title: Simon Webbe

text: Since entering the music industry Webbe has extended his range of business ventures. His two most notable companies are Love 4 Music and Love 4 PR, both of which he co-runs with Jade Reuben. He managed the group VS who supported Blue on their tour. They were also signed to Innocent Records, the same label as Blue, and released three singles, "Love You Like Mad" (#7), "Call U Sexy" (#11) and "Make It Hot" (#29), plus an album, "All Kinds of Trouble". The band has since broken up and member Marvin Humes went on to be part of boyband JLS. He also managed North London rapper MR BLARNY who was the only other act (after VS) to sign to Webbe's LOVE 4 Music label. Later Webbe managed American/British girlband L.A.D.E., whose video for their unreleased single "Shake It Off" featured Webbe and Blue bandmate Duncan James. In return the girls appeared in Blue's single "Bubblin'" with MR BLARNY also featuring on the remixes. The British rapper is still recording music releasing "YOUR BEST TIME" in 2013 (featuring LOLA) while the current professional music status of the girls is unknown. Also in 2004, Webbe was voted "Company" magazine's 62nd Sexiest Man Alive and appeared as a striker on Sky 1's "The Match".


title: Simon Webbe

text: In 2008, he participated in British reality television show, "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" Which he finished in fifth place. On 28 April 2009, Blue announced that they had reformed and will return to the stage with a new album coming soon. Webbe featured on Ras Kwame's Spit TV rapping with fellow Manchester hip-hop artists Lyrican and Hoodman.


title: Simon Webbe

text: From 31 May to 28 August 2010, Webbe played the role of Curtis Shank in "Sister Act the musical" at the London Palladium. During his run, Webbe starred alongside Sheila Hancock and Whoopi Goldberg.


title: Simon Webbe

text: Blue represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Germany. The group finished 11th in the competition.


title: Simon Webbe

text: On 23 November 2011, it was announced that Webbe would be taking part in the "Strictly Come Dancing Christmas Special". Webbe was the first celebrity to compete (dancing the Cha Cha Cha to "Merry Christmas Everybody") – supported in the audience by fellow Blue bandmates Duncan James and Antony Costa. His celebrity partner was Katya Virshilas. The judges placed Webbe in joint third – with a score of 36 out of 40. The "Strictly Come Dancing Christmas Special" was broadcast on BBC One on 25 December 2011.


title: Simon Webbe

text: On 21 August 2014, Webbe was confirmed on ITV's "Good Morning Britain" as a contestant on the upcoming twelfth series of "Strictly Come Dancing". He was partnered with professional dancer Kristina Rihanoff for the series and the pair were declared runners-up on 20 December.


title: Simon Webbe

text: In August 2015, he appeared in George Stiles and Anthony Drewe's family musical The 3 Little Pigs at the Palace Theatre, London. He played the Big Bad Wolf.


title: Simon Webbe

text: On 28 July 2017, Webbe announced the release of his third studio album "Smile" due for release on 13 October 2017.


title: Simon Webbe

text: On 30 November 2021 the group confirmed they would be going on an arena tour to celebrate their 20th anniversary, it was also confirmed that Atomic Kitten would be supporting them on the tour. When interviewed on "This Morning" the group also confirmed that they were back in the studio recording, a new album is expected to follow along with the tour.


title: Simon Webbe

text: On 11 April 2022 the group announced that their sixth studio album "Heart & Soul" which would be released on 9 September 2022. On 20 May the group unveiled the track listing for the album on their social media accounts, following with first single "Haven't Found You Yet". On 29 June 2022, the group released the single "Dance with Me", a cover of the 2001 112 single.


title: Simon Webbe

text: In 2004, Webbe co-starred in the romantic-comedy "The Truth About Love", directed by John Hay. The film also featured Jennifer Love Hewitt, Dougray Scott and Jimi Mistry. His second acting project was a 2006 British gangster movie "Rollin' with the Nines". The film co-starred Vas Blackwood, Billy Murray, Robbie Gee and was directed by Julian Gilbey.


title: Simon Webbe

text: Webbe has a daughter, Alanah (born 1996), with ex-girlfriend Nicola Jones, a shop assistant from Solihull. She is the inspiration for his 2007 single "Grace". He is a cousin of the Sugababes singer Keisha Buchanan. His brother Duane Bryan was a contestant on the 2012 series of "The Apprentice". He is related to Labour Party politician Claudia Webbe.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: A paraneoplastic syndrome is a syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms) that is the consequence of a tumor in the body (usually a cancerous one), specifically due to the production of chemical signaling molecules (such as hormones or cytokines) by tumor cells or by an immune response against the tumor. Unlike a mass effect, it is not due to the local presence of cancer cells.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: Paraneoplastic syndromes are typical among middle-aged to older patients, and they most commonly present with cancers of the lung, breast, ovaries or lymphatic system (a lymphoma). Sometimes, the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes show before the diagnosis of a malignancy, which has been hypothesized to relate to the disease pathogenesis. In this paradigm, tumor cells express tissue-restricted antigens (e.g., neuronal proteins), triggering an anti-tumor immune response which may be partially or, rarely, completely effective in suppressing tumor growth and symptoms. Patients then come to clinical attention when this tumor immune response breaks immune tolerance and begins to attack the normal tissue expressing that (e.g., neuronal) protein.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: The abbreviation PNS is sometimes used for paraneoplastic syndrome, although it is used more often to refer to the peripheral nervous system.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: Symptomatic features of paraneoplastic syndrome cultivate in four ways: endocrine, neurological, mucocutaneous, and hematological. The most common presentation is a fever (release of endogenous pyrogens often related to lymphokines or tissue pyrogens), but the overall picture will often include several clinical cases observed which may specifically simulate more common benign conditions.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: The following diseases manifest by means of endocrine dysfunction: Cushing syndrome, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia, carcinoid syndrome, and hyperaldosteronism.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: The following diseases manifest by means of neurological dysfunction: Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, encephalomyelitis, limbic encephalitis, brainstem encephalitis, opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, and polymyositis.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: The following diseases manifest by means of mucocutaneous dysfunction: acanthosis nigricans, dermatomyositis, Leser-Trélat sign, necrolytic migratory erythema, Sweet's syndrome, Florid cutaneous papillomatosis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acquired generalized hypertrichosis. Mucocutaneous dysfunctions of paraneoplastic syndromes can be seen in cases of itching (hypereosinophilia), immune system depression (latent varicella-zoster virus in sensory ganglia), pancreatic tumors (leading to adipose nodular necrosis of subcutaneous tissues), flushes (prostaglandin secretions), and even dermic melanosis (cannot be eliminated via urine and results in grey to black-blueish skin tones).


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: The following diseases manifest by means of hematological dysfunction: granulocytosis, polycythemia, Trousseau sign, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, and anemia. Hematological dysfunction of paraneoplastic syndromes can be seen from an increase of erythropoietin (EPO), which may occur in response to hypoxia or ectopic EPO production/altered catabolism. Erythrocytosis is common in regions of the liver, kidney, adrenal glands, lung, thymus, and central nervous system (as well as gynecological tumors and myosarcomas).


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: The following diseases manifest by means of physiological dysfunction besides the categories above: membranous glomerulonephritis, tumor-induced osteomalacia, Stauffer syndrome, Neoplastic fever, and thymoma-associated multiorgan autoimmunity. Rheumatologic (hypertrophic osteoarthropathy), renal (secondary kidney amyloidosis and sedimentation of immunocomplexes in nephrons), and gastrointestinal (production of molecules that affect the motility and secretory activity of the digestive tract) dysfunctions, for example, may relate to paraneoplastic syndromes.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: The mechanism for a paraneoplastic syndrome varies from case to case. However, pathophysiological outcomes usually arise when a tumor does. Paraneoplastic syndrome often occurs alongside associated cancers as a result of an activated immune system. In this scenario, the body may produce antibodies to fight off the tumor by directly binding and destroying the tumor cell. Paraneoplastic disorders may arise in that antibodies would cross-react with normal tissues and destroy them.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: Diagnostic testing in a possible paraneoplastic syndrome depends on the symptoms and the suspected underlying cancer.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: Diagnosis may be difficult in patients in whom paraneoplastic antibodies cannot be detected. In the absence of these antibodies, other tests that may be helpful include MRI, PET, lumbar puncture and electrophysiology.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: A specifically devastating form of (neurological) paraneoplastic syndromes is a group of disorders classified as paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs). These PNDs affect the central or peripheral nervous system; some are degenerative, though others (such as LEMS) may improve with treatment of the condition or the tumor. Symptoms of PNDs may include difficulty with walking and balance, dizziness, rapid uncontrolled eye movements, difficulty swallowing, loss of muscle tone, loss of fine motor coordination, slurred speech, memory loss, vision problems, sleep disturbances, dementia, seizures, and sensory loss in the limbs.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: The most common cancers associated with PNDs are breast, ovarian, and lung cancers, but many other cancers can produce paraneoplastic symptoms, as well.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: The root cause is extremely difficult to identify for paraneoplastic syndrome, as there are so many ways the disease can manifest (which may eventually lead to cancer). Ideas may relate to age-related diseases (unable to handle environmental or physical stress in combination with genetic pre-dispositions), accumulation of damaged biomolecules (damages signaling pathways in various regions of the body), increased oxygen free radicals in the body (alters metabolic processes in various regions of the body), etc. .


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: However, prophylactic efforts include routine checks with physicians (particularly those that specialize in neurology and oncology) especially when a patient notices subtle changes in his or her own body.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: A specific prognosis for those with paraneoplastic syndromes links to each unique case presented. Thus, prognosis for paraneoplastic syndromes may vary greatly. For example, paraneoplastic pemphigus often included infection as a major cause of death. Paraneoplastic pemphigus is one of the three major subtypes that affects IgG autoantibodies that are characteristically raised against desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 (which are cell-cell adhesion molecules found in desmosomes). Underlying cancer or irreversible system impairment, seen in acute heart failure or kidney failure, may result in death as well.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: Prostate cancer is the second most common urological malignancy to be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes after renal cell carcinoma. Paraneoplastic syndromes of this nature tend to occur in the setting of late stage and aggressive tumors with poor overall outcomes (endocrine manifestations, neurological entities, dermatological conditions, and other syndromes). A vast majority of prostate cancer cases (over 70%) document paraneoplastic syndrome as a major clinical manifestation of prostate cancer; and (under 20%), the syndrome as an initial sign of disease progression to the castrate-resistant state. Urologist researchers identify serum markers that are associated with the syndrome in order to specific what type of therapies may work most effectively.


title: Paraneoplastic syndrome

text: Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes may be related immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), one of the underlying causes in inflammatory central nervous system diseases (CNS). The central idea around such research pinpoints treatment strategies to combat cancer related outcomes in the clinical arena, specifically ICIs. Research suggests that patients who are treated with ICIs are more susceptible to CNS disease (since the mechanism of ICIs induces adverse effects on the CNS due to augmented immune responses and neurotoxicity). The purpose of this exploration was to shed light on immunotherapies and distinguishing between neurotoxicity and brain metastasis in the early stages of treatment. In other research, scientists have found that paraneoplastic peripheral nerve disorders (autoantibodies linked to multifocal motor neuropathy) may provide important clinical manifestations. This is especially important for patients who experience inflammatory neuropathies since solid tumors are often associated with peripheral nerve disorders. CV2 autoantibodies, which target dihydropyriminase-related protein 5 (DRP5, or CRMP5) are also associated with a variety of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, including sensorimotor polyneuropathies. Patients undergoing immune therapies or tumor removal respond very well to antibodies that target CASPR2 (to treat nerve hyperexcitability and neuromyotonia).


title: Faust (musician)

text: Bård Guldvik "Faust" Eithun (born 21 April 1974) is a Norwegian drummer known primarily for his work with black metal band Emperor. In 1993, he was sentenced to 14 years in prison for murder. He has been out of prison since 2003.


title: Faust (musician)

text: Eithun started his career as a drummer at the age of 16 for the first Stigma Diabolicum demos, "Lacus De Luna - Rehearsal" and "Live in Stjørdal" in 1990 and in the Thorns demo, "The Thule Tapes" in 1992.


title: Faust (musician)

text: Eithun is best known for his work with early black metal band Emperor, especially on the releases "As the Shadows Rise" and the groundbreaking "In the Nightside Eclipse". In 2013 Faust returned to Emperor as drummer for the 20th-anniversary tour of "In the Nightside Eclipse" in the summer of 2014, where they also played the full setlist in Wacken Open Air.


title: Faust (musician)

text: On 21 August 1992, while Eithun was visiting family in Lillehammer, he stabbed Magne Andreassen to death. According to Eithun, while walking home from a pub through the Olympic park, a well-known gay cruising spot, Andreassen drunkenly approached him and solicited him for sex. Eithun agreed to go with him to the nearby woods and stabbed Andreassen 37 times. He kicked him in the head repeatedly as he lay on the ground.


title: Faust (musician)

text: Eithun claimed that he felt no remorse at the time. Ihsahn, his bandmate in Emperor, said that Eithun "had been very fascinated by serial killers for a long time, and I guess he wanted to know what it's like to kill a person". The media has linked the murder to black metal and speculated that Eithun was motivated by Satanism, fascism, or homophobia. In a 1993 interview, he stated: "I am not a Satanist, but I praise the evil". In an interview for the book "Lords of Chaos", he explained that he had been "interested in Satanism but there are other things as well. Basically, I don't give a shit". In a 2008 interview, Eithun said: "I was never a Satanist or fascist in any way". In a 2012 interview he said: "I never had any racist or homophobic views". Gaahl, who is an openly gay member of the Norwegian black metal scene, said that Eithun was the first person to send him a message of support when he came out. Jørn Inge Tunsberg of the band Hades Almighty said that the murder was "an impulse killing" and that "it had nothing to do with black metal".


title: Faust (musician)

text: Police initially had no suspects, and Eithun remained free for about a year. However, he told Øystein "Euronymous" Aarseth, Varg Vikernes, and a few others what he had done. After Vikernes' murder of Aarseth in August 1993, Eithun was arrested and confessed to killing Andreassen. In 1994, he was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment, but was released due to good behavior in 2003 after serving nine years and four months.


title: Faust (musician)

text: Eithus was played by Valter Skarsgård in the 2018 biographical-horror-thriller film "Lords of Chaos".


title: Playtime

text: Playtime (stylized as PlayTime and also written as Play Time) is a 1967 comedy film directed by Jacques Tati. In the film, Tati again plays Monsieur Hulot, the popular character who had central roles in his earlier films "Les Vacances de Monsieur Hulot" and "Mon Oncle". However, Tati grew ambivalent towards playing Hulot as a recurring central role during production; he appears intermittently in "Playtime", alternating between central and supporting roles.


title: Playtime

text: Shot on 70 mm, the work is notable for its enormous set, which Tati had built specially for the film, as well as Tati's trademark use of subtle yet complex visual comedy supported by creative sound effects; dialogue is frequently reduced to the level of background noise.


title: Playtime

text: "Playtime" is considered Tati's masterpiece and his most daring work. In 2012, "Playtime" was 43rd on the British Film Institute's critics' list and 37th in their directors' list of "Top 100 Greatest Films of All Time". The film was a financial failure upon release but is now widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time.


title: Playtime

text: "Playtime" is set in a futuristic, hyper-consumerist Paris. The story is structured in six sequences, linked by two characters who repeatedly encounter one another over the course of a day: Barbara, a young American tourist visiting Paris with an American tourist group, and Monsieur Hulot, a befuddled Frenchman lost in the new modernity of Paris. The sequences are as follows:


title: Playtime

text: When possible, Tati cast nonprofessionals. He wanted people whose inner essence matched their characters and who could move in the way he wanted.


title: Playtime

text: The film is famous for its enormous, specially constructed set and background stage, known as 'Tativille', which contributed significantly to the film's large budget, said to be 17 million francs (which would have been roughly 3.4 million US dollars in 1964). The set required a hundred workers to construct along with its own power plant. Budget crises and other disasters stretched the shooting schedule to three years, including 1.4 million francs in repairs after the set was damaged by storms. Tati observed, correctly, that the cost of building the set was no greater than what it would have cost to have hired Elizabeth Taylor or Sophia Loren for the leading role. Budget overruns forced Tati to take out large loans and personal overdrafts to cover ever-increasing production costs.


title: Playtime

text: As "Playtime" depended greatly on visual comedy and sound effects, Tati chose to shoot the film using high-resolution 70 mm film, and a stereophonic soundtrack that was complex for its time.


title: Playtime

text: To save money, some of the building facades and the interior of the Orly set were actually giant photographs. (The photographs also had the advantage of not reflecting the camera or lights.) The Paris landmarks Barbara sees reflected in the glass door are also photographs. Tati also used life-sized cutout photographs of people to save money on extras. These cutouts are noticeable in some of the cubicles when Hulot overlooks the maze of offices, and in the deep background in some of the shots at ground level from one office building to another.


title: Playtime

text: Tati wanted the film to be in color but look like it was filmed in black and white – an effect he had previously employed to some extent in "Mon Oncle". The predominant colors are shades of grey, blue, black, and greyish white. Green and red are used as occasional accent colors: for example, the greenish hue of patrons lit by a neon sign in a sterile and modern lunch counter, or the flashing red light on an office intercom. It has been said that Tati had one red item in every shot.


title: Playtime

text: Except for a single flower stall, there are no genuine green plants or trees on the set, though dull plastic plants adorn the outer balconies of some buildings, including the restaurant (the one location shot apart from the road to the airport). Thus, when the character of "Barbara" arrives at the Royal Garden restaurant in an emerald green dress seen as 'dated' by the other whispering female patrons clothed in dark attire, she visually contrasts not only with the other diners, but also with the entire physical environment of the film. As the characters in the restaurant scene begin to lose their normal social inhibitions and revel in the unraveling of their surroundings, Tati intensifies both color and lighting accordingly: late arrivals to the restaurant are less conservative, arriving in vibrant, often patterned clothing.


title: Playtime

text: Tati detested close-ups, considering them crude, and shot in 65mm film so that all the actors and their physical movements would be visible, even when they were in the far background of a group scene. He used sound rather than visual cues to direct the audience's attention; with the large image size, sound could be both high and low in the image as well as left and right. As with most Tati films, sound effects were utilized to intensify comedic effect; Leonard Maltin wrote that Tati was the "only man in movie history to get a laugh out of the hum of a neon sign!" Almost the entire film was dubbed after shooting; the editing process took nine months.


title: Playtime

text: Philip Kemp has described the film's plot as exploring "how the curve comes to reassert itself over the straight line". This progression is carried out in numerous ways. At the beginning of the film, people walk in straight lines and turn on right angles. Only working-class construction workers (representing Hulot's 'old Paris', celebrated in "Mon Oncle") and two music-loving teenagers move in a curvaceous and naturally human way. Some of this robotlike behavior begins to loosen in the restaurant scene near the end of the film, as the participants set aside their assigned roles and learn to enjoy themselves after a plague of opening-night disasters.


title: Playtime

text: Throughout the film, the American tourists are continually lined up and counted, though Barbara keeps escaping and must be frequently called back to conform with the others. By the end, she has united the curve and the line (Hulot's gift, a square scarf, is fitted to her round head); her straight bus ride back to the airport becomes lost in a seemingly endless traffic circle that has the atmosphere of a carnival ride.


title: Playtime

text: The extended apartment sequence, where Tati's character visits a friend and tours his apartment, is notable. Tati keeps his audience outside of the apartment as we look inside the lives of these characters. In September 2012, "Interiors", an online journal that is concerned with the relationship between architecture and film, released an issue that discussed how space is used in this scene. The issue highlights how Tati uses the space of the apartment to create voyeurs out of his audience.


title: Playtime

text: On its original French release, "Playtime" was acclaimed by most critics. It was commercially unsuccessful, failing to earn back a significant portion of its production costs. The film was entered into the 6th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Silver Prize.


title: Playtime

text: Results were the same upon the film's eventual release in the U.S. in 1973 (even though it had finally been converted to a 35 mm format at the insistence of U.S. distributors and edited down to 103 minutes). Though Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" called "Playtime" "Tati's most brilliant film", it was no more a commercial success in the U.S. than in France. Debts incurred as a result of the film's cost overruns eventually forced Tati to file for bankruptcy.


title: Playtime

text: "Playtime" is regarded as a great achievement by many critics. The film holds a 98% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 8.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A remarkable achievement, "Playtime" packs every scene with sight gags and characters that both celebrates and satirizes the urbanization of modern life."


title: Stańczyk

text: Stańczyk (c. 1480–1560) () was a Polish court jester, the most famous in Polish history. He was employed by three Polish kings: Alexander, Sigismund the Old and Sigismund Augustus.


title: Stańczyk

text: Scarcity of sources gave rise to four distinct hypotheses in the 19th century: that he was entirely invented by Jan Kochanowski and his colleagues; or that he was "perhaps a typical jester dressed by his contemporaries in an Aesopian attire; or perhaps a Shakespearean vision of 19th century writers; or perhaps indeed a grey eminence of the "societatis ioculatorum"". In any measure, common consensus among modern scholars is that such a person indeed existed and even if he did not, he had a tremendous importance to Polish culture of later centuries, appearing in works of many artists of the 19th and 20th centuries.


title: Stańczyk

text: Almost nothing is known about Stańczyk's life and even his name and identity are a matter of dispute. Contemporary sources mention court jesters named Gąska and Stańczyk. Notably, both names are featured in two short poems by Jan Kochanowski. Both words are diminutives, of the words "gęś" (goose) and "Stanisław", respectively, rather than proper names in their own right. All of the above led Aleksander Brückner and later scholars to believe that Gąska and Stańczyk are merely two nicknames of the same person. Because of that hypothesis Stańczyk is sometimes referred to as "Stanisław Gąska", a name that resembles a typical Polish name, except it is of much later provenance and was coined in late 19th century rather than during the jester's times.


title: Stańczyk

text: By any measure Stańczyk's fame and legend were already strong during his own time, the Renaissance. The popularity later reappeared in 19th century and remained well known to present times. Unlike jesters of other European courts, Stańczyk has been always considered to have been much more than a mere entertainer.


title: Stańczyk

text: He is remembered as a man of great intelligence and a political philosopher gifted with formidable insight into Poland's current and future situation. He used his job to criticize and warn his contemporaries by the use of satire. His witty jokes often pertained to current political or court matters. Stańczyk's remarks and jokes were preserved by numerous contemporary writers and historians, including Łukasz Górnicki, Jan Kochanowski, Marcin Kromer, and Mikołaj Rej who praised him for fighting hypocrisy in the name of truth. Some sources even go as far as to call him a "personal friend to Marcin Kromer, to the dislike of the bishops".


title: Stańczyk

text: The best known anecdote about Stańczyk is that of a hunting incident. In 1533 King Sigismund the Old had a huge bear brought for him from Lithuania. The bear was released in the forest of Niepołomice near Kraków so that the king could hunt it. During the hunt, the animal charged at the king, the queen and their courtiers which caused panic and mayhem. Queen Bona fell from her horse which resulted in her miscarriage. Later, the king criticized Stańczyk for having run away instead of attacking the bear. The jester is said to have replied that "it is a greater folly to let out a bear that was already in a cage". This remark is often interpreted as an allusion to the king's policy toward Prussia which was defeated by Poland but not fully incorporated into the Crown.


title: Stańczyk

text: Stańczyk became a popular historical figure in Polish literature after the partitions (1795). Some writers treated him as a symbol of Poland's struggle for independence, others provided him with rather Shakespearean traits. He appears in a work of, among others, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz (in "Jan z Tęczna. Powieść historyczna", 1825) and several works by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1839, 1841).


title: Stańczyk

text: In 1869 a group of young conservative publicists: Józef Szujski, Stanisław Tarnowski, and , published a series of satirical pamphlets entitled ("Stańczyk's Portfolio"). Only five years after the tragic end of the January Uprising, the pamphlets ridiculed the idea of armed national uprisings and suggested a compromise with Poland's enemies, especially the Austrian Empire, and more concentration on economic growth than on political independence. The political faction which adopted these ideas became known as "Stańczycy" (plural of "Stańczyk").


title: Stańczyk

text: Stańczyk was also one of Jan Matejko's favorite historical figures and he appears in a number of his paintings, such as in the "Prussian Homage". Matejko, giving the jester his own facial features, created the popular image of Stańczyk that is familiar to most modern Poles. The painter always depicted Stańczyk with a very concerned and reflective look on his face, in stark contrast to his cap and bells and other jester's gear. Matejko's vision of Stańczyk influenced the way other artists, such as Leon Wyczółkowski, later depicted the jester.


title: Stańczyk

text: The most notable appearance of Stańczyk in literature is in Stanisław Wyspiański's play "Wesele" ("The Wedding") where the jester's ghost visits the Journalist, a character modeled after , editor of the Kraków-based paper "Czas" ("Time"), associated with the Stańczycy faction. In the play, Stańczyk accuses the Journalist, who calls the jester a "great man", of inactivity and passive acceptance of the nation's fate. At the end of their conversation, Stańczyk gives the Journalist his "caduceus" (the jester's marotte) and tells him to "stir the nation" but not to "tarnish the sacred things, for sacred they must remain". Thus Wyspiański reinforced Stańczyk's role as a symbol of patriotism and skeptical political wisdom.


title: Caesarea

text: Caesarea () (, ), "Keysariya" or "Qesarya", often simplified to Keisarya, and Qaysaria, is an affluent town in north-central Israel, which inherits its name and much of its territory from the ancient city of Caesarea Maritima (). Located midway between Tel Aviv and Haifa on the coastal plain near the city of Hadera, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council. With a population of , it is the only Israeli locality managed by a private organization, the Caesarea Development Corporation, and also one of the most populous localities not recognized as a local council.


title: Caesarea

text: The ancient city of Caesarea Maritima was built by Herod the Great about 25–13 BCE as a major port. It served as an administrative center of the province of Judaea (later named Syria Palaestina) in the Roman Empire, and later as the capital of the Byzantine province of Palaestina Prima. During the Muslim conquest in the 7th century, it was the last city of the Holy Land to fall to the Arabs. The city degraded to a small village after the provincial capital was moved from here to Ramla and had an Arab majority until Crusader conquest. Under the Crusaders it became once again a major port and a fortified city. It was diminished after the Mamluk conquest. In 1884, Bosniak immigrants settled there establishing a small fishing village. In 1940, kibbutz Sdot Yam was established next to the Bosniak village. In February 1948, the Bosniak village was conquered by a Palmach unit commanded by Yitzhak Rabin, its people already having fled following an earlier attack by the Lehi paramilitary group. In 1952, the modern Jewish town of Caesarea was established near the ruins of the old city, which in 2011 were incorporated into the newly created Caesarea National Park.


title: Caesarea

text: A historical overview is included in this article's introduction. For more about the Classical Era, Early Muslim, Crusader and Late Muslim periods before the resettlement in the 19th century, see the history section of the Caesarea Maritima article.


title: Caesarea

text: Caesarea lay in ruins until the nineteenth century, when the village of Qisarya () was established in 1884 by Bushnaks (Bosniaks): immigrants from Bosnia, who built a small fishing village on the ruins of the fortified Crusader city.


title: Caesarea

text: A population list from about 1887 showed that Caesarea had 670 inhabitants, in addition to 265 Muslim inhabitants, who were noted as "Bosniaks".


title: Caesarea

text: Petersen, visiting the place in 1992, noted that the nineteenth-century houses were built in blocks, generally one story high (with the exception of the house of the governor.) Some houses on the western side of the village, near the sea, have survived. There were a number of mosques in the village in the nineteenth century, but only one ("The Bosnian mosque") has survived. This mosque, located at the southern end of the city, next to the harbour, is described as a simple stone building with a red-tiled roof and a cylindrical minaret. In 1992 it was used as a restaurant and as a gift shop.


title: Caesarea

text: In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Caesarea had a population of 346; 288 Muslims, 32 Christians and 26 Jews, where the Christians were 6 Orthodox, 3 Syrian Orthodox, 3 Roman Catholics, 4 Melkites, 2 Syrian Catholics and 14 Maronite. The population had increased in the 1931 census to 706; 19 Christians, 4 Druse and 683 Muslims, in a total of 143 houses.


title: Caesarea

text: The Muslim village declined in economic importance and many of Qisarya's Muslim inhabitants left in the mid-1940s, when the British extended the Palestine Railways which bypassed the shallow-draft port. Qisarya had a population of 960 in 1945 statistics, with Qisarya's population composition 930 Muslims and 30 Christians in 1945. In 1944/45 a total of 18 dunums of Muslim village land was used for citrus and bananas, 1,020 dunums were used for cereals, while 108 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, while 111 dunams were built-up (urban) land.


title: Caesarea

text: The Civil War began on 30 November 1947. In December 1947 a village notable, Tawfiq Kadkuda, approached local Jews in an effort to establish a non-belligerency agreement. The 31 January 1948 Lehi attack on a bus leaving Qisarya, which killed two and injured six people, precipitated an evacuation of most of the population, who fled to nearby al-Tantura. The Haganah then occupied the village because the land was owned by the Palestine Jewish Colonization Association and, fearing that the British would force them to leave, decided to demolish the houses. This was done on 19–20 February, after the remaining residents were expelled and the houses were looted. According to Benny Morris, the expulsion of the population had more to do with illegal Jewish immigration than the ongoing civil war. In the same month the 'Arab al Sufsafi and Saidun Bedouin, who inhabited the dunes between Qisarya and Pardes left the area.


title: Caesarea

text: Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village remains in 1992: "Most of the houses have been demolished. The site has been excavated in recent years, largely by Italian, American, and Israeli teams, and turned into a tourist area. Most of the few remaining houses are now restaurants, and the village mosque has been converted into a bar."


title: Caesarea

text: After the establishment of the State of Israel, the Rothschild family agreed to transfer most of its land holdings to the new state. A different arrangement was reached for the 35,000 dunams of land the family owned in and around modern Caesarea: after turning over the land to the state, it was leased back (for a period of 200 years) to a new charitable foundation. In his will, Edmond James de Rothschild stipulated that this foundation would further education, arts and culture, and welfare in Israel. The Caesarea Edmond Benjamin de Rothschild Foundation was formed and run based on the funds generated by the sale of Caesarea land which the Foundation is responsible for maintaining. The Foundation is owned half by the Rothschild family, and half by the State of Israel.


title: Caesarea

text: The Rothschild Caesarea Foundation established the Caesarea Edmond Benjamin de Rothschild Development Corporation Ltd. (CDC; Hebrew: החברה לפיתוח קיסריה אדמונד בנימין דה רוטשילד) in 1952 to act as its operations arm. The company transfers all profits from the development of Caesarea to the Foundation, which in turn contributes to organizations that advance higher education and culture across Israel. The goal of the CDC is to establish a unique community that combines quality of life and safeguarding the environment with advanced industry and tourism.


title: Caesarea

text: Today, the Chairman of the Rothschild Caesarea Foundation and the CDC is Baron Benjamin de Rothschild, the great-grandson of Baron Edmond de Rothschild.


title: Caesarea

text: As well as carrying out municipal services, the CDC markets plots for real-estate development, manages the nearby industrial park, and runs the Caesarea's golf course and country club, Israel's only 18-hole golf course.


title: Caesarea

text: Modern Caesarea, or Kesariya, remains today the only locality in Israel managed by a private organization rather than a municipal government. It is one of Israel's most upscale residential communities. The Baron de Rothschild still maintains a home in Caesarea, as do many business tycoons from Israel and abroad.


title: Caesarea

text: Modern Keisariya, located adjacent to ancient Caesarea, is located on the Israeli coastal plain, approximately halfway between the major modern cities of Tel Aviv ( to the south) and Haifa ( to the north). Caesarea is situated approximately northwest of the city of Hadera, and is bordered to the east by the Caesarea Industrial Zone and the city of Or Akiva. Directly to the north of Caesarea is the town of Jisr az-Zarqa.


title: Caesarea

text: Keisariya is divided into a number of residential zones, known as clusters. The most recent of these to be constructed is Cluster 13, which, like all the clusters, is given a name: in this case, "The Golf Cluster", due to its close proximity to the Caesarea Golf Course. The golf course was built upon an ancient Arab town on the site of a loosely grouped Egyptian and subsequently Greek structures, with archaeological remains. These neighborhoods are affluent, although they vary significantly in terms of average plot size.


title: Caesarea

text: The Caesarea Business Park is on the fringe of the city. About 170 companies are in the park; they employ about 5,500 people. Industry in the park includes distribution and high-technology services.


title: Caesarea

text: The residential neighborhoods have a shopping concourse with a newsagent, supermarket, optician, and bank. A number of restaurants and cafes are scattered across the town, with a number within the ancient port.


title: Caesarea

text: Caesarea shares a railway station with nearby Pardes Hanna-Karkur, which is situated in the Caesarea Industrial Zone and is served by the suburban line between Binyamina and Tel Aviv, with two trains per hour. The Binyamina Railway Station, a major regional transfer station, is also located nearby.


title: Caesarea

text: The Roman theatre located at the site often hosts concerts by major Israeli and international artists, such as Shlomo Artzi, Yehudit Ravitz, Mashina, Deep Purple, Björk, Alanis Morissette, Idan Raichel and his project, and others. In recent years, the port has become home to the annual Caesarea Jazz Festival, which offers three evenings of top-class jazz performances by leading international artists. The Ralli Museum in Caesarea houses a large collection of South American art and several Salvador Dalí originals.


title: Caesarea

text: Caesarea has the country's only full-sized golf course. The idea for the Caesarea Golf and Country Club originated after James de Rothschild was reminded by the dunes surrounding Caesarea of Scotland's sandy links golf courses. Upon his death, the James de Rothschild Foundation established the course. In 1958, a Golf Club Committee was established, and a course was built. American professional golfer Herman Barron, the first Jewish golfer to win a PGA Tour event, helped develop the course. It was officially opened in 1961 by Abba Eban. The Caesarea Golf Club has hosted international golf competitions every four years in the Maccabiah Games. The course was redesigned and rebuilt by golf course designer Pete Dye in 2007–2009.


title: Zzyzx, California

text: Zzyzx ( ), formerly Soda Springs, is an unincorporated community in San Bernardino County, California, within the boundaries of the Mojave National Preserve, managed by the National Park Service (NPS), an agency of the U.S. Department of Interior, as public land. It is the former site of the Zzyzx Mineral Springs and Health Spa and now the site of the Desert Studies Center. The site is also the location of Lake Tuendae, originally part of the spa, and now a refuge habitat of the endangered Mohave tui chub.


title: Zzyzx, California

text: Zzyzx Road is a , part paved and part dirt, rural collector road in the Mojave Desert. It runs from Interstate 15 generally south to the Zzyzx settlement.


title: Zzyzx, California

text: The nearest populated area is the small town of Baker, California, north on Interstate 15. Las Vegas, Nevada, is the nearest major city, about northeast.


title: Zzyzx, California

text: Curtis Howe Springer made up the name "Zzyzx" and gave it to the area in 1944, claiming it to be the last word in the English language. He established the Zzyzx Mineral Springs and Health Spa in 1944 at the spot, which was federal land, after filing mining claims for surrounding the springs. He used the springs to bottle his water and provide drinks for travelers through the hot desert. Springer also imported animals from around the country to attract more families to visit his ranch. He used Zzyzx until 1974 when the land was reclaimed by the government.


title: Zzyzx, California

text: In 1976, the Bureau of Land Management and the California State University agreed to cooperatively manage the land in and around Zzyzx, and establish the CSU Desert Studies Center. In 1994, the United States Congress passed the California Desert Protection Act, establishing the Mojave National Preserve on the former BLM land, and further formalized the partnership between the National Park Service and the California State University Desert Studies Center.


title: Zzyzx, California

text: The name appeared as "Zzyzx Springs" in Dmitri Borgmann's 1967 book "Beyond Language". In 1977, Borgman noted his source as being "an old, undated map of San Bernardino County published by the Automobile Club of Southern California" and repeated his description of the settlement as being "a hydrologic feature and privately owned spa in San Bernardino County, California, about 8.5 miles south of Baker, on the western edge of Soda Dry Lake, off the abandoned right-of-way of the old Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad." After Borgmann's book, the 1973 "Hammond Ambassador World Atlas" began to show the place, labeling it as "Zzyzx" without the "Springs"; the 1976 "Rand-McNally Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide" followed suit.


title: Zzyzx, California

text: Zzyzx as a settlement, and Zzyzx Spring as a water feature, were approved as a place name by the United States Board on Geographic Names on June 14, 1984. As is the case with the road, Zzyzx, California, is the USBGN's lexicographically greatest (alphabetically last, at least in Latin alphabetical order) place name.


title: Zzyzx, California

text: Zzyzx has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names. Zzyzx was declared the "most difficult to pronounce" place name in California by "Reader's Digest".


title: Zzyzx, California

text: The plot of Michael Connelly's 2004 Harry Bosch novel, "The Narrows", revolves around a crime committed in Zzyzx.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: Dreadnoughtus is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur containing a single species, Dreadnoughtus schrani. "D. schrani" is known from two partial skeletons discovered in Upper Cretaceous (Campanian to Maastrichtian; approximately 76–70 Ma) rocks of the Cerro Fortaleza Formation in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. It is one of the largest terrestrial vertebrates known, with the immature type specimen reaching in total body length and possessing the greatest mass of any land animal that can be calculated with reasonable certainty. "D. schrani" is known from more complete skeletons than any other gigantic titanosaurian.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: Drexel University paleontologist Kenneth Lacovara, who discovered the species, chose the name "Dreadnoughtus", which means “fears nothing", stating “I think it’s time the herbivores get their due for being the toughest creatures in an environment."


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: American palaeontologist Kenneth Lacovara discovered the remains in the Cerro Fortaleza Formation in Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina in 2005. Due to the large size of the bones and the remote location where they were found, it took his team four austral summers to fully excavate the remains. Mules, ropes and many team members were needed to finally get the field-jacketed bones to a truck.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: In 2009, the fossils were transported to Philadelphia via an ocean freighter for preparation and study. Fossil preparation and analysis occurred at Drexel University, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University and the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. "Dreadnoughtus schrani" fossils were returned to their permanent repository at the Museo Padre Molina in Rio Gallegos, Argentina in March 2015.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: The bones of both "Dreadnoughtus" specimens were scanned with a NextEngine 3D laser scanner. Using the software Autodesk Maya, the scans of each bone were positioned in 3D space to create a digital articulated skeleton, which was then converted into 3D PDF files using the software GeoMagic. The high fidelity of these scans allowed Lacovara "et al." (2014) to study the heavy fossils of "Dreadnoughtus schrani" in a way that was safe for the fossils and enhanced virtual and long-distance collaboration.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: The holotype specimen, MPM-PV 1156, consists of a partial skeleton, somewhat preserved in its original layout, that comprises: a maxilla (jaw) fragment; a tooth; a posterior cervical vertebra; cervical ribs; multiple dorsal vertebrae and dorsal ribs; the sacrum; 32 caudal vertebrae and 18 haemal arches (bones from the tail) that include a sequence of 17 anterior and middle caudal vertebrae and their corresponding haemal arches found in their original layout; the left pectoral girdle and forelimb minus the front foot; both sternal plates; all pelvic elements; the left hind limb lacking a hind foot and right tibia; metatarsals I and II; and one claw from digit I.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: The paratype, MPM-PV 3546, consists of a partially articulated postcranial skeleton of a slightly smaller individual whose remains were discovered in the same location as the holotype. It includes a partial anterior cervical vertebra, multiple dorsal vertebrae and ribs, the sacrum, seven caudal vertebrae and five haemal arches, a nearly complete pelvis, and the left femur.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: According to the research team that discovered the taxon, the genus name "Dreadnoughtus" "alludes to the gigantic body size of the taxon (which presumably rendered healthy adult individuals nearly impervious to attack)" and to the two Argentine dreadnoughts that served in the first half of the twentieth century, "Rivadavia" and "Moreno". Thus, the genus name also honors the country in which "Dreadnoughtus schrani" was discovered. The name of the type species, "schrani", was given in recognition of the American entrepreneur Adam Schran for his financial support of the project.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: The researchers who described "Dreadnoughtus schrani" estimated its weight using Equation 1 of Campione and Evans (2012), which allows the body mass of a quadrupedal animal to be estimated based only on the circumference of the humerus and femur. Using this scaling equation, they concluded that the "Dreadnoughtus" type specimen weighed about . By comparison, this would mean "D. schrani" weighed more than eight and a half times as much as a male African elephant and even exceeded the Boeing 737-900 airliner by several tons. This very large mass estimate was quickly criticized. On SV-POW web blog, sauropod researcher Matt Wedel used volumetric models, based on the published figures, that yielded estimates between , or even as low as approximately , based on a 20% shorter torso. Researcher Gregory S Paul posted a response to Lacovara "et al"., pointing out that the error margins using equations based on limb bones are large; using the same equation the "Dreadnoughtus" type specimen could have been anywhere between . Using volumetric techniques based on a more accurate skeletal restoration, Paul estimated as low as . Benson et al. suggested a maximum body mass of , but these estimates were questioned due to a very large error range and lack of precision.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: A formal re-evaluation of the animal's weight was published in June 2015. In it, a research team led by Karl T. Bates compared the simple scaling equation results with results found using a volume-based digital model with various amounts of soft tissue and "empty space" for the respiratory system. They found that any model using the scale-based weight estimate would have meant the animal had an impossible amount of bulk (fat, skin, muscle, etc.) layered onto its skeleton. They compared their "D. schrani" volumetric model to those of other sauropods with more complete skeletons and better understood mass estimates to conclude that the "D. schrani" type specimen must have weighed in the range of . Ullmann and Lacovara disputes the methods used by Bates "et al.", arguing that the new study treats "Dreadnoughtus" as an exception to well-established mass estimate methods proven on living animals, and that the limb bones would be unnecessarily large if the new mass estimates were correct. In 2019, considering the argument of Ullmann and Lacovara (2016), Gregory S. Paul moderated his mass estimate of "Dreadnoughtus" type specimen at , slightly higher than his previous estimation; he even noted that the holotype may have been heavier a tonne or so. In 2020, two studies estimated the mass of "Dreadnoughtus" much higher at , but Campione & Evans (2020) acknowledged the low estimate by Paul (2019) as appropriate.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: The discovery of "Dreadnoughtus schrani" provides insight into the size and anatomy of giant titanosaurian sauropods, especially of the limbs and the shoulder and hip girdles. The majority of "D. schrani" bones are very well preserved. There is minimal deformation, especially in the limb bones. Fine features, such as locations of muscle attachment, are frequently clearly visible. "Dreadnoughtus" also has an unusually long neck for its body size, making up almost half of the animal's length.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: Estimates based on measurements of the known parts of the skeleton suggest that the only known individual of "Dreadnoughtus schrani" was approximately long and stood about 2 stories tall. At 1.74 m, its scapula is longer than any other known titanosaur shoulder blade. Its ilium, the top bone of the pelvis, is also larger than any other, measuring 1.31 m in length. The forearm is longer than any previously known from a titanosaur, and it is only shorter than the long forearms of brachiosaurids, which had a more inclined body posture. Only "Paralititan" preserves a longer humerus (upper arm bone). Although each species likely had slightly different body proportions, these measurements demonstrate the massive nature of "Dreadnoughtus schrani". The estimates for the mass of the type specimen without controversy range between .


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: Completeness may be assessed in different ways. Sauropod dinosaur skeletons are often recovered with little to no skull material, so completeness is often looked at in terms of postcranial completeness (i.e., the completeness of the skeleton excluding the skull). Completeness may also be assessed in terms of the numbers of bones versus the types of bones. The most important metric for understanding the anatomy of a fossil animal is the types of bones. The completeness statistics for "Dreadnoughtus schrani" are as follows:


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: The completeness of "D. schrani" compared with other extremely massive (over 40 metric tons) sauropods is as follows:


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: Thus, the skeleton of "D. schrani" is substantially more complete than those of all other extremely massive (>40 metric tons) dinosaurs.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: In 2022, Schroeter and her colleagues discovered soft tissues and collagens from the holotype specimen. They noted the possibility that the individual, to which the holotype specimen belongs, may have been trapped in a rapid burial event; this may explain why the holotype of "D. schrani" is more completely preserved than other titanosaurs.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: All titanosaurs had what is called wide-gauge posture, a relative term to describe a stance in which the feet fell apart from the body midline. More derived titanosaurs had a greater degree of wide-gauge posture, with their limbs held more widely than their ancestors and contemporaneous counterparts. The stance of "Dreadnoughtus schrani" was clearly wide-gauge, but not to the degree of saltasaurids because the femoral condyles are perpendicular to its shaft rather than beveled. This and the fact that the head of the femur was not turned in towards the body as in saltasaurids support the phylogenetic conclusion that "Dreadnoughtus" was not a saltasaurid. The animal's broad sternal bones also demonstrate a wide pectoral girdle, giving it a broad-shouldered, broad-chested appearance. Paleontologist Kenneth Lacovara compared the animal's gait to an Imperial Walker.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: Although the forelimbs of "D. schrani" are longer than in any other previously known titanosaur, they are not significantly longer than the hind limbs. Therefore, Lacovara "et al." (2014) reconstructed its neck to have been held more horizontally, rather than anteriorly inclined in the manner of "Brachiosaurus".


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: The tail of "Dreadnoughtus schrani" has several characteristic features included in the diagnosis of the species. The first vertebra of the tail has a ridge on its ventral surface called a keel. In the first third of the tail, the bases of the neural spines are extensively subdivided into cavities caused by contact with air sacs (part of the dinosaur's respiratory system). In addition, the anterior and posterior boundaries of these neural spines have distinct ridges (pre- and postspinal laminae) connecting them to the pre- and postzygapophyses (the articulation points of the neural arches). In the middle of its tail, the vertebrae have a triangular process that extends over the centrum towards each preceding vertebra.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: Just like modern archosaurs with tails (crocodilians, for example), "D. schrani" had bones below the vertebrae called chevrons or haemel arches. These bones connect with the ventral surface of the vertebrae and are “Y” shaped when viewed anteriorly. In "Dreadnoughtus schrani" the bottom stem of the “Y” is broadly expanded, likely for the attachment of muscles.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: The shoulder girdle and forelimb of "D. schrani" also exhibit unique features. An oblique ridge crosses the interior face of the scapular blade, extending from the top side near the far end of the blade to the bottom side near the base of the scapular blade. Finally, each end of the radius exhibits a unique form: the top, or proximal end, has a distinct concave embayment on its posterior face while the bottom, or distal end, is nearly square in shape instead of broadly expanded.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: Based on a cladistic analysis, "Dreadnoughtus schrani" appears to be a "derived" basal titanosaur that is not quite a lithostrotian. Lacovara "et al." (2014) note that because of the wide array of relatively "advanced" and "primitive" features in the skeleton of "Dreadnoughtus schrani" and the current instability of titanosaurian interrelationships, future analyses may find widely differing positions for it within Titanosauria.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: However, in a subsequent analysis of its limb bones, Ullman & Lacovara found that "Dreadnoughtus" possessed many of the characteristics of lithostrotians (in particular, it shares a number of traits with "Aeolosaurus" and "Gondwanatitan"), which collectively may indicate that it is actually a lithostrotian closely related to Aeolosauridae. While no new phylogenetic analysis was conducted, they suggested that future cladistic analyses should investigate the relationships between "Dreadnoughtus", "Aeolosaurus", and "Gondwanatitan".


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: The holotype specimen was likely not fully grown when it died. The histology of the holotype humerus, which shows a lack of an external fundamental system (an outer layer of bone found only in fully-grown vertebrates) and abundant fast-deposited or still-growing woven tissue in the primary fibrolamellar bone of the outer bone cortex, led Lacovara "et al." (2014) to determine that the specimen was still growing when it died. It remains unknown how large this individual would have grown had it not died when it did.


title: Dreadnoughtus

text: Based on the sedimentary deposits at the site, the two "Dreadnoughtus schrani" specimens appear to have been buried quickly during a fluvial avulsion event, or break in a levee resulting in a flood. This event generated a liquefacted crevasse splay deposit which entombed the two dinosaurs. Thus, rapid and relatively deep burial of the "Dreadnoughtus" type specimen accounts for its extraordinary completeness. Numerous small theropod teeth found amongst the bones are likely evidence of scavenging, most likely by megaraptorans, perhaps "Orkoraptor".


title: White rice

text: White rice is milled rice that has had its husk, bran, and germ removed. This alters the flavor, texture and appearance of the rice and helps prevent spoilage, extend its storage life, and makes it easier to digest. After milling (hulling), the rice is polished, resulting in a seed with a bright, white, shiny appearance.


title: White rice

text: The milling and polishing processes both remove nutrients. An unbalanced diet based on unenriched white rice leaves many people vulnerable to the neurological disease beriberi, due to a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B). White rice is often enriched with some of the nutrients stripped from it during its processing. Enrichment of white rice with B, B, and iron is required by law in the United States when distributed by government programs to schools, nonprofits, or foreign countries. As with all natural foods, the precise nutritional composition of rice varies slightly depending on the variety, soil conditions, environmental conditions and types of fertilizers.


title: White rice

text: Adopted over brown rice in the second half of the 19th century because it was favored by traders, white rice has led to a beriberi epidemic in Asia.


title: White rice

text: At various times, starting in the 19th century, brown rice and other grains such as wild rice have been advocated as healthier alternatives. The bran in brown rice contains significant dietary fiber and the germ contains many vitamins and minerals.


title: White rice

text: Typically, 100 grams of uncooked rice produces around 240 to 260 grams of cooked grains, the difference in weight being due to absorbed cooking water.


title: White rice

text: Before mechanical milling, rice was milled by a hand pounding technique with large mortar and pestle type devices. Some versions of this improved uniformity of the product, but with mechanical milling much larger quantities were able to be produced. In the late 19th century different machines were produced like the Huller & Sheller Mills (1870) and the Engleberg Milling Machine (1890). By 1955, new machinery had been developed in Japan that had significantly improved the quality and output capacity.


title: White rice

text: While brown rice and white rice have similar amounts of calories and carbohydrates, brown rice is a far richer source of all nutrients when compared to unenriched white rice. Brown rice is whole rice from which only the husk (the outermost layer) is removed. To produce white rice, the bran layer and the germ are removed, leaving mostly the starchy endosperm. This process causes the reduction or complete depletion of several vitamins and dietary minerals. Missing nutrients, such as vitamins B1 and B3, and iron, are sometimes added back into the white rice, a process called enrichment. Even with the reduction of nutrients, unenriched white rice is still a good source of manganese and contains moderate amounts of other nutrients such as pantothenic acid and selenium.


title: Dosage form

text: Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), in a particular configuration (such as a capsule shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular dose. For example, two products may both be amoxicillin, but one is in 500 mg capsules and another is in 250 mg chewable tablets. The term unit dose can also sometimes encompass non-reusable "packaging" as well (especially when each drug product is individually packaged), although the FDA distinguishes that by "unit-dose "packaging" or "dispensing"". Depending on the context, "multi(ple) unit dose" can refer to distinct drug products "packaged" together, or to a "single" drug product containing multiple drugs and/or doses. The term dosage form can also sometimes refer "only" to the pharmaceutical formulation of a drug product's constituent drug substance(s) and any blends involved, without considering matters beyond that (like how it is ultimately configured as a consumable product such as a capsule, patch, etc.). Because of the somewhat vague boundaries and unclear overlap of these terms and certain variants and qualifiers within the pharmaceutical industry, caution is often advisable when conversing with someone who may be unfamiliar with another person's use of the term.


title: Dosage form

text: Depending on the method/route of administration, dosage forms come in several types. These include many kinds of liquid, solid, and semisolid dosage forms. Common dosage forms include pill, tablet, or capsule, drink or syrup, among many others.


title: Dosage form

text: When one drug product (for example, one tablet, one capsule, one syrup) contains more than one drug (more than one active ingredient), that product is a combination drug (fixed-dose combination; FDC).


title: Dosage form

text: In naturopathy, dosages can take the form of decoctions and herbal teas, as well as the more conventional methods previously mentioned.


title: Dosage form

text: The route of administration (ROA) for drug delivery is dependent on the dosage form of the substance in question. Various dosage forms may exist for a single particular drug, since some medical conditions such as being unconscious can restrict ROA. For example, persistent nausea, especially with vomiting, may make it difficult to use an oral dosage form, and in such a case, it may be necessary to use an alternative route such as inhalational, buccal, sublingual, nasal, suppository or parenteral instead. Additionally, a specific dosage form may be a requirement for certain kinds of drugs, as there may be issues with various factors like chemical stability or pharmacokinetics. As an example, insulin cannot be given orally because upon being administered in this manner, it is extensively metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) before reaching the blood stream, and is thereby incapable of sufficiently reaching its therapeutic target destinations. The oral and intravenous doses of a drug such as paracetamol will differ for the same reason.


title: Dosage form

text: Talc is an excipient often used in pharmaceutical tablets that may end up being crushed to a powder against medical advice or for recreational use. Also, illicit drugs that occur as white powder in their pure form are often cut with cheap talc. Natural talc is cheap but contains asbestos while asbestos-free talc is more expensive. Inhaled talc that has asbestos is generally accepted as being able to cause lung cancer if it is inhaled. The evidence about asbestos-free talc is less clear, according to the American Cancer Society.


title: Dosage form

text: Eye drops (normal saline in disposable packages) are distributed to syringe users by needle exchange programs.


title: Dosage form

text: The injection of talc from crushed pills has been associated with pulmonary talcosis in intravenous drug users.


title: Tariq Ali

text: Tariq Ali (; born 21 October 1943) is a Pakistani-British political activist, writer, journalist, historian, filmmaker, and public intellectual. He is a member of the editorial committee of the "New Left Review" and "Sin Permiso", and contributes to "The Guardian", "CounterPunch", and the "London Review of Books". He read Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Exeter College, Oxford.


title: Tariq Ali

text: He is the author of many books, including "Pakistan: Military Rule or People's Power" (1970), "Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State" (1983), "Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity" (2002), "Bush in Babylon" (2003), "Conversations with Edward Said" (2005), "Pirates of the Caribbean: Axis Of Hope" (2006), "A Banker for All Seasons" (2007), "The Duel" (2008), "The Obama Syndrome" (2010), and "" (2015).


title: Tariq Ali

text: Ali was born and raised in Lahore, Punjab in British India (later part of Pakistan). He is the son of journalist Mazhar Ali Khan and activist Tahira Mazhar Ali Khan. Ali's mother, Tahira, was the daughter of Sir Sikandar Hyat Khan, who led the Unionist Muslim League and was later Prime Minister of the Punjab from 1937 to 1942. Ali's father, Mazhar, had been "mobilising peasants in his family’s fiefdom" when he was invited to join the "Pakistan Times" by Mian Iftikharuddin, later becoming sympathetic to the Communist cause, although he never joined the party.


title: Tariq Ali

text: Ali's father and mother, who were cousins, eloped. His mother later said: "Mazhar left for the Middle East on military service. I was very pregnant by then. We didn't see each other for two years. Our son Tariq was born while Mazhar was away. By the time he returned, I had joined the Communist Party. I had given away my entire trousseau, including the family jewels, to the Party."


title: Tariq Ali

text: Ali first became politically active in his teens, taking part in opposition to the military dictatorship of Pakistan. An uncle who worked in the Pakistani military intelligence warned his parents that Ali could not be protected. His parents therefore decided to get him out of Pakistan and sent him to England, where he studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Exeter College, Oxford. He was elected President of the Oxford Union in 1965. In 1967 Ali was one of 64 prominent figures, including the Beatles, who signed a petition calling for the legalisation of marijuana. Ali's tenure at the Union included a meeting with Malcolm X in December 1964 during which Malcolm X expressed deep consternation about his own risk of assassination.


title: Tariq Ali

text: His public profile began to grow during the Vietnam War, when he engaged in debates against the war with such figures as Henry Kissinger and Michael Stewart. He testified at the Russell Tribunal over US involvement in Vietnam. As time passed, Ali became increasingly critical of American and Israeli foreign policies. He was also a vigorous opponent of American relations with Pakistan that tended to back military dictatorships over democracy. He was one of the marchers on the American embassy in London in 1968 in a demonstration against the Vietnam war.


title: Tariq Ali

text: Active in the New Left of the 1960s, he has long been associated with the "New Left Review". Ali inserted himself into politics through his involvement with "The Black Dwarf" newspaper. In 1968 he joined the International Marxist Group (IMG). He was recruited to the leadership of the IMG and became a member of the International Executive Committee of the (reunified) Fourth International. He also befriended influential figures such as Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, John Lennon and Yoko Ono.


title: Tariq Ali

text: In 1967, Ali was in Camiri, Bolivia, not far from where Che Guevara was captured, to observe the trial of Régis Debray. He was accused of being a Cuban revolutionary by authorities. Ali then said: "If you torture me the whole night and I can speak Spanish in the morning I'll be grateful to you for the rest of my life."


title: Tariq Ali

text: During this period he was an IMG candidate in Sheffield Attercliffe at the February 1974 general election and was co-author of "Trotsky for Beginners", a cartoon book. In 1981, Ali quit the IMG and joined the Labour Party to support Tony Benn in his bid to become deputy leader of the Labour Party.


title: Tariq Ali

text: In 1990, he published the satire "Redemption", on the inability of the Trotskyists to handle the downfall of the Eastern bloc. The book contains parodies of many well-known figures in the Trotskyist movement. In 1999 Ali strongly criticised NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the piece "Springtime for NATO", and book ""Masters of the Universe? NATO’s Balkan Crusade"" in which he negated extent and nature of crimes committed by Serbian forces in Bosnia and Kosovo. He also defended denialist claims espoused by figures such as Diana Johnstone and Edward S. Herman.


title: Tariq Ali

text: His book, "Clash of Fundamentalisms", aimed to put the events of the September 11 attacks in historical perspective. He followed that with "Bush in Babylon", which criticised the 2003 invasion of Iraq by American president George W. Bush. The book uses poetry and critical essays in portraying the war in Iraq as a failure. Ali believes that the new Iraqi government will fail.


title: Tariq Ali

text: Ali has remained a critic of modern neoliberal economics and was present at the 2005 World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, where he was one of 19 to sign the Porto Alegre Manifesto. He supports the model of Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela.


title: Tariq Ali

text: He has been described as "the alleged inspiration" for the Rolling Stones' song "Street Fighting Man", recorded in 1968. John Lennon's "Power to the People" was inspired by an interview Lennon gave to Ali.


title: Tariq Ali

text: Ali participated in the 2012 "Sight & Sound" critics' poll, where he listed his ten favourite films as follows: "The Battle of Algiers", "Charulata", "Crimson Gold", "The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie", "Entranced Earth", "If...", "Osaka Elegy", "The Puppetmaster", "Rashomon", and "Tout Va Bien".


title: Tariq Ali

text: During the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, Ali was sympathetic to a Leave vote on left-wing grounds, whilst simultaneously criticizing right-wing support for Brexit based on opposition to immigration.


title: Tariq Ali

text: In 2020, Ali was a member of the Belmarsh Tribunal organized by Progressive International, investigating and evaluating the war crimes committed by the United States government in the 21st century.


title: Tariq Ali

text: In November 2020, a British public inquiry into the work of undercover police officers was provided with evidence that Ali had been spied upon by at least 14 undercover police officers over a period of decades. The surveillance began in 1965 when he became president of the Oxford Union, and continued until at least 2003, when Ali was on the national committee of the Stop the War Coalition trying to prevent the invasion of Iraq. Ali said "It is incredible to think that after 35 years, in 2003, under the Tony Blair Labour government, that Special Branch were still engaging in the same anti-democratic activity as they had been at the outset".


title: Tariq Ali

text: Tariq Ali's "The Leopard and The Fox", first written as a BBC screenplay in 1985, is about the last days of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Never previously produced because of a censorship controversy, it was finally premiered in New York in October 2007, the day before former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto returned to her home country after eight years in exile.


title: Tariq Ali

text: In 2009, Ali with Mark Weisbrot wrote the screenplay to the Oliver Stone documentary "South of the Border". This gave a favourable account of Hugo Chávez and other left-wing Latin American leaders. Interviewed in the documentary, Ali explained the role that Bolivian water privatisation and the 2000 Cochabamba protests played in eventually bringing Evo Morales to power.


title: Tariq Ali

text: Ali currently lives in Camden, north London, with his partner Susan Watkins, editor of the "New Left Review". He has three children: Natasha from a previous relationship, and Chengiz and Aisha with Watkins. He grew up in a secular family that was more culturally Muslim than religious, and describes himself as an atheist.


title: Tekken 2

text: There are 10+ playable "Tekken Fighters" in the game's arcade version and up to 25 on the roster in total, including eight new ones in the console version. The home version also introduced new, now-staple game modes to the series. "Tekken 2" was a critical as well as commercial success, becoming one of the best-selling PlayStation games with about 40,000 arcade units and PlayStation copies sold worldwide. It was followed by a sequel, "Tekken 3", in 1997.


title: Tekken 2

text: The gameplay in "Tekken 2" is much like its predecessor with a few additions. It continues to use 2D backgrounds in its stages, an infinite playing field and a fighting system that utilizes four buttons: left punch, right punch, left kick and right kick. Distinct additions included attack reversals for some characters, back throws, chain-throws and a sidestep unique to two characters, Kazuya Mishima and Heihachi Mishima. However, Yoshimitsu has a spinning sidestep move that lowers his health. Tackles were also modified to inflict damage when running from a greater distance. Each time the game is beaten with one of the default available characters in arcade mode, the associated sub-boss character becomes selectable.


title: Tekken 2

text: "Tekken 2" also introduced various modes that would become staples to the series. These include Survival mode, Team Battle mode and Time Attack mode. Survival mode takes the player through an endless number of matches to see how many opponent they can defeat without being defeated themselves. In addition, any health lost during a match will carry over to the next match, but the player would regain a little bit more health. Team Battle mode is a two-player mode which up to eight characters can be selected by each player. Like Survival mode, any health lost during a match will carry over to the next match, but the player will regain a small amount. Time Attack mode is similar to Arcade mode, except it is played to see how fast the player can go through it and beat records.


title: Tekken 2

text: The game features a total of 25 fighters, consisting of 8 newcomers and 17 returning veterans. Characters who were clones in the original game have been made into distinct playable characters, although they still share many moves with the originals. Devil Kazuya, originally a bonus palette swap of Kazuya reserved for the home console version of the first game, is also made as a full playable character and serves as this game's final boss.


title: Tekken 2

text: Out of the 25 playable fighters, only 10 are available by default, with the rest being made available through updates (the arcade version) or by clearing the Arcade Mode with different characters (the console version). Like the first game, the character select screen only displays the 10 default ones, with the others being selected by scrolling past the screen to the left or right. The screen normally defaults the character option to Jun Kazama, but the arcade version contains a code that can toggle it to Baek Doo San and vice versa.


title: Tekken 2

text: Two years after the events of the King of Iron Fist Tournament, the Mishima Zaibatsu, under the leadership of Kazuya Mishima, has become more corrupt and powerful than ever before, and is involved in many illegal operations. While his father Heihachi Mishima was rather ruthless in his endeavors, Kazuya acts completely without a conscience. He hires assassins to eliminate any of his critics and rivals, attempts to extort money from several businesses and organizations, and smuggles endangered species to conduct genetic experiments on them. The reason for his evil deeds is because he has allowed the Devil Gene within him to consume him as a result of his hatred towards Heihachi.


title: Tekken 2

text: Meanwhile, Kazuya is sentenced to being arrested by animal rights activist and operative Jun Kazama for his experiments. Heihachi on the other hand, whom Kazuya had defeated and thrown off a cliff two years ago, has climbed back up and is training himself, plotting to overthrow Kazuya. In an attempt to rid himself of Heihachi and his enemies once and for all, Kazuya announces the King of Iron Fist Tournament 2, with a large cash prize of one trillion dollars, knowing that Heihachi will appear.


title: Tekken 2

text: When Jun eventually comes face to face with Kazuya, she tries to arrest him, but instead the both of them can not help being drawn to one another, propelled by a mystic force beyond Jun's control. She later gets pregnant with Kazuya's child, resulting in her leaving everything behind to raise their child. Meanwhile, Heihachi arrives at the tournament, winning against the opposing fighters but losing to Paul Phoenix.


title: Tekken 2

text: In the finals of the tournament, Heihachi replaces Paul when he was forced to forfeit after getting stuck in traffic as result of a multi-car collision on the expressway, and therefore unable to make the match on time. Heihachi confronts Kazuya and they battle once again. The Devil Gene takes over Kazuya's body, resulting in Kazuya becoming a Devil creature. However, despite this, Kazuya is not strong enough to overpower Heihachi because of the internal conflict within him, between his evil side - represented by Devil within him - and his good side - represented by an unknown entity called Angel, which was brought forth after his meeting with Jun. Heihachi takes Kazuya's unconscious body to a volcano, and throws him into it before escaping on a helicopter just as the volcano erupts behind him, having taken his revenge and regained the Mishima Zaibatsu. In the meantime, Jun gives birth to Kazuya's illegitimate son.


title: Tekken 2

text: Each of the characters in "Tekken 2" is composed of roughly 800 polygons and took between three days and a week to model. Roger the Kangaroo originated as a pet project of one of the development team members, who designed and modeled the character in his free time. When he showed Roger to some of his colleagues in the development team, they pushed to include the character in the game. Much of the time developing the PlayStation conversion was devoted to rewriting the code to fit the console's memory, which is roughly half the size of the game data used in the arcade version.


title: Tekken 2

text: "Tekken 2"s port to the PlayStation includes unique CGI endings for every character and numerous modes such as Survival, Time Attack, Team Battle, and Practice mode. It also contains arranged music, like the port of the first game. The arrangements were handled by a large team consisting of original composer Yoshie Arakawa, Shinji Hosoe, Ayako Saso, Nobuyoshi Sano, Takayuki Aihara, Hiroto Sasaki, and Keiichi Okabe, while additional music was composed by Akira Nishizaki, Takashi Furukawa and Hideaki Mitsui.


title: Tekken 2

text: The PlayStation 2 version of "Tekken 5" features the arcade version of "Tekken 2" ("Ver. B") as a playable bonus. "Tekken 2" standalone is available for PlayStation 3 users to download onto the PlayStation Portable. However, multiplayer options have been removed and on Zeebo via ZeeboNet.


title: Tekken 2

text: In Japan, "Game Machine" listed "Tekken 2" on their September 15, 1995 issue as being the most-successful arcade game of the month. It went on to become a major worldwide arcade hit. In Japan, it sold about 15,000 arcade units and became the highest-grossing arcade video game of 1996. It was also highly successful overseas, selling 25,000 arcade units outside of Japan, for a total of about 40,000 arcade units sold worldwide . In the United States, "RePlay" reported "Tekken 2" was the second most-popular arcade game at the time. It also topped the "Play Meter" arcade conversion kit chart in March 1996, and became one of the top five highest-grossing arcade conversion kits of 1996. In Australia, it was the fourth top-grossing arcade conversion kit in March 1996.


title: Tekken 2

text: The PlayStation port also became a major worldwide hit. In Japan, it sold more than one million units by October 1996, and over by the end of the year, becoming the best-selling video game of 1996 in Japan. In North America, it sold nearly copies within four months. In Europe, it sold 420,000 copies by December 1996, becoming the year's second best-selling PlayStation game in Europe. In the United Kingdom, it was a best-seller, earning more than or by December 1996 and contributing to the PlayStation's UK install base increasing to 750,000 units at the time. In Germany, it received a Gold award from the for sales above 100,000 copies. Worldwide sales of the PlayStation version exceeded units by early 1998, and units .


title: Tekken 2

text: The game was acclaimed by game critics, with the PlayStation version holding a 93% rating at GameRankings. Critics praised the game's light sourcing, fluid character movement, detailed backgrounds, complex system of moves and combos, accessibility to inexperienced gamers, large set of playable characters, and the practice mode, which several critics predicted would become a standard feature in fighting games. Crispen Boyer of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" called it "the best 3-D fighting game you can find for any system" and "GamePro", further comparing it to fighting games still in development, assured gamers that it would be at least a year before "Tekken 2" would be topped. It received a number of Game of the Year awards from various publications.


title: Tekken 2

text: "Next Generation" reviewed the arcade version of the game, and stated that "It's the style of body slamming and wrestling moves that sets this game apart from its closest cousin, "Virtua Fighter 2", which makes it of interest. And the variation of moves and combinations surely place this game near the top of the heap, though the game is still not truly 3D in viewing perspective."


title: Tekken 2

text: In 1996, GamesMaster ranked the game 12th on their "Top 100 Games of All Time." In 1997, "" named the PlayStation port of "Tekken 2" one of the "Top 25 PlayStation Games of All Time" at number three, describing it as better than the arcade version in many regards due to added features and "one of the best fighting games ever." It was also listed among the best games of all time by "Next Generation" in 1996, "Electronic Gaming Monthly" (both staff and readers) in 1997, "Game Informer" in 2001, GameSpot in 2006, "Empire" in 2009, and "Guinness World Records" in 2009.


title: Tekken 2

text: Footballer David James was a notable fan of the game, crediting his passion for the game as the reason why his performance declined.


title: Emmanuel Tagoe

text: Emmanuel Tagoe (born 10 January 1989) is a Ghanaian professional boxer who held the IBO lightweight title from 2016 to 2018. As of August 2020, he is ranked as the world's ninth best active lightweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and tenth by "The Ring".


title: Emmanuel Tagoe

text: Tagoe made his professional debut on 19 June 2004, losing by fifth-round technical knockout (TKO) against Lante Addy in Accra, Ghana.


title: Emmanuel Tagoe

text: After compiling a record of 26–1 (13 KOs) he faced former world champion Mzonke Fana for the vacant IBO lightweight title on 2 December 2016 at the Bukom Boxing Arena in Accra. In a fight which saw Tagoe score two knockdowns in the first round, he went on to win via shutout unanimous decision (UD) with two judges scoring the bout 120–106 and the third scoring it 120–107. Fana collapsed in his corner after the final bell, requiring immediate medical attention from the ringside doctors. He was taken to the hospital before the results were announced.


title: Emmanuel Tagoe

text: On April 9, 2022, Tagoe lost by a wide unanimous decision after twelve rounds to Ryan Garcia at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, with scores of 119-110 (twice) and 118-109 against Tagoe.


title: Harry Palmer

text: Harry Palmer is the anti-hero protagonist of a number of films based on the unnamed main character, a secret agent, in the spy novels written by Len Deighton. Michael Caine played Harry Palmer in three of the four films based on the four published novels featuring this character, "The Ipcress File" (1965), "Funeral in Berlin" (1966) and "Billion Dollar Brain" (1967). Caine also starred as this character in two other films not directly based on Deighton's novels.


title: Harry Palmer

text: "The Times" called Caine "the epitome of Sixties cool in his first outing as the secret agent Harry Palmer". A trailer for his second role as Palmer described him as possessing "horn rims, cockney wit and an iron fist". The character's thick horn-rimmed glasses, girls, and disregard for authority was cited by Mike Myers as an influence for "Austin Powers"; Caine would later star in "Austin Powers in Goldmember" (2002), with his portrayal of Nigel Powers, father of secret agent Austin Powers, a spoof of Palmer.


title: Harry Palmer

text: When developing the 1965 film "The Ipcress File", based on Len Deighton's 1962 novel of the same name, the production team needed a name for the previously anonymous protagonist, a rough-edged, petty crook turned spy. They chose "Harry Palmer", because they wanted a mundane name, 'one that means absolutely nothing, a common name', to distance him from Ian Fleming's James Bond, the stereotypical sophisticated, swashbuckling spy. Caine says he knew a dull kid at school called "Palmer", with Harry Saltzman saying 'good, and what about a first name', with Caine innocently remarking "Harry", not realising his gaffe until seeing Saltzman's stare. In a Len Feldman interview, Caine recalled "I made a rather bad social blunder, because, he said, 'What's the dullest name you can think of?', and I said, 'Harry', and he said, 'Thanks very much.'"


title: Harry Palmer

text: Len Deighton introduced the lead character in "The IPCRESS File", his first novel, published in November 1962. In that first-person novel, the secret agent is anonymous, although at one point he is greeted by someone saying "Hello, Harry"; he later says, "Now my name isn't Harry, but in this business it's hard to remember whether it ever had been." Deighton's spy is described as working class, living in a back street flat and seedy hotels, and shopping in supermarkets. He wears glasses, is hindered by bureaucracy, and craves a pay rise. It is revealed in passing that he is from Burnley, Lancashire, and that he was born in 1922 or 1923.


title: Harry Palmer

text: Further novels featuring this character followed: "Horse Under Water" (1963), "Funeral in Berlin" (1964), and "Billion-Dollar Brain" (1966). Again however the lead protagonist is never named, although they are clearly the same character in all of the books.


title: Harry Palmer

text: In 1974, the novel "Spy Story" was published, followed in 1976 by "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Spy" (also known as "Catch a Falling Spy" in North America). As the protagonist also remains anonymous in both of these novels, it is still open to debate whether or not 'Harry Palmer' is the same narrator of these last two novels as in the earlier books. There is conflicting evidence for either view. Despite this, and despite the lead protagonist being unnamed, all six books have been unofficially called the "Harry Palmer novels", based on the protagonist's name given in the subsequent film adaptations of "The IPCRESS File" and its sequels.


title: Harry Palmer

text: Evidence for this narrator being different from the earlier novels comes from Deighton himself, who is quoted as saying that the narrator of "Spy Story" is not the same character as the narrator of "The IPCRESS File"; in fact, for most of "Spy Story", the narrator is named and addressed as "Patrick Armstrong" – although, as another character says, "We have so many different names." Additionally, he is reported to be in his late 30s, whereas the narrator of "The IPCRESS File" was born in 1922 or 1923 (making him in his 40s), and thus implying that this protagonist is different from that of the earlier novels.


title: Harry Palmer

text: Encouraging the unitary concept – that the later novels feature 'Harry Palmer' – is the 1974 dust jacket to the Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich American edition of "Spy Story", in which the cover blurb states, "He is back, after five long-years' absence, the insubordinate, decent, bespectacled English spy who fought, fumbled, and survived his outrageous way through the best-selling "Horse Under Water", "Funeral in Berlin", and the rest of those marvellous, celebrated Len Deighton spy thrillers." Likewise, on the 1976 edition dust jacket to "Catch a Falling Spy", the novel features "Deighton's familiar hero, our bespectacled Englishman". A number of minor characters from the earlier novels also appear in "Spy Story", further connecting the books.


title: Harry Palmer

text: "The IPCRESS File" novel came out just after the release of the first James Bond film "Dr. No" (1962). When the novel reached best-seller status, Eon producers Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli approached Deighton to write the script for the second Bond film, "From Russia With Love" (1963). Little of Deighton's screenplay was actually used on the shoot. Saltzman decided instead to use "The IPCRESS File" in the expectation of beginning a new secret agent movie series. Unlike the Bond films, "The IPCRESS File" was designed to have a somewhat different, mostly rather naturalistic style, with hints of the kitchen sink school, film adaptations of which Saltzman had produced. Saltzman, however, also contracted crew members who had worked on the Bond films, including production designer Ken Adam, film editor Peter Hunt, and film score composer John Barry. Michael Caine was chosen to play the lead role.


title: Harry Palmer

text: In the film version, Harry Palmer is a British Army sergeant forcibly drafted into the security services to work away a prison sentence for black marketeering. He worked first for Army Intelligence, then the Foreign Office. He works for the brilliant but slightly duplicitous Colonel Ross. Harry Palmer has much in common with Deighton, including passions for military history (Harvey Newbegin complains about his bookshelf contents in "Billion Dollar Brain"), cooking, and classical music.


title: Harry Palmer

text: After the release of "The IPCRESS File" (1965), Saltzman's production company made "Funeral in Berlin" (1966) and "Billion Dollar Brain" (1967), both starring Michael Caine. The second Harry Palmer novel "Horse Under Water" was not used. In 1976, Deighton's novel "Spy Story" was filmed with Michael Petrovitch as 'Patrick Armstrong'; it is unrelated to Saltzman's Harry Palmer films.


title: Harry Palmer

text: In the mid-1990s, two further Harry Palmer films were released, this time with original screenplays and with Michael Caine returning to the role. These were "Bullet to Beijing" (1995) and "Midnight in Saint Petersburg" (1996). Despite sometimes being titled "Len Deighton's Bullet to Beijing" and "Len Deighton's Midnight in St Petersburg", Deighton did not participate in the production of these films.


title: Harry Palmer

text: Evidence of Michael Caine's popular identification as Harry Palmer can be seen in movies such as "Blue Ice" (1992), where he plays an ex-spy named 'Harry', and who has many similarities to Harry Palmer.


title: Harry Palmer

text: Caine's Harry Palmer character (with the glasses, the girls, and disregard for authority) was an influence for Mike Myers’ spy action comedy films "Austin Powers". At Myers request, Caine starred in "Austin Powers in Goldmember" (2002), with his portrayal of Nigel Powers, father of secret agent Austin Powers, a spoof of Harry Palmer.


title: Harry Palmer

text: In 2022, ITV released a six-part television adaptation of "The Ipcress File", starring Joe Cole as Palmer.


title: Jamaicans

text: Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora. The vast majority of Jamaicans are of Sub-Saharan African descent, with minorities of Europeans, East Indians, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and others of mixed ancestry. The bulk of the Jamaican diaspora resides in other Anglophone countries, namely Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. Jamaican populations are also prominent in other Caribbean countries, territories and Commonwealth realms, where in the Cayman Islands, Jamaican born residents make up 24.8% of the population.


title: Jamaicans

text: Outside of Anglophone countries, the largest Jamaican diaspora community lives in Costa Rica, where Jamaicans make up a significant percentage of the population.


title: Jamaicans

text: According to the official Jamaica Population Census of 1970, ethnic origins categories in Jamaica include: Black (Mixed); Chinese; East Indian; White; and 'Other' (e.g.: Syrian or Lebanese).


title: Jamaicans

text: Jamaicans of African descent made up 92% of the working population. Those of non-African descent or mixed race made up the remaining 8% of the population.


title: Jamaicans

text: Many Jamaicans now live overseas and outside Jamaica, while many have migrated to Anglophone countries, including over 400,000 Jamaicans in the United Kingdom, over 300,000 in Canada and 1,100,000 in the United States.


title: Jamaicans

text: There are about 30,500 Jamaicans residing in other CARICOM member including the Bahamas (5,600), Cuba (5,000), Antigua & Barbuda (12,000), Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago. There are also communities of Jamaican descendants in Central America, particularly Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama. Most of Costa Rica's Afro-Costa Rican and Mulatto population, which combined represents about 7% of the total population, is of Jamaican descent.


title: André Aciman

text: André Aciman (; born 2 January 1951) is an Italian-American writer. Born and raised in Alexandria, Egypt, he is currently a distinguished professor at the Graduate Center of City University of New York, where he teaches the history of literary theory and the works of Marcel Proust. Aciman previously taught creative writing at New York University and French literature at Princeton and Bard College.


title: André Aciman

text: He is the author of several novels, including "Call Me by Your Name" (winner, in the Gay Fiction category, of the 2007 Lambda Literary Award and made into a film) and a 1995 memoir, "Out of Egypt", which won a Whiting Award. Although best known for "Call Me by Your Name", Aciman stated in an interview in 2019 that his best book is the novel "Eight White Nights".


title: André Aciman

text: Aciman was born in Alexandria, Egypt, the son of Regine and Henri N. Aciman, who owned a knitting factory. His mother was deaf. Aciman was raised in a French-speaking home where family members spoke Italian, Greek, Ladino, and Arabic.


title: André Aciman

text: His parents were Sephardic Jews, of Turkish and Italian origin, from families that had settled in Alexandria in 1905 (Turkish surname: Acıman). As members of one of the Mutamassirun ("foreign") communities, his family members were unable to become Egyptian citizens. As a child, Aciman mistakenly believed that he was a French citizen. He attended British schools in Egypt. His family was spared from the 1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt. However, increased tensions with Israel under President Gamal Abdel Nasser put Jews in a precarious position and his family left Egypt nine years later in 1965.


title: André Aciman

text: After his father purchased Italian citizenship for the family, Aciman moved with his mother and brother as refugees to Rome while his father moved to Paris. They moved to New York City in 1968. He earned a B.A. in English and Comparative Literature from Lehman College in 1973, and an M.A. and PhD in Comparative Literature from Harvard University in 1988.