title: It's Kind of a Funny Story (film)

text: In May 2006, Paramount Pictures and MTV Films acquired the film rights to the novel. Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to adapt the screenplay. The film was later placed in turnaround and bought by Focus Features.


title: It's Kind of a Funny Story (film)

text: Production began in New York City on November 30, 2009. Principal photography took about six weeks, ending on February 2, 2010. Scenes taking place in the fictional Executive Pre-Professional High School were shot at Poly Prep Country Day School in Brooklyn, while Woodhull Medical Center in Brooklyn stood in for Argenon Hospital.


title: It's Kind of a Funny Story (film)

text: As of May 13, 2010, the film completed editing. Canadian indie rock band Broken Social Scene worked on the score for the film.


title: It's Kind of a Funny Story (film)

text: The film was originally scheduled for a limited release in the United States on September 24, 2010. Focus Features later opted for a wide release of approximately 500 theaters across the US and a release date of October 8, 2010. The film premiered at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival.


title: It's Kind of a Funny Story (film)

text: To coincide with the film's release, Hyperion Books published a new edition of the novel, featuring photos from the film on the cover.


title: It's Kind of a Funny Story (film)

text: , the film holds a 57% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 136 reviews with an average rating of 6.00/10. The critics consensus states "It's amiable, and it does a surprisingly good job of sidestepping psych ward comedy clichés, but given its talented cast and directors, "It's Kind of a Funny Story" should be more than just mildly entertaining." On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 63, based on 33 reviews, which indicates "Generally favorable reviews".


title: It's Kind of a Funny Story (film)

text: Justin Chang of "Variety" wrote: "The filmmakers fully retain their offbeat sensibility and attentiveness to character while providing perhaps the sharpest showcase yet for Zach Galifianakis' outsized talents."


title: It's Kind of a Funny Story (film)

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote: "I don't blame you for backing off a movie that focuses on a suicidal teen who learns warm life lessons by spending five days in a Brooklyn hospital's psych ward. Stop worrying. "It's Kind of a Funny Story", based on Ned Vizzini's semiautobiographical novel, breaks the jinx."


title: It's Kind of a Funny Story (film)

text: Michael Rechtshaffen of "The Hollywood Reporter" called it "A dramatically inert, lethargic dramedy that isn't nearly as quirky and poignant as it perceives itself." Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" gave the film a negative review, saying "There's very little that's even kind of funny in It's Kind of a Funny Story, which can't accurately be described as a comedy but isn't a true drama, either."


title: James Garner filmography

text: James Garner (birth name Bumgarner 1928 – 2014) was an American actor, producer, race car driver and two-time recipient of the Purple Heart medal for his United States Army service during the Korean War. His paternal grandfather was a full-blooded Cherokee, making Garner one-quarter Cherokee. As a teenager living in Los Angeles, he became acquainted with future producer Paul Gregory, who was building a clientele base for his own talent agency at the time Garner was deployed to Korea. When Garner returned to civilian life, Gregory was producing a theatrical version of "The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial", directed by Charles Laughton, with Henry Fonda in the starring role. Gregory cast Garner in a non-speaking role as a member of the court. Afterwards, Garner began making the rounds of casting calls.


title: James Garner filmography

text: He rose to prominence as a contract player for Warner Bros. in the 1957 television show "Maverick" as the series initial lead character Bret Maverick. He would continue to be associated with the Maverick brand several times in his career, as his original character Bret Maverick in "The New Maverick" 1978 television film, briefly in the "Young Maverick" 1979 television series, and the "Bret Maverick" 1981–1982 television series. He appeared in the role of Marshal Zane Cooper in the "Maverick" 1994 feature-length film, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design.


title: James Garner filmography

text: During the same period that Garner was appearing in the "Maverick" 1957 television series, he branched out into feature-length Warner Bros. films. Eventually becoming dissatisfied with his financial situation in the original television series, he sued Warner Bros for breach of contract after they refused to pay him during a writer's strike. The court ruled in his favor, which freed him to build a new career as an independent performer. He formed Cherokee Productions in the 1960s with his talent agent and business partner Meta Rosenberg. As an independent producer, he was able to expand his entertainment goals irrespective of any one studio or distributor. Cherokee Productions created and produced the 1971–1972 television series "Nichols" and "The Rockford Files" 1974–1980. Numerous feature-length releases were generated by Cherokee Productions, including the 1969 "Support Your Local Sheriff!" and in 1971 "Support Your Local Gunfighter", both of which were parodies of the Western hero genre film.


title: James Garner filmography

text: Garner was nominated 12 times for Golden Globe Awards, with four wins. His performance as US Marine Capt. Mike Bailey in the 1956 drama "Sayonara" earned him the Most Promising Newcomer award (aka New Star of the Year) at the 15th Golden Globe Awards. His other three Golden Globe wins were in 1987 for "Promise", in 1991 for "Decoration Day" and in 1994 for "Barbarians at the Gate". He was unsuccessfully nominated for Golden Globe Awards three times for his performance as Jim Rockford in "The Rockford Files", in 1978, 1979 and 1980 . His other unsuccessful nominations were for his performances in "The Wheeler Dealers" in 1964, "Bret Maverick" in 1982, "Heartsounds" in 1985, "Murphy's Romance" in 1986, and "Breathing Lessons" in 1995.


title: James Garner filmography

text: For his portrayal of Jim Rockford in "The Rockford Files", the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences awarded him the 1977 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series. As Executive Producer of "Promise" for the Hallmark Hall of Fame, Garner won the 1987 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama/Comedy Special. "Promise" also received the 1987 Peabody Award. In 1991, the academy inducted him into the Television Hall of Fame. He was the recipient of the 41st Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award in 2004. At the 26th Television Critics Awards in 2010, Garner was presented with the Career Achievement Award.


title: James Garner filmography

text: His theatrical feature film work, playing the leading role in more than fifty motion pictures, was as noteworthy as his work in television. Garner was known for prominent roles in films such as "Sayonara" (1957) with Marlon Brando, leading roles in "Darby's Rangers" (1958) with Stuart Whitman and "Cash McCall" (1960) with Natalie Wood, a supporting role in "The Children's Hour" (1961) with Audrey Hepburn and Shirley MacLaine, leading roles in "Boys' Night Out" (1962) with Kim Novak and Tony Randall, "The Great Escape" (1963) with Steve McQueen, "The Thrill of It All" (1963) with Doris Day, "Move Over, Darling" (1963) with Doris Day, "The Wheeler Dealers" (1963) with Lee Remick (four films released in 1963), Paddy Chayevsky's "The Americanization of Emily" (1964) with Julie Andrews, Roald Dahl's "36 Hours" (1965) with Eva Marie Saint, "The Art of Love" (1965) with Dick Van Dyke and Elke Sommer, as Wyatt Earp in "Hour of the Gun" (1967) with Jason Robards as Doc Holliday, "How Sweet It Is!" (1968) with Debbie Reynolds, "Marlowe" (1969) with Bruce Lee, "Support Your Local Sheriff!" (1969) with Walter Brennan and Jack Elam, "Murphy's Romance" (1985) with Sally Field, as Wyatt Earp again in "Sunset" (1988) with Bruce Willis as Tom Mix, "Maverick" (1994) with Mel Gibson and Jodie Foster, "My Fellow Americans" (1996) with Jack Lemmon, a rare supporting role in "Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood" (2002) with Sandra Bullock, a leading role in "The Notebook" (2004) with Ryan Gosling, Rachel McAdams and Gena Rowlands, and intermittent appearances in "The Ultimate Gift" (2007) with Brian Dennehy.


title: Savitri Jindal

text: Savitri Devi Jindal (born 20 March 1950) is an Indian businesswoman and politician. She was the chairperson emeritus of O.P. Jindal Group. She is also the president of Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha. Jindal family net worth is estimated to be $20.5 billion.


title: Savitri Jindal

text: Jindal was born in Tinsukia, Assam. She married Om Prakash Jindal in the 1970s, who had founded the Jindal Group, a steel and power conglomerate. Jindal was a Minister in the Haryana Government and a member of the Haryana Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) from Hisar constituency. She lost the seat in elections held in 2014 for the Haryana assembly. She became the chairperson after her husband, O.P. Jindal, who died in a helicopter crash in 2005. She is a member of the INC political party.


title: Savitri Jindal

text: Savitri Jindal is the richest woman in India, and the 16th-richest Indian in 2016, worth over $4.0 billion; she also was the world's 453rd-richest person in 2016. She is the world's seventh-richest mother and contributes to the public work her husband started. She was conferred with Acharya Tulsi Kartritva Puraskar in 2008 by Akhil Bhartiya Terapanth Mahila Mandal.


title: Savitri Jindal

text: In 2005, Jindal was elected to the Haryana Vidhan Sabha from Hisar constituency, which was earlier represented by her late husband Om Prakash Jindal for a long time. In 2009, she was re-elected to the constituency and was appointed the cabinet minister in the Haryana Government on 29 October 2013.


title: Savitri Jindal

text: In the previous cabinet, she had served as the Minister of State for Revenue and Disaster Management, Consolidation, Rehabilitation and Housing and also the Minister of State for Urban Local Bodies and Housing.


title: Savitri Jindal

text: The revenue of the company quadrupled after she took charge of the company. With a background and history from the state of Haryana, she served as the member of Haryana Legislative Assembly and held the office of Minister of Power till 2010. O.P. Jindal group was started in 1952 by O.P. Jindal, an engineer by profession. It became the conglomerate of steel, power, mining, oil and gas. Each of these four divisions of her business is run by her four sons, Prithviraj, Sajjan, Ratan and Naveen Jindal. Jindal Steel is the third-largest producer of steel in India.


title: TOSLINK

text: TOSLINK (from "Toshiba Link") is a standardized optical fiber connector system. Also known generically as optical audio, its most common use is in consumer audio equipment (via a "digital optical" socket), where it carries a digital audio stream from components such as CD and DVD players, Digital Audio Tape recorders, computers, and modern video game consoles, to an AV receiver that can decode two channels of uncompressed lossless pulse-code modulated (PCM) audio or surround sound such as Dolby Digital or DTS Surround System. Unlike HDMI, TOSLINK does not have the bandwidth to carry the lossless versions of Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD Master Audio, or more than two channels of PCM audio.


title: TOSLINK

text: Although TOSLINK supports several different media formats and physical standards, digital audio connections using the rectangular EIAJ/JEITA RC-5720 (also CP-1201 and JIS C5974-1993 F05) connector are by far the most common. The optical signal is a red light with a peak wavelength of Depending on the type of modulated signal being carried, other optical wavelengths may be present.


title: TOSLINK

text: Toshiba originally created TOSLINK to connect their CD players to the receivers they manufactured, for PCM audio streams. The software layer is based on the "Sony/Philips Digital Interface" (S/PDIF), while the hardware layer utilizes a fiber optic transmission system, rather than the electrical (copper) hardware layer of S/PDIF. TOSLINK was soon adopted by manufacturers of most CD players. It can often be found on video source (DVD and Blu-ray players, cable boxes and game consoles) to connect the digital audio stream to Dolby Digital/DTS decoders.


title: TOSLINK

text: The name is a registered trademark of Toshiba, created from "TOShiba-LINK". Variations of the name, such as "TOSlink", "TosLink", and "Tos-link", are also seen, while the official generic name for the standard is "EIAJ optical".


title: TOSLINK

text: ADAT Lightpipe or simply ADAT Optical uses an optical transmission system similar to TOSLINK, and is used in the professional music/audio industry. While the ADAT Lightpipe format uses the same JIS F05 connectors as TOSLINK, the ADAT Lightpipe data format is not compatible with S/PDIF.


title: TOSLINK

text: Due to their high attenuation of light, the effective range of plastic optical cables is limited to . They can temporarily fail or be permanently damaged if tightly bent. Although less commonly available and more expensive than plastic optical fiber (POF) cables, glass or silica optical fibers have lower losses and can extend the range of the TOSLINK system.


title: TOSLINK

text: Several types of fiber can be used for TOSLINK: inexpensive plastic optical fiber, higher-quality multistrand plastic optical fibers, or quartz glass optical fibers, depending on the desired bandwidth and application. TOSLINK cables are usually limited to in length, with a technical maximum of , for reliable transmission without the use of a signal booster or a repeater. However, it is very common for interfaces on newer consumer electronics (satellite receivers and PCs with optical outputs) to easily run over on even low-cost TOSLINK cables. TOSLINK transmitters operate at a nominal optical wavelength of .


title: TOSLINK

text: Mini-TOSLINK is a standardized optical fiber connector smaller than the standard square TOSLINK connector commonly used in larger consumer audio equipment. The plug is almost the same size and shape as the ubiquitous stereo minijack. Adapters are available to connect a full-size TOSLINK plug to a mini-TOSLINK socket. Combined jack and mini-TOSLINK sockets exist which can accept a jack or a mini-TOSLINK plug; mini-TOSLINK plugs are made longer than electrical jack plugs so that the latter are too short to touch and damage the LED of combined connectors. Many discontinued laptop computer and portable digital audio equipment models, such as the Google Chromecast Audio device, Apple AirPort Express, and iPod Hi-Fi use these connectors that allow for the insertion of analog (electrical) headphone output, microphone input, or mini-TOSLINK digital (optical) output.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Thomas Moore (28 May 1779 – 25 February 1852) was an Irish writer, poet, and lyricist celebrated for his "Irish Melodies". Their setting of English-language verse to old Irish tunes marked the transition in popular Irish culture from Irish to English. Politically, Moore was recognised in England as a press, or "squib", writer for the aristocratic Whigs; in Ireland he was accounted a Catholic patriot.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Married to a Protestant actress and hailed as "Anacreon Moore" after the classical Greek composer of drinking songs and erotic verse, Moore did not profess religious piety. Yet in the controversies that surrounded Catholic Emancipation, Moore was seen to defend the tradition of the Church in Ireland against both evangelising Protestants and uncompromising lay Catholics. Longer prose works reveal more radical sympathies. The "Life and Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald" depicts the United Irish leader as a martyr in the cause of democratic reform. Complementing Maria Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent, "Memoirs of Captain Rock" is a saga, not of Anglo-Irish landowners, but of their exhausted tenants driven to the semi-insurrection of "Whiteboyism".


title: Thomas Moore

text: Today Moore is remembered almost alone either for his "Irish Melodies" (typically "The Minstrel Boy" and "The Last Rose of Summer") or, less generously, for the role he is thought to have played in the loss of the memoirs of his friend Lord Byron.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Thomas Moore was born to Anastasia Codd from Wexford and John Moore from Kerry over his parents' grocery shop in Aungier Street, Dublin, He had two younger sisters, Kate and Ellen. Moore showed an early interest in music and performance, staging musical plays with his friends and entertaining hope of being an actor. In Dublin he attended Samuel Whyte's co-educational English grammar school, where he was schooled in Latin and Greek and became fluent in French and Italian. By age fourteen he had had one of his poems published in a new literary magazine called the "Anthologia Hibernica" (“Irish Anthology”).


title: Thomas Moore

text: Samuel Whyte had taught Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright and English Whig politician, of whom Moore later was to write a biography.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In 1795, Moore was among the first Catholics admitted to Trinity College, Dublin, preparing, as his mother had hoped, for a career in law. Through his friends at Trinity, Robert Emmett and Edward Hudson, Moore was connected to the popular politics of the capital agitated by the French Revolution and by the prospect of a French invasion. With their encouragement, in 1797, Moore wrote an appeal to his fellow students to resist the proposal, then being canvassed by the English-appointed Dublin Castle administration, to secure Ireland by incorporating the kingdom in a union with Great Britain. In April 1798, Moore was interrogated at Trinity but acquitted on the charge of being a party, through the Society of United Irishmen, to sedition.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Moore had not taken the United Irish oath with Emmett and Hudson, and he played no part in the republican rebellion of 1798 (Moore was at home, ill in bed), or in the conspiracy for which Emmett was executed in 1803. Later, in a biography of the United Irish leader Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1831), he made clear his sympathies, not hiding his regret that the French expedition under General Hoche failed in December 1796 to effect a landing. To Emmett's sacrifice on the gallows Moore pays homage in the song "O, Breathe Not His Name" (1808). More veiled references to Emmet are found in the long oriental poem "Lalla Rookh" (1817).


title: Thomas Moore

text: In 1799, Moore continued his law studies at Middle Temple in London. The impecunious student was assisted by friends in the expatriate Irish community in London, including Barbara, widow of Arthur Chichester, 1st Marquess of Donegall, the landlord and borough-owner of Belfast.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Moore's translations of Anacreon, celebrating wine, women and song, were published in 1800 with a dedication to the Prince of Wales. His introduction to the future prince regent and King, George IV was a high point in Moore's ingratiation with aristocratic and literary circles in London, a success due in great degree to his talents as a singer and songwriter. In the same year he collaborated briefly as a librettist with Michael Kelly in the comic opera, "The Gypsy Prince", staged at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket,


title: Thomas Moore

text: In 1801, Moore hazarded a collection of his own verse: "Poetical Works of the Late Thomas Little Esq.". The pseudonym may have been advised by their juvenile eroticism. Moore's celebration of kisses and embraces skirted contemporary standards of propriety. When these tightened in the Victorian era, they were to put an end to what was a relative publishing success.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In the hope of future advancement, Moore reluctantly sailed from London in 1803 to take up a government post secured through the favours of Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Earl of Moira. Lord Moira was a man distinct in his class for having, on the eve of the rebellion in Ireland, continued to protest government and loyalist outrages, and to have urged a policy of conciliation. Moore was to be the registrar of the Admiralty Prize Court in Bermuda. Although as late as 1925 still recalled as "the poet laureate" of the island, Moore found life on Bermuda sufficiently dull that after six months he appointed a deputy and left for an extended tour of North America. As in London, Moore secured high-society introductions in the United States including to the President, Thomas Jefferson. Repelled by the provincialism of the average American, Moore consorted with exiled European aristocrats, come to recover their fortunes, and with oligarchic Federalists from whom he received what he later conceded was a "twisted and tainted" view of the new republic.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Following his return to England in 1804, Moore published "Epistles, Odes, and Other Poems" (1806). In addition to complaints about America and Americans (including their defence of slavery), this catalogued Moore's real and imagined escapades with American women. Francis Jeffrey denounced the volume in the "Edinburgh Review" (July 1806), calling Moore "the most licentious of modern versifiers", a poet whose aim is "to impose corruption upon his readers, by concealing it under the mask of refinement." Moore challenged Jeffrey to a duel but their confrontation was interrupted by the police. In what seemed to be a "pattern" in Moore's life ("it was possible to condemn [Moore] only if you did not know him"), the two then became fast friends.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Moore, nonetheless, was dogged by the report that the police had found that the pistol given to Jeffrey was unloaded. In his satirical "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers" (1809), Byron, who had himself been stung by one of Jeffrey's reviews, suggested Moore's weapon was also "leadless": "on examination, the balls of the pistols, like the courage of the combatants, were found to have evaporated". To Moore, this was scarcely more satisfactory, and he wrote to Byron implying that unless the remarks were clarified, Byron, too, would be challenged. In the event, when Byron, who had been abroad, returned there was again reconciliation and a lasting friendship.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Between 1808 and 1810, Moore appeared each year in Kilkenny, Ireland, with a charitable mixed repertory of professional players and high-society amateurs. He favoured comic roles in plays like Sheridan's "The Rivals" and O'Keeffe's "The Castle of Andalusia". Among the professionals, on stage in Kilkenny with her sister, the tragedienne-to-be Mary Ann Duff, was Elizabeth "Bessy" Dyke. In 1811, Moore married Bessy in St Martin-in-the-Fields, London. Together with Bessy's lack of a dowry, the Protestant ceremony may have been the reason why Moore kept the match for some time secret from his parents. Bessy shrank from fashionable society to such an extent that many of her husband's friends never met her (some of them jokingly doubted her very existence). Those who did held her in high regard.


title: Thomas Moore

text: The couple first set up house in London, then in the country at Kegworth, Leicestershire, and in Lord Moira's neighbourhood at Mayfield Cottage in [Staffordshire], and finally in Sloperton Cottage in Wiltshire near the country seat of another close friend, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne. Tom and Bessy had five children, none of whom survived them. Three girls died young, and both sons lost their lives as young men. One of them, Thomas Landsdowne Parr Moore, as a lowly officer fought first with the British Army in Afghanistan, and then with French Foreign Legion in Algeria. He was dying of tuberculosis that riddled the family when, according to Foreign Legion records, he was killed in action on 6 February 1846.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Despite these heavy personal losses, the marriage of Thomas Moore is generally regarded to have been a happy one.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In 1818, it was discovered that the man Moore had appointed his deputy in Bermuda had embezzled 6,000 pounds sterling, a large sum for which Moore was liable. To escape debtor's prison, in September 1819, Moore left for France, travelling with Lord John Russell (future Whig prime minister and editor of Moore's journals and letters). In Venice in October, Moore saw Byron for the last time. Byron entrusted him with a manuscript for his memoirs, which, as his literary executor, Moore promised to have published after Byron's death.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In Paris, Moore was joined by Bessy and the children. His social life was busy, often involving meetings with Irish and British and travellers such as Maria Edgeworth and William Wordsworth. But his attempt to bridge the gulf in his connections between his exiled fellow countrymen and members of the British establishment was not always successful. In 1821, several emigres, prominent among them Myles Byrne (veteran of Vinegar Hill and of Napoleon's Irish Legion) refused to attend a St Patrick's day dinner Moore had organised in Paris because of the presiding presence of Wellesley Pole Long, a nephew of the Duke of Wellington.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Once Moore learned the Bermuda debt had been partly cleared with the help of Lord Lansdowne (whom Moore repaid almost immediately by a draft on Longman, his publisher), the family, after more than a year, returned to Sloperton Cottage.


title: Thomas Moore

text: To support his family Moore entered the field of political squib writing on behalf of his Whig friends and patrons. The Whigs had been split by the divided response of Edmund Burke and Charles Fox to the French Revolution. But with antics of the Prince Regent, and in particular his highly public efforts to disgrace and divorce Princess Caroline, proving a lightening for popular discontent, they were finding new unity and purpose.


title: Thomas Moore

text: From the "Whigs as Whigs", Moore claimed not to have received "even the semblance of a favour" (Lord Moira, they "hardly acknowledge as one of themselves"). And with exceptions "easily counted", Moore was convinced that there was "just as much selfishness and as much low-party spirit among them generally as the Tories". But for Moore, the fact that the Prince Regent held fast against Catholic admission to parliament may have been reason sufficient to turn on his former friend and patron. Moore's Horatian mockery of the Prince in the pages of "The Morning Chronicle" were collected in "Intercepted Letters, or the Two-Penny Post-Bag" (1813).


title: Thomas Moore

text: Another, and possibly more personal, target for Moore was the Foreign Secretary Lord Castlereagh. A reform-minded Ulster Presbyterian turned Anglican Tory, as Irish Secretary Castlereagh had been ruthless in the suppression of the United Irishmen and in pushing the Act of Union through the Irish Parliament. In what were the "verbal equivalents of the political cartoons of the day", "Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress" (1818) and "Fables for the Holy Alliance" (1823), Moore lampoons Castlereagh's deference to the reactionary interests of Britain's continental allies. Widely read, so that Moore eventually produced a sequel, was the verse novel "The Fudge Family in Paris" (1818). The family of an Irishman working as a propagandist for Castlereagh in Paris, the Fudges are accompanied by an accomplished tutor and classicist, Phelim Connor. An upright but disillusioned Irish Catholic, his letters to a friend reflect Moore's own views.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Connor's regular epistolary denunciations of Castlereagh have two recurrent themes. The first is Castlereagh as "the embodiment of the sickness with which Ireland had infected British politics as a consequence of the union": "We sent thee Castlereagh – as heaps of dead Have slain their slayers by the pest they spread". The second is that at the time of the Acts of Union Castlereagh's support for Catholic emancipation had been disingenuous. Castlereagh had been master of "that faithless craft", which can "cart the slave, can swear he shall be freed", but then "basely spurns him" when his "point is gain'd".


title: Thomas Moore

text: Through a mutual connection, Moore learned that Castlereagh had been particularly stung by the verses of the Tutor in the "Fudge Family." For openly casting the same dispersions against the former Chief Secretary—that he bloodied his hands in 1798 and deliberately deceived Catholics at the time of the Union—in 1811 the London-based Irish publisher, and former United Irishman, Peter Finnerty was sentenced to eighteen months for libel.


title: Thomas Moore

text: As a partisan squib writer, Moore played a role not dissimilar to that of Jonathan Swift a century earlier. Moore greatly admired Swift as a satirist, but charged him with caring no more for the "misery" of his Roman Catholic countrymen "than his own Gulliver for the sufferings of so many disenfranchised Yahoos". "The Memoirs of Captain Rock" might have been Moore's response to those who questioned whether the son of a Dublin grocer entertaining English audiences from Wiltshire was himself connected to the great mass of his countrymen – to those whose remitted rents helped sustain the great houses among which he was privileged to move.


title: Thomas Moore

text: "The Memoirs" relate the history of Ireland as told by a contemporary, the scion of a Catholic family that lost land in successive English settlements. The character, Captain Rock, is fictional but the history is in earnest. When it catches up with the narrator in the late Penal Law era, his family has been reduced to the "class of wretched cottiers". Exposed to the voracious demands of spendthrift Anglo-Irish landlords (pilloried by Maria Edgeworth), both father and son assume captaincies among the "White-boys, Oak-boys, and Hearts-of Steel", the tenant conspiracies that attack tax collectors, terrorise the landlords' agents and violently resist evictions.


title: Thomas Moore

text: This low-level agrarian warfare continued through, and beyond, the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s. It was only after this catastrophe, which as Prime Minister Moore's Whig friend, Lord Russell, failed in any practical measure to allay, that British governments began to assume responsibility for agrarian conditions. At the time of "Captain Rock"'s publication (1824), the commanding issue of the day was not tenant rights or land reform. It was the final instalment of Catholic Emancipation: Castlereagh's unredeemed promise of Catholic admission to parliament.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Since within a united kingdom Irish Catholics would be reduced to a distinct minority, Castlereagh's promises of their parliamentary emancipation seemed credible at the time of the Union. But the provision was stripped out of the union bills when in England the admission of Catholics to the "Protestant Constitution" encountered the standard objection: that as subject to political direction from Rome, Catholics could not be entrusted with the defence of constitutional liberties. Moore rallied to the "liberal compromise" proposed by Henry Grattan, who had moved the enfranchisement of Catholics in the old Irish parliament. Fears of "Popery" were to be allayed by according the Crown a "negative control", a veto, on the appointment of Catholic bishops.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In an open "Letter to the Roman Catholics of Dublin" (1810), Moore noted that the Irish bishops (legally resident in Ireland only from 1782) had themselves been willing to comply with a practice otherwise universal in Europe. Conceding a temporal check of papal authority, he argued, was in Ireland's Gallican tradition. In the time of "her native monarchy", the Pope had had no share in the election of Irish bishops. "Slavish notions of papal authority" developed only in consequence of the English conquest. The native aristocracy had sought in Rome a "spiritual alliance" against the new "temporal tyranny" at home.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In resisting royal assent and in placing "their whole hierarchy at the disposal of the Roman court", Irish Catholics would "unnecessarily" be acting in "remembrance of times, which it is the interest of all parties [Catholic and Protestant, Irish and English] to forget". Such argument made little headway against the man Moore decried as a demagogue, but who, as a result of his uncompromising stand, was to emerge as the undisputed leader of the Catholic interest in Ireland, Daniel O’Connell.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Even when, in 1814, the Curia itself (then still in silent alliance with Britain against Napoleon) proposed that bishops be "personally acceptable to the king", O'Connell was opposed. Better, he declared, that Irish Catholics "remain for ever without emancipation" rather than allow the king and his ministers "to interfere" with the Pope's appointment of Irish prelates. At stake was the unity of church and people. "Licensed" by the government, the bishops and their priests would be no more regarded than the ministers of the established Church of Ireland.


title: Thomas Moore

text: When final emancipation came in 1829, the price O'Connell paid was the disenfranchisement of the Forty-shilling freeholders – those who, in the decisive protest against Catholics exclusion, defied their landlords in voting O'Connell in the 1828 Clare by-election. The "purity" of the Irish church was sustained. Moore lived to see the exceptional papal discretion thus confirmed reshaping the Irish hierarchy culminating in 1850 with the appointment of the Rector of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in Rome, Paul Cullen, as Primate Archbishop of Armagh.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In a call heeded by Protestants of all denominations, in 1822 the new Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin, William Magee, declared the absolute necessity of winning an Irish majority for the Reformed faith — a "Second Reformation". Carrying "religious tracts expressly written for the edification of the Irish peasantry", the "editor" of Captain Rock's Memoirs is an English missionary in the ensuing "bible war". Catholics, who coalesced behind O'Connell in the Catholic Association, believed that proselytising advantage was being sought in hunger and distress (that tenancies and food were being used to secure converts), and that the usual political interests were at play.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Moore's narrator in "Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion" (1833) is again fictional. He is, as Moore had been, a Catholic student at Trinity College. On news of Emancipation (passage of the 1829 Catholic Relief Bill) he exclaims: "Thank God! I may now, if I like, turn Protestant". Oppressed by the charge that Catholics are "a race of obstinate and obsolete religionists […] unfit for freedom", and freed from "the point of honour" that would have prevented him from abandoning his church in the face of continuing sanctions, he sets out to explore the tenets of the "true" religion.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Predictably, the resolve the young man draws from his theological studies is to remain true to the faith of his forefathers (not to exchange "the golden armour of the old Catholic Saints" for "heretical brass"). The argument, however, was not the truth of Catholic doctrine. It was the inconsistency and fallacy of the bible preachers. Moore's purpose, he was later to write, was to put "upon record" the "disgust" he felt at "the arrogance with which most Protestant parsons assume […] credit for being the only true Christians, and the insolence with which […] they denounce all Catholics as idolators and Antichrist". Had his young man found "among the Orthodox of the first [Christian] ages" one "particle" of their rejection of the supposed "corruptions" of the Roman church – justification not by faith alone but also by good works, transubstantiation, and veneration of saints, relics and images — he would have been persuaded.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Brendan Clifford, editor of Moore's political writings, interprets Moore's philosophy as "cheerful paganism", or, at the very least, ""à la carte" Catholicism" favouring "what scriptural Protestantism hated: the music, the theatricality, the symbolism, the idolatry". Despite his mother being a devout Catholic, and like O'Connell acknowledging Catholicism as Ireland's "national faith", Moore appears to have abandoned the formal practice of his religion as soon as he entered Trinity.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In 1825, Moore's "Memoirs of the Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan" was finally published after nine years of work on and off. It proved popular, went through a number of editions, and helped establish Moore's reputation among literary critics. The work had a political aspect: Sheridan was not only a playwright, he was a Whig politician and a friend of Fox. Moore judged Sheridan an uncertain friend of reform. But he has Sheridan articulate in his own words a good part of what was to be the United Irish case for separation from England.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Writing in 1784 to his brother, Sheridan explains that the "subordinate situation [of Ireland] prevents the formation of any party among us, like those you have in England, composed of person acting upon certain principles, and pledged to support each other". Without the prospect of obtaining power – which in Ireland is "lodged in a branch of the English government" (the Dublin Castle executive) – there is little point in the members of parliament, no matter how personally disinterested, collaborating for any public purpose. Without an accountable executive the interests of the nation are systematically neglected.


title: Thomas Moore

text: It is against this, the truncated state of politics in Ireland, that Moore sees Lord Edward Fitzgerald, a "Protestant reformer" who wished for "a democratic House of Commons and the Emancipation of his Catholic countrymen", driven toward the republican separatism of the United Irishmen. He absolves Fitzgerald of recklessness: but for a contrary wind, decisive French assistance would have been delivered by General Hoche at Bantry in December 1796. In his own "Memoirs", Moore acknowledges his "Life and Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald" (1831) as a "justification of the men of '98 – the "ultimi Romanorum" of our country".


title: Thomas Moore

text: Moore's "History of Ireland", published in four volumes between 1835 and 1846, reads as a further and extended indictment of English rule. It was an enormous work, but not a critical success. Moore acknowledged scholarly failings, some of which stemmed from his inability to read documentary sources in Irish.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In his journal, Moore confessed that he "agreed with the Tories in their opinion" as to the consequences of the first Parliamentary Reform Act (1832). He believed it would give "an opening and impulse to the revolutionary feeling now abroad" [England, Moore suggested, had been "in the stream of a revolution for some years"] and that the "temporary satisfaction" it might produce would be but as the calm before a storm: "a downward reform (as Dryden says) rolls on fast". But this was a prospect he embraced. In conversation with the Whig grandee Lord Lansdowne, he argued that while the consequences might be "disagreeable" for many of their friends, "We have now come to that point which all highly civilised countries reach when wealth and all the advantages that attend it are so unequally distributed that the whole is in an unnatural position: and nothing short of a general routing up can remedy the evil."


title: Thomas Moore

text: Despite their initially greater opposition to reform, Moore predicted that the Tories would prove themselves better equipped to ride out this "general routing". With the young Benjamin Disraeli (who was to be author of the Second Reform Act in 1867) Moore agreed that since the Glorious Revolution first led them to court an alliance with the people against the aristocracy, the Tories had taken "a more democratic line". For Moore this was evidenced by the prime-ministerial careers of George Canning and Robert Peel: "mere commoners by birth could never have attained the same high station among the Whig party".


title: Thomas Moore

text: In 1832, Moore declined a voter petition from Limerick to stand for the Westminster Parliament as a Repeal candidate. When Daniel O'Connell took this as evidence of Moore's "lukewarmness in the cause of Ireland", Moore recalled O'Connell's praise for the "treasonous truths" of his book on Fitzgerald. The difficulty, Moore suggested, was that these "truths" did not permit him to pretend with O'Connell that reversing the Acts of Union would amount to something less than real and lasting separation from Great Britain. Relations had been difficult enough after the old Irish Parliament had secured its legislative independence from London in 1782. But with a Catholic Parliament in Dublin, "which they would be sure to have out and out", the British government would be continually at odds, first over the disposal of Church of Ireland and absentee property, and then over what would be perennial issues of trade, foreign treaties and war.


title: Thomas Moore

text: So "hopeless appeared the fate of Ireland under English government, whether of Whigs or Tories", that Moore declared himself willing to "run the risk of Repeal, even with separation as its too certain consequence." But with Lord Fitzgerald, Moore believed independence possible only in union with the "Dissenters" (the Presbyterians) of the north (and possibly then, again only with a prospect of French intervention). To make "headway against England" the "feeling" of Catholics and Dissenters had first to be "nationalised". This is something Moore thought might be achieved by fixing upon the immediate abuses of the (Anglican and landed) "Irish establishment". As he had O'Connell's uncompromising stance on the Veto, Moore regarded O'Connell's campaign for Repeal as unhelpful or, at best, "premature".


title: Thomas Moore

text: This perspective was shared by some of O'Connell's younger lieutenants, dissidents with the Repeal Association. Young Irelander Charles Gavan Duffy sought to build a "League of North and South" around what Michael Davitt (of the later Land League) described as "the programme of the Whiteboys and Ribbonmen reduced to moral and constitutional standards"—tenant rights and land reform.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In the early years of his career, Moore's work was largely generic, and had he died at this point he would likely not have been considered an Irish poet. From 1806 to 1807, Moore dramatically changed his style of writing and focus. Following a request by the publishers James and William Power, he wrote lyrics to a series of Irish tunes in the manner of Haydn's settings of British folksongs, with Sir John Andrew Stevenson as arranger of the music. The principal source for the tunes was Edward Bunting's "A General Collection of the Ancient Irish Music" (1797) to which Moore had been introduced at Trinity by Edward Hudson. The "Melodies" was published in ten volumes, together with a supplement, over 26 years between 1808 and 1834. The musical arrangements of the last volumes, following Stevenson's death in 1833, were by Henry Bishop.


title: Thomas Moore

text: The "Melodies" were an immediate success, "The Last Rose of Summer", "The Minstrel Boy", "Believe Me If All Those Endearing Young Charms" and "Oft in the Stilly Night" becoming immensely popular. There were parodies in England, but translations into German, Italian, Hungarian, Czech, and French, and settings by Hector Berlioz guaranteed a large European audience. In the United States, "The Last Rose of Summer" alone sold more than a million copies.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Byron said he knew them all "by rote and by heart"; setting them above epics and Moore above all other poets for his "peculiarity of talent, or rather talents, – poetry, music, voice, all his own". They were also praised by Sir Walter Scott who conceded that neither he nor Byron could attain Moore's power of adapting words to music. Moore was in no doubt that the "Irish Melodies" would be "the only work of my pen […] whose fame (thanks to the sweet music in which it is embalmed) may boast a chance of prolonging its existence to a day much beyond our own".


title: Thomas Moore

text: The "ultra-Tory" "The Anti-Jacobin Review " ("Monthly Political and Literary Censor") discerned in Moore's "Melodies" something more than innocuous drawing-room ballads: "several of them were composed in a very disordered state of society, if not in open rebellion. They are the melancholy ravings of the disappointed rebel, or his ill-educated offspring". Moore was providing texts to what he described as "our national music", and his lyrics did often "reflect an unmistakable intimation of dispossession and loss in the music itself".


title: Thomas Moore

text: Despite Moore's difficult relationship with O'Connell, in the early 1840s his "Melodies" were employed in the "Liberator's" renewed campaign for Repeal. The Repeal Association's monster meetings (crowds of over 100,000) were usually followed by public banquets. At Mallow, Co. Cork, before the dinner speeches, a singer performed Moore's "Where Is the Slave?": Oh, where's the slave so lowly, Condemned to chains unholy, Who could be burst His bonds accursed, Would die beneath them slowly? O'Connell leapt to his feet, threw his arms wide and cried "I am not that slave!" All the room followed: "We are not those slaves! We are not those slaves!"


title: Thomas Moore

text: In the greatest meeting of all, at the Hill of Tara (by tradition the inaugural seat of the High Kings of Ireland), on the feast-day of the Assumption, 15 August 1843, O'Connell's carriage proceeded through a crowd, reportedly of a million, accompanied by a harpist playing Moore's "The Harp that once through Tara's Halls".


title: Thomas Moore

text: Some critics detected a tone of national resignation and defeatism in Moore's lyrics: a "whining lamentation over our eternal fall, and miserable appeals to our masters to regard us with pity". William Hazlitt observed that "if Moore's "Irish Melodies" with their drawing-room, lackadaisical, patriotism were really the melodies of the Irish nation, the Irish people deserve to be slaves forever". Moore, in Hazlitt's view had "convert[ed] the wild harp of Erin into a musical snuff box". It was a judgement later generations of Irish writers appeared to share.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In "A" "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man", as he passes "the droll statue of the national poet of Ireland" in College Green, James Joyce's biographic protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, remarks on the figure's "servile head". Yet in his father's house, Dedalus is moved when he hears his younger brothers and sisters singing Moore's "Oft in the Stilly Night". Despite Joyce's occasional expressions of disdain for the Bard, critic Emer Nolan suggests that the writer responded to the "element of utopian longing as well as the sentimental nostalgia" in Moore's music. In "Finnegans Wake", Joyce has occasion to allude to virtually every one of the "Melodies."


title: Thomas Moore

text: While acknowledging that his own sense of an Irish past was "woven . . . out of Moore's "Melodies"," in a 1979 tribute to Moore, Seamus Heaney remarked that Ireland had rescinded Moore's title of national bard because his characteristic tone was '"too light, too conciliatory, too colonisé" for a nation "whose conscience was being forged by James Joyce, whose tragic disunity was being envisaged by W.B. Yeats and whose literary tradition was being restored by the repossession of voices such as Aodhagán O Rathaille's or Brian Merriman's".


title: Thomas Moore

text: More recently, there has been a reappraisal sympathetic to Moore's "strategies of disguise, concealment and historical displacement so necessary for an Irish Catholic patriot who regularly sang songs to London glitterati about Irish suffering and English 'bigotry and misrule'". The political content of the "Melodies" and their connections to the United Irishmen and to the death of Emmet have been discussed in Ronan Kelly's biography of the poet, "Bard of Erin" (2008), by Mary Helen Thuente in "The Harp Restrung: the United Irishmen and the Rise of Literary Nationalism" (1994); and by Una Hunt in "Literary Relationship of Lord Byron and Thomas Moore" (2001).


title: Thomas Moore

text: Moore was much criticised by contemporaries for allowing himself to be persuaded, on the grounds of their indelicacy, to destroy Byron's Memoirs. Modern scholarship assigns the blame elsewhere.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In 1821, with Byron's blessing, Moore sold the manuscript, with which Byron had entrusted him three years before, to the publisher John Murray. Although he himself allowed that it contained some "very coarse things", when, following Bryon's death in 1824, Moore learned that Murray had deemed the material unfit for publication he spoke of settling the matter with a duel. But the combination of Byron's wife Lady Byron, half-sister and executor Augusta Leigh and Moore's rival in Byron's friendship John Cam Hobhouse prevailed. In what some were to call the greatest literary crime in history, in Moore's presence the family solicitors tore up all extant copies of the manuscript and burned them in Murray's fireplace.


title: Thomas Moore

text: With the assistance of papers provided by Mary Shelley, Moore retrieved what he could. His "Letters and Journals of Lord Byron: With Notices of His Life" (1830) "contrived", in the view of Macaulay, "to exhibit so much of the character and opinions of his friend, with so little pain to the feelings of the living". Lady Byron still professed herself scandalised—as did "The Times".


title: Thomas Moore

text: With Byron an inspiration, Moore previously published a collection of songs, "Evenings in Greece", (1826) and, set in 3rd-century Egypt, his only prose novel "The Epicurean" (1827). Supplying a demand for "semi-erotic romance tinged with religiosity" it was a popular success.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In what may be the earliest known photograph of an Irishman, Moore stands in the centre of a calotype dated April 1844.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Moore is pictured with members of the household of William Henry Fox Talbot, the photographer. Talbot, a pioneer of photography (the inventor of the salted paper and calotype processes) was Moore's neighbour in Wiltshire. It is possible that the lady to the lower right of Moore is his wife Bessy Moore.


title: Thomas Moore

text: To the left of Moore stands Henrietta Horatia Maria Fielding (1809–1851), a close friend of the Moores, Talbot's half sister and the daughter of Rear-Admiral Charles Fielding.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Moore took an early interest in Talbot's photogenic drawings. Talbot, in turn, took images of Moore's hand-written poetry possibly for inclusion in facsimile in an edition of "The Pencil of Nature," the first commercially published book to be illustrated with photographs.


title: Thomas Moore

text: It is a criticism of Moore that he "wrote too much and catered too deliberately to his audiences". In his lyrics there is a bathos that speaks both to a love of recitation and to an abiding sense of tragedy that is perhaps lost on the modern reader.


title: Thomas Moore

text: In the late 1840s (and as the catastrophe of the Great Famine overtook Ireland), Moore's powers began to fail. He was reduced ultimately to senility, which came suddenly in December 1849. Moore died on February 25, 1852, preceded by all his children and by most of his friends and companions.


title: Thomas Moore

text: After the deaths of his wife and five children, Moore died in his seventy-third year and was buried in Bromham churchyard within view of his cottage home, and beside his daughter Anastasia (who had died aged 17), near Devizes in Wiltshire.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Moore had appointed as his literary executor"," Lord John Russell, the Whig leader who, just four days before Moore's death, had ended his first term as Prime Minister. Russell dutifully published Moore's papers in accordance with his late friend's wishes. The "Memoirs, Journal, and Correspondence of Thomas Moore" appeared in eight volumes, published between 1853 and 1856.


title: Thomas Moore

text: Moore is often considered Ireland's national bard and is to Ireland what Robert Burns is to Scotland. Moore is commemorated in several places: by a plaque on the house where he was born, by busts at The Meetings and Central Park, New York, and by a bronze statue near Trinity College Dublin. There is a road in Walkinstown, Dublin, named Thomas Moore Road, in a series of roads named after famous composers, locally referred to as the Musical Roads.


title: Thomas Moore

text: The character Tickle Tommy in "John Paterson's Mare", James Hogg's allegorical satire on the Edinburgh publishing scene first published in the "Newcastle Magazine" in 1825, is based on Thomas Moore. Percy French wrote several parodic versions of Moore's melodies in a comic paper he edited for two years "The Jarvey", including at least six versions of "The Minstrel Boy". "are in The Jarvey". He also parodied Moore in his stage shows. As noted above, Moore and his melodies also figure in the works of James Joyce: "A" "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" and "Finnegan's Wake."


title: Steven Zaillian

text: Steven Ernest Bernard Zaillian (born January 30, 1953) is an American screenwriter, film director and producer. He won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for his screenplay "Schindler's List" (1993) and has earned Oscar nominations for the films "Awakenings", "Gangs of New York", "Moneyball" and "The Irishman". He was presented with the Distinguished Screenwriter Award at the 2009 Austin Film Festival and the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement from the Writers Guild of America in 2011. Zaillian is the founder of Film Rites, a film production company. In 2016, he created, wrote and directed the HBO limited series "The Night Of".


title: Steven Zaillian

text: Steven Zaillian was born in Fresno, California, the son of Jim Zaillian, a radio news reporter. Zaillian is of Armenian descent. He attended Sonoma State University, graduated from San Francisco State University in 1975 with a degree in Cinema.


title: Steven Zaillian

text: He lives in Los Angeles with his wife Elizabeth Zaillian and their two children, Nicholas and Charles Zaillian.


title: Steven Zaillian

text: Steven Zaillian is known for writing screenplays that often deal with tragedy and drama. Zaillian has written screenplays for many notable films. Zaillian wrote the screenplay for the 1990 film "Awakenings". His most notable work is the 1993 screenplay for the film "Schindler's List", for which he won an Academy Award. The "Schindler’s List" screenplay was voted the 49th best screenplay of all time by the Writers Guild of America West, the 32nd best of all time by IMDb, and the 49th best by filmsite.org. Zaillian directed and wrote the 1993 film "Searching for Bobby Fischer", for which he earned critical and commercial acclaim. Zaillian also wrote and directed the 1998 film "A Civil Action" and wrote the screenplays for films "Gangs of New York" in 2002, and "American Gangster" in 2007. In 2007, in partnership with Mandate Pictures, he signed a deal with Columbia Pictures. Zaillian co-wrote the screenplay for "Moneyball" in 2011 with Aaron Sorkin. Zaillian also wrote the screenplay for the 2011 film "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo". His most recent work includes creating, directing, writing, and producing the 2016 Emmy-winning HBO miniseries "The Night Of" and writing the screenplay for the 2019 Netflix film "The Irishman".


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: The 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup was the ninth edition of the FIFA Futsal World Cup, the quadrennial international futsal championship contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament was held in Lithuania. It marked the first FIFA tournament ever hosted by Lithuania and the third Futsal World Cup hosted in Europe; the others being 1989 in the Netherlands and 1996 in Spain.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: The tournament was originally scheduled to be held from 12 September to 4 October 2020 as the 2020 FIFA Futsal World Cup. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, FIFA announced on 3 April 2020 that a decision would be made whether the tournament would be postponed and rescheduled. On 12 May 2020, FIFA announced that the tournament would be held between 12 September and 3 October 2021, subject to further monitoring.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: In the final, Portugal defeated the defending champions Argentina 2–1 to win their first World Cup title. They became the fourth team to win the competition, the second from Europe after Spain's triumphs in 2000 and 2004.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: The eight bidders represent the highest ever for the FIFA Futsal World Cup. Since none of these countries have ever hosted the event before, the tournament will be heading to a new location, later shortlisted to four. The Czech Republic, Egypt, Georgia, the Netherlands and the United States expressed interest but eventually did not bid.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: The host were originally to be appointed by December 2016, then delayed to December 2017. Costa Rica, Croatia, Kazakhstan and the United Arab Emirates were later eliminated from contention.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: The hosts were selected by the FIFA Council on 26 October 2018 in Kigali, Rwanda from the final four candidates: Iran, Japan, Lithuania and New Zealand. Lithuania was chosen over Iran, Japan and New Zealand as host for the 2020 edition.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: A total of 24 teams from six separate continental competitions qualified for the final tournament, in addition to hosts Lithuania. The slot allocation was approved by the FIFA Council on 10 June 2018.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: Lithuania presented three cities – Vilnius (Avia Solutions Group Arena), Kaunas (Žalgiris Arena) and Klaipėda (Švyturys Arena) in their bid to host the event. During press conference on 22 November 2018 it was revealed that the Lithuanian Football Federation would like to expand number of host cities with up to 3 additional locations. Šiauliai (Šiauliai Arena), Panevėžys (Cido Arena) and Alytus (Alytus Arena) were named as additional candidates and are currently awaiting for a FIFA delegates inspection to determine their suitability. Further negotiations should resume in February 2019. An inspection was done on 10 May 2019 on all five potential host cities: Vilnius (Siemens Arena), Kaunas (Žalgiris Arena), Klaipėda (Švyturys Arena), Šiauliai (Šiauliai Arena) and Panevėžys (Cido Arena).


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: The final decision was made on 16 October 2019, it will be staged in three cities: Vilnius (Avia Solutions Group Arena), Kaunas (Žalgiris Arena) and Klaipėda (Švyturys Arena). Šiauliai (Šiauliai Arena) and Panevėžys (Cido Arena) were left out due to accommodation hotel concerns.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: The emblem highlights two of Lithuania's proudest features: its natural resources and technological expertise. The base of the emblem represents the country's lush, green landscape, decorated with oak leaves. A symbol of strength, the native oak has been venerated in Lithuania for centuries. Following the lines of the FIFA Futsal World Cup Trophy, oaks give way to farmland and meadows in the colours of the Lithuanian flag. The prominence given to the landscape highlights Lithuania's commitment to the preservation of its natural heritage.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: The top half of the emblem is inspired by Lithuania's modern technological industries. Lasers shoot skywards towards a stylised futsal pitch as a reminder of the country's accomplishments in the science and high-tech industries.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: On 21 September 2020, Ivartito, a stork (which is the national bird of Lithuania since 1973), was unveiled as the official mascot.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: The official draw was held on 1 June 2021, 17:00 CEST (), at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich, Switzerland. The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams. The hosts Lithuania were automatically seeded into Pot 1 and assigned to position A1, while the remaining teams were seeded into their respective pots based on their results in the last five FIFA Futsal World Cups (more recent tournaments weighted more heavily), with bonus points awarded to confederation champions. No group could contain more than one team from each confederation, except there would be one group with two UEFA teams due to there being seven UEFA teams in total.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: Each team has to name a preliminary squad of a maximum of 25 players (3 of whom must be goalkeepers). From the preliminary squad, the team has to name a final squad of 14 players (two of whom must be goalkeepers) by the FIFA deadline. Players in the final squad can be replaced by a player from the preliminary squad due to serious injury or illness up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team's first match.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria, their rankings are determined as follows:


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: In the knockout stage, if a match is level at the end of normal playing time, extra time shall be played (two periods of five minutes each) and followed, if necessary, by kicks from the penalty mark to determine the winner. However, for the third place match, if it is played directly before the final, no extra time shall be played and the winner shall be determined by kicks from the penalty mark.


title: 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup

text: The specific match-ups involving the third-placed teams depend on which four third-placed teams qualified for the round of 16:


title: Patrick Simmons

text: Patrick Simmons (born October 19, 1948) is an American musician best known as a founding member of the rock band The Doobie Brothers. Born in Aberdeen, Washington, he has been the only consistent member of the band throughout their tenure. Simmons wrote and sang many songs for the Doobie Brothers, including "South City Midnight Lady", "Dependin' On You", "Echoes of Love", "Wheels of Fortune" and "Black Water", the group's first #1 record.


title: Patrick Simmons

text: The Doobie Brothers initially disbanded in 1982, largely on account of Simmons's decision to leave the group, as he was its sole remaining original member. In 1983, Simmons released his first solo album, "Arcade", on Elektra Records. It yielded his only top 40 hit, "So Wrong", which peaked at #30 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "So Wrong" was also a surprise hit on the US dance/disco chart, peaking at #8. The album was reissued on compact disc in Japan in the early 1990s and again in 2007, by the label Wounded Bird Records. Simmons also formed the band Skin Suit during this period. In 1998, Simmons released a second solo album titled "Take Me to the Highway". He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Doobie Brothers in 2020.


title: Patrick Simmons

text: Simmons was raised in San Jose, California, where his father was a high school educator. He attended San José State University where he was a member of the Theta Xi fraternity and lived for many years in Santa Cruz County, California. In 1981 he opened a vintage motorcycle shop with author William J. Craddock. Simmons moved to Mendocino County, California in 1990 after the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989, and later to Hawaii.


title: Patrick Simmons

text: He met his wife Cristine in 1989 in Sturgis, South Dakota at the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. They both enjoy riding antique motorcycles, participating in the 2014 Motorcycle Cannonball Endurance Ride. They participated in the 2016 Motorcycle Cannonball, riding from Atlantic City, New Jersey to San Diego, California.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: Ronald Gene Simmons Sr. (July 15, 1940 – June 25, 1990) was an American mass murderer and spree killer who killed 16 people over a week-long period in Arkansas in 1987. As a retired military serviceman, Simmons murdered fourteen members of his family, including a daughter he had sexually abused and the child he had fathered with her, as well as a former co-worker, and a stranger; he also wounded four others. He is the worst mass murderer in Arkansas history.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: Simmons was sentenced to death sixteen times, and after refusing to appeal his sentence, was executed in Arkansas on June 25, 1990. His refusal to appeal was the subject of a 1990 Supreme Court Case, "Whitmore v. Arkansas".


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: Ronald Gene Simmons was born on July 15, 1940, in Chicago, Illinois, to Loretta and William Simmons. On January 31, 1943, William Simmons died of a stroke and within a year, Simmons's mother had remarried, this time to William D. Griffen, a civil engineer for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In 1946, the corps moved Griffen to Little Rock, Arkansas, the first of several transfers that would take the family across central Arkansas over the next decade.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: On September 15, 1957, Simmons dropped out of school and joined the U.S. Navy, and was first stationed at Naval Station Bremerton in Washington, where he met Bersabe Rebecca "Becky" Ulibarri, whom he married in New Mexico on July 9, 1960. Over the next 18 years, the couple had seven children. In 1963, Simmons left the navy, and approximately two years later joined the U.S. Air Force. During his 20-year military career, Simmons was awarded a Bronze Star Medal, the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross for his service as an airman, and the Airforce Ribbon for Excellent Marksmanship. Simmons retired from the air force and military service on November 30, 1979, with the rank of master sergeant.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: On April 3, 1981, Simmons was being investigated by the Cloudcroft, New Mexico Department of Human Services for allegations that he had fathered a child with his 17-year-old daughter, Sheila, whom he had been sexually abusing. Fearing arrest, Simmons fled New Mexico in late 1981 with his family, first to Ward, Arkansas, in Lonoke County, and then to Pope County near Dover, Arkansas in the summer of 1983. The family took up residence on a 13-acre tract of land 6.5 miles north of Dover that they would dub "Mockingbird Hill". The residence was constructed of two older-model mobile homes joined to form one large home, neither of which had a telephone nor indoor plumbing, and was surrounded by a makeshift privacy fence which was as high as 10-feet tall in some places. As a result of the home's lack of plumbing, Simmons ordered his family to dig three cesspits, one of which would eventually be where he disposed of some of their bodies.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: Simmons worked a string of low-paying jobs in the nearby town of Russellville, Arkansas. He quit a position as an accounts receivable clerk at Woodline Motor Freight after numerous reports of inappropriate sexual advances and went to work at a Sinclair Mini Mart for approximately a year and a half before quitting on December 18, 1987. By the time of the killings, the number of people within the home reduced to seven, as two of the older children (Billy and Sheila) moved out, married, and had children of their own.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: Shortly before Christmas 1987, Simmons decided to kill all the members of his family. On the morning of December 22, he first killed his wife Rebecca and eldest son Gene by bludgeoning them with a hammer and shooting them with a .22-caliber pistol. He then killed his three-year-old granddaughter Barbara by strangulation. Simmons dumped the bodies in one of the cesspits he had forced his children to dig previously. Simmons then waited for his other children to return from school for Christmas break. Upon their arrival, he told them he had presents for them, but wanted to give them one at a time. He first killed his daughter, 17-year-old Loretta, whom Simmons strangled and held under the water in a rain barrel. The three other children, Eddy, Marianne, and Becky, were then killed in the same way, and subsequently dumped in the cesspit.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: Around mid-day on December 26, the remaining members of the family arrived at the home, as Simmons had invited them over for the holidays. The first to be killed was Simmons' son Billy and his wife Renata, who were both shot dead. He then strangled and drowned their 20-month-old son, Trae. Simmons also shot and killed his oldest daughter, Sheila (whom he had sexually abused), and her husband, Dennis McNulty. Simmons then strangled his child by Sheila, seven-year-old Sylvia Gail, and finally his 21-month-old grandson Michael. Simmons laid the bodies of his whole family in neat rows in the lounge. Their bodies were covered with coats except that of Sheila, who was covered by Rebecca Simmons' best tablecloth. The bodies of Trae and Michael were wrapped in plastic sheeting and left in abandoned cars at the end of the lane. After the murders, Simmons drove to a Sears store in Russellville where he retrieved Christmas gifts that he had previously ordered for his family. That night, he went for a drink at a local bar before returning to the home where he spent the rest of the evening and the following day drinking beer and watching television.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: On the morning of December 28, Simmons drove to a Walmart in Russellville where he purchased another firearm to use in the attack he was about to carry out. His first target was a law firm where he had previously met secretary Kathy Cribbins Kendrick. Simmons had been infatuated with Kendrick, but she had rejected him. After walking into the office, he shot and killed Kendrick. He next went to an oil company office, where he intended to kill the owner, Russell "Rusty" Taylor. Taylor was also the owner of the Sinclair Mini Mart from which Simmons had recently resigned. He shot and wounded Taylor before killing another person in the building named James David Chaffin; Chaffin was the only deceased victim who was a complete stranger to Simmons. Another employee in the building was shot at, though the bullet missed.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: Simmons then drove on to Sinclair Mini Mart, shooting and wounding two more people. His final target was the office of the Woodline Motor Freight Company, where he shot his former supervisor twice, wounding her. He then ordered one of the employees at gunpoint to call the police. When they arrived, Simmons handed over his gun and surrendered without any resistance. Over the course of the 40-minute-long rampage, Simmons had killed two and injured four others.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: After his arrest, Simmons underwent a psychiatric evaluation where he was found fit to stand trial. He first went on trial for the murders of Kendrick and Chaffin, and was found guilty on May 12, 1988, being sentenced to death. He made an additional statement, under oath, supporting his sentence:


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: I, Ronald Gene Simmons, Sr., want it to be known that it is my wish and my desire that absolutely no action by anybody be taken to appeal or in any way change this sentence. It is further respectfully requested that this sentence be carried out expeditiously.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: He next went on trial for the murders of his 14 family members, and was found guilty on February 10, 1989, again being sentenced to death by lethal injection. On the day of the verdict, Simmons assaulted prosecutor John Bynum, likely in an attempt to reach for his weapon. He was wrestled to the ground and placed in a holding cell. He refused to appeal his death sentence, stating, "To those who oppose the death penalty - in my particular case, anything short of death would be cruel and unusual punishment." The trial court conducted a hearing concerning Simmons' competence to waive further proceedings, and concluded that his decision was knowing and intelligent.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: Simmons became the subject of the United States Supreme Court Case "Whitmore v. Arkansas" when another death row inmate, Jonas Whitmore, attempted, unsuccessfully, to force an appeal of Simmons' case.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: While on death row, Simmons had to be separated from other prisoners as his life was threatened constantly. This was because he refused to appeal his death sentence; the other prisoners believed Simmons was damaging their chances of beating their own death sentences.


title: Ronald Gene Simmons

text: On May 31, Arkansas governor (later President) Bill Clinton signed Simmons' execution warrant, and on June 25, 1990, he died by the method he had chosen, lethal injection in the Cummins Unit. None of his surviving relatives would claim the body, and he was buried in a potter's field in Lincoln County, Arkansas.


title: Telnyashka

text: The Russian telnyashka () is an undershirt horizontally striped in white and blue (occasionally black or green) and which may be sleeveless. It is an iconic uniform garment worn by various Russian military formations.


title: Telnyashka

text: The official uniforms of Naval, Airborne and Naval Infantry personnel do not include conventional shirts. Open fronted jackets of various designs make the distinctively striped telnyashka a conspicuous part of the clothing of these different branches of the Russian armed forces.


title: Telnyashka

text: Telnyashkas are also available to civilian customers and may come in a variety of knittings. Single-stranded knitting is the standard military-issue variant, but double- and quadruple-stranded knitting for increased warmth can be produced. A quadruple-stranded telnyashka is thick enough to keep the wearer warm with nothing else on, even at , as it was originally developed to be worn by military divers under a dry suit.


title: Telnyashka

text: The Russian telnyashka originated in the distinctive striped "marinière" blouse worn by merchant sailors and fishermen of Brittany, who adopted this style to distinguish them from other sea-going nationalities. The fashion was later adopted and popularized by the French Navy and other navies of the pre-dreadnought era. Sailors of the modern French Navy still wear these garments in certain orders of dress.


title: Telnyashka

text: The Imperial Russian Navy adopted the blue and white striped telnyashka blouse during the 19th century. The tradition of Russian or Soviet ground troops wearing a naval uniform comes from Soviet Navy sailors who fought as shore units during World War II. It is exemplified by the famed Soviet sniper Vassili Zaitsev, a petty officer in the Soviet Pacific Fleet who volunteered for army duty, but refused to give up his telnyashka because of the pride it engendered.


title: Telnyashka

text: Vasily Margelov, who was later to modernize the Soviet Airborne Forces (VDV), had previously served with a Naval Infantry unit in World War II, and procured telnyashkas for the VDV as a mark of their elite status.


title: Telnyashka

text: Although the telnyashka is first and foremost associated with the blue color, other colors have subsequently been added in service: The color of the telnyashka matches that of the beret, with the only exception being the marines (matching it with a black beret).


title: Telnyashka

text: The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is a quasi-military organisation. While mostly in charge of civil defence and firefighters, the ministry uses army-style ranks and during his tenure as Minister Sergei Shoigu has introduced the orange-color telnyashka.


title: Telnyashka

text: The Bulgarian 68-th Special Forces Brigade uses the telnyashka as part of its uniform. Sailors of the Cuban Revolutionary Navy wear telnyashkas with blue stripes as part of their uniform.


title: Telnyashka

text: Soviet 1936 film "The Sailors of Kronstadt" started aestheticization of telnyashka with a scene of a Bolshevik sailor emerging from the sea in his torn undershirt after surviving an attempted execution by drowning.


title: Telnyashka

text: The telnyashka is worn by a number of popular non-military characters of cinema and children's cartoons, notably The Wolf in "Nu, pogodi" and Matroskin the Cat in "Troe iz Prostokvashino".


title: Telnyashka

text: In the 2010 video game, , Lev Kravchenko, the secondary antagonist can be seen wearing a telnyashka under his jacket, other characters such as Viktor Reznov can be seen wearing this outfit on his assault on Rebirth Island with Alex Mason. Mason himself is depicted as wearing this outfit when it is revealed that Viktor Reznov is actually dead, and that any depiction of Reznov prior was actually of Mason.


title: Telnyashka

text: In the 2019 video game, , a Russian soldier, J-12, is portrayed wearing a sleeveless telnyashka under a tactical ammo vest during Farah Karim's flashback of the Russian invasion of Urzikstan. Other Russian characters such as General Roman Barkov, Sergeant Kamarov as well as Multiplayer operative Maxim "Minotaur" Bale can also be seen wearing blue telnyashkas with the former two wearing it beneath their uniforms. Other Campaign character, Chimera operative "Nikolai", wears a dark telnyashka shirt as part of his Multiplayer skins.


title: Telnyashka

text: There is a popular saying: "We are few in number, but we wear telnyashkas!" (), referring to the supposed effect of the striped shirt in creating the illusion of greater numbers.


title: Reed Diamond

text: Reed Edward Diamond (born July 20, 1967) is an American actor. He is known for the roles of Det. Mike Kellerman on "", in season 8 of "24", and recurring character Laurence Dominic on "Dollhouse". He also appeared in "The Shield", "Journeyman", "Bones", "The Mentalist", "Franklin & Bash", and "Underground". He had a recurring role on the first two seasons of "Designated Survivor" as John Foerstel, Director of the FBI, and portrayed Daniel Whitehall / Werner Reinhardt in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D."


title: Reed Diamond

text: Diamond was born in Brooklyn, the son of Allison, an astrologer, and Bob Diamond, a stage manager and director of shows such as "The Joe Franklin Show". He was raised in Manhattan and attended the Trinity School.


title: Reed Diamond

text: Diamond attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for two years, then studied acting at the Juilliard School, where he was a member of the Drama Division's "Group 20" (1987–1991).


title: Reed Diamond

text: As a child, Diamond had small parts in the ABC Afterschool Special "Sara's Summer of the Swans" (1974) and the film "Two Minute Warning" (1976). His early roles as an adult included guest starring on "Law & Order" and "Class of '96", and such films as "Memphis Belle" (1990), "Clear and Present Danger" (1994) and "Her Hidden Truth" (1995).


title: Reed Diamond

text: His first big break came in 1995 when he joined the cast of "" as Det. Mike Kellerman. Diamond was a regular cast member for Seasons 4–6 before Kellerman was written out at the end of Season 6; but he reprised the role for a two-episode story in the final Season 7. In 2000, a feature-length TV movie was produced to wrap up the series, which saw the return of all the major cast, including Diamond. He made a brief appearance as a police detective in the pilot episode of the 2002 pilot of the controversial series "The Shield", as Detective Terry Crowley. He was credited as one of the main cast members and featured prominently in promotional pictures of the show, so as to surprise viewers when he was murdered at the end of the first episode. Roles after that included a re-make of "High Noon" (2000); "Three Days"; "S.W.A.T." (2003, directed by Diamond's "Homicide" co-star Clark Johnson); "Spider-Man 2" (2004); and "Good Night, and Good Luck" (2005).


title: Reed Diamond

text: In the 2000s, as well as playing recurring roles in "Judging Amy" (as Stuart Collins) and "Dollhouse" (as Lawrence Dominic), Diamond guest-starred on "Crossing Jordan", "The West Wing", "Medium", "Numb3rs", "", "Stargate SG-1", "Without a Trace", "The Mentalist", "24", and "Common Law". He portrayed Inspector Jack Vasser in the Fall 2007 NBC series "Journeyman" until the cancellation of the show in December 2007.


title: Reed Diamond

text: In the 2010s, Diamond appeared in the TNT series "Franklin & Bash", as senior HYDRA agent Dr. Daniel Whitehall / Werner Reinhardt in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", and had roles in "Firebreather", "Moneyball", "Common Law", and "Wayward Pines". He played plantation owner Tom Macon on season one of WGN's series "Underground".


title: Reed Diamond

text: Diamond was married to Fredrika Kesten from 1995 to 1997. Since 2004, he has been married to actress Marnie McPhail.


title: Velouté sauce

text: A velouté sauce () is a savory sauce that is made from a roux and a light stock. It is one of the "mother sauces" of French cuisine listed by chef Auguste Escoffier in the early twentieth century, along with espagnole, tomato, béchamel, and mayonnaise or hollandaise. "Velouté" is French for 'velvety'.


title: Velouté sauce

text: In preparing a velouté sauce, a light stock (one in which the bones of the base used have not been roasted previously), such as veal, chicken, or fish stock, is thickened with a blond roux. The sauce produced is commonly referred to by the type of stock used (e.g. chicken velouté, fish velouté, seafood velouté).


title: Velouté sauce

text: "Sauce velouté" often is served on poultry or seafood dishes and is also used as the base for other sauces.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Latency, from a general point of view, is a time delay between the cause and the effect of some physical change in the system being observed. Lag, as it is known in gaming circles, refers to the latency between the input to a simulation and the visual or auditory response, often occurring because of network delay in online games.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Latency is physically a consequence of the limited velocity at which any physical interaction can propagate. The magnitude of this velocity is always less than or equal to the speed of light. Therefore, every physical system with any physical separation (distance) between cause and effect will experience some sort of latency, regardless of the nature of the stimulation at which it has been exposed to.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: The precise definition of latency depends on the system being observed or the nature of the simulation. In communications, the lower limit of latency is determined by the medium being used to transfer information. In reliable two-way communication systems, latency limits the maximum rate that information can be transmitted, as there is often a limit on the amount of information that is "in-flight" at any given moment. Perceptible latency has a strong effect on user satisfaction and usability in the field of human–machine interaction.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Online games are sensitive to latency (or "lag"), since fast response times to new events occurring during a game session are rewarded while slow response times may carry penalties. Due to a delay in transmission of game events, a player with a high latency internet connection may show slow responses in spite of appropriate reaction time. This gives players with low latency connections a technical advantage.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Minimizing latency is of interest in the capital markets, particularly where algorithmic trading is used to process market updates and turn around orders within milliseconds. Low-latency trading occurs on the networks used by financial institutions to connect to stock exchanges and electronic communication networks (ECNs) to execute financial transactions. Joel Hasbrouck and Gideon Saar (2011) measure latency based on three components: the time it takes for information to reach the trader, execution of the trader's algorithms to analyze the information and decide a course of action, and the generated action to reach the exchange and get implemented. Hasbrouck and Saar contrast this with the way in which latencies are measured by many trading venues who use much more narrow definitions, such as, the processing delay measured from the entry of the order (at the vendor's computer) to the transmission of an acknowledgement (from the vendor's computer). Electronic trading now makes up 60% to 70% of the daily volume on the New York Stock Exchange and algorithmic trading close to 35%. Trading using computers has developed to the point where millisecond improvements in network speeds offer a competitive advantage for financial institutions.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Network latency in a packet-switched network is measured as either one-way (the time from the source sending a packet to the destination receiving it), or round-trip delay time (the one-way latency from source to destination plus the one-way latency from the destination back to the source). Round-trip latency is more often quoted, because it can be measured from a single point. Note that round trip latency excludes the amount of time that a destination system spends processing the packet. Many software platforms provide a service called ping that can be used to measure round-trip latency. Ping uses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) "echo request" which causes the recipient to send the received packet as an immediate response, thus it provides a rough way of measuring round-trip delay time. Ping cannot perform accurate measurements, principally because ICMP is intended only for diagnostic or control purposes, and differs from real communication protocols such as TCP. Furthermore, routers and internet service providers might apply different traffic shaping policies to different protocols. For more accurate measurements it is better to use specific software, for example: hping, Netperf or Iperf.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: However, in a non-trivial network, a typical packet will be forwarded over multiple links and gateways, each of which will not begin to forward the packet until it has been completely received. In such a network, the minimal latency is the sum of the transmission delay of each link, plus the forwarding latency of each gateway. In practice, minimal latency also includes queuing and processing delays. Queuing delay occurs when a gateway receives multiple packets from different sources heading towards the same destination. Since typically only one packet can be transmitted at a time, some of the packets must queue for transmission, incurring additional delay. Processing delays are incurred while a gateway determines what to do with a newly received packet. Bufferbloat can also cause increased latency that is an order of magnitude or more. The combination of propagation, serialization, queuing, and processing delays often produces a complex and variable network latency profile.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Latency limits total throughput in reliable two-way communication systems as described by the bandwidth-delay product.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Latency in optical fiber is largely a function of the speed of light, which is 299,792,458 meters/second in vacuum. This would equate to a latency of 3.33 µs for every kilometer of path length. The index of refraction of most fiber optic cables is about 1.5, meaning that light travels about 1.5 times as fast in a vacuum as it does in the cable. This works out to about 5.0 µs of latency for every kilometer. In shorter metro networks, higher latency can be experienced due to extra distance in building risers and cross-connects. To calculate the latency of a connection, one has to know the distance traveled by the fiber, which is rarely a straight line, since it has to traverse geographic contours and obstacles, such as roads and railway tracks, as well as other rights-of-way.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Due to imperfections in the fiber, light degrades as it is transmitted through it. For distances of greater than 100 kilometers, amplifiers or regenerators are deployed. Latency introduced by these components needs to be taken into account.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Satellites in geostationary orbits are far enough away from Earth that communication latency becomes significant – about a quarter of a second for a trip from one ground-based transmitter to the satellite and back to another ground-based transmitter; close to half a second for two-way communication from one Earth station to another and then back to the first. Low Earth orbit is sometimes used to cut this delay, at the expense of more complicated satellite tracking on the ground and requiring more satellites in the satellite constellation to ensure continuous coverage.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Audio latency is the delay between when an audio signal enters and when it emerges from a system. Potential contributors to latency in an audio system include analog-to-digital conversion, buffering, digital signal processing, transmission time, digital-to-analog conversion and the speed of sound in air.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Video latency refers to the degree of delay between the time a transfer of a video stream is requested and the actual time that transfer begins. Networks that exhibit relatively small delays are known as low-latency networks, while their counterparts are known as high-latency networks.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Any individual workflow within a system of workflows can be subject to some type of operational latency. It may even be the case that an individual system may have more than one type of latency, depending on the type of participant or goal-seeking behavior. This is best illustrated by the following two examples involving air travel.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: From the point of view of a passenger, latency can be described as follows. Suppose John Doe flies from London to New York. The latency of his trip is the time it takes him to go from his house in England to the hotel he is staying at in New York. This is independent of the throughput of the London-New York air link – whether there were 100 passengers a day making the trip or 10000, the latency of the trip would remain the same.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: From the point of view of flight operations personnel, latency can be entirely different. Consider the staff at the London and New York airports. Only a limited number of planes are able to make the transatlantic journey, so when one lands they must prepare it for the return trip as quickly as possible. It might take, for example:


title: Latency (engineering)

text: However, cleaning, refueling and loading the cargo can be done at the same time. Passengers can only be loaded after cleaning is complete. The reduced latency, then, is:


title: Latency (engineering)

text: The people involved in the turnaround are interested only in the time it takes for their individual tasks. When all of the tasks are done at the same time, however, it is possible to reduce the latency to the length of the longest task. If some steps have prerequisites, it becomes more difficult to perform all steps in parallel. In the example above, the requirement to clean the plane before loading passengers results in a minimum latency longer than any single task.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Any mechanical process encounters limitations modeled by Newtonian physics. The behavior of disk drives provides an example of mechanical latency. Here, it is the time seek time for the actuator arm to be positioned above the appropriate track and then rotational latency for the data encoded on a platter to rotate from its current position to a position under the disk read-and-write head.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Computers run instructions in the context of a process. In the context of computer multitasking, the execution of the process can be postponed if other processes are also executing. In addition, the operating system can schedule when to perform the action that the process is commanding. For example, suppose a process commands that a computer card's voltage output be set high-low-high-low and so on at a rate of 1000 Hz. The operating system schedules the process for each transition (high-low or low-high) based on a hardware clock such as the High Precision Event Timer. The latency is the delay between the events generated by the hardware clock and the actual transitions of voltage from high to low or low to high.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: Many desktop operating systems have performance limitations which create additional latency. The problem may be mitigated with real-time extensions and patches such as PREEMPT_RT.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: On embedded systems, the real-time execution of instructions is often supported by a real-time operating system.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: In simulation applications, latency refers to the time delay, often measured in milliseconds, between initial input and output clearly discernible to the simulator trainee or simulator subject. Latency is sometimes also called "transport delay". Some authorities distinguish between latency and transport delay by using the term "latency" in the sense of the extra time delay of a system over and above the reaction time of the vehicle being simulated, but this requires detailed knowledge of the vehicle dynamics and can be controversial.


title: Latency (engineering)

text: In simulators with both visual and motion systems, it is particularly important that the latency of the motion system not be greater than of the visual system, or symptoms of simulator sickness may result. This is because, in the real world, motion cues are those of acceleration and are quickly transmitted to the brain, typically in less than 50 milliseconds; this is followed some milliseconds later by a perception of change in the visual scene. The visual scene change is essentially one of change of perspective or displacement of objects such as the horizon, which takes some time to build up to discernible amounts after the initial acceleration which caused the displacement. A simulator should, therefore, reflect the real-world situation by ensuring that the motion latency is equal to or less than that of the visual system and not the other way round.


title: Julian Castro

text: Julián Castro ( , ; born September 16, 1974) is an American lawyer and politician from San Antonio. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the youngest member of President Obama's cabinet, serving as the 16th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 2014 to 2017. Castro served as the mayor of his native San Antonio, Texas from 2009 until he joined Barack Obama's cabinet in 2014.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro was mentioned as a possible running mate for Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential campaign. He is the twin brother of Congressman Joaquin Castro. On January 12, 2019, Castro launched his campaign for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in 2020 in San Antonio. He dropped out of the presidential race on January 2, 2020, endorsing the candidacy of Elizabeth Warren soon after.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro was born in San Antonio, Texas, the son of Maria "Rosie" Castro and Jessie Guzman. He is the identical twin brother of current United States Representative Joaquin Castro; Julián is one minute older than Joaquin: they were born at 2:40 and 2:41 am, respectively.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro is of Mexican descent. His mother is a Chicana political activist who helped establish the Chicano political party La Raza Unida, and who ran for the San Antonio City Council in 1971. Castro once stated, "My mother is probably the biggest reason that my brother and I are in public service. Growing up, she would take us to a lot of rallies and organizational meetings and other things that are very boring for an 8-, 9-, 10-year-old". His father, Jessie Guzman, is a retired mathematics teacher and political activist. Never married, Rosie and Jessie separated when Castro and his brother were eight years old. Castro's Texan roots trace back to 1920, when his grandmother Victoria Castro joined extended family members there as a six-year-old orphan from northern Mexico.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro attended Thomas Jefferson High School in San Antonio, where he played football, basketball and tennis; he also collected trading cards. He skipped his sophomore year and graduated in 1992, ranking ninth in his class. He had received an offer to play tennis at Trinity University, an NCAA Division III school in his hometown, but chose to attend Stanford University, along with his twin brother Joaquin.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro graduated from Stanford in 1996 with a bachelor's degree in political science and communications. He said he began thinking about entering politics while at Stanford, where he and his brother launched their first campaigns and won student senate seats, tying for the highest number of votes. Castro has credited affirmative action for his admission into Stanford, telling "The New York Times", "Joaquin and I got into Stanford because of affirmative action. I scored 1210 on my SATs, which was lower than the median matriculating student. But I did fine in college and in law school. So did Joaquin. I’m a strong supporter of affirmative action because I’ve seen it work in my own life". Between his sophomore and junior years, Castro worked as an intern at the White House during the presidency of Bill Clinton.


title: Julian Castro

text: Castro entered Harvard Law School in 1997 and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 2000. His brother graduated from both schools with him. After law school, the two brothers worked for the law firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld before starting their own firm in 2005.


title: Julian Castro

text: In 2018, Castro was named as the Dean's Distinguished Fellow and Fellow of the Dávila Chair in International Trade Policy at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs.