother and a married daughter or daughters. Nonetheless, there is a shared ideal among Minangkabau in which sisters and unmarried lineage members try to live close to one another or even in the same house.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Landholding is one of the crucial functions of the "suku" (female lineage unit). Because Minangkabau men, like Acehnese men, often migrate to seek experience, wealth, and commercial success, the women's kin group is responsible for maintaining the continuity of the family and the distribution and cultivation of the land. These family groups, however, are typically led by a "penghulu" (headman), elected by groups of lineage leaders. With the agrarian base of the Minangkabau economy in decline, the suku—as a landholding unit—has also been declining somewhat in importance, especially in urban areas. Indeed, the position of penghulu is not always filled after the death of the incumbent, particularly if lineage members are not willing to bear the expense of the ceremony required to install a new penghulu.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The Minangkabau (in short Minang) are also known for their devotion to Islam. A dominant majority of both males and females pray five times a day, fast during the month of Ramadan, and express the desire to make the holy pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Each Minangkabau neighbourhood has a "Musalla", which means "a temporary place of prayer" in Arabic. In the neighbourhood "Musalla", men and women pray together, although separated into their respective gender-designated sections. A high percentage of women and girls wear the headscarf.


title: Minangkabau people

text: As early as the age of 7, boys traditionally leave their homes and live in a "surau" (traditionally: the house of men of a village where the boys learn from older men reading, reciting qur'an, simple math, and other survival skills) to learn religious and cultural (adat) teachings. At the surau during night time (after the Isyak prayers), these youngsters are taught the traditional Minankabau art of self-defence, which is Silek, or Silat in Malay. When they are teenagers, they are encouraged to leave their hometown to learn from schools or from experiences out of their hometown so that when they are adults they can return home wise and 'useful' for the society and can contribute their thinking and experience to run the family or "nagari" (hometown) when they sit as the member of 'council of maternal uncles and maternal granduncles' (ninik-mamak). This tradition has created Minang communities in many Indonesian cities and towns, which nevertheless are still tied closely to their homeland; a state in Malaysia named Negeri Sembilan especially is heavily influenced by Minang culture because Negeri Sembilan was originally Minangkabau's colony. By acquiring property and education through merantau experience, a young man can attempt to influence his own destiny in positive ways.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Increasingly, married couples go off on merantau; in such situations, the woman's role tends to change. When married couples reside in urban areas or outside the Minangkabau region and a Minang woman marries a non-Minang man, the woman will rely on the protection provided by the husband more than that of her council of uncles. Because in Minang culture marriage is merely a 'commitment of two people' and not at all a 'union', there is no stigma attached to divorce. The Minangkabau were prominent among the intellectual figures in the Indonesian independence movement. Not only were they strongly embedded themselves surrounding Islamic traditions – which counteracted the influence of the Protestant Dutch – they also had a sense of cultural pride just as like every other Sumatran especially with their traditional belief of egalitarianism of "Standing as tall, sitting as low" (that no body stand or sit on an increased stage). They also speak a language closely related to the Malay variant spoken in newly formed Indonesia, which was considerably freer of hierarchical connotations than Javanese. The tradition of merantau also meant that the Minangkabau developed a cosmopolitan bourgeoisie that readily adopted and promoted the ideas of an emerging nation-state. Due to their culture that stresses the importance of learning, Minang people are over-represented in the educated professions in Indonesia, with many ministers from Minang.


title: Minangkabau people

text: "Adat" derives in part from the ancient animist and buddhist belief system of the Minangkabau, which existed before the arrival of Islam to Sumatra. When precisely the religion spread across the island and was adopted by the Minangkabau is unclear, though it probably arrived in West Sumatra around the 16th century. It is "adat" that guides matrilineal inheritance, and though it seems that such a tradition might conflict with the precepts of Islam, the Minangnese insist that it does not. To accommodate both, the Minangkabau make a distinction between high and low inheritance. "High inheritance" is the property, including the home and land, which passes among women. "Low inheritance" is what a father passes to his children out of his professional earnings. This latter inheritance follows Islamic law, a complex system which dictates, in part, that sons get twice as much as daughters.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Traditional Minangkabau music includes "saluang jo dendang" which consists of singing to the accompaniment of a bamboo flute, and gong-chime music. Dances include the (plate dance), "tari payung" (umbrella dance), "tari indang" (also known as or ), and "tari pasambahan". Demonstrations of the martial art are performed. "Pidato adat" are ceremonial orations performed at formal occasions.


title: Minangkabau people

text: "Randai" is a folk theatre tradition which incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the "silat" martial art. "Randai" is usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals, and complex stories may span a number of nights. It is performed as a theatre-in-the-round to achieve an equality and unity between audience members and the performers. "Randai" performances are a synthesis of alternating martial arts dances, songs, and acted scenes. Stories are delivered by the acting and singing and are mostly based upon Minangkabau legends and folktales. "Randai" originated early in the 20th century out of fusion of local martial arts, storytelling and other performance traditions. Men originally played male and female characters in the story but, since the 1960s, women have participated.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Particular Minangkabau villages specialise in cottage industries producing handicrafts such as woven sugarcane and reed purses, gold and silver jewellery using filigree and granulation techniques, woven songket textiles, wood carving, embroidery, pottery, and metallurgy.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The staple ingredients of the Minangkabau diet are rice, fish, coconut, green leafy vegetables and chili. Meat is mainly limited to special occasions, and beef and chicken are most commonly used. Pork is not "halal" and not consumed, while lamb, goat and game are rarely consumed for reasons of taste and availability. Spiciness is a characteristic of Minangkabau food: The most commonly used herbs and spices are chili, turmeric, ginger and galangal. Vegetables are consumed two or three times a day. Fruits are mainly seasonal, although fruits such as banana, papaya and citrus are continually available.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Three meals a day are typical with lunch being the most important, except during the fasting month of Ramadan when lunch is not eaten. Meals commonly consist of steamed rice, a hot fried dish and a coconut milk dish, with a little variation from breakfast to dinner. Meals are generally eaten from a plate using the fingers of the right hand. Snacks are more frequently eaten by people in urban areas than in villages. Western food has had little impact upon Minangkabau consumption and preference.


title: Minangkabau people

text: "Rendang" is a dish which is considered to be a characteristic of Minangkabau culture; it is cooked 4–5 times a year. This particular dish is one of the world's renowned dish, especially after crowned the Best Food in CNN's World's 50 Best Foods in 2011 and 2017 by a CNN poll. Other characteristic dishes include "Asam Padeh", "Soto Padang", "Sate Padang", "Dendeng Balado" (beef with chili sauce).


title: Minangkabau people

text: Minangkabau food is popular among Indonesians and restaurants are present throughout Indonesia. "Nasi Padang" restaurants, named after the capital of West Sumatra, are known for placing a variety of Minangkabau dishes on a customer's table with rice and billing only for what is taken. "Nasi Kapau" is another restaurant variant which specialises in dishes using offal and tamarind to add a sourness to the spicy flavour.


title: Minangkabau people

text: (Minangkabau: 'big house') or (Minangkabau: 'spired roof house') are the traditional homes of the Minangkabau. The architecture, construction, internal and external decoration, and the functions of the house reflect the culture and values of the Minangkabau. A serves as a residence, a hall for family meetings, and for ceremonial activities. The "rumah gadang" is owned by the women of the family who live there – ownership is passed from mother to daughter.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The houses have dramatic curved roof structures with multi-tiered, upswept gables. They are also well distinguished by their rooflines which curve upward from the middle and end in points, in imitation of the upward-curving horns of the water buffalo that supposedly eked the people their name (i.e. "victors of the buffalo"). Shuttered windows are built into walls incised with profuse painted floral carvings. The term usually refers to the larger communal homes, however, smaller single residences share many of its architectural elements.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Minangkabau culture has a long history of oral traditions. One is the (ceremonial orations) which are performed by clan chiefs () at formal occasions such as weddings, funerals, adoption ceremonies, and inaugurations. These ceremonial orations consist of many forms including , aphorisms (), proverbs (), religious advice (, parables (), two-line aphorisms (), and similes ().


title: Minangkabau people

text: Minangkabau traditional folktales ("kaba") consist of narratives that present the social and personal consequences of either ignoring or observing the ethical teachings and the norms embedded in the "adat". The storyteller () recites the story in poetic or lyrical prose while accompanying himself on a .


title: Minangkabau people

text: A theme in Minangkabau folktales is the central role mothers and motherhood has in Minangkabau society, with the folktales "Rancak di Labuah" and "Malin Kundang" being two examples. "Rancak di Labuah" is about a mother who acts as teacher and adviser to her two growing children. Initially her son is vain and headstrong and only after her perseverance does he become a good son who listens to his mother. "Malin Kundang" is about the dangers of treating your mother badly. A sailor from a poor family voyages to seek his fortune, becoming rich and marrying. After refusing to recognise his elderly mother on his return home, being ashamed of his humble origins, he is cursed and dies when a storm ensues and turn him along with his ship to stone. The said stone is in Air Manis beach and is known by locals as "batu Malin Kundang".


title: Minangkabau people

text: Other popular folktales also relate to the important role of the woman in Minangkabau society. In the "Cindua Mato" epic the woman is the source of wisdom, while in the "Sabai nan Aluih" she is more a doer than a thinker. "Cindua Mato" (Staring Eye) is about the traditions of Minangkabau royalty. The story involves a mythical Minangkabau queen, Bundo Kanduang, who embodies the behaviours prescribed by "adat". Cindua Mato, a servant of the queen, uses magic to defeat hostile outside forces and save the kingdom. "Sabai nan Aluih" (The genteel Sabai) is about a girl named Sabai who avenges the murder of her father by a powerful and evil ruler from a neighbouring village. After her father's death, her cowardly elder brother refuses to confront the murderer and so Sabai decides to take matters into her own hands. She seeks out the murderer and shoots him in revenge.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The Minangkabau are the largest matrilineal society in the world, with property, family name and land passing down from mother to daughter, while religious and political affairs are the responsibility of men, although some women also play important roles in these areas. This custom is called Lareh Bodi-Caniago and is known as adat perpatih in Malaysia. Today 4.2 million Minangs live in the homeland of West Sumatra.


title: Minangkabau people

text: As one of the world's most populous (as well as politically and economically influential) matrilineal ethnicities, Minangkabau gender dynamics have been extensively studied by anthropologists. The "adat" (Minangkabau: "Adaik") traditions have allowed Minangkabau women to hold a relatively advantageous position in their society compared to most patriarchal societies, because though they do not rule, they are at the center of their society.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The Minangkabau language ("Baso Minangkabau") is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayic linguistic subgroup, which in turn belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch. The Negri Sembilan dialect of Malay used by people in the aforementioned state is closely related to it due to the fact many of the population are descendants of Minangkabau immigrants.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The language has a number of dialects and sub-dialects, but native Minangkabau speakers generally have no difficulty understanding the variety of dialects. The differences between dialects are mainly at the phonological level, though some lexical differences also exist. Minangkabau dialects are regional, consisting of one or more villages (), and usually correspond to differences in customs and traditions. Each sub-village () has its own sub-dialect consisting of subtle differences which can be detected by native speakers. The Padang dialect has become the lingua franca for people of different language regions.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The Minangkabau society has a diglossia situation, whereby they use their native language for everyday conversations, while the Malay language is used for most formal occasions, in education, and in writing, even to relatives and friends. The Minangkabau language was originally written using the Jawi script, an adapted Arabic alphabet. Romanization of the language dates from the 19th century, and a standardised official orthography of the language was published in 1976.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Despite widespread use of Malay in both Malaysia and Indonesia, they do have their own mother tongue; the Minangkabau language shares many similar words with Malay, yet it has a distinctive pronunciation and some grammatical differences rendering it unintelligible to Malay speakers.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Prior to conversion to Islam, Buddhism, especially Tantric Buddhism was popular in the region. Buddhism in central Sumatra is attested by the Padang Roco Inscription, which states that an Avalokiteśvara was brought from Java to Dharmasraya, and this act brought great happiness to the people. Influential Buddhist kingdoms thrived in the area, including the Pagaruyung Kingdom and Melayu Kingdom.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Animism had also been an important component of Minangkabau culture. Even after the penetration of Islam into Minangkabau society in the 16th century, animistic beliefs were not extinguished. In this belief system, people were said to have two souls, a real soul and a soul which can disappear called the "semangat". "Semangat" represents the vitality of life and it is said to be possessed by all living creatures including animals and plants. An illness may be explained as the capture of the "semangat" by an evil spirit, and a shaman ("pawang") may be consulted to conjure invisible forces and bring comfort to the family. Sacrificial offerings can be made to placate the spirits, and certain objects such as amulets are used as protection.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Until the rise of the Padri movement late in the 18th century, Islamic practices such as prayers, fasting and attendance at mosques had been weakly observed in the Minangkabau highlands. The Padri were inspired by the Wahhabi movement in Mecca, and sought to eliminate societal problems such as tobacco and opium smoking, gambling and general anarchy by ensuring the tenets of the Koran were strictly observed. All Minangkabau customs allegedly in conflict with the Koran were abolished. Although the Padri were eventually defeated by the Dutch, during this period the relationship between "adat" and religion was reformulated. Previously "adat" (customs) were said to be based upon appropriateness and propriety, but this was changed so that "adat" was more strongly based upon Islamic precepts.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The Minangkabau strongly profess Islam while at the same time also following their ethnic traditions, or "adat". The Minangkabau "adat" was derived from Animist and Buddhist beliefs before the arrival of Islam. The present relationship between Islam and "adat" is described in the saying "traditions ["adat"] are founded upon the [Islamic] law, and the law founded upon the Qur'an" ("adat nan kawi', syara' nan lazim").


title: Minangkabau people

text: With the Minangkabau highlands being the heartland of their culture, and with Islam likely entering the region from coast it is said that "custom descended, religion ascended" ("adat manurun, syarak mandaki").


title: Minangkabau people

text: Over half of the Minangkabau people can be considered overseas Minangkabaus. They make up the majority of the population of Negeri Sembilan, Saribas (Sarawak) (in Malaysia) and Pekanbaru (in Indonesia). They also form a significant minority in the populations of Jakarta, Bandung, Medan, Batam, Surabaya and Palembang in Indonesia as well as Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam in the rest of the Malay world. Minangkabaus have also emigrated as skilled professionals and merchants to the Netherlands, United States, Saudi Arabia and Australia. In the overseas ("rantau"), they have a reputation for being shrewd merchants. The matrilineal culture and economic conditions in West Sumatra have made the Minangkabau people one of the most mobile ethnic group in Maritime Southeast Asia.


title: Minangkabau people

text: For most of the Minangkabau people, wandering is an ideal way to reach maturity and success; as a consequence, they exercised great influence in the politics of many kingdom and states in Maritime Southeast Asia. Overseas Minangkabau are also great influence developing Malaysian and Singaporean culture, mainly language, culinary, music, and martial art.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The Minangkabau are famous for their dedication to knowledge, as well as the widespread diaspora of their men throughout southeast Asia, the result being that Minangs have been disproportionately represented in positions of economic and political power throughout the region. The co-founder of the Republic of Indonesia, Mohammad Hatta, was a Minang, as were the first President of Singapore, Yusof bin Ishak, and the first Supreme Head of State or Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, Tuanku Abdul Rahman.


title: Minangkabau people

text: The Minangkabau are known as a society that places top priority in high education and thus they are widespread across Indonesia and foreign countries in a variety of professions and expertise such as politicians, writers, scholars, teachers, journalists, and businesspeople. Based on a relatively small population, Minangkabau is one of the most successful. According to "Tempo" magazine (2000 New Year special edition), six of the top ten most influential Indonesians of the 20th century were Minang. Three out of the four Indonesian founding fathers are Minangkabau people.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Many people of Minangkabau descent have held prominent positions in the Indonesian and Malay nationalist movements. In 1920–1960, the political leadership in Indonesian was replete with Minangkabau people, such as Mohammad Hatta a former Indonesian government prime minister and vice-president, Agus Salim a former Indonesian government minister, Tan Malaka international communist leader and founder of PARI and Murba, Sutan Sjahrir a former Indonesian government prime minister and founder of Socialist Party of Indonesia, Muhammad Natsir a former Indonesian government prime minister and founder of Masyumi, Assaat a former Indonesian president, and Abdul Halim a former Indonesian government prime minister. During the liberal democracy era, Minangkabau politician dominated Indonesian parliament and cabinets. They were diversely affiliated to all of the existing factions, such as Islamist, nationalist, socialist and communist.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Minangkabau writers and journalists have made significant contributions to modern Indonesian literature. These include authors Marah Roesli, Abdul Muis, Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, Idrus, Hamka, and Ali Akbar Navis; poets Muhammad Yamin, Chairil Anwar, and Taufik Ismail; and journalists Djamaluddin Adinegoro, Rosihan Anwar, and Ani Idrus. Many prominent Indonesian novels were written by Minangkabau writers and later influenced the development of modern Indonesian language.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Moreover, there are also significant number of Minangkabau people in the popular entertainment industry, such as movie directors Usmar Ismail and Nasri Cheppy; movie producer Djamaluddin Malik, screenwriter Arizal and Asrul Sani; actor and actress Soekarno M. Noer, Rano Karno, Camelia Malik, Eva Arnaz, Nirina Zubir, Titi Rajo Bintang, and Dude Herlino, as well as singers Fariz RM, Bunga Citra Lestari, Nazril Irham, Dorce Gamalama, Afgansyah Reza and Sherina Munaf


title: Minangkabau people

text: Nowadays, besides Chinese Indonesian, Minangkabau people have made significant contributions to Indonesia's economic activities. Minangkabau businessmen are also notable in hospitality sector, media industry, healthcare, publisher, automotive, and textile trading. Minangkabau businessmen also prominent in traditional Minangkabau cuisine restaurant chains in many cities of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Australia. Notable successes include Abdul Latief and Basrizal Koto.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Historically, Minangs had also settled outside West Sumatra, migrating as far as the south Philippines by the 14th century. Raja Bagindo was the leader of the forming polity in Sulu, Philippines, which later turned into the Sultanate of Sulu. The Minangkabaus migrated to the Malay peninsula in the 14th century and began to take control of the local politics. In 1773 Raja Melewar was appointed the first head of state of Negeri Sembilan.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Minangkabaus have filled many political positions in Malaysia and Singapore, namely the first President of Singapore, Yusof Ishak; the first Supreme Head of State ("Yang di-Pertuan Agong") of the Federation of Malaya, Tuanku Abdul Rahman; and many Malaysian government ministers, such as Aishah Ghani, Amirsham Abdul Aziz, Aziz Ishak, Ghazali Shafie, Rais Yatim and Khairy Jamaluddin. They are also great contributing on Malaysian and Singaporean socio-cultural, such as Zubir Said, who composed "Majulah Singapura" (the national anthem of Singapore); Wandly Yazid, the Singaporean musician; the Malaysian film director, U-Wei Haji Saari; the language expert, Zainal Abidin Ahmad; as well as business and economic activities, such as Mohamed Taib bin Haji Abdul Samad, Mokhzani Mahathir, Kamarudin Meranun and Tunku Tan Sri Abdullah.


title: Minangkabau people

text: Notable people of Minangkabau descent outside of Malay world include member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, Rustam Effendi; Ahmad Khatib, the imam (head) of the Shafi'i school of law at "Masjid al-Haram"; and Khatib's grandson Fouad Abdulhameed Alkhateeb as Saudi Arabian ambassador.


title: Customer

text: In sales, commerce, and economics, a customer (sometimes known as a client, buyer, or purchaser) is the recipient of a good, service, product or an idea - obtained from a seller, vendor, or supplier via a financial transaction or exchange for money or some other valuable consideration.


title: Customer

text: Early societies relied on a gift economy based on favours. Later, as commerce developed, less permanent human relations were formed, depending more on transitory needs rather than enduring social desires. Customers are generally said to be the purchasers of goods and services, while clients are those who receive personalized advice and solutions. Although such distinctions have no contemporary semantic weight, agencies such as law firms, film studios, and health care providers tend to prefer "client", while grocery stores, banks, and restaurants tend to prefer "customer" instead.


title: Customer

text: The term client is derived from Latin "clients" or "care" meaning "to incline" or "to bend", and is related to the emotive idea of closure. It is widely believed that people only change their habits when motivated by greed and fear. Winning a client is, therefore, a singular event, which is why professional specialists who deal with particular problems tend to attract long-term clients rather than regular customers. Unlike regular customers, who buy merely on price and value, long-term clients buy on experience and trust.


title: Customer

text: Clients who habitually return to a seller develop customs that allow for regular, sustained commerce that allows the seller to develop statistical models to optimize production processes (which change the nature or form of goods or services) and supply chains (which changes the location or formalizes the changes of ownership or entitlement transactions).


title: Customer

text: A customer may or may not also be a consumer, but the two notions are distinct. A customer "purchases" goods; a consumer "uses" them. An ultimate customer "may" be a consumer as well, but just as equally may have purchased items for someone else to consume. An intermediate customer is not a consumer at all. The situation is somewhat complicated in that ultimate customers of so-called "industrial" goods and services (who are entities such as government bodies, manufacturers, and educational and medical institutions) either themselves use up the goods and services that they buy, or incorporate them into other finished products, and so are technically consumers, too. However, they are rarely called that, but are rather called industrial customers or business-to-business customers. Similarly, customers who buy services rather than goods are rarely called consumers.


title: Customer

text: Six Sigma doctrine places (active) customers in opposition to two other classes of people: "not-"customers and "non-"customers:


title: Customer

text: Geoff Tennant, a Six Sigma consultant from the United Kingdom, uses the following analogy to explain the difference: A supermarket's customer is the person buying milk at that supermarket; a not-customer buys milk from a competing supermarket, whereas a non-customer doesn't buy milk from supermarkets at all but rather "has milk delivered to the door in the traditional British way".


title: Customer

text: Tennant also categorizes customers in another way that is employed outwith the fields of marketing. While marketers, market regulation, and economists use the intermediate/ultimate categorization, the field of customer service more often categorizes customers into two classes:


title: Customer

text: Before the introduction of the notion of an internal customer, external customers were, simply, customers. Quality-management writer Joseph M. Juran popularized the concept, introducing it in 1988 in the fourth edition of his "Quality Control Handbook" . The idea has since gained wide acceptance in the literature on total quality management and service marketing; and many organizations recognize the customer satisfaction of internal customers as a precursor to, and a prerequisite for, external customer satisfaction, with authors such as regarding service organizations which design products for internal customer satisfaction as better able to satisfy the needs of external customers. Research on the theory and practice of managing the internal customer continues in a variety of service-sector industries.


title: Customer

text: Leading authors in management and marketing, like Peter Drucker, Philip Kotler, W. Edwards Deming, etc., have not used the term "internal customer" in their works. They consider the "customer" as a very specific role in society which represents a crucial part in the relationship between the demand and the supply. Some of the most important characteristics of any customer are that: any customer is never in a subordination line with any supplier; any customer has equal positions with the supplier within negotiations, and any customer can accept or reject any offer for a service or a product. Peter Drucker wrote, "They are all people who can say no, people who have the choice to accept or reject what you offer."


title: Customer

text: In opposition to the stated customer's characteristics, relationships between colleagues in a company are always based on subordination – direct or indirect. Company employees are obliged to follow the processes of their companies. Company employees do not have the authority to choose a unit/colleague to fulfill any task. Company employees are obliged to use an existing unit/colleague by using the company's structure and approved processes, therefore these internal relationships are not considered as an option.


title: Customer

text: Many authors in ITIL and Six Sigma methodologies define "internal customer" as an internal part of a company that uses the output of another part of a company as its input. But actually, this definition describes better a classical internal process rather than a relationship between a customer and a supplier. Peter Drucker considers that there are no customers inside organizations. He wrote "Inside an organization, there are only cost centers. The only profit center is a customer whose check has not bounced." In addition, William Deming advises managers, in his 9th point, to "Break down barriers between departments. They must work as a team", which means that there have to be teamwork in a company rather than a supplier/customer relationship. One more argument, even the ITIL methodology admits that "the term 'colleague' may be more accurate in describing how two internal groups are related to one another.".


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: Love/Hate is an Irish dramatic television series broadcast on RTÉ Television. The show aired between 2010 and 2014 on RTÉ One and RTÉ Player. The show depicts fictional characters in Dublin's criminal underworld.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: The show is mostly filmed in Dublin, with some scenes shot in bordering counties. Since its release, it has grown in popularity with series 3 attracting close to one million viewers on several occasions.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: In November 2014, RTÉ stated that a sixth series would be made, but the show would be taking a year-long break in 2015. However, in November 2015, RTÉ stated that there were no longer plans to make a sixth series. In 2017, actor John Connors confirmed that production of "Love/Hate" had ceased and there would be no more seasons aired.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: The story is set in Dublin's criminal underworld. The first season introduced John Boy, criminal kingpin, and the four friends Darren, Nidge, Robbie and Tommy as members of his gang. The show has also featured Ruth Negga, Ruth Bradley, Killian Scott, and Chris Newman. The story focused on rivalries within the criminal milieu and the psychological effects of violence on the Darren character. It is directed by David Caffrey and produced by Simon Massey, Suzanne McAuley, and James Flynn. The first series began broadcasting on 3 October 2010 at 21:30. It was repeated on Thursday nights at 23:10 on RTÉ One and placed on the RTÉ Player for three weeks after broadcast. The second series began broadcasting on 6 November 2011 at 21:30.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: The fourth season began broadcasting on 6 October 2013. The opening episode of season four attracted 970,600 viewers on RTÉ One.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: Commissioned by RTÉ Drama, it is produced by Octagon Films. The producers are Simon Massey, Suzanne McAuley, and James Flynn. Shooting for the first series began on 12 October 2009. The show is written by Stuart Carolan and initially directed by David Caffrey. The director of photography is Donal Gilligan and the show was filmed on the RED camera, a digital cinema camera, now the Arri Alexa. The production designer is Stephen Daly and the costume designer is Aisling Wallace Byrne. The show is edited by Dermot Diskin.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: On 12 December 2011, RTÉ.ie reported that a third series was in development. On 17 January 2012 this was confirmed by RTÉ.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: On 18 December 2012, Irish Independent reported that "filming for the fourth series of Love/Hate is expected to get underway early in the New Year". The first episode of the fourth series was broadcast on 6 October 2013. In November 2013, RTÉ released Love/Hate season 4 on DVD.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: In September 2014, series 5 began airing on RTE1. it received high acclaim for its grittier storyline, something that some fans believed had been missing from the fourth series. The series finale was watched by over 1 million viewers and got rave reviews for ending it on a shocking cliffhanger, which included the killing of fan favourite Nidge. The show was officially cancelled in 2017 when John Connors confirmed there would be no more episodes produced, despite early reports that the show would return for a sixth series following a year long hiatus. The fifth series was released on DVD the day after the finale episode aired.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: The complete series is available to view in Ireland on the RTÉ Player. In the United Kingdom, seasons one and two aired on Scotland's ITV franchise, STV.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: RTÉ International and the programme's producers signed an international broadcasting deal with ITV Studios Global Entertainment. ITV Global will help market and distribute the show internationally.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: The series is expected to air on television in the US, with a broadcast date yet to be confirmed. Series 1–3 are now available to view via U.S. Netflix, which were added on 18 September 2013.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: Also in the United Kingdom season 1 and 2 have been purchased by Channel 5, giving the series a UK-wide broadcast. The first season aired on 24 July 2013. Series 2 was shown on UK freeview channel Spike, following a repeat run of the first series.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: In October 2013, it was announced that streaming company Netflix has bought the show and will make it available to its subscribers. The first three series have also been bought by TV markets in Brazil, Israel and Singapore joining Australia, New Zealand and South Korea.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: "Love/Hate" has been well received, and has won eight Irish Film & Television Awards (IFTA), seven of them in 2012. The second series was met with critical acclaim.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: On the eve of the third season, "The Irish Times" hailed the show as "the best drama RTÉ has produced."


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: "The Guardian" (UK) praised the show, comparing it to "The Wire" and "The Sopranos", saying "what makes Love/Hate distinctive is the way in which the scripts ... [root] the mobster genre in the trends and tensions of contemporary Irish culture."


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: The programme has attracted criticism for its graphic and explicit portrayals of rape and its effects.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: An actor playing an undercover Garda (Kieran O'Reilly) was revealed to be a real member of the Garda National Drug Unit, leading to an internal Garda investigation. Gardaí are not prohibited from acting by the Garda Code. However, there was an inquiry into his appearance on the show.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: 970,600 viewers tuned in to watch the series four opener on 6 October 2013. while the Season finale on 10 November 2013 attracted over one million viewers.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: Each series of "Love/Hate" has been successful in garnering recognition and awards. The first series received the most nominations at the 8th Irish Film & Television Awards (IFTAs) in 2011, with Stuart Carolan winning Best Writer (Television). The series also won "Best TV Show" in the Listeners' End of Year Poll on "The Ian Dempsey Breakfast Show" in 2011.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: The second series received as many nominations at the 9th IFTAs the following year. It won seven awards including Best Drama, Best Director (David Caffrey), and Best Writer (Stuart Carolan). Other major awards went to Aidan Gillen (Actor in a Lead Role – Television), Tom Vaughan-Lawlor (Actor in a Supporting Role – Television), and Denise McCormack (Actress in a Supporting Role – Television).


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: It was once again a big winner at the 10th IFTAs in 2013 when the third series was nominated for eleven categories. It took home six awards including Best Drama, Best Director (David Caffrey), and Best Writer (Stuart Carolan). Tom Vaughan-Lawlor won his second successive acting award for his portrayal of gang leader Nigel "Nidge" Delaney. Charlie Murphy and Susan Loughnane won Best Actress (Television) and Best Supporting Actress (Television), respectively.


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: The fourth series received eight nominations at the 11th IFTAs in 2014, meaning that the franchise had garnered the most nominations at the awards ceremony for the fourth consecutive year. It won awards for Best Writer (Stuart Carolan) and Actor in a Supporting Role Television (Peter Coonan).


title: Love/Hate (TV series)

text: The fifth series was nominated for seven awards at the 12th IFTAs in 2015. It won Best Drama for the third time and Stuart Carolan took home Best Writer for the fifth consecutive year. Charlie Murphy won her second award for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Television Drama) for her portrayal of Siobhán Delaney.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Clark Air Base is a Philippine Air Force base on Luzon Island in the Philippines, located west of Angeles City, about northwest of Metro Manila. Clark Air Base was previously a United States military facility, operated by the U.S. Air Force under the aegis of Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) and their predecessor organizations from 1903 to 1991. The base covered with a military reservation extending north that covered another .


title: Clark Air Base

text: The base was a stronghold of the combined Philippine and American forces during the final months of World War II and a backbone of logistical support during the Vietnam War until 1975. Following the departure of American forces in 1991 due to the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, the base became the site of Clark International Airport, as well as the Clark Freeport Zone and the Air Force City of the Philippine Air Force.


title: Clark Air Base

text: In April 2016, an Air Contingent of USAF A-10s and HH-60s was deployed from U.S. air bases in Pyeongtaek and Okinawa to Clark. The Air Contingent was composed of five A-10C Thunderbolt IIs from the 51st Fighter Wing, Osan AB, South Korea; three HH-60G Pave Hawks from the 18th Wing, Kadena AB, Japan; and approximately 200 personnel deployed from multiple Pacific Air Force units. The primary mission of the contingent appears to be to patrol disputed South China Sea islands, "to provide greater and more transparent air and maritime domain awareness to ensure safety for military and civilian activities in international waters and airspace." The air contingent builds upon previous deployments by U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidon aircraft to Clark.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Clark Air Base was originally established as Fort Stotsenburg in Sapang Bato, Angeles, Pampanga in 1903 under control of the U.S. Army. A portion of Fort Stotsenburg was officially set aside for the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps and named Clark Field in September 1919 after Harold M. Clark. Clark later served as a landing field for U.S. Army Air Corps medium bombers and accommodated half of the heavy bombers stationed in the Philippines during the 1930s. It was very large for an air field of its day, and in the late summer and fall of 1941, many aircraft were sent to Clark in anticipation of a war with Imperial Japan. However, most of them were destroyed on the ground during an air raid nine hours after the Pearl Harbor attack.


title: Clark Air Base

text: The base was overrun by Japanese forces in early January 1942 and became a major center for Japanese air operations. Japanese aircraft flying out of Clark participated in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle of the Second World War.


title: Clark Air Base

text: During the war, the Allied prisoners on the Bataan Death March passed by the main gate of Clark Air Base as they followed the railway tracks north towards Camp O'Donnell. Clark Air Base was recaptured by Americans in January 1945, after three months of fierce fighting to liberate the Philippines. It was immediately returned to U.S. Army Air Forces control.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Clark grew into a major American air base during the Cold War, it being launching pad for Korean War and serving as an important logistics hub during the Vietnam War. Before extensive damage from the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption of 1991, the Philippine government offered to renew the leases on Clark, Subic and a handful of smaller bases for $825 million annually. After the volcanic eruption, the U.S. offered about $200 million annually and only for Subic; the lease for Clark was not renewed.


title: Clark Air Base

text: In November 1991, the United States Air Force lowered the U.S. flag and transferred Clark Air Base to the Philippine government. With the United States military's withdrawal from Clark, the base was systematically looted by the local population and was left abandoned for several years. It finally became the Clark Freeport Zone, the site of Clark International Airport (CIA) and parts of it are still owned and operated by the Philippine Air Force, retaining the same name, Clark Air Base.


title: Clark Air Base

text: In June 2012, the Philippine government, under pressure from Chinese claims to their seas, agreed to the return of American military forces to Clark.


title: Clark Air Base

text: During much of the Cold War, Clark Air Base's activity largely revolved around the 405th Fighter Wing, later renumbered as the 3rd Tactical Fighter Wing in September 1974 and its fleet of F-4 Phantom II fighter jets. It also hosted an interceptor squadron and a flight school, all of which flew a variety of other combat aircraft. Transient aircraft of many types, especially cargo jets, were common.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Fighter planes regularly visited to participate in aerial warfare exercises at Crow Valley about to the northwest. In November 1973, headquarters for the 374th Tactical Airlift Wing was transferred from Ching Chuan Kang Air Base, Taiwan, to Clark Air Base. With this move came two squadrons of C-130E transport aircraft, the 21st Tactical Airlift Squadron and the 776th Tactical Airlift Squadron.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Clark was served regularly by cargo and passenger flights to and from Andersen AFB, Guam; Kadena AB, Japan; Diego Garcia; Jakarta, Indonesia; Bangkok and Ubon Thailand; and Saigon, South Vietnam (until 1975). During the 1970s, passengers arrived via Trans International Douglas DC-8 and Braniff International DC-8s (the Pickle and the Banana) flights from Travis AFB, California (via Honolulu and Guam).


title: Clark Air Base

text: By 1980, the base had grown to such an extent that weekly Flying Tigers Boeing 747 service to St. Louis (via Kadena AB Japan; Anchorage; and Los Angeles) had begun. The 747 service was taken over by Tower Air sometime in the late 1980s and was augmented with a weekly Hawaiian Airlines L-1011 or Douglas DC-8 to Guam-Honolulu-Los Angeles.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Clark Air Base was arguably the most urbanized military facility in history and was the largest American base overseas. At its peak around 1990, it had a permanent population of 15,000. It had a base exchange, large commissary, small shopping arcade, branch department store, cafeterias, teen centers, hotel, miniature golf, riding stables, zoo, and other concessions.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Angeles City bars were legendary, particularly around the red-light district on Fields Avenue. As a result, Clark's servicemen's clubs were under considerable pressure to serve its members with wholesome entertainment. All three were large-scale operations: the Officer's Club (CABOOM) near the parade ground, the Top Hat Club for non-commissioned officers (NCOs) near Lily Hill, which moved to near the Silver Wing in 1986, and the Coconut Grove Airmen Open Mess (AOM) housed in a large vaulted room that contained palm trees. The officer's club featured a four star dining room, but catered to NCO's during lunchtime. The airman's club got first dibs on Broadway shows and swing bands due to an agreement that whomever paid transportation costs got priority. The NCO club came second. The airman's club had numerous theme bars and rental girls for dance partners during swing band tenures on the large dance floor. The club security (bouncers) were outfitted in formal PI wear each evening of a different hue. The PI formal wear for men was lace shirts (the barong Tagalog) with French cuffs, traditional and very elegant. The volume of enlisted troops flowing through PI to Vietnam created a large audience for AOM offerings. The NCO Club was still a very extensive operation and operated an upscale dining room, an in-house thrift shop, a pinball arcade, and a calendar of daily activities. It regularly brought major bands and artists from the United States to perform.


title: Clark Air Base

text: At least a hundred sponsored clubs and organizations were active on the base, including the Knights of Columbus, a Latino American club, the Civil Air Patrol, and martial arts dojos. Two major movie theaters operated daily: the Bobbitt Theater which played first-run films, and the Kelly Theater which showed older releases. By 1988 the Kelly Theater ceased showing films and was used mainly for Commander's Calls and large squadron-sized meetings. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, movies were also shown at the Bamboo Bowl, the football stadium on base.


title: Clark Air Base

text: The Bamboo Bowl, later renamed Challenger Field, was used mainly for high school football games as the school did not have its own athletic field. In addition to high school football games, it also hosted recreational league football games for ages 8–18. The high school football teams were included as part of the recreational league. The base's sole high school, Wagner High, had multiple football teams. It was also used for the base's 11-man tackle football league, which not only included teams from Clark but from Subic Naval Base as well.


title: Clark Air Base

text: To keep the residents entertained at home, Clark had an active broadcast center called FEN, or Far East Network Philippines, a division of American Forces Network. A television station broadcast on Channel 8, then Channel 17 after 1981. It showed about 20 hours per day of syndicated programs from the "big three" networks in the United States, with local news and talk programs. The content was locally syndicated until 1983 when it began airing live programming by satellite from Los Angeles.


title: Clark Air Base

text: FEN had two 24-hour radio stations: an AM station which broadcast news and popular music, and stereo FM which was dedicated to easy-listening and classical music. Local Filipino TV also aired newer American shows than FEN did. Unlike the local TV stations in Europe, they were broadcast in the same format as American TV and not dubbed in Tagalog, the local language. Likewise, several American-styled radio stations in Manila were popular with Clark residents: one notable example in the 1980s was 99.5 DWRT-FM.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Two major annual events at Clark were the annual Chili Cookoff, held near the Silver Wing recreation center around September, and the Happening on the Green ("the HOG") in February. The HOG attracted thousands of residents. Amusements and rides were built and operated not only by Filipino entertainment contractors but also by individual Air Force units seeking to boost unit morale, showcase their talents, and raise unit funds.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Because of the warm climate and the large number of units, slow pitch softball tournaments were held quarterly. There were at least two gymnasiums, three walking/running tracks and seven softball fields on base. There were also tennis courts, a clubhouse with tennis merchandise, and tennis pros available for a couple of dollars per hour to hit with you at any time. They had a local tournament each year.


title: Clark Air Base

text: The 1969 novel "One to Count Cadence", by James Crumley, has its initial setting in an Army unit stationed at Clark Air Base, and has become the "Catch 22" novel of the Vietnam War.


title: Clark Air Base

text: The Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DoDDS) operated six schools at Clark Air Base, serving children from kindergarten to twelfth grade.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Clark was also home to several community colleges, namely the Pacific Far East Campus of Central Texas College. Most classes were held in the evenings at Wagner High School.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Climate at the base is characterized by two distinct seasons: a "dry season" from November through April, and a "rainy season" with monsoon rains that occur from May through October. During the dry season, winds are usually northeasterly and skies are fair. Some afternoon showers tend to appear by April. April brings the highest average temperatures of any month, though the hottest days of the year tend to occur in May. Due to the very dry state of vegetation at this time, ash and soot often falls on Clark Air Base as farmers burn their fields for planting. During drought years, wildfires occasionally broke out in the overgrown areas west of the golf course and northeast of the airfield.


title: Clark Air Base

text: Rainy season normally arrives during the month of June. July and August are wet, with many dark overcast days, and frequent afternoon and evening rains. Typhoons are common in late summer and fall, approaching from the east. They are rarely strong at Clark Air Base as the facilities are far inland, and the typhoon circulation is disrupted by the Sierra Madre mountain range on the east coast. Rain and typhoon activity diminishes sharply by November and December, when the dry season arrives once again. Temperatures are at their coolest, with nighttime lows sometimes falling to 64 °F (18 °C) or lower.


title: Clark Air Base

text: From 1953 to 1991, the mean daily low was and the mean daily high was , with April being warmest and January coolest. The average annual rainfall was .


title: Octopath Traveler: Champions of the Continent

text: Similar to the original "Octopath Traveler", the game plays as a traditional turn-based JRPG. However, unlike the original, it also has free to play and in-app purchase gameplay mechanics worked into the game flow. While the original game only allowed for four characters to participate in battles at a time, "Champions of the Continent" extends the battles to involve up to eight characters. Additionally, touchscreen controls, including swiping and tapping, were added to the prequel. The original game's "field command" system, which allowed the player to do actions such as stealing from NPCs was also retained.


text: The game serves as a prequel to the original "Octopath Traveler" game, taking place in the same fictional continent of Osterra. There are three story paths in the game, following Herminia the "Witch of Greed", Tytos the "Hero", and Auguste the "Playwright". The game features a new cast of playable characters, though some characters from the original game make appearances as well.


text: The game was first announced in March 2019, with a prospective release date of later in the same year. A sign-up list for an early demo for the game started in the same month. The game contains the same "HD-2D" art style created for the prior title. The series producer Tomoya Asano framed the game as stop-gap release for the series, noting that "everyone waiting for a new game on console, we're sorry, but production will take a little while longer, so in the meantime, we hope you can enjoy [the smartphone game]." The game was released in Japan on iOS and Android devices on October 28, 2020. A Western release was announced in February 2022 for release later in the year. It was released in the West in July 2022.


text: Commercially, the game performed well in Japan, with Square Enix reporting that it had been downloaded 3 million times in just 2 days. Reception to the title was mixed in the West. "USGamer" lamented that the game was unavailable on the Nintendo Switch like the original "Octopath Traveler", and disapproved of the notion of free to play game mechanics in a turn-based JRPG. "Destructoid" noted similar concern about how modern free to play mechanics would mesh with a traditional JRPG. Other outlets, such as IGN and TouchArcade, expressed hope that the game would eventually be localized.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: Tatiana Calderón Noguera (born 10 March 1993) is a Colombian racing driver who currently drives the No. 11 Dallara-Chevrolet car part-time for A. J. Foyt Enterprises in the 2022 IndyCar Series. Calderón previously drove for the Drago Corse with ThreeBond squad in the Super Formula Championship and for Richard Mille Racing in the FIA World Endurance Championship.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: Born into a family of car dealers, Calderón began racing go-karts at the age of nine, and was the first woman to win national karting championships in either Colombia or the United States. She progressed to car racing at the age of 17 in the Star Mazda Championship, taking two podiums in the 2011 season, a race victory in the 2014 Florida Winter Series, and was runner-up in the 2015–16 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship. Calderón was the first woman to stand on the podium in the British Formula 3 International Series and the first to lead a lap in the FIA Formula 3 European Championship. From 2016 to 2018, she competed in the GP3 Series and later the 2019 FIA Formula 2 Championship. Calderón was employed by the Sauber Formula One team (later Alfa Romeo Racing) as a development and test driver from 2018 to 2021.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: Calderón was born in Colombia's capital of Bogotá on 10 March 1993 to Alberto Calderón Palau and María Clara Noguera Calderón. Alberto is the first cousin of Juan Manuel Santos, a former President of Colombia, and María is the daughter of Rodrigo Noguera Laborde, the co-founder of the Sergio Arboleda University. Her parents operate a Kia Motors dealership in Bogotá. Calderón has an older sister named Paula, who co-manages the career of her younger sibling with former driver Fernando Plata, and a younger brother, Felipe. She was educated at Colegio Helvetia in Bogotá from 1997 to 2011, learning English and German, along with her native Spanish, and accommodated her racing with her education, sometimes having to miss weeks of school. Calderón played football, tennis, field hockey, golf, and tried horse riding before settling on motor racing at the age of nine. Since 2012, she has lived in the Spanish capital of Madrid.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: Calderón was four years old when she had her first experience of driving in the streets of Bogotá sitting on her father's lap and holding the steering wheel of the family car. She was introduced to racing by her sister, and aged nine began driving go-karts visiting a rental race track north of Bogotá in the city's 170th street close to the family home with Paula and some of her friends. The two siblings went to the track every night after school and during the weekends. Around the age of ten Calderón began seriously considering a possible motor racing career. She persuaded her father greatly to purchase a green go-kart and a 50cc motorcycle for use on a personal basis on her family's farm and he educated her on racing's mechanical aspects. Calderón's mother tried to sway her away from racing because she believed it was too dangerous, though she later supported her daughter's career choice on the condition she maintained good grades in school. Calderón was inspired by Juan Pablo Montoya's achievements and Ayrton Senna, a three-time Formula One World Champion.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: As she began winning races, Calderón was regularly rammed by her male rivals, forcing her to retaliate in response to demonstrate that she was undeterred by them. In the 2005 season, she won the EasyKart National Championship, making her the first woman to win a Colombian national karting title. The following year, she was runner-up in the EasyKart National Championship, took third in the Stars of Karting Este Division and was the Rotax Junior Division champion of the Colombian Kart Championship. Calderón drove her first racing car at age 14, sharing a Kia Picanto with her sister Paula. Around this time, the owners of her local go-kart track later allowed her to drive a professional four-stroke go-kart after she began winning races. In 2008, she became the first woman to win the Snap-On-Stars of Karting Divisional Championship-JICA Eastern Championship and the IAME International Challenge series. The former achievement made Calderón the first woman champion of a national American karting series.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: After winning the Snap-On-Stars of Karting Divisional Championship-JICA Eastern Championship, she told her parents of her decision to focus on racing and not enroll at university. Calderón had more success in 2009 when she made her sports car debut, coming second in the Radical European Master Series – SR5 with one victory and ten podium finishes, accruing 240 points for the PoleVision team. She finished second in that year's Colombian Rotax Senior Max Challenge. Aged 17, Calderón moved into open-wheel racing, driving in the Star Mazda Championship (part of the Road to Indy programme) in 2010 for Juncos Racing in its 25 car. She had five top-ten finishes, with a best of seventh in the first Autobahn Country Club race. In 13 races, Calderón finished with 320 points for a final championship position of 10th. She also won the Colombian Rotax Championship that year.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: Calderón joined the Derek Daly Academy driver development programme in early 2011 after reading a book authored by Daly. While Daly advised Calderón and helped her to transition to driving more powerful cars, she stayed with Juncos Racing for the 2011 Star Mazda Championship and changed her car number to 10. Calderón took two third-place finishes at Barber Motorsports Park and Canadian Tire Motorsport Park. These results made her the first woman to mount the podium in Star Mazda Championship history. Her final championship position was sixth with 322 points scored. Calderón entered the final three rounds of the 2011 European F3 Open Championship for Team West-Tec in October, scoring three points by finishing eighth in the second Circuit de Catalunya race, placing 21st in the drivers' standings.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: She entered into discussions to compete in Indy Lights for the 2012 season but she declined due to her and her father's dislike of oval tracks. Around this time, Calderón began working with racer Andy Soucek to better her driving ability. That year, she raced the entire 2012 European F3 Open Championship with EmiliodeVillota Motorsport with team owner Emilio de Villota as her race engineer. Calderón finished the season with eight top-ten finishes for ninth in the championship and 56 points scored. In October, she drove the final two weekends of the 2012 Formula Renault 2.0 Alps Series for AV Formula, scoring no points to place 33rd in the standings. Two months later, Calderón flew to Colombia to enter the 6 Hours of Bogotá in a No. 91 Radical car that she shared with Juan Camilo Acosta, Juan Esteban García and Luis Carlos Martínez, finishing third overall and second in class.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: For the 2013 season, she joined Double R Racing for both the FIA Formula 3 European Championship and the British Formula 3 International Series. Before that, Calderón entered the five-round, fifteen-race New Zealand-based Toyota Racing Series with ETEC Motorsport as the series' sole woman driver. That year, she became the first woman to stand on the overall podium in British Formula 3 history with a third-place finish at the Nürburgring round. She scored no points in the European series, in part because of tyre issues, and Double R Racing's inexperience competing in the championship. In July, Calderón finished 20th in the Masters of Formula 3 at Circuit Zandvoort. In late October, she tested an Auto GP car in a two-day test session at the Circuito de Jerez. She made a guest appearance for EmiliodeVillota Motorsport in the season-ending European F3 Open Championship round at the Circuit de Catalunya but was ineligible to score points.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: During the 2014 Florida Winter Series Calderón won her first open-wheel race at Sebring International Raceway. She finished fifth in the championship standings with two more top five finishes. Not long after, Calderón returned to Europe and entered the EuroFormula Open Winter series round at Circuit Paul Ricard, finishing fourth for EmiliodeVillota Motorsport. She had originally signed for Signature Team days before the 2014 FIA Formula 3 European Championship began; a lack of testing time and the misgivings of her being noncompetitive due to the car's under-powered engine led her to join Jo Zeller Racing. During the season, in which she was advised by Anthony Hamilton, the father of driver Lewis Hamilton, regular points-scoring finishes put her 15th in the drivers' standings. In November, Calderón became the first woman to contest the Macau Grand Prix since Cathy Muller in 1983, finishing 13th.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: In late 2014, driver Susie Wolff began to mentor and advise Calderón. She moved to Carlin for the 2015 FIA Formula 3 European Championship after testing with the team in December 2014. Calderón briefly led the rain-affected third race at Spa-Francorchamps, becoming the first woman to lead a series race. She scored no points to go unranked in the 33-race season. During the 2015–2016 season, Calderón drove in the MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship for MRF Racing, where she developed a reputation for risky overtaking because the cars' low downforce allowed them to run close together. She consistently finished in the top five, winning at the Dubai Autodrome and was runner-up to Pietro Fittipaldi in the points standings.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: Due to a regulation introduced by motorsport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, in late 2015 limiting drivers to three full seasons in European F3, Calderón was ineligible to enter the series for a fourth consecutive season. She instead contested the 2016 GP3 Series for Arden International and was the team's first woman driver in history. She had tested a World Series Formula V8 3.5 car with Pons Racing at Ciudad del Motor de Aragón in November 2015 before choosing GP3 two months later because it was faster. Calderón scored two points from tenth-place finishes at the Hockenheimring and the Autodromo Nazionale Monza for 21st in the drivers' championship. She was slow in qualifying, giving her an average starting position of 17th. Calderón was third at the Red Bull Ring and took 66 points for Teo Martín Motorsport and then RP Motorsport in six rounds of the Euroformula Open Championship. She was also a panellist on the Canal F1 Latin America show "Directo Fórmula".


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: At the end of 2016, Calderón was introduced to the Sauber Formula One team principal Monisha Kaltenborn and began working for Sauber as a development driver. In addition to continuing her GP3 schedule, she conducted tests in Sauber's simulator and joined the team at race weekends. Calderón switched teams from Arden to DAMS for the 2017 season. She had a best result of seventh at the Monza feature race and was eighth at the Circuto de Jerez to finish 18th in the drivers' championship with seven points. Calderón drove in the series-ending round of the World Series Formula V8 3.5 at Bahrain International Circuit in place of Damiano Fioravanti at RP Motorsport. She finished third in the second race, taking the first podium finish for a woman in the series.


title: Tatiana Calderón

text: She moved to Jenzer Motorsport for the 2018 GP3 Series after DAMS left the championship. A month later, Sauber made Calderón its test driver, spending time in the team's simulator and engineers coached her at its headquarters and race circuits. In GP3, her performance improved from 2017, scoring 11 points over seven races for a championship placing of 16th. After Calderón expressed her hope of testing for Sauber before the year was over, she drove the team's C37 in a promotional day at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez on 30 October, becoming the first Latin American woman to drive a Formula One car. Calderón drove a 2013 C32 car in a two-day test session at the Fiorano Circuit a month later. On 16 December, she tested the Techeetah DS E-TENSE FE19 electric car at the inaugural Formula E in-season test in Ad Diriyah, and drove it again in the series' rookie test at Marrakesh's Circuit International Automobile Moulay El Hassan on 13 January 2019.