text: Frank Chambers is an amiable, restless drifter who has hitched a ride with local District Attorney Kyle Sackett. He drops Frank off at a rural diner/service station named "Twin Oaks", which is on a highway in the hills outside Los Angeles. Frank begins working there. The diner is operated by the stodgy Nick Smith and his beautiful, much younger wife, Cora.


title: The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946 film)

text: Frank and Cora start to have an affair soon after they meet. Cora is tired of her situation, married to a man she does not love and working at a diner she wishes to own outright. While attempting to run away together, Cora concludes that if she divorces Nick, she will end up with nothing; she and Frank will be no further ahead. They return to Twin Oaks in time for her to retrieve the goodbye note she had left in the cash register for Nick. Cora talks Frank into murdering Nick for them to have the diner. The plan involves Cora striking Nick with a sock full of ball-bearings and pretending he had fatally hit his head falling in the bathtub. Things go awry when a police officer stops by, and a cat causes a power outage. Cora manages to knock Nick over the head and severely injures him.


text: The couple is thrilled when it is determined that Nick will be all right since no foul play is suspected, and he has no recollection of how he was struck. They share a happy week, running the business together and enjoying their relationship. The police officer stops by one day and tells Frank he passed Cora driving Nick back from the hospital. Frank sees no hope for a definite future with her, so he decides to move on before she returns. He goes to L.A.; after a couple of weeks, he starts hanging around the marketplace where Nick and Cora buy most of their produce, hoping to see her. He runs into Nick, who has been looking for him; Nick insists that Frank returns to Twin Oaks with him, saying, "something important's gonna happen tonight, and you're in on it."


text: Upon Frank's return, Cora behaves coolly toward him; the three of them have dinner together, and Nick announces that he will be selling Twin Oaks and that Cora and he will be moving in with his infirm sister in the town of Kugluktuk in northern Canada. That night, Cora is desperate; Frank finds her in the kitchen with a knife she says she will use on herself. Frank agrees to kill Nick. The next day, the three of them are to drive to Santa Barbara to finalize the sale of Twin Oaks. Frank and Cora intend to stage a drunk driving accident. Sackett stops by to air his tire, and Frank and Cora stage an argument where she insists on driving due to the men's inebriation. On a deserted stretch of road, Frank kills Nick with a blow to the head and then sends the car off a cliff. However, Frank is also caught in the car and injured. Sackett, who followed them, arrives to find Cora crying for help.


text: The District Attorney files murder charges against only Cora, hoping to divide her and Frank. Although this ploy works temporarily, a clever measure by Cora's lawyer, Arthur Keats, prevents Cora's full confession from coming into the hands of the prosecutor. Cora secures a plea bargain in which she pleads guilty to manslaughter and receives probation.


text: Publicity from the murder makes Twin Oaks very successful, but things remain tense between Frank and Cora. They marry to protect themselves from being forced to testify against each other. When Cora leaves to care for her sick mother, Frank has a brief fling with a woman. After Cora returns, a man named Kennedy, who had worked as an investigator for her attorney, shows up and attempts to blackmail her with the confession. Frank beats up Kennedy and his partner and takes the signed confession from them.


text: Cora tells Frank that she knows about his affair. The two argue but reconcile, and Cora announces that she is pregnant. She speculates that the new life they have created may balance the one they took. They go to the beach and swim, realizing they still love each other. On the way back, Frank accidentally crashes the car and kills Cora.


text: Frank is tried and convicted for killing Cora. While on death row, he is visited by a priest and by District Attorney Sackett, who confronts him with the evidence of his involvement in Nick's murder and reasons that if he resists his legal fate in Cora's death that he'll only wind up back where he is with a conviction for Nick's murder. Frank accepts that, while he is innocent of Cora's murder, his execution will be a fitting punishment for his murder of Nick. Frank muses that, just as the postman always rings a second time to make sure people receive their mail, fate has ensured that he and Cora have finally paid the price for their crime.


text: In early February 1934, before Cain's novel was published, RKO executive Merian C. Cooper submitted a synopsis of his story to the Production Code Administration (PCA), which reviewed movie scripts using the Motion Picture Production Code (commonly known as the Hays Code). Upon reviewing the synopsis, with its themes of adultery and murder, the PCA persuaded RKO to abandon its plans to film Cain's story, calling it "definitely unsuitable for motion picture production."


text: After Cain's novel was released, Columbia Pictures and Warner Bros. expressed interest in the property, but Warner Bros. quickly rejected the story out of concerns that a film version would run afoul of censors. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer purchased the rights to make a movie adaptation a full twelve years prior to the film's release. They didn't go forward with the project earlier as the Hays Code began to be rigorously enforced very shortly after they had acquired the rights. The studio finally decided to proceed in 1944, upon observing the success of Paramount's film adaptation of Cain's novella "Double Indemnity", which violated many of the same moral taboos.


text: Lana Turner's character, Cora Smith, wore all white in every scene, except for three in which she wore all black: with the knife in the kitchen contemplating suicide, at the train station returning from her mother's death, and when she was calling the taxicab so she could leave Frank.


text: In 1936, Cain adapted his novel as a play, which had 72 performances at the Lyceum Theatre, in New York, from February to April 1936. The cast included Richard Barthelmess as Frank, Mary Philips as Cora, Joseph Greenwald as Nick and Dudley Clements as Sackett, with minor roles played by Joseph Cotten and Charles Halton.


text: Lana Turner was cast as Cora Smith. Turner said this was a favorite role of hers. Cain felt that she was the perfect choice for Cora and was so impressed with her performance that he presented her with a leather-bound copy of the novel inscribed "For my dear Lana, thank you for giving a performance that was even finer than I expected."


text: Joel McCrea was offered the role of Frank Chambers, but he turned it down. Gregory Peck was also considered for the role. John Garfield was borrowed from Warner Bros., and the veteran character actor Cecil Kellaway was borrowed from Paramount Studios and was cast as Nick, Cora's husband. When Turner found out that Garfield was cast as the male lead, she responded, "Couldn't they at least hire someone attractive?"


text: Tay Garnett, the director, wanted to film in as many actual locations as possible for the movie, a rarity for MGM at the time. For the seaside love scenes, he took the cast and crew to Laguna Beach, where a fog made shooting impossible for days. After a few days, they moved to San Clemente in search of clearer skies, only to have fog roll in there as well. Then word got to them that the fog had lifted at Laguna Beach. By the time they got back there, however, it had returned. The strain of waiting for the fog to lift caused Garnett, who had suffered from drinking problems in the past, to fall off the wagon. Garnett holed up in his hotel room, where nobody could get him to stop drinking. Concerned about rumours that he was going to be replaced, Garfield and Turner decided to visit him on their own. Garfield could get nowhere with him, but Turner managed to convince him to go back to Los Angeles for treatment. When he returned a week later, the fog lifted, and they all went back to work.


text: The on-set sexual tension between Garfield and Turner was clear to all involved with the film. Their first day together, he called out to her, "Hey, Lana, how's about a little quickie?" to which she replied, "You bastard!" They had a brief affair, according to the actor and director Vincent Sherman, a friend of Garfield's. Sherman said Turner was the only co-star with whom Garfield ever became romantically involved. There had been sparks between the two since the first day of shooting, and the delays had led to a close friendship. Finally, they shared a moonlit tryst on the beach, but it was their only night together. The two realized that whatever was happening on-screen, off-screen they had no sexual chemistry. They remained friends nonetheless.


text: As originally written in the novel, Madge was a lion tamer. Garnett even filmed the scene in which she introduces Frank to her cats. During shooting, a tiger sprayed the two stars, prompting John Garfield to jokingly ask for stunt pay.


text: The film was a major hit, earning $3,741,000 in the US and Canada and $1,345,000 elsewhere, recording a profit of $1,626,000. Despite this, Louis B. Mayer head of MGM, who always preferred more wholesome, family oriented pictures, hated it.


text: Bosley Crowther, film critic of "The New York Times," gave the film a positive review and lauded the acting and direction of the film, writing, "Too much cannot be said for the principals. Mr. Garfield reflects to the life the crude and confused young hobo who stumbles aimlessly into a fatal trap. And Miss Turner is remarkably effective as the cheap and uncertain blonde who has a pathetic ambition to 'be somebody' and a pitiful notion that she can realize it through crime. Cecil Kellaway is just a bit too cozy and clean as Miss Turner's middle-aged spouse. He is the only one not a Cain character, and throws a few scenes a shade out of key. But Hume Cronyn is slyly sharp and sleazy as an unscrupulous criminal lawyer, Leon Ames is tough as a district attorney and Alan Reed plays a gum-shoe role well."


text: "Variety" wrote that the two leads gave "the best of their talents" to their roles, but agreed with Crowther in finding Kellaway's performance "a bit flamboyant at times in interpreting the character." "Harrison's Reports" wrote that "the story is unconvincing, but it has been produced well and acted capably." John McCarten of "The New Yorker" wrote: "Since the hero and heroine of the film are never dealt with sympathetically, the mating calls that preface their amour are monotonous. But once they get around to murder, things pick up and I'm confident you'll enjoy the resulting legal byplay that goes on between Hume Cronyn, as Miss Turner's lawyer, and Leon Ames, as the prosecuting attorney. As a matter of fact, Mr. Cronyn and Mr. Ames take most of the acting honors, and there is a decided letdown in the picture after a courtroom clash in which both of them participate with vast enthusiasm."


text: Writing in 2000, critic Stephen MacMillan Moser appreciated Lana Turner's acting and wrote, "It is perhaps her finest work—from a body of work that includes very few truly stellar performances. She was a star, and not necessarily an actress, and because of that, so much of her work does not stand the test of time. She is best remembered for the spate of films like "Peyton Place" and "Madame X" that traded on her personal tragedies, but "Postman", which predates all that, is a stunner—a cruel and desperate and gritty James Cain vehicle that sorely tests Lana's skills. But she succeeds marvelously, and from the first glimpse of her standing in the doorway in her white pumps, as the camera travels up her tanned legs, she becomes a character so enticingly beautiful and insidiously evil that the audience is riveted."


text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 89% based on 27 reviews, with an average of 8.00/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""The Postman Always Rings Twice" spins a sultry web of mystery with a gripping adaptation of a classic noir tale."


text: The film, considered a classic example of film noir, showcases the distinctive features of the genre: the femme fatale, an alienated and tragic antihero figure and a mutual plot against the female character's husband. The story is narrated by the antihero in the form of a voiceover recollection of events past. The aesthetic quality of the film creates an atmosphere of disorientation, rejection of traditional morality and overall pessimistic tone.


title: 2023 CONCACAF Champions League

text: The 2023 CONCACAF Champions League (officially the 2023 Scotiabank CONCACAF Champions League for sponsorship reasons) will be the 15th edition of the CONCACAF Champions League under its current name, and overall the 58th edition of the premier football club competition organized by CONCACAF, the regional governing body of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.


title: 2023 CONCACAF Champions League

text: Seattle Sounders FC was the title holder, but they did not qualify for this tournament and will be unable to defend their title.


title: 2023 CONCACAF Champions League

text: "In the following table, the number of appearances, last appearance, and previous best result count only those in the CONCACAF Champions League era starting from 2008–09 (not counting those in the era of the Champions' Cup from 1962 to 2008)."


title: 2023 CONCACAF Champions League

text: The draw took take place in Miami, Florida, on 7 November 2022. The seeding of teams was based on the CONCACAF Club Index. The CONCACAF Club Index, instead of ranking each team, was based on the on-field performance of the teams that occupied the respective qualifying slots in the previous five editions of the CONCACAF Champions League. To determine the total points awarded to a slot in any single edition of the CONCACAF Champions League, CONCACAF used the following formula:


title: 2023 CONCACAF Champions League

text: Each tie, including the final, is played over two legs, with each team playing on a home-and-away basis.


title: 2023 CONCACAF Champions League

text: In the round of 16, the matchups will be decided by draw: R16-1 through R16-8. The teams from Pot 1 in the draw will host the second leg.


title: 2023 CONCACAF Champions League

text: The semi-finalists in each tie which has the better performance across all previous rounds hosts the second leg.


title: 2023 CONCACAF Champions League

text: In the final (Winner SF1 vs. Winner SF2), the finalist which has the better performances in previous rounds hosts the second leg.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: The sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) is a relatively large white cockatoo found in wooded habitats in Australia, New Guinea, and some of the islands of Indonesia. They can be locally very numerous, leading to them sometimes being considered pests. A highly intelligent bird, they are well known in aviculture, although they can be demanding pets.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: In Australia, sulphur-crested cockatoos can be found widely in the north and east, ranging from the Kimberley to as far south as Tasmania, but avoiding arid inland areas with few trees. They are numerous in suburban habitats in cities such as Adelaide, Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney and Brisbane. Except for highland areas, they occur throughout most of New Guinea and on nearby smaller islands such as Waigeo, Misool and Aru, and various islands in the Cenderawasih Bay and Milne Bay.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: Within Australia, sulphur-crested cockatoos of the nominate race have also been introduced to Perth, which is far outside the natural range. Outside Australia, they have been introduced to Singapore, where their numbers have been estimated to be between 500 and 2000. They have also been introduced to Palau and New Zealand. In New Zealand, the introduced populations may number less than 1000. This species has also been recorded as established in Hawaii and from various islands in Wallacea (e.g. Kai Islands and Ambon), but it is unclear if it has managed to become established there.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: Sulphur-crested cockatoos are long, with the Australian subspecies larger than subspecies from New Guinea and nearby islands. The plumage is overall white, while the underwing and -tail are tinged yellow. The expressive crest is yellow. The bill is black, the legs are grey, and the eye-ring is whitish. Males typically have almost black eyes, whereas the females have a more red or brown eye, but this requires optimum viewing conditions to be seen. The differences between the subspecies are subtle. "C. g. fitzroyi" is similar to the nominate race but lacks the yellow on the ear tufts and has slightly blueish skin around the eye. "C. g. eleonora" is similar to "C. g. fitzroyi" but is smaller and has broader feathers in the crest, and "C. g. triton" is similar to "C. g. eleonora" except it has a smaller bill.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: It is similar in appearance to the three species of corellas found in Australia. However, corellas are smaller, lack the prominent yellow crest and have pale bills. In captivity, the sulphur-crested cockatoo is easily confused with the smaller yellow-crested cockatoo or the blue-eyed cockatoo with a differently shaped crest and a darker blue eye-ring.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: Sulphur-crested cockatoos' distinctive raucous calls can be very loud, which is a result of an adaptation in order to travel through the forest environments in which they live, including tropical and subtropical rainforests. These birds are naturally curious, as well as very intelligent. They have adapted very well to European settlement in Australia and live in many urban areas.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: Being intelligent, in Sydney, Australia they have learned how to open garbage bins as a source of food. The behavior spreads among the birds by imitation. In captivity some will spontaneously dance to music with a variety of unique moves.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: These birds are very long-lived, and can live upwards of 70 years in captivity, although they only live to about 20–40 years in the wild. They have been known to engage in geophagy, the process of eating clay to detoxify their food. These birds produce a very fine powder to waterproof themselves instead of oil as many other birds do.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: The sulphur-crested cockatoo is a seasonal breeder in Australia; little is known about its breeding behaviour in New Guinea. In southern Australia the breeding season is from August to January, whereas in northern Australia the season is from May to September. The nest is a bed of wood chips in a hollow in a tree. Like many other parrots it competes with others of its species and with other species for nesting sites. Two to three eggs are laid and incubation lasts between 25–27 days. Both parents incubate the eggs and raise the nestlings. The nestling period is between 9 and 12 weeks, and the young fledglings remain with their parents for a number of months after fledging.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: Sulphur-crested cockatoos have range of visually observable expressions. A 2009 study involving an Eleonora cockatoo (the subspecies "Cacatua galerita eleonora") named Snowball found that sulphur-crested cockatoos are capable of synchronizing movements to a musical beat. Sulphur-crested cockatoos use facial expressions (with their feathers) to indicate positive emotions.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: Species that feed on the ground are very vulnerable to predator attack. The cockatoo has evolved a behavioural adaptation to protect against this: whenever there is a flock on the ground, there is at least one high up in a tree (usually a dead tree), keeping guard. This is so well known that it has even entered Australian slang: a person keeping guard for sudden police raids on illegal gambling gatherings is referred to as a "cockatoo" or "cocky" for short.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: In some parts of Australia, sulphur-crested cockatoos can be very numerous, and may cause damage to cereal and fruit crops and newly planted tree seedlings, as well as soft timber on houses and outdoor furniture. Consequently, they are sometimes shot or poisoned as pests. A government permit is required for any culling, because the birds are a protected species under the Australian Commonwealth Law.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: Sulphur-crested cockatoos may no longer be imported into the United States as a result of the Wild Bird Conservation Act (WBCA). However, they have been bred in captivity, with Eleonora and Triton cockatoos the most common subspecies seen in aviculture in the USA and Europe. They are socially demanding pets and have a natural desire to chew wood and other hard and organic materials. They are also loud, often unleashing loud squawks or piercing screeches. They may also make aggressive, unpredictable movements which can frighten people and animals unaware of the accompanying affection.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: One cockatoo called Fred was still alive at 100 years of age in 2014. Cocky Bennett of Tom Ugly's Point in Sydney was a celebrated sulphur-crested cockatoo who reached an age of 100 years or more. He had lost his feathers and was naked for much of his life, and died in the early years of the twentieth century. His body was stuffed and preserved after death. Another 'cocky', born in 1921 and residing in Arncliffe with his owner Charlie Knighton, was 76 years old in the late 1990s.


title: Sulphur-crested cockatoo

text: Sulphur-crested cockatoos, along with many other parrots, are susceptible to psittacine beak and feather disease, a viral disease, which causes birds to lose their feathers and grow grotesquely shaped beaks. The disease occurs naturally in the wild, and in captivity.


title: A-Teens

text: A-Teens (stylized as A★TEENS or A*Teens) were a Swedish pop music group from Stockholm, Sweden, formed by Niklas Berg in 1998 originally as an ABBA tribute band called ABBA-Teens and was later renamed A-Teens. The band members were Marie Serneholt, Amit Paul, Dhani Lennevald and Sara Lumholdt. The band's debut album became a success around the world. In 2001, following their second album, "Teen Spirit", it was reported that the band had sold 2 million copies.


title: A-Teens

text: After six years together, the band announced they would take a break in 2004 after the release of their "Greatest Hits" album. Each song from that album became a Top 20 hit in at least one country around the world. However, following in the year 2006, Serneholt's Swedish-language website has announced that they had made their break-up more indefinite, and is said to have finally disbanded as they all went to pursue solo recording careers for the next few years.


title: A-Teens

text: In 1998, Marie, Sara, Dhani, and Amit were musically united as the ABBA-Teens. However, the group's name was changed to the A-Teens to avoid litigation. This choice allowed the band more freedom in creating their own style of music.


title: A-Teens

text: In early 1999, the band started the recording process of what would be their debut album, "The ABBA Generation", consisting purely of ABBA covers reinterpreted with a modern pop and electronic flair to appeal to a new generation of young pop fans. Their first single, "Mamma Mia", topped the charts in over ten countries including their home country Sweden where it stayed at number one for eight consecutive weeks. The album hit the peak position in Sweden & Argentina and became a top ten hit throughout the world. Further singles enjoyed similar success ensuring top ten placings across the globe, and the album overall sold more than 2 million copies worldwide,(Citation needed) being certified Gold or Platinum in over 22 countries.


title: A-Teens

text: The band's music video for "Dancing Queen" was playfully based on the 1985 John Hughes film "The Breakfast Club". In addition, the principal seen in the music video was played by Paul Gleason, the same actor who was the principal in the film. The single reached ninety-five on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and sold over 500,000 copies in the U.S. alone, being certified Gold.


title: A-Teens

text: In early 2000, the band embarked on a U.S. promotional tour, and on the verge of the release of their album in the United States, the band was invited to tour with Britney Spears that summer in her U.S. Tour. They also made several appearances on Disney and Nickelodeon to promote their music. The band's debut became a hit in North America, where the album reached seventy-one on the "Billboard" 200 Albums Chart being certified Gold in September 2000, but its sales reached the million mark in 2001.


title: A-Teens

text: That month, the A-Teens won a Viva Music Award for Best International Newcomer, competing with the likes of Christina Aguilera and Blink-182, and also the band announced what would be the lead single from their second album and their first to be an original song, "Upside Down", which would also become their signature song. The song was released to Swedish radios on 23 October 2000, and was later unleashed worldwide. When the single was commercially released, it reached number two in Sweden and was later certified 2× Platinum. The song became the band's biggest hit when it reached the top ten in several countries and when the single was released in the United States. The physical single reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales Chart, selling over 500,000 copies in three weeks and being certified Gold. In January 2001, the band was nominated for "Best Swedish Group" at the NRJ Awards.


title: A-Teens

text: The band's second album, entitled ""Teen Spirit"", featured a compilation of tracks that were not ABBA covers and when it was finally released on 26 February 2001, it debuted at number two in the Swedish Charts. This pop sensation hit reached the top ten in other countries and entered at number eighty-three on the World Charts, number thirteen on the European Albums Chart, number fourteen on CNN's WorldBeat Album Charts and peaked at number fifty in the United States selling over 60,000 copies in its first two weeks, ensuring Gold Status for sales exceeding the 500,000 copies in the United States alone. Prior to the release of the album, the A-Teens became one of the first bands to broadcast one of their shows on MSN's Websites.


title: A-Teens

text: The UK releases were delayed due to A-Teens' failure with their previous album in that country. When "Upside Down" was released there in May 2001, it became their biggest hit in the country. The single peaked at number ten in the United Kingdom becoming their only top ten hit in that country. The album was delayed and released after the second single, "Halfway Around The World" in late October 2001. The single barely made the top thirty and the album did not chart in the top 75.


title: A-Teens

text: Before they started their concert tour in the U.S. the band went to promote their album to Asia, with stops in Japan, Singapore, Malaysia where they did show for MTV Asia and Thailand, with great success, especially in the former where Coca-Cola signed the band to become the face of the brand there and promote, "We were the first international artists ever to appear on a soda can there. They printed 15 million of them; we went home with ten!" Remembers Sara, The cans were distributed around the country that year. Also in 2001, the A-Teens performed as top billing during the Radio Disney Live! 2001 World Tour in Chicago and Philadelphia markets.


title: A-Teens

text: The group promoted their album with a forty-three-date tour with Aaron Carter around the U.S. Back in Europe, the band toured with No Angels in Germany. By the end of 2001, "Teen Spirit" went on to sell over 1 million copies worldwide and were invited by Walt Disney/Buena Vista to record the European soundtrack for the movie "The Princess Diaries". As the movie had already been released in North and South America, the movie was set to be released in Europe in the winter 2001. "Heartbreak Lullaby" a song written by Cathy Dennis (famous for writing Kylie Minogue's number one hit, "Can't Get You Out of My Head") and Kasmanaut, the video was shot in Germany in late October, in the middle of their tour. The single was released in December 2001 and it became another top ten hit for the band in their home country spending four months inside the charts.


title: A-Teens

text: In early 2002, the band started working on what would be their third studio album. In January a press conference was held in Stockholm with American rock musician Alice Cooper, they announced they would do a collaboration recording Cooper's classic, "School's Out". The song was recorded on 25 January in Stockholm, Sweden. Two versions were recorded, a Pop Version and a Harder Version and both were planned to be included on A-Teens' third album due to be released mid-2002.


title: A-Teens

text: During the start of the year, many updates and reports were published on the band's official website anticipating the release of the album. By March 2002, the band reported they had over fifteen tracks already recorded, giving names of tracks and telling the fans the direction they were going musically. The band finished recording their album in late March that year with meeting with MCA executives to plan what would be the promotion and tour for the album.


title: A-Teens

text: In May 2002, the band announced the first single to be taken from the album would be Elvis Presley's cover "Can't Help Falling In Love" to be launched to radios that month, and would also serve as the soundtrack of the then new Disney movie "Lilo & Stitch". A series of promotional stops in different TV Shows throughout the United States followed to promote both the movie and the album.


title: A-Teens

text: On 18 June their third studio album, "Pop 'til You Drop!", was released exclusively in the United States. The album was aimed to the American market putting on hold the release for the international markets. The album debuted at number forty-five on the "Billboard" 200 Albums Chart. The single also received a commercial release in Australia and Sweden in September 2002.


title: A-Teens

text: The band announced their first headlining tour in the United States. The "Pop 'til You Drop! Tour", a thirty-date tour around the U.S., was held in the summer of 2002 with Baha Men, Jump5, LMNT and Play. The tour ran from mid-July until the end of August throughout the United States and Canada. The concert tour consisted mainly of outdoor venues at amusement parks and amphitheaters. The tour consisted of songs from all three of their studio albums.


title: A-Teens

text: Later in 2002, due to public demand, the album was released in several Latin American countries, including Argentina and Mexico, the latter a country where the band promoted in November. The band had a concert planned in the Auditorio Nacional but was later canceled due to some problems with the set. The band was also invited to do a show for the King and Queen of Sweden and the then president of Mexico, Vicente Fox. Their album reached number three on the international albums chart and number fourteen on the main album charts. After the promotion in Mexico, the band headed to Europe to release their single "Floorfiller". The song became a top five hit in their home country and reached the top forty in most European countries as well as becoming a hit in Latin America, but did not match the success of their previous releases.


title: A-Teens

text: By the end of 2002 the A-Teens were in Europe, on the verge of what would be the international release of their third album, the band performed their hit single, "Floorfiller" at the 2002 Swedish Hit Music Awards as part of the promotion for their new album.


title: A-Teens

text: In January 2003 the band announced the release dates of their third album for the international market The band promoted in Germany and the Netherlands prior to the album's release. On 27 January the album, entitled "New Arrival" (a reference to "the ABBA album entitled Arrival"), was released. It combined tracks from the last effort "Pop 'til You Drop!" and new tracks, making a whole new album, or a "half-new album", as they described it. Some of the material on these two albums was co-written by the members of the A-Teens. The majority of tracks, while recorded in Sweden, were the work of producers from the United States, Norway, Denmark and Sweden. The album debuted at number four in Sweden and was certified Gold a few weeks after its release. The second single taken from the album (first in some countries), was "A Perfect Match", the band shot the video for the song in Cuba, the video was premiered on 26 February on ZTV. When the single was released, it reached number two in Sweden and ensured top forty placings all over the world. Worldwide releases of the album followed, including a release in Mexico, on 24 March, the band promoted in the country for almost a month, their album reached number seven on the international album charts and number fifteen on the main album charts in late April that year.


title: A-Teens

text: Back in their homeland, the band embarked in their "New Arrival Tour" across Europe doing shows all over Sweden, Denmark, Russia and Slovakia.


title: A-Teens

text: The band signed a promotional deal to promote "Popdrinks" in Sweden, with the song "Bounce With Me", Amit graduated from high school and Marie Serneholt was named the third-sexiest woman in Sweden.


title: A-Teens

text: The third single from the album (second in some countries), "Let Your Heart Do All the Talking" was meant to be commercially released, but after the lack of sales of the A-Teens album in a worldwide scale, the record label canceled the release, and just unleashed the song to radios. Sales for "New Arrival" were lower than expected, selling fewer than 350,000 copies worldwide. The band still got a nomination in the Swedish Hit Music Awards for "Swedish artist/group of the year".


title: A-Teens

text: The album also contains a cover from Murray Head's "One Night in Bangkok" (from the musical "Chess"). The music of this song is written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus (the two male ABBA members), while the lyrics are written by Tim Rice. Other covers featured on the album include Shirley & Company's "Shame, Shame, Shame" and The Box Tops' "The Letter".


title: A-Teens

text: By the beginning of 2004 the band announced their first "Greatest Hits" compilation was going to be released, a cover of Nick Kamen's "I Promised Myself" became the last single from the band.


title: A-Teens

text: The band shot the video for the song in March 2004, and was premiered on ZTV in early April, the song went to international radios on late April/May becoming the last hit of the band. The album was a compilation of thirteen singles, which each one of them made the top twenty in at least one country and three new tracks, two of them were written by the band members.


title: A-Teens

text: Promotion for the album was slow, the band did a few shows in Sweden and international interviews to magazines. Many were reporting the band was splitting up after six years in the pop world. The band quickly denied the rumours on their official website.


title: A-Teens

text: The single became another top-two hit for the band in Sweden, it became one of the band's biggest hits in South America (especially in Argentina) and the album became the band's first to not make the top ten in their homeland while it brought back the attention to them in other countries in Latin America and Eastern Europe.


title: A-Teens

text: The album was just released in selected European countries, Asia and only Mexico and Argentina in Latin America. It did not receive a U.S. release, although, when MCA Records went bankrupt and was absorbed by both Geffen and Interscope, the former had plans to release it in November, ready for the Christmas sales, but plans were scrapped when the band finished their tour and Dhani released his first solo single.


title: A-Teens

text: After "Greatest Hits" was released, the band announced a two-year break. On 15 April 2006, Serneholt's Swedish website officially announced that the A-Teens had disbanded. The members of the group wanted to pursue solo careers. In one magazine Serneholt stated, "The A-Teens are nothing but a memory now, we have all started our own projects." Lennevald confirmed his former groupmate's comment.


title: A-Teens

text: All four pursued solo recording careers over the next few years, before moving into other aspects of music and entertainment, or careers unrelated to music.


title: A-Teens

text: In September 2004 Dhani Lennevald released "Girl Talk", his first single as a solo artist, in Sweden. There it peaked at number twenty-nine, ensuring Gold status after nine weeks on the charts. After parting ways with Universal Music in 2005, Lennevald works as a music producer and songwriter and has co-operated with artists such as Avicii, Måns Zelmerlöw and Sandro Cavazza.


title: A-Teens

text: In 2005, Marie Serneholt signed with SonyBMG and in early 2006, she released her first single as a solo artist titled "That's the Way My Heart Goes". It reached number two in Sweden in February, and was later released in Europe and certified Gold. This was followed by the album "Enjoy the Ride" which peaked at number nine in her homeland.


title: A-Teens

text: In late 2008 A-Teens was involved in intense meetings planning a possible comeback for Melodifestivalen 2009. According to Sara Lumholdt all former members were on board a reformation but negotiations ultimately fell through due to an inability to work out a schedule which didn't violate individual members' previous commitments. Instead Serneholt participated in Melodifestivalen 2009 as a solo act with the track "Disconnect Me", finishing 6th in Heat 1. In 2011 she was the host for Melodifestivalen in Sweden. She also participated in Melodifestivalen 2012 with the single "Salt and Pepper", again finishing 6th at the Heat stage. Serneholt was a judge on "X Factor" in Sweden where she was the mentor for the groups. Serneholt has moved into working as a model and as a TV-host for shows like "Bingolotto" and other game shows.


title: A-Teens

text: Amit Sebastian Paul made his debut as well. "Songs in a Key of Mine" is a mini-album with eight demos. Amit Paul has released his first Solo album "Songs In A Key Of Mine" which features 12 songs in April 2008, with the first single "Judge You" was released soon after. Amit Paul then finished his master's degree at the Stockholm School of Economics, where he did an internship at the management consultancy Bain & Company. In 2010 Amit joined his family business, Paxymer AB, as a managing director.


title: A-Teens

text: In 2005 Sara Lumholdt began working with producers from the United States and Europe to release more music according to her official MySpace page. After unsuccessful negotiations with Swedish record labels Sara Lumholdt went to LA in pursuit of a US solo career. Sara released a cover of Olivia Newton-John's song "Physical" for a compilation album under the name of Sara Love. She released "Glamour Bitch" to her MySpace page, what was said to be her debut single, and another single, "First", became available on iTunes in July 2008. Sara recorded songs for a full album and was offered a contract with a US label but her due to unfavorable contract terms she was strongly advised by her layers not to sign and Sara returned to Sweden. In the wake of negotiations for an A-Teens reunion breaking down Sara recorded new material and eventually sent in a song for participation in Melodifestivalen 2011. Singing the song "Enemy", she finished 7th in the third semi-final on 19 February. She moved on to working as a pole dancing instructor and is one of the founders of FLOW, a pole dance studio based in Sweden. In 2014, Sara won Swedish Championships in pole dance.


title: S. E. Cupp

text: Sarah Elizabeth Cupp (born February 23, 1979) is an American television host, political commentator, and writer. In August 2017, she began hosting "S.E. Cupp: Unfiltered," a political panel show, co-hosted by Andrew Levy, on HLN and later CNN.


title: S. E. Cupp

text: She is a former panelist on the CNN political debate show "Crossfire", author of "" and co-author of "Why You're Wrong About the Right". She was a panelist on "Real News" on TheBlaze, a co-host of the MSNBC talk show "The Cycle", and a frequent guest host on the Fox News late night talk show "Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld". She is a frequent guest panelist on "Real Time with Bill Maher".


title: S. E. Cupp

text: Cupp was born in Oceanside, California. While growing up, she lived in Andover, Massachusetts, and attended the Academy of Notre Dame. From age six until her late teens, she studied ballet. While attending ballet school, she suffered from eating disorders and experienced a relapse during her college years. In 2000, Cupp graduated from Cornell University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in art history. While attending Cornell, she worked for "The Cornell Daily Sun". In 2010, she earned a Master of Arts degree from the Gallatin School of Individualized Study at New York University with a concentration in religious studies.


title: S. E. Cupp

text: After graduating from Cornell, Cupp worked for an online magazine and a public relations company. She was also a contributor to Politico.com's "The Arena" and has been a frequent guest in the past on all three cable news channels – CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC.


title: S. E. Cupp

text: Her writings have appeared in several publications, including "The Washington Post", "New York Daily News", "The American Spectator", "Townhall", "Newsmax", "Human Events", "Slate", "Maxim", and "The Daily Caller".


title: S. E. Cupp

text: In 2011, she was hired as a writer and commentator for Mercury Radio Arts, the organization owned and operated by Glenn Beck. Shortly after being hired by Beck, Cupp was given her show, "S.E. Cupp" on the Insider Extreme broadcast found on Glennbeck.com. The show was moved to GBTV (now TheBlaze TV).


title: S. E. Cupp

text: On June 25, 2012, she began co-hosting "The Cycle" on MSNBC with political strategist Krystal Ball, pop-culture commentator Touré, and senior Salon political writer Steve Kornacki.


title: S. E. Cupp

text: CNN announced on June 26, 2013, that Cupp would join a new version of "Crossfire" re-launching in the fall of 2013, with panelists Newt Gingrich, Stephanie Cutter, and Van Jones. Consequently, Cupp left MSNBC and "The Cycle", following her final appearance on June 27, 2013.


title: S. E. Cupp

text: On March 13, 2017, CNN's sister network HLN announced that Cupp would host a new evening program, "S.E. Cupp Unfiltered", in June. In August 2018, the program moved to CNN as a weekly program on Saturday evenings.


title: S. E. Cupp

text: Although an atheist herself, on July 5, 2012, Cupp said on "The Cycle" that she "would never vote for an atheist president." When asked to explain, Cupp said she felt that a president must not represent only 10 to 15 percent of the American populace and that faith served as a "check" on presidential power.


title: S. E. Cupp

text: In March 2013, Cupp pulled out of a CPAC appearance because of its stance on homosexuality and gay marriage, saying that she "became increasingly uncomfortable [aligning] with an event, a great event in many ways, that had nonetheless attempted to marginalize a significant group of conservatives working on our behalf." She has since joined Young Conservatives for the Freedom to Marry.


title: S. E. Cupp

text: Cupp, who identifies as a Log Cabin Republican, said the Republican Party should support gay marriage. She describes herself as a "mainstream conservative" but voted for Joe Biden and criticized Ron Paul's support for a non-interventionist foreign policy.


title: S. E. Cupp

text: On August 20, 2020, Cupp announced that she would vote for Joe Biden in the 2020 United States presidential election. In May 2022, Cupp supported upholding Roe v. Wade, stating that she is pro-life, but believes abortion should be legal.


title: S. E. Cupp

text: For over twenty years, Cupp has been an atheist, but has consistently stated that she is open to theism, and once said in an interview with C-SPAN, "I really aspire to be a person of faith some day."


title: S. E. Cupp

text: Cupp met John Goodwin, a former chief of staff to Representative Raúl Labrador, at the 2008 Republican Convention, and they began dating in 2011. She and Goodwin became engaged in September 2012, and were married in November 2013. She gave birth to a son, John Davies Goodwin III, in December 2014. Goodwin is currently Head of Communications for The Weather Channel.


title: Self-control

text: Self-control, an aspect of inhibitory control, is the ability to regulate one's emotions, thoughts, and behavior in the face of temptations and impulses. As an executive function, it is a cognitive process that is necessary for regulating one's behavior in order to achieve specific goals.


title: Self-control

text: A related concept in psychology is emotional self-regulation. Self-control is thought to be like a muscle. According to studies, self-regulation, whether emotional or behavioral, was proven to be a limited resource which functions like energy. In the short term, overuse of self-control will lead to depletion. However, in the long term, the use of self-control can strengthen and improve over time.


title: Self-control

text: Self-control is also a key concept in the general theory of crime, a major theory in criminology. The theory was developed by Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi in their book titled "A General Theory of Crime", published in 1990. Gottfredson and Hirschi define self-control as the differential tendency of individuals to avoid criminal acts independent of the situations in which they find themselves. Individuals with low self-control tend to be impulsive, insensitive towards others, risk takers, short-sighted, and nonverbal. About 70% of the variance in questionnaire data operationalizing one construct of self-control had been found to be genetic.


title: Self-control

text: Temperance, or sophrosyne, has been described as a virtue by philosophers and religious thinkers, from Plato and Aristotle to the present day, and more recently by psychologists, particularly in the positive psychology movement.


title: Self-control

text: Desire is an affectively charged motivation toward a certain object, person, or activity, but not limited to, that associated with pleasure or relief from displeasure. Desires vary in strength and duration. A desire becomes a temptation when it impacts or enters the individual's area of self-control, if the behavior resulting from the desire conflicts with an individual's values or other self-regulatory goals. A limitation to research on desire is the issue of individuals desiring different things. New research looked at what people desire in real world settings. Over one week, 7,827 self-reports of desires were collected and indicated significant differences in desire frequency and strength, degree of conflict between desires and other goals, and the likelihood of resisting desire and success of the resistance. The most common and strongly experienced desires are those related to bodily needs like eating, drinking, and sleeping.


title: Self-control

text: Desires that conflict with overarching goals or values are known as temptations. Self-control dilemmas occur when long-term goals and values clash with short-term temptations. Counteractive Self-Control Theory states that when presented with such a dilemma, we lessen the significance of the instant rewards while momentarily increasing the importance of our overall values. When asked to rate the perceived appeal of different snacks before making a decision, people valued health bars over chocolate bars. However, when asked to do the rankings after having chosen a snack, there was no significant difference of appeal. Further, when college students completed a questionnaire prior to their course registration deadline, they ranked leisure activities as less important and enjoyable than when they filled out the survey after the deadline passed. The stronger and more available the temptation is, the harsher the devaluation will be.


title: Self-control

text: One of the most common self-control dilemmas involves the desire for unhealthy or unneeded food consumption versus the desire to maintain long-term health. An indication of unneeded food could also be over expenditure on certain types of consumption such as eating away from home. Not knowing how much to spend, or overspending one's budget on eating out can be a symptom of a lack of self control.


title: Self-control

text: Experiment participants rated a new snack as significantly less healthy when it was described as very tasty compared to when they heard it was just slightly tasty. Without knowing anything else about a food, the mere suggestion of good taste triggers counteractive self-control and prompted them to devalue the temptation in the name of health. Further, when presented with the strong temptation of one large bowl of chips, participants both perceived the chips to be higher in calories and ate less of them than did participants who faced the weak temptation of three smaller chip bowls, even though both conditions represented the same amount of chips overall.


title: Self-control

text: Weak temptations are falsely perceived to be less unhealthy, so self-control is not triggered and desirable actions are more often engaged in, supporting the counteractive self-control theory. Weak temptations present more of a challenge to overcome than strong temptations, because they appear less likely to compromise long-term values.


title: Self-control

text: The decrease in an individual's liking of and desire for a substance following repeated consumption of that substance is known as satiation. Satiation rates when eating depend on interactions of trait self-control and healthiness of the food.


title: Self-control

text: After eating equal amounts of either clearly healthy (raisins and peanuts) or unhealthy (M&Ms and Skittles) snack foods, people who scored higher on trait self-control tests reported feeling significantly less desire to eat more of the unhealthy foods than they did the healthy foods. Those with low trait self-control satiated at the same pace regardless of health value. Further, when reading a description emphasizing the sweet flavor of their snack, participants with higher trait self-control reported a decrease in desire faster than they did after hearing a description of the healthy benefits of their snack. Once again, those with low self-control satiated at the same rate regardless of health condition. Perceived unhealthiness of the food alone, regardless of actual health level, relates to faster satiation, but only for people with high trait self-control.


title: Self-control

text: construals, whenever individuals "are obliged to infer additional details of content, context, or meaning in the actions and outcomes that unfold around them", will view goals and values in a global, abstract sense. Whereas low level construals emphasize concrete, definitive ideas and categorizations. Different construal levels determine our activation of self-control in response to temptations.


title: Self-control

text: One technique for inducing high-level construals is asking an individual a series of "why?" questions that will lead to increasingly abstracted responses, whereas low-level construals are induced by "how?" questions leading to increasingly concrete answers. When taking an Implicit Association Test, people with induced high-level construals are significantly faster at associating temptations (such as candy bars) with "bad," and healthy choices (such as apples) with "good" than those in the low-level condition. Further, higher-level construals also show a significantly increased likelihood of choosing an apple for snack over a candy bar. Without any conscious or active self-control efforts, temptations can be dampened by merely inducing high-level construals. It is suggested that the abstraction of high-level construals reminds people of their overall, lifelong values, such as a healthy lifestyle, which deemphasizes the current tempting situation.


title: Self-control

text: Positive correlation between linguistic capability and self-control has been inferred from experiments with common chimpanzees.


title: Self-control

text: Human self-control research is typically modeled by using a token economy system. A token economy system is a behavioral program in which individuals in a group can earn tokens for a variety of desirable behaviors and can cash in the tokens for various backup, positive reinforcers. The difference in research methodologies with humans - using tokens or conditioned reinforcers versus non-humans using sub-primary forces suggested procedural artifacts as a possible suspect. One aspect of these procedural differences was the delay to the exchange period. Non-human subjects can and most likely would access their reinforcement immediately. The human subjects had to wait for an "exchange period" in which they could exchange their tokens for money, usually at the end of the experiment. When this was done with the non-human subjects, in the form of pigeons, they responded much like humans in that males showed much less control than females.


title: Self-control

text: Logue, (1995), who is discussed more below, points out that in her study done on self-control it was male children who responded with less self-control than female children. She then states, that in adulthood, for the most part, the sexes equalize on their ability to exhibit self-control. This could imply a human's ability to exert more self-control as they mature and become aware of the consequences associated with impulsivity. This suggestion is further examined below.


title: Self-control

text: Most of the research in the field of self-control assumes that self-control is in general better than impulsiveness. As a result, almost all research done on this topic is from this standpoint and very rarely is impulsiveness the more adaptive response in experimental design.


title: Self-control

text: Self-control is a measurable variable in humans. In the worst circumstances people with the most or high self-control and resilience have the best odds of defying the odds they are faced with, which could be poverty, bad schooling, unsafe communities, etc. Those at a disadvantage with high self-control go on to higher education and professional jobs, but this, apparently, seems to have a negative effect on their health.


title: Self-control

text: When looking at people who come from advantaged backgrounds with high self-control, we see a different phenomenon happening. Those who come from an advantaged background tend to be high-achieving and with their achievement comes good health. The psychological phenomenon known as “John Henryism” posits that when goal-oriented, success-minded people strive ceaselessly in the absence of adequate support and resources, they can—like the mighty 19th-century folk legend who fell dead of an aneurysm after besting a steam-powered drill in a railroad-spike-driving competition—work themselves to death. Or, at least, toward it. In the 1980s, Sherman James, a socio-epidemiologist from North Carolina, found that black Americans in the state suffered disproportionately from heart disease and strokes. He too landed on "John Henryism" as the cause of this phenomenon.


title: Self-control

text: More recently, some in the field of developmental psychology have begun to think of self-control in a more complicated way that takes into account that sometimes impulsiveness is the more adaptive response. In their view, a normal individual should have the capacity to be either impulsive or controlled depending on which is the most adaptive. However, this is a recent shift in paradigm and there is little research conducted along these lines.


title: Self-control

text: Self control: Psychologist David DeSteno says research shows that using compassion, gratitude, and healthy pride to create positive emotional motivation can be less stressful, less vulnerable to rationalization, and more likely to be succeed than the traditional strategy of using logic and willpower to suppress behavior that resonates emotionally.


title: Self-control

text: B.F. Skinner's "Science and Human Behavior" provides a survey of nine categories of self-control methods.


title: Self-control

text: The manipulation of the environment to make some responses easier to physically execute and others more difficult illustrate this principle. This can be referred to as physical guidance which is the application of physical contact to induce an individual to go through the motions of a desired behavior. This concept can also be referred to as a physical prompt. Examples of this include clapping one's hand over one's own mouth, placing one's hand in one's pocket to prevent fidgeting, and using a ‘bridge’ hand position to steady a pool shot all represent physical methods to affect behavior.


title: Self-control

text: Manipulating the occasion for behavior may change behavior as well. Removing distractions that induce undesired actions or adding a prompt to induce it are examples. Hiding temptation and reminders are two more. The need to hide temptation is a result of its effect on the mind. A common theme among studies of desire is an investigation of the underlying cognitive processes of a craving for an addictive substance, such as nicotine or alcohol. In order to better understand the cognitive processes involved, the Elaborated Intrusion (EI) theory of craving was developed. According to theory, craving persists because individuals develop mental images of the coveted substance that are instantly pleasurable, but which also increase their awareness of deficit. The result is a cruel circle of desire, imagery, and preparation to satisfy the desire. This quickly escalates into greater expression of the imagery that incorporates working memory, interferes with performance on simultaneous cognitive tasks, and strengthens the emotional response. Essentially the mind is consumed by the craving for a desired substance, and this craving in turn interrupts any concurrent cognitive tasks. Obviously a craving for nicotine or alcohol is an extreme case, but nevertheless the EI theory holds true for more normal motivations and desires.


title: Self-control

text: Deprivation is the time in which an individual does not receive a reinforcer, while satiation occurs when an individual has received a reinforcer to such a degree that it will temporarily have no reinforcing power over them. If we deprive ourselves of a stimulus, the value of that reinforcement increases. For example, if an individual has been deprived of food, they may go to extreme measures to get that food, such as stealing. On the other hand, when we have an exceeding amount of a reinforcer, that reinforcement loses its value; if an individual eats a large meal, they may no longer be enticed by the reinforcement of dessert.


title: Self-control

text: One may manipulate one's own behavior by affecting states of deprivation or satiation. By skipping a meal before a free dinner one may more effectively capitalize on the free meal. By eating a healthy snack beforehand the temptation to eat free "junk food" is reduced.


title: Self-control

text: Also noteworthy is the importance of imagery in desire cognition during a state of deprivation. A study conducted on this topic involved smokers divided into two groups. The control group was instructed to continue smoking as usual until they arrived at the laboratory, where they were then asked to read a multisensory neutral script, meaning it was not related to a craving for nicotine. The experimental group, however, was asked to abstain from smoking before coming to the laboratory in order to induce craving and upon their arrival were told to read a multisensory urge-induction script intended to intensify their nicotine craving. Once the participants finished reading the script they rated their craving for cigarettes. Next they formulated visual or auditory images when prompted with verbal cues such as "a game of tennis" or "a telephone ringing." After this task the participants again rated their craving for cigarettes. The study found that the craving experienced by the abstaining smokers was decreased to the control group's level by visual imagery but not by auditory imagery alone. That mental imagery served to reduce the level of craving in smokers illustrates that it can be used as a method of self-control during times of deprivation.


title: Self-control

text: We manipulate emotional conditions in order to induce certain ways of responding. One example of this can be seen in theatre. Actors often elicit tears from painful memories if it is necessary for the character they are playing. This idea is similar to the notion if we read a letter, book, listen to music, watch a movie, in order to get us in the "mood" so we can be in the proper state of mind for a certain event or function. Additionally, treating an activity as "work" or "fun" can have an effect on the difficulty of self-control.


title: Self-control

text: In order to analyze the possible effects of the cognitive transformation of an object on desire, a study was conducted based on a well-known German chocolate product. The study involved 71 undergraduate students, all of whom were familiar with the chocolate product. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the control condition, the consummatory condition, and the nonconsummatory transformation condition. Each group was then given three minutes to complete their assigned task. The participants in the control condition were told to read a neutral article about a location in South America that was devoid of any words associated with food consumption. Those in the consummatory condition were instructed to imagine as clearly as possible how consuming the chocolate would taste and feel. The participants in the nonconsummatory transformation condition were told to imagine as clearly as possible odd settings or uses for the chocolate. Next, all the participants underwent a manipulation task that required them to rate their mood on a five-point scale in response to ten items they viewed. Following the manipulation task, participants completed automatic evaluations that measured their reaction time to six different images of the chocolate, each of which was paired with a positive or a negative stimuli. The results showed that the participants instructed to imagine the consumption of the chocolate demonstrated higher automatic evaluations toward the chocolate than did the participants told to imagine odd settings or uses for the chocolate, and participants in the control condition fell in-between the two experimental conditions. This indicates that the manner in which one considers an item influences how much it is desired.


title: Self-control

text: Aversive stimulation is used as a means of increasing or decreasing the likelihood of target behavior. Similar to all methods of self-management, there is a controlling response, and a controlled response. An averse stimuli is sometimes referred to as a punisher or simply an aversive. Closely related to the idea of a punisher is the concept of punishment. Punishment is the idea that in a given situation, someone does something that is immediately followed by a punisher, then that person is less likely to do the same thing again when she or he next encounters a similar situation. An example of this can be seen when a teenager stays out past curfew. After staying out past curfew, the teenager's parents ground the teenager. Because the teenager has been punished for his or her behavior he or she is less likely to stay out past their curfew again, thus decreasing the likelihood of the target behavior.


title: Self-control

text: Certain types of drugs improve self-control. Stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, improve inhibitory control in general and are used to treat ADHD. Similarly, depressants, such as alcohol, represent barriers to self-control through sluggishness, slower brain function, poor concentration, depression and disorientation.


title: Self-control

text: Operant conditioning sometimes referred to as Skinnerian conditioning is the process of strengthening a behavior by reinforcing it or weakening it by punishing it. By continually strengthening and reinforcing a behavior, or weakening and punishing a behavior an association as well as a consequence is made. Similarly, a behavior that is altered by its consequences is known as operant behavior. There are multiple components of operant conditioning; these include reinforcement such as positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is a stimulus which, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior to increase in frequency. Negative reinforcers are a stimulus whose removal immediately after a response cause the response to be strengthened or to increase in frequency. Additionally, components of punishment are also incorporated such as positive punishment and negative punishment. Examples of operant conditioning can be seen every day. When a student tells a joke to one of his peers and they all laugh at this joke, this student is more likely to continue this behavior of telling jokes because his joke was reinforced by the sound of their laughing. However, if a peer tells the student his joke is "silly" or "stupid", he will be punished by telling the joke and his likelihood to tell another joke is greatly decreased.


title: Self-control

text: Self-punishment of responses would include the arranging of punishment contingent upon undesired responses. This might be seen in the behavior of whipping oneself which some monks and religious persons do. This is different from aversive stimulation in that, for example, the alarm clock generates escape from the alarm, while self-punishment presents stimulation after the fact to reduce the probability of future behavior.


title: Self-control

text: Punishment is more like conformity than self-control because with self-control there needs to be an internal drive, not an external source of punishment that makes the person want to do something. There is external locus of control which is similar to "determinism" and there is internal locus of control which is similar to "free will." With a learning system of punishment the person does not make their decision based upon what they want, rather they base it on the external factors. When you use a negative reinforcement you are more likely to influence their internal decisions and allow them to make the choice on their own whereas with a punishment the person will make their decisions based upon the consequences and not exert self-control. The best way to learn self-control is with "free will" where people are able to perceive they are making their own choices.


title: Self-control

text: Skinner noted that various philosophies and religions exemplified this principle by instructing believers to love their enemies. When we are filled with rage or hatred we might control ourselves by "doing something else" or more specifically something that is incompatible with our response.


title: Self-control

text: Functional imaging of the brain has shown that self-control is correlated with an area in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), a part of the frontal lobe. This area is distinct from those involved in generating intentional actions, attention to intentions, or select between alternatives. This control occurs through the top-down inhibition of premotor cortex. There is some debate about the mechanism of self-control and how it emerges. Traditionally, researchers believed the bottom-up approach guided self-control behavior. The more time a person spends thinking about a rewarding stimulus, the more likely he or she will experience a desire for it. Information that is most important gains control of working memory, and can then be processed through a top-down mechanism. Increasing evidence suggests that top down processing plays a strong role in self-control. Specifically, top-down processing can actually regulate bottom-up attentional mechanisms. To demonstrate this, researchers studied working memory and distraction by presenting participants with neutral or negative pictures and then a math problem or no task. They found that participants reported less negative moods after solving the math problem compared to the no task group, which was due to an influence on working memory capacity.


title: Self-control

text: There are many researchers working on identifying the brain areas involved in the exertion of self-control; many different areas are known to be involved. In relation to self-control mechanisms, the reward centers in the brain compare external stimuli versus internal need states and a person's learning history. At the biological level, a loss of control is thought to be caused by a malfunctioning of a decision mechanism. A mechanistic explanation of self-control is still in its infancy. However, there is strong demand for knowledge about these mechanism because knowledge of these mechanisms would have tremendous clinical application.


title: Self-control

text: Many of the tasks that subjects are tested on are not tasks typically associated with self-control, but are more general decision tasks. Nevertheless, the research on self-control is informed by more general research on decision tasks. Sources for evidence on the neural mechanisms of self-control include fMRI studies on human subject, neural recordings on animals, lesion studies on humans and animals, and clinical behavioral studies on humans with self-control disorders.


title: Self-control

text: There is broad agreement that the cortex is involved in self-control. The details of the final model have yet to be worked out. However, there are some enticing findings that suggest a mechanistic account of self-control could prove to have tremendous explanatory value. What follows is a survey of some of the important recent literature on the brain regions involved in self-control.


title: Self-control

text: The prefrontal cortex is located in the most anterior portion of the frontal lobe in the brain. It forms a larger portion of the cortex in humans. The dendrites in the prefrontal cortex contain up to 16 times as many dendritic spines as neurons in other cortical areas. Due to this, the prefrontal cortex integrates a large amount of information. The orbitofrontal cortex cells are important factors for self-control. If an individual has the choice between an immediate reward or a more valuable reward which they can receive later, an individual would most likely try to control the impulse to take that immediate reward. If an individual has a damaged orbitofrontal cortex, this impulse control will most likely not be as strong, and they may be more likely to take the immediate reinforcement. Additionally, we see lack of impulse control in children because the prefrontal cortex develops slowly.


title: Self-control

text: Todd A. Hare "et al." use functional MRI techniques to show that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are crucially involved in the exertion of self-control. They found that activity in the vmPFC was correlated with goal values and that the exertion of self-control required the modulation of the vmPFC by the DLPFC. The study found that a lack of self-control was strongly correlated with reduced activity in the DLPFC. Hare's study is especially relevant to the self-control literature because it suggests that an important cause of poor self-control is a defective DLPFC.


title: Self-control

text: Alexandra W. Logue is interested in how outcomes change the possibilities of a self-control choice being made. Logue identifies three possible outcome effects: outcome delays, outcome size, and outcome contingencies. The delay of an outcome results in the perception that the outcome is less valuable than an outcome which is more readily achieved. The devaluing of the delayed outcome can cause less self-control. A way to increase self-control in situations of a delayed outcome is to pre-expose an outcome. Pre-exposure reduces the frustrations related to the delay of the outcome. An example of this is signing bonuses.


title: Self-control

text: Outcome size deals with the relative, perceived size of possible outcomes. There tends to be a relationship between the value of the incentive and the desired outcome; the larger the desired outcome, the larger the value. Some factors that decrease value include delay, effort/cost, and uncertainty. The decision tends to be based on the option with the higher value at the time of the decision.


title: Self-control

text: Finally, Logue defines the relationship between responses and outcomes as outcome contingencies. Outcome contingencies also impact the degree of self-control that a person exercises. For instance, if a person is able to change his choice after the initial choice is made, the person is far more likely to take the impulsive, rather than self-controlled, choice. Additionally, it is possible for people to make precommitment action. A precommitment action is an action meant to lead to a self-controlled action at a later period in time. When a person sets an alarm clock, they are making a precommitted response to wake up early in the morning. Hence, that person is more likely to exercise the self-controlled decision to wake up, rather than to fall back in bed for a little more sleep.


title: Self-control

text: Cassandra B. Whyte studied locus of control and academic performance and determined that internals tend to achieve at a higher level. Internals may perceive they have options from which to choose, thus facilitating more hopeful decision-making behavior as opposed to dependence on externally determined outcomes that require less commitment, effort, or self-control.


title: Self-control

text: Many things affect one's ability to exert self-control, but it seems that self-control requires sufficient glucose levels in the brain. Exerting self-control depletes glucose. Reduced glucose, and poor glucose tolerance (reduced ability to transport glucose to the brain) are correlated with lower performance in tests of self-control, particularly in difficult new situations. Self-control demands that an individual work to overcome thoughts, emotions, and automatic responses/impulses. These strong efforts require higher blood glucose levels. Lower blood glucose levels can lead to unsuccessful self-control abilities. Alcohol causes a decrease of glucose levels in both the brain and the body, and it also has an impairing effect on many forms of self-control. Furthermore, failure of self-control occurs most likely during times of the day when glucose is used least effectively. Self-control thus appears highly susceptible to glucose.


title: Self-control

text: An alternative explanation of the limited amounts of glucose that are found is that this depends on the allocation of glucose, not on limited supply of glucose. According to this theory, the brain has sufficient resources of glucose and also has the possibility of delivering the glucose, but the personal priorities and motivations of the individual cause the glucose to be allocated to other sites. This theory has not been tested yet.


title: Self-control

text: In the 1960s, Walter Mischel tested four-year-old children for self-control in "The Marshmallow Test": the children were each given a marshmallow and told that they can eat it anytime they want, but if they waited 15 minutes, they would receive another marshmallow. Follow up studies showed that the results correlated well with these children's success levels in later life.


title: Self-control

text: A strategy used in the marshmallow test was the focus on "hot" and "cool" features of an object. The children were encouraged to think about the marshmallow's "cool features" such as its shape and texture, possibly comparing it to a cotton ball or a cloud. The "hot features" of the marshmallow would be its sweet, sticky tastiness. These hot features make it more difficult to delay gratification. By focusing on the cool features, the mind is adverted from the appealing aspects of the marshmallow, and self-control is more plausible.


title: Self-control

text: Years later Dr. Mischel reached out to the participants of his study who were then in their 40s. He found that those who showed less self-control by taking the single marshmallow in the initial study were more likely to develop problems with relationships, stress, and drug abuse later in life. Dr. Mischel carried out the experiment again with the same participants in order to see which parts of the brain were active during the process of self-control. The participants received scans through M.R.I to show brain activity. The results showed that those who exhibited lower levels of self-control had higher brain activity in the ventral striatum, the area that deals with positive rewards.


title: Self-control

text: Reviews concluded that self-control is correlated with various positive life outcomes, such as happiness, adjustment and various positive psychological factors. Self-control was also negatively correlated with sociotropy which in turn is correlated with depression.


title: Self-control

text: There is conflicting evidence about whether willpower is finite, infinite or self-reinforcing resource, a phenomenon sometimes termed ego depletion or reverse ego depletion. However, belief that willpower is infinite or self-reinforcing is associated with greater willpower, voluntary executive function.


title: Self-control

text: Exerting self-control through the executive functions in decision making is held in some theories to deplete one's ability to do so in the future.


title: Self-control

text: There is only one willpower muscle, so different activities will all drain the same willpower muscle, meaning there isn't a will-power muscle for succeeding in business, reading or for training. Everytime you make a conscious decision to control yourself or exert control over yourself you expend some of your finite self-control energy.


title: Self-control

text: Ego depletion is the view that high self-control requires energy and focus, and over an extended period of self-control demands, this self-control can lessen. There are ways to help this ego depletion. One way is through rest and relaxation from these high demands. Additionally, training self-control with certain behaviors can also help to strengthen an individual's self-control, as does motivational incentives and supplementation of glucose. Training on self-control tasks will help boost our willpower like for example: improving posture, regulating mood, monitoring eating habits, avoiding colloquial language, studying, exercising and financial monitoring. This seems to be particularly effective in those who would otherwise have difficulty controlling their impulses in the domain of interest.


title: Self-control

text: Another way to overcome unwanted desires is to change the method with which we approach desire. One study in particular analyzed the impact of approaching a temptation by defining it in abstract, general terms as opposed to specific, concrete details. For the purposes of the study, approaching a situation using general terms was defined as the high-level construal condition whereas using specific details was termed the low-level construal condition.


title: Self-control

text: The study involved 42 college students who were randomly assigned to either the high-level or low-level construal condition. The participants were then presented with a packet that described five scenarios, each one involving a unique self-control conflict. For those participants in the high-level construal condition the scenarios were described using only general terms and for those in the low-level construal condition the scenarios were described using only specific details. After imagining themselves in each scenario, the participants were asked to indicate how bad they would feel if they indulged in the temptation using a six-point scale ranging from "not at all bad" to "very bad." The data showed that participants in the high-level construal condition reported greater negative evaluations of temptations than did participants in the low-level construal conditions. This implies that individuals using high-level construals are better able to place a temptation in context and properly evaluate its long-term impact, and therefore are more likely to maintain self-control.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: She was the political editor of "The Sunday Times" and is the co-author, with Michael Ashcroft, of an unauthorised biography of former British prime minister David Cameron, "Call Me Dave", and of various other non-fiction titles, including "White Flag? An examination of the UK's defence capability", also written with Ashcroft, and "Farmageddon", co-authored with Philip Lymbery.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: Oakeshott was born in Westminster, London. She attended St. George's School, Edinburgh and Gordonstoun School in Moray, Scotland, before graduating in 1996 with a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Bristol.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: Oakeshott began her career in journalism working in Scotland for the "East Lothian Courier", "Edinburgh Evening News", "Daily Record", "Sunday Mirror" and "Daily Mail", before returning to London and joining the "Evening Standard" as the Health correspondent.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: After three years, Oakeshott moved to "The Sunday Times" in 2006 as deputy political editor, becoming political editor in 2010, and remained until 2014. Oakeshott was awarded the title "Political Journalist of the Year" at the 2011 The Press Awards.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: In 2013, while at "The Sunday Times", she persuaded Vicky Pryce to implicate her estranged husband, former Liberal Democrat MP and Cabinet minister Chris Huhne, in having committed the offence of perverting the course of justice, leading to the case "R v Huhne", and to both Pryce and Huhne being convicted and imprisoned.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: Oakeshott has appeared as a panelist on the BBC's "Daily Politics", as well as on BBC TV's "Question Time", and has been a contributor to Sky News' "Press Preview" programme.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: Between February 2016 and early 2017, Oakeshott was the "Daily Mail"s political editor-at-large. In 2019, she wrote a series of articles for "The Mail on Sunday" based on leaked diplomatic memos written by the British Ambassador to the United States Sir Kim Darroch, in which he criticised the Trump administration. The leak led to his resignation.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: In July 2019, "The Guardian" amended an article by its parliamentary sketch writer John Crace which contained a sentence that had potentially implied that Oakeshott obtained the Darroch emails by sleeping with Nigel Farage or Arron Banks. At the time, she called the comment "demonstrably false and extraordinarily sexist". The newspaper later apologised to Oakeshott.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: In October 2021, she joined GB News as the presenter of the Friday lunchtime political programme "The Briefing with Isabel Oakeshott", hosting 22 hour-long episodes until the end of March 2022.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: Oakeshott has written a number of non-fiction books. "Inside Out", co-authored with, or ghostwritten for, Labour Party insider Peter Watt, is an inside look at New Labour. "Farmageddon: the true cost of cheap meat", co-authored with Philip Lymbery, investigates the effects of industrial-scale meat production.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: "Call Me Dave", co-authored with Michael Ashcroft, is an unauthorised biography of former British prime minister David Cameron. One of the details in the book – that Cameron, during his university days, allegedly performed a sex act involving a dead pig – caused controversy upon publication. However, the unsubstantiated story was dependent on hearsay, and Oakeshott subsequently conceded her source could have been "deranged".


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: "The Bad Boys of Brexit" is an inside account of the Leave.EU campaign during the run-up to the Brexit referendum, which she had ghostwritten for UKIP donor and Leave.EU funder Arron Banks. Oakeshott is a supporter of Brexit. She was in possession of details about Russia's cultivation and handling of Banks, that he was in regular contact with Russian officials from 2015 to 2017, but publicly downplayed Russian involvement with him.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: She co-authored with Ashcroft a book on the state of the British Armed Forces, "White Flag?" in 2018.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: Oakeshott was married to Nigel Rosser. They have three children. In 2018, she separated from her husband and began a relationship with businessman, and future Reform UK leader, Richard Tice.


title: Isabel Oakeshott

text: She is related to life peer Matthew Oakeshott and the liberal conservative philosopher Michael Oakeshott.


title: Kelly Price

text: Kelly Cherelle Price (born April 4, 1973) is an American R&B and gospel singer. She started her singing career in 1992. Price originally garnered attention by singing backing vocals for Mariah Carey on multiple songs, including her "Billboard" Hot 100 number one singles: "Fantasy" and "All I Want for Christmas Is You"; before rising to greater prominence after making uncredited guest appearances on the number one single "Mo Money Mo Problems" by The Notorious B.I.G., as well as "Feel So Good" by Mase, which prompted her to release her own music. Her debut album "Soul of a Woman" (1998), was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.


title: Kelly Price

text: The album's lead single "Friend of Mine" reached the top 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. In 1998, Price was featured on the Whitney Houston single "Heartbreak Hotel" alongside Faith Evans, which peaked at number two and earned the trio a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. Her second album, "Mirror Mirror" (2000), and her fourth album Priceless (2003), both reached the top ten on the "Billboard" 200 chart. In 2016, she made an uncredited appearance on Kanye West's song "Ultralight Beam" from his album "The Life of Pablo".


title: Kelly Price

text: Price was born in New York City in Far Rockaway, Queens, and she sang in church as a youngster. Her first professional engagement was with singer George Michael at Madison Square Garden in New York City in January 1992. During rehearsals for the 1992 Grammy Awards the next month, Price was overheard singing in the rehearsal hall by Mariah Carey. Price was later introduced to Carey's then-husband, Sony Columbia's then CEO Tommy Mottola, and was offered a gig as a background singer for Carey, which she did until 1997.


title: Kelly Price

text: Her second album, "Mirror Mirror", was released in 2000 on the Def Soul imprint of Def Jam Records. Island Records and Def Jam Records had merged in 1999, with Price and some other labelmates being reassigned to the Island Def Jam subsidiary Def Soul. "Mirror Mirror" featured the singles "You Should've Told Me" and the Grammy Award nominated "As We Lay".


title: Kelly Price

text: In October 2005, Price recorded her first live gospel album. The "This Is Who I Am" album has been released on October 24, 2006, on her own label, EcclecticSounds Records. It debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Gospel Charts and peaked at No. 9 on the R&B album chart. Price was inducted as an honorary member of Sigma Gamma Rho sorority in July 2006. In early 2007, Price kicked off a tour with the 'Sisters in the Spirit 2007'.


title: Kelly Price

text: In 2006, she recorded the song "Why?" for the soundtrack "Why Did I Get Married?", the film version of "Why Did I Get Married? Priceless Secrets from The Soul of A Woman", in which Price created the role of Sheila alongside Tyler Perry who used the song titles and lyrical content of Price's hit recordings to develop the story. In early 2009, she was featured on Coko's gospel album entitled "The Winner in Me" on the track "Oh Mary". In June 2010, Price promoted her single "Tired" on The Jazz Joy and Roy syndicated radio show as "some of the best work of my career to date." The song was also featured in Tyler Perrys 2011 film "Madea's Big Happy Family". On February 9, 2012, in a pre-Grammy party to celebrate Price's nominations, the singer sang "Jesus Loves Me" with Whitney Houston in what turned out to be Houston's last public performance two days before her death. In September 2009, it was announced she would be joining Deborah Cox and Tamia to form the group The Queen Project. The women seek to empower women of all ages, races, and backgrounds by doing a number of community service projects.


title: Kelly Price

text: In 2016, Kelly was included in several songs on rapper Kanye West's album, "The Life of Pablo". Kelly was a co-writer with American R&B singer K. Michelle, on her single Not a Little Bit which was released on January 22, 2016. It is the lead single from the singer's third studio album, "More Issues Than Vogue".


title: Kelly Price

text: In September 2021, Price was declared missing as reported by TMZ. Her attorney later stated she was privately recuperating from a severe covid infection.


title: Kelly Price

text: On July 16, 2010, a lawsuit was filed in a Texas federal court by Price against a nationally known prosperity ministry, New Light Church of Houston, "et al." Other defendants in the case include New Light's pastor, I. V. Hilliard, wife, Bridget Hilliard and daughter, Preshea Hilliard. Price claims she wrote and copyrighted a song called "Women Who Win," which New Light Church and three members of the Hilliard family used without permission in a church show, on DVDs, on a website, and at a "Women Who Win" conference in Houston. The original court docket indicates that the involved parties continued to use the work in a variety of ways despite being refused license to use. Price, however, did not win the case as the court stated she and her legal team failed to state a claim for which relief can be granted. The court also denied Price and her legal team's request to amend the pleadings a second time; it had previously been amended. As such, the court granted the defendants' Motion to Dismiss request.


title: Kelly Price

text: In 2014, Price left the Los Angeles mansion she had shared and was renting with her now-estranged husband, Jeffrey Rolle, as they were getting a divorce. Months after Price's departure from the home, the landlord subsequently evicted Price's husband and the couple's daughter from the home. The landlord filed a lawsuit against Price and Rolle in early 2015, claiming that the couple had trashed the house and the estimated cost to repair the property was $100,000. In March 2015, the landlord won his case, forcing Price and Rolle to pay over $100,000 in damages and court fees.


title: Kelly Price

text: In 2018, Bebashi, a nonprofit HIV/AIDS organization, filed a lawsuit against Price and her company Sang Girl Productions, alleging that Price took $25,000 in advance to perform at a fundraiser that the organization would be hosting. The lawsuit alleges that Price was a no-show and she did not return the $25,000 she had received in advance.


title: Kelly Price

text: Price grew up in the Edgemere Projects located in New York City in Far Rockaway, Queens. Her father died when she was nine years old. She resides in Atlanta, Georgia. Price's grandfather is Jerome Norman, bishop and pastor of the Full Gospel Mission Church of God in Christ in Queens and Jurisdictional Prelate of the First Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction of Barbados since 1985 by the late Presiding Bishop J.O. Patterson. Her mother, Claudia (1951–2020), was the former musical director of the church. Price began singing in church as a youngster.


title: Kelly Price

text: In December 2000, Price donated $250,000 to fight breast cancer. She presented a check to Tony Martell of the T.J. Martell Foundation and Denise Rich of G&P Foundation For Cancer Research to help with the ongoing fight against breast cancer. Price donated the proceeds from her single "Love Sets You Free" which she recorded in January 2000. In April 1999, Price volunteered to showcase her fashion designs during a special charity gala and fashion show to help the National Breast Cancer Awareness Initiative raise money for breast cancer education for minority women. The previous year, in 1998, Price learned that both her mother and her mother-in-law had been diagnosed with breast cancer, which would later claim her mother-in-law's life.


title: Kelly Price

text: Price's mother was a survivor of inflammatory breast cancer and an activist in educating the public about the disease. She was the chairwoman of the seventh annual Sister to Sister Fitness Festival held in Dallas, Texas which was sponsored by the Celebrating Life Foundation. Claudia experienced pain in her breast in 1997, but said fear and a lack of insurance kept her from seeking immediate medical attention. Instead, she waited two years before seeing a doctor. While at work one day in 1999, her doctor called and said she had inflammatory breast cancer. Doctors gave her two months to live. She underwent chemotherapy, and the disease was in remission as of October 2006.


title: Koogle Kuttappa

text: Koogle Kuttappa is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language science fiction comedy-drama film directed by debutants Sabari–Saravanan and produced by K. S. Ravikumar under the RK Celluloids banner and co-produced by Kallal Global Entertainment. The film stars Ravikumar himself with Tharshan, Losliya, and Yogi Babu in prominent roles. The film's music is composed by Ghibran, with cinematography handled by Arvi and editing done by Praveen Antony.


title: Koogle Kuttappa

text: The film is a remake of the 2019 Malayalam film "Android Kunjappan Version 5.25" which itself inspired by the 2012 American movie "Robot & Frank". The film was released on 6 May 2022.


title: Koogle Kuttappa

text: Sabari and Saravanan, an erstwhile assistant directors of K. S. Ravikumar wanted to remake the 2019 Malayalam film "Android Kunjappan Version 5.25" and approached Ravikumar with an acting role. But the duo was not able to get the producer for the film. Hence Ravikumar agreed to produce the film and bought the remake rights. The principal photography for the film began in January 2021 with the majority of the portions was shot in Tenkasi, Kuttralam and nearby locations. The team planned for a 10-day schedule in a foreign country in April. The film was initially titled as "Google Kuttappan" and later changed to "Koogle Kuttappa".


title: Koogle Kuttappa

text: Ghibran composed the soundtrack and background score of the film while collaborating with K.S.Ravikumar for second time after "Maayavan". The lyrics written by Arivu for the first single "Bomma Bomma", which premiered on 25 December 2021. The second single "Alai Alai", written by Madhan Karky, premiered officially on 21 January 2021.


title: Koogle Kuttappa

text: Praveen Sudevan of The Hindu said, "But for a film that deals with topics that can give us existential worry – old age, loneliness, and AI – it serves up quite a few delightful moments (though it ends on a wistful note)". M.Suganth of The Times of India who gave 2.5 stars out of 5 stars after reviewing the film stated that "It is mainly the scenes between Subramani and Kuttappa that keep us involved as it is amusing to see this odd couple build their bond". Navein Darshan of Cinema Express who gave 3 stars out of 5 stars after reviewing the film stated that "But when such endearing films, the ones that stress the importance of being there for each other knock on our doors in our own language, how can we not welcome them with open arms?" Behindwoods Review Board of Behindwoods who gave 2.5 stars out of 5 stars after reviewing the film stated that " KS Ravikumar's performance and his chemistry with the robot makes Koogle Kuttappa a watchable emotional film". Siby Jeyya of India Herald said,"Some people believe that classics should not be reproduced, and that watching dubbed versions or the original with subtitles is sufficient".


title: Koogle Kuttappa

text: The film is available for streaming on Aha.The satellite rights of the film were sold to Colors Tamil.


title: Tannhäuser (opera)

text: Tannhäuser (; full title , "Tannhäuser and the Minnesängers' Contest at Wartburg") is an 1845 opera in three acts, with music and text by Richard Wagner (WWV 70 in the catalogue of the composer's works). It is based on two German legends: Tannhäuser, the mythologized medieval German Minnesänger and poet, and the tale of the Wartburg Song Contest. The story centres on the struggle between sacred and profane love, as well as redemption through love, a theme running through most of Wagner's work.


title: Tannhäuser (opera)

text: The libretto of "Tannhäuser" combines mythological elements characteristic of German "Romantische Oper" (Romantic opera) and the medieval setting typical of many French Grand Operas. Wagner brings these two together by constructing a plot involving the 14th-century Minnesingers and the myth of Venus and her subterranean realm of Venusberg. Both the historical and the mythological are united in Tannhäuser's personality; although he is a historical poet composer, little is known about him other than myths that surround him.