title: Regular polygon

text: For "n" > 2, the number of diagonals is formula_8; i.e., 0, 2, 5, 9, ..., for a triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, ... . The diagonals divide the polygon into 1, 4, 11, 24, ... pieces .


title: Regular polygon

text: For a regular "n"-gon inscribed in a unit-radius circle, the product of the distances from a given vertex to all other vertices (including adjacent vertices and vertices connected by a diagonal) equals "n".


title: Regular polygon

text: For a regular simple "n"-gon with circumradius "R" and distances "d" from an arbitrary point in the plane to the vertices, we have


title: Regular polygon

text: For higher powers of distances formula_10 from an arbitrary point in the plane to the vertices of a regular formula_11-gon, if


title: Regular polygon

text: If formula_17 is the distance from an arbitrary point in the plane to the centroid of a regular formula_11-gon with circumradius formula_19, then


title: Regular polygon

text: For a regular "n"-gon, the sum of the perpendicular distances from any interior point to the "n" sides is "n" times the apothem (the apothem being the distance from the center to any side). This is a generalization of Viviani's theorem for the "n" = 3 case.


title: Regular polygon

text: The circumradius "R" from the center of a regular polygon to one of the vertices is related to the side length "s" or to the apothem "a" by


title: Regular polygon

text: For constructible polygons, algebraic expressions for these relationships exist; see Bicentric polygon#Regular polygons.


title: Regular polygon

text: The sum of the perpendiculars from a regular "n"-gon's vertices to any line tangent to the circumcircle equals "n" times the circumradius.


title: Regular polygon

text: The sum of the squared distances from the vertices of a regular "n"-gon to any point on its circumcircle equals 2"nR" where "R" is the circumradius.


title: Regular polygon

text: The sum of the squared distances from the midpoints of the sides of a regular "n"-gon to any point on the circumcircle is 2"nR" − "ns", where "s" is the side length and "R" is the circumradius.


title: Regular polygon

text: If formula_10 are the distances from the vertices of a regular formula_11-gon to any point on its circumcircle, then


title: Regular polygon

text: Coxeter states that every zonogon (a 2"m"-gon whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal length) can be dissected into formula_27 or parallelograms.


title: Regular polygon

text: These tilings are contained as subsets of vertices, edges and faces in orthogonal projections "m"-cubes.


title: Regular polygon

text: In particular, this is true for any regular polygon with an even number of sides, in which case the parallelograms are all rhombi.


title: Regular polygon

text: The area "A" of a convex regular "n"-sided polygon having side "s", circumradius "R", apothem "a", and perimeter "p" is given by


title: Regular polygon

text: For regular polygons with side "s" = 1, circumradius "R" = 1, or apothem "a" = 1, this produces the following table: (Note that since formula_29 as formula_30, the area when formula_31 tends to formula_32 as formula_11 grows large.)


title: Regular polygon

text: Some regular polygons are easy to construct with compass and straightedge; other regular polygons are not constructible at all.


title: Regular polygon

text: The ancient Greek mathematicians knew how to construct a regular polygon with 3, 4, or 5 sides, and they knew how to construct a regular polygon with double the number of sides of a given regular polygon. This led to the question being posed: is it possible to construct "all" regular "n"-gons with compass and straightedge? If not, which "n"-gons are constructible and which are not?


title: Regular polygon

text: Carl Friedrich Gauss proved the constructibility of the regular 17-gon in 1796. Five years later, he developed the theory of Gaussian periods in his "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae". This theory allowed him to formulate a sufficient condition for the constructibility of regular polygons:


title: Regular polygon

text: (A Fermat prime is a prime number of the form formula_34) Gauss stated without proof that this condition was also necessary, but never published his proof. A full proof of necessity was given by Pierre Wantzel in 1837. The result is known as the Gauss–Wantzel theorem.


title: Regular polygon

text: Equivalently, a regular "n"-gon is constructible if and only if the cosine of its common angle is a constructible number—that is, can be written in terms of the four basic arithmetic operations and the extraction of square roots.


title: Regular polygon

text: A "regular skew polygon" in 3-space can be seen as nonplanar paths zig-zagging between two parallel planes, defined as the side-edges of a uniform antiprism. All edges and internal angles are equal.


title: Regular polygon

text: More generally "regular skew polygons" can be defined in "n"-space. Examples include the Petrie polygons, polygonal paths of edges that divide a regular polytope into two halves, and seen as a regular polygon in orthogonal projection.


title: Regular polygon

text: A non-convex regular polygon is a regular star polygon. The most common example is the pentagram, which has the same vertices as a pentagon, but connects alternating vertices.


title: Regular polygon

text: For an "n"-sided star polygon, the Schläfli symbol is modified to indicate the "density" or "starriness" "m" of the polygon, as {"n"/"m"}. If "m" is 2, for example, then every second point is joined. If "m" is 3, then every third point is joined. The boundary of the polygon winds around the center "m" times.


title: Regular polygon

text: Depending on the precise derivation of the Schläfli symbol, opinions differ as to the nature of the degenerate figure. For example, {6/2} may be treated in either of two ways:


title: Regular polygon

text: In addition, the regular star figures (compounds), being composed of regular polygons, are also self-dual.


title: Regular polygon

text: A uniform polyhedron has regular polygons as faces, such that for every two vertices there is an isometry mapping one into the other (just as there is for a regular polygon).


title: Regular polygon

text: A quasiregular polyhedron is a uniform polyhedron which has just two kinds of face alternating around each vertex.


title: Dream On (TV series)

text: Dream On is an American sitcom television series created by Marta Kauffman and David Crane, the team who would create the show "Friends". It follows the family life, romantic life, and career of Martin Tupper, a divorced New York City book editor played by Brian Benben. The show distinctively interjected clips from older black-and-white television series to punctuate Tupper's feelings or thoughts. It ran for six seasons on HBO between July 8, 1990, and March 27, 1996.


title: Dream On (TV series)

text: The show centered on Martin Tupper's (Brian Benben) life in an apartment in New York City with his young son, and relating to his ex-wife, while trying to date other women and succeed as an editor for a small book publisher with Toby, his brassy secretary. Judith, his ex-wife, went on to marry Dr. Richard Stone – the never-seen (until the end of the series), most impossibly successful man on the planet (astronaut, brain surgeon, the fifth Beatle and consultant to the Pope); despite Martin's undying love for Judith, he could never compete with the legendary Dr. Stone.


title: Dream On (TV series)

text: The opening indicates Martin's mother parked him in front of the TV and he then grew up engrossed in it. It briefly shows a babysitter making out with a boyfriend behind young Martin, hence the association of sex with his memories. The show was notable for its frequent use of clips from old movies and TV shows to express Martin's inner life and feelings, which lent it much of its quirky appeal, reminding viewers about the impact of TV on their consciousness. The show was also significant for being one of the first American sitcoms to use uncensored profanity and nudity.


title: Dream On (TV series)

text: The show was created by Marta Kauffman and David Crane, who also served as producers. "Dream On" was executive produced by Kevin Bright and John Landis. Landis also directed several episodes of the series. "Dream On" first aired on July 8, 1990, on HBO, and was cancelled by HBO in March 1996. One season of the show, with language and nudity edited for broadcast, aired in prime time on the Fox Broadcasting Company in 1995: Sunday at 9:30-10:00 p.m. from January to April and Monday at 9:00-10:00 p.m. from June to July. This bowdlerized version was later made available in syndication.


title: Dream On (TV series)

text: The static shown on the TV towards the end of the opening credits has since become part of the opening credits or introduction for every show made by HBO.


title: Dream On (TV series)

text: In Canada, "Dream On" aired on the cable movie station Superchannel, in late-night timeslots on CBC Television, and later on , The Comedy Network, and with French subtitles on Télé-Québec.


title: Dream On (TV series)

text: The show aired on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom (for the first two series, before the remainder was shown on Sky1 – the majority of the Sky episodes were later shown on ITV4 in a late-night slot around 2006–07), in France, the show aired on Canal Jimmy, in Switzerland on TSR, in Sweden on Canal+, in Germany on RTL2, in Norway on TV3, in Greece on ANT1 (only the first season in 1994 on Saturday afternoons) and on Raisat Cinema, Canale 5, and Rai 4 in Italy. It was also broadcast by Canal+ (as one of its first shows) and Polsat in Poland. Also Canal+ in Spain had it and was one their main titles.


title: Dream On (TV series)

text: In Israel, the entire show aired on Bip; it is still aired on a regular basis, usually at night as it managed to retain its popularity.


title: Dream On (TV series)

text: "Time" magazine called the show "engaging", noting that its use of old clips was "a clever gimmick [that] perks up familiar material" and later called the second season of the "decidedly adult sitcom...better than ever."


title: Dream On (TV series)

text: "The New York Times" had mixed opinions about the show. In their first-season review, John J. O'Connor said "Dream On" was not "different from ordinary network fare...except for, as might be expected, the more freewheeling language and treatments of sex"; by the season's third episode, the show's protagonist is "already becoming just another nice bachelor father, not all that different from the one John Forsythe played on television several decades ago." About a year later, O'Connor said, while the show "has its weak spots, most notably in a pointless tendency to be smarmy" with "clips... that are sometimes less witty than painfully obvious. But "Dream On" takes unusual chances and has a habit of turning out to be refreshingly original."


title: Dream On (TV series)

text: Seasons one and two were released on DVD for both regions 1 and 2; seasons three through six have not been released.


title: Dick (slang)

text: Dick is a common English language slang word for the human penis. It is also used by extension for a variety of slang purposes, generally considered vulgar, including: as a verb to describe sexual activity; and as a pejorative term for individuals who are considered to be rude, abrasive, inconsiderate, or otherwise contemptible. In this context, it can be used interchangeably with "jerk", and can also be used as a verb to describe rude or deceitful actions. Variants include dickhead, which literally refers to the glans. The offensiveness of the word "dick" is complicated by the continued use of the word in inoffensive contexts, including as both a given name (often a nickname for Richard) and a surname, the popular British dessert spotted dick, the classic novel "Moby-Dick", the "Dick and Jane" series of children's books, and the American retailer Dick's Sporting Goods. Uses such as these have provided a basis for comedy writers to exploit this juxtaposition through double entendre.


title: Dick (slang)

text: In the mid-17th century, dick became slang for a man as a sexual partner. For example, in the 1665 satire "The English Rogue" by Richard Head, a "dick" procured to impregnate a character that is having difficulty conceiving:


title: Dick (slang)

text: An 1869 slang dictionary offered definitions of "dick" including "a riding whip" and an abbreviation of dictionary, also noting that in the North Country, it was used as a verb to indicate that a policeman was eyeing the subject. The term came to be associated with the penis through usage by men in the military around the 1880s.


title: Dick (slang)

text: "Dick", when used in many of its slang connotations, is generally considered at least mildly offensive.


title: Dick (slang)

text: In 1994, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts upheld a school policy under which a student was prohibited from wearing a T-shirt with a double entendre, reading "See Dick Drink. See Dick Drive. See Dick Die. Don’t be a Dick." The court in this case held that a legitimate goal of the school—to calm a sexually charged environment and enhance the ability of students to learn—made it unlikely that this restriction was a violation of any First Amendment rights. This decision was vacated the following year by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, which noted that students have the right to express their views, and that the T-shirt, "though reasonably thought vulgar", did express a view.


title: Dick (slang)

text: In 2001, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) published guidelines that summarized instances in which a number of media outlets had violated indecency laws when using the word "dick" in a sexual context. These included, for example, the State University of New York's WSUC-FM, in Cortland, New York, which in 1993 was fined for broadcasting a rap titled "I'm Not Your Puppet", which referenced "shoving my dick up this bitch's behind" in one lyric, and stated in another, "I pulled out my dick, popped it in her mouth, and she sucked it." In the same report, however, the FCC noted that in 1990, it had ruled that WFBQ (FM)/WNDE (AM) in Indianapolis had not engaged in indecency when it broadcast the line "So you talk to Dick Nixon, man you get him on the phone and Dick suggests maybe getting like a mega-Dick to help out, but you know, you remember the time the king ate mega-Dick under the table at a 095 picnic", and a parody commercial referencing a fictional monster truck called "Big Peter! Formerly the Big Dick's Dog Wiener Mobile". In January 2005, the FCC released a ruling that it would not fine broadcasters whose programs used "dick" on the air to refer to a person behaving contemptibly. Specifically, the FCC stated in its ruling:


title: Dick (slang)

text: The name of the traditional British dessert spotted dick has occasionally been perceived as potentially embarrassing, prompting hospital managers at Gloucestershire NHS Trust (in 2001) and the catering staff at Flintshire County Council (in 2009) to rename the pudding "Spotted Richard" on menus, as many customers made "immature comments" about the pudding. Gloucestershire NHS Trust restored the original name in 2002 and Flintshire County Council reversed their renaming after a few weeks.


title: Dick (slang)

text: The word "dick" is used in the sense of "nothing", a figurative use of the sense "penis" (similar to the use of "fuck" and "shit" in a similar sense), as in "Nowadays you don't mean dick to me".


title: Dick (slang)

text: Dick is used as a slang term for detective, as in "hiring a private dick to help locate her natural mother". This meaning may derive from the Roma slang "dekko", "dekker" from Romani "dik", meaning "to look".


title: Ray Charles discography

text: Ray Charles first appeared on a "Billboard" chart in 1949, when — as part of the Maxin Trio with G.D. McKee and Milton Garred — he charted his first single with "Confession Blues." It reached No. 2 on the R&B chart, then called the Most-Played Juke Box Race Records. In 1952, Charles signed with Atlantic Records and went on to top "Billboard"s pop, country, R&B, jazz, and dance charts.


title: Ray Charles discography

text: In the early 1960s, after leaving Atlantic Records to sign with ABC–Paramount, he negotiated for ownership of his own master recordings. He also established his own labels. Tangerine came first, which later evolved into CrossOver Records. As a songwriter, Charles penned nearly 200 songs. He also operated his own publishing companies, Tangerine Music and Racer Music.


title: Ray Charles discography

text: On the "Billboard" Hot 100, Charles had 80 hits between 1958 (the year the chart began) and 1990, when "I'll Be Good to You" became his last Hot 100 single, reaching No. 18. His biggest hit, "I Can't Stop Loving You", spent five weeks at No. 1 in 1962. He also topped the Hot 100 with the singles "Hit the Road Jack" and "Georgia on My Mind". Among all acts, he charted the third-most singles on the Hot 100; only Elvis Presley (with 108) and James Brown (91) had more.


title: Ray Charles discography

text: On "Billboard"s R&B chart, Charles had 86 hits, including 11 chart-toppers such as "I've Got a Woman", "What'd I Say (Part 1)", "Hit the Road Jack", and "You Are My Sunshine."


title: Ray Charles discography

text: Charles also reached No. 1 on the Hot Country Songs chart in 1985 with "Seven Spanish Angels", a duet with Willie Nelson. The single appears on Charles' duets album, "Friendship", which reached No. 1 on Top Country Albums. His 1962 album, "Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music", became his first album to top the "Billboard" 200.


title: Ray Charles discography

text: In 1990, Charles had a No. 1 on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart with "I'll Be Good to You", a collaboration with Quincy Jones and Chaka Khan.


title: Ray Charles discography

text: Hundreds of Ray Charles compilations and "Greatest Hits/Best Of" albums have been released and continue to be produced and released by various labels around the world. Some of the more notable compilations include:


title: Ray Charles discography

text: The list of singles below are songs Ray Charles released while on the Atlantic label between 1952 and 1980


title: Ray Charles discography

text: This list below is of songs Ray Charles released on the ABC-Paramount, ABC, and subsidiary Impulse and Tangerine/TRC labels from 1960 to 1973.


title: Ray Charles discography

text: Listed below are songs Ray Charles released during his Columbia Records tenure which was spent on the country singles chart.


title: Ray Charles discography

text: Listed below are songs Ray Charles issued on various labels where the pop and R&B charts are concerned.


title: 786 (number)

text: 786 might be the largest "n" for which the value of the central binomial coefficient formula_1 is not divisible by an odd prime squared. If there is a larger such number, it would have to be at least 157450 (see ).


title: 786 (number)

text: 786 is a United States telephone area code in Miami-Dade County. As an "overlay" area code, it shares geography with other codes in order to increase the area's pool of usable numbers, bringing ten-digit dialing to the Florida Keys.


title: Adam Rapp

text: Adam Rapp (born June 15, 1968) is an American novelist, playwright, screenwriter, musician and film director. His play "Red Light Winter" was a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 2006.


title: Adam Rapp

text: Rapp was born in Chicago to Mary Lee (née Baird; died 1997) and Douglas Rapp, and spent most of his youth in Joliet, Illinois.


title: Adam Rapp

text: He is a graduate of St. John's Military Academy (Delafield, Wisconsin) and Clarke College (Dubuque, Iowa). At Clarke, he captained the varsity basketball team.


title: Adam Rapp

text: After college he moved to New York City's East Village, where he landed a day job in book publishing and wrote fiction and plays at night. He later completed a two-year playwriting fellowship at Juilliard School. His younger brother is actor-singer Anthony Rapp.


title: Adam Rapp

text: Rapp attended the O'Neill Playwrights Conference in 1996. His play "Finer Noble Gases" was staged by the Eugene O'Neill Theatre in 2000, by Actors Theatre of Louisville in 2001, by Carolina Actors Studio Theatre in Charlotte in 2003, and by Rattlestick Playwrights Theater in New York City in 2004. In 2001, "Nocturne" was premiered by the New York Theatre Workshop. It has also been staged at by American Repertory Theater and Berkeley Repertory Theatre. His play "Stone Cold Dead Serious" was produced in 2002 by the American Repertory Theater.


title: Adam Rapp

text: His play "Red Light Winter" received the Joseph Jefferson Award (Best New Work) in 2005 for its production at Steppenwolf Theatre Company. The play ran Off-Broadway at the Barrow Street Theatre from January 20, 2006 to June 25, 2006, directed by Rapp. The play was nominated for the 2006 Lucille Lortel Award, Outstanding Play, and Rapp received the 2006 Obie Award, Special Citation. The play was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 2006.


title: Adam Rapp

text: Rapp directed a production of "Los Angeles", by Julian Sheppard, in 2007 at the Flea Theatre. In 2011, Rapp's "The Metal Children" was given its regional debut by Swine Palace on Louisiana State University's campus.


title: Adam Rapp

text: He has said that the Edge Theater Company in New York City is his "artistic home": "Edge Theater changed my life back in 2003. They are my family."


title: Adam Rapp

text: He made his Broadway debut with his play "The Sound Inside", which began playing at Studio 54 starting on September 14, 2019 (opening officially on October 17, 2019) starring Mary-Louise Parker. The play premiered at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in 2018. The play was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Play at the 74th Tony Awards.


title: Adam Rapp

text: The majority of Rapp's plays feature small casts and are set in small spaces. Many characters in the plays are working class Americans. His plays often combine stories of Midwestern longing with the idea of finding escape in New York. He combines humor with gloom, preferring dark themes


title: Adam Rapp

text: In a conversation with fellow playwright Gina Gionfriddo published in "The Brooklyn Rail", Rapp says: "When you see something powerfully acted on stage, it hits a nerve in the way music hits a nerve … Watching someone twelve feet from you falling in love or being abused … There’s something raw about that experience that you don’t get from film or TV."


title: Adam Rapp

text: Rapp's first young adult novel, "Missing the Piano", was published in 1994. After writing his second book, "The Buffalo Tree", which was published in 1997, Rapp was invited to be the first author in residence at Ridgewood High School. "The Buffalo Tree" was censored by the Muhlenberg School Board in Reading, Pennsylvania due to its themes, graphic language and sexual content. His 2003 novel "33 Snowfish" was one of Young Adult Library Services Association's Top Ten Best Books for Young Adults. He released "Under the Wolf, Under the Dog" in 2004.


title: Adam Rapp

text: His first adult novel, "The Year of Endless Sorrows", was released in 2006. Rapp made his graphic novel debut with the release of "Ball Peen Hammer" in September 2009. His second graphic novel, "Decelerate Blue" was published in February 2017.


title: Adam Rapp

text: Rapp directed his first film, "Winter Passing" with Zooey Deschanel and Will Ferrell (2005), and was a creative consultant for the television show "The L Word".


title: Adam Rapp

text: While working on "The L Word", Rapp left in the middle of the season to attend the Edinburgh Festival, where he directed his play, "Finer Noble Gases", which won the Fringe First Award. He wrote for the 2010 season of HBO's "In Treatment".


title: Adam Rapp

text: He was a member of the band Bottomside, which released the independent CD "The Element Man" in September 2004. He is a member of "Less the Band", which released the album "Bear" in April 2006.


title: Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman

text: Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman (born October 21, 1984) is a Canadian actor, model, and television personality. He is known for appearances in films and television, most notably as Jay in the Lifetime dark comedy-drama series "Unreal" (2015–2018) and as one of the main judges on the first season of "Canada's Drag Race" (2020).


title: Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman

text: Bowyer-Chapman, whose last name is a hyphenate of his adoptive parents' last names, was born in 1984 in Edmonton, Alberta, and adopted when he was 12 days old. His biological younger brother is Cleyon Laing, defensive end for the Toronto Argonauts. His biological father is Jamaican.


title: Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman

text: Bowyer-Chapman was raised, with one sister, in Rimbey, Alberta, a small "predominantly Caucasian" town of less than 2000 people, which he says people in the area refer to as "the Texas of the north." According to Bowyer-Chapman, the region was "very much, like, oil and gas and farming and ranching" and growing up there as a biracial gay man was akin to "a sick social experiment." He was, in his own words, "exposed to a lot at a very young age and expected to be very adult in very bizarre situations."


title: Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman

text: Bowyer-Chapman lived in Rimbey until his teenage years, at which point he moved to Vancouver, then began traveling as a model at age 15 throughout Europe, South Africa, and all across North America. He later moved to Vancouver again at age 21, which was when he began to take his acting career more seriously. He acted in his first movie, then moved to New York, living there for seven years before moving to Los Angeles in September 2016.


title: Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman

text: Bowyer-Chapman began his modeling career at age 15 after friends and school teachers nudged him toward that career path. His first test shoot was in Calgary. He began making decent money at the job around age 18 or 19, shooting advertorials, catalogs, and campaigns for brands such as Levi's and American Apparel. He is represented by Wilhelmina Models.


title: Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman

text: Alongside modeling, Bowyer-Chapman also began an acting career, making his screen debut in the gay-themed film "Shock to the System" (2006). He was named one of "Five of the Best..." in "Out" magazine's 2007 feature article "Canada's Coolest" and was listed in "Mwinda" magazine's 2009 special issue "The 10 Most Beautiful Africans In Entertainment". He has modeled in many countries including the United States, Canada, South Africa, and Europe. He has also modeled in international campaigns for American Apparel and Levi's.


title: Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman

text: He went on to appear in the television series "Noah's Arc" and "The L Word", and well as the film "The Break-Up Artist" (2009). From 2009 to 2011, Bowyer-Chapman had a recurring role in the Syfy series "Stargate Universe".


title: Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman

text: In 2012, he starred alongside Jussie Smollett in Patrik-Ian Polk's LGBT-themed romantic comedy-drama film "The Skinny". In 2015, he began starring alongside Constance Zimmer and Shiri Appleby in the critically acclaimed Lifetime dark comedy-drama series "Unreal", playing the role of Jay, a gay reality television producer. In 2016, Bowyer-Chapman appeared in the comedy film "Dirty Grandpa". In 2018, Bowyer-Chapman joined the cast of the FX anthology series "American Horror Story" for its eighth season, subtitled "".


title: Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman

text: In September 2019, he was announced as one of the three permanent judges on the first season of "Canada's Drag Race", the Canadian version of "RuPaul's Drag Race." As the show aired, Bowyer-Chapman was negatively received by many "Drag Race" fans and was subjected to what was deemed as "racist" comments from some fans online. At the suggestion of RuPaul, he deleted his Twitter account. He also felt uncomfortable during the production, commenting about a producer who encouraged him to be "the sassy one". In March 2021, it was announced that he would not be returning for the second season.


title: Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman

text: In May 2021, Bowyer-Chapman and his "Canada's Drag Race" co-judges Brooke Lynn Hytes and Stacey McKenzie won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Host or Presenter in a Factual or Reality/Competition Series at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards.


title: Punishing: Gray Raven

text: Punishing: Gray Raven (, Japanese: パニシング：グレイレイヴン) is a mobile action role-playing game developed and published by Kuro Game. It was first released in China on December 5, 2019 and a year later on December 4, 2020 in Japan. The global release came out on July 16, 2021.


title: Punishing: Gray Raven

text: "Punishing: Gray Raven" has players control a squad of up to three characters, known as "Constructs", against various enemies. Storytelling is presented in a visual novel format, while combat is hack and slash action-based, with the player fighting enemies in real-time in various stages. During combat, different colored "Pings" can be obtained, which will fire off different skills. Chaining 3 Pings with the same color will execute a powerful version of that skill. Players may also evade enemy attacks, which will trigger a bullet time effect upon successful evasion, allowing the player to land additional hits to the enemy. Evading attacks will consume stamina, which prevents players from freely dodging all the time.


title: Punishing: Gray Raven

text: Constructs can be strengthened by leveling up and promoting them, as well as leveling weapons and equipping gears. Players can unlock additional Constructs by advancing the story, and more Constructs can be obtained via a gacha mechanic and in-game events. In-game currencies can be obtained through in-app purchases and playing the game, which are used to obtain Constructs and equipment through the gacha system. A pity system ensures that the player will receive rare items after a set number of pulls.


title: Punishing: Gray Raven

text: The game also features a housing system in the form of Dormitories. Players may decorate and move in Constructs to their dorms to improve their mood. Constructs can also be assigned chores to obtain in-game materials.


title: Punishing: Gray Raven

text: The story of game takes place in a post-apocalyptic world overrun by Corrupted cybernetic enemies caused by the Punishing Virus. The last remnants of mankind have escaped to the space station Babylonia. The player takes on the role as the Commandant of an elite squad of Constructs known as Gray Raven. The player will lead the squad to fight against the Corrupted and other opposing forces to retake the planet.


title: Punishing: Gray Raven

text: Kuro Game was criticized over their poor handling of "Punishing: Gray Raven" during its initial launch in China, notably regarding false gacha rate advertisement, and "over-rewarding" new players then taking back the rewards. Since then, the developers have been praised for their improved management of the game, regularly addressing player concerns such as game balance and improving their gacha system.


title: Punishing: Gray Raven

text: The global release was also scrutinized soon after launch, when players noticed that they received fewer rewards compared to other regions. Criticizing comments were also deleted from "Punishing: Gray Raven's" official Discord community, leading to a review bomb from angered players. Kuro Game published a statement to address the controversy.


title: Punishing: Gray Raven

text: "Punishing: Gray Raven" received "generally favorable reviews" according to review aggregator Metacritic. "Pocket Gamer" praised "Punishing: Gray Raven" as "a highly engaging game with one of the best storylines I’ve ever encountered so far". "Screen Rant" criticized the game's localization, but praised the combat system, comparing it with "Honkai Impact 3rd" for their similarities in gameplay. "GamerBraves" commended the game's optimization and "punishing but addictive combat". "Multiplayer.it" highlighted the long campaign and characters, but finds faults in the short missions and gacha elements. "Noisy Pixel" lauded the game's writing and gameplay, considering it one of the few "high-quality gacha greats".


title: Mannara Chopra

text: Mannara Chopra (born 25 May 1991) is an Indian actress and model who predominantly works in Telugu films as well as a few Hindi and Tamil films. She is the paternal cousin of actresses Priyanka Chopra and Parineeti Chopra. She made her Bollywood debut with the film "Zid" (2014).


title: Mannara Chopra

text: Mannara Chopra was born in Ambala Cantonment, Haryana. Her name Mannara, is Greek for "something that shines". Mannara's mother is a jewellery designer and her father is a lawyer. Her mother, Priyanka Chopra's father and Parineeti Chopra's father are siblings. She has a younger sister, Mitali, who has studied commerce and is a fashion stylist. Mannara was educated at Summer Fields School, New Delhi, and pursued a BBA degree and is a fashion designer.


title: Mannara Chopra

text: After completing her education in Delhi, Mannara moved to Mumbai, where she started her career in modelling and moved into advertising. She made 40 commercials, Suzuki with Salman khan, Dulex paints with Farhan Akhtar, Parle Marie with director Imtaz Ali she was the original face of Ganna.com commercial, Myntra, three of them alongside her cousin Priyanka Chopra, including one for Dabur Amla Hair Oil, which she said won her "instant recognition" and landed her an offer in Telugu films. She had also appeared in Amit Trivedi's song '"Bas bajna chahiye", the theme song for Gaana. Before making her film debut, she also worked as a fashion designer and as an assistant choreographer, being trained in dance forms like hip hop and belly dancing. She is currently shooting with Director Teja for his forthcoming film alongside Kajal Aggarwal. She has played lead roles in Telugu cinema in thikka, Rogue, Jakkanna. She is seen as a showstopper in leading Fashion Weeks and events as well, last seen at India Runway Week (2018).


title: Mannara Chopra

text: By 2014, Mannara ventured into acting, signing up for films in Telugu, Hindi and Kannada. Her first release was the Telugu film "Prema Geema Jantha Nai" (2014), then credited under her birth name, which featured her as a "very talkative college going girl". The same year, Mannara made her Bollywood debut with Anubhav Sinha's "Zid", co-starring Karanvir Sharma. Her portrayal of an obsessive lover was met with mixed reviews. Mohar Basu called her "radiant" though noted that, she needed "a good deal more of experience". However, the film was a commercially profitable venture.


title: Mannara Chopra

text: Soon after she made three Telugu films: "Jakkanna" (2016), which was a hit at the box office; "Thikka" (2016), and "Rogue" (2017) for which she received good reviews.


title: Vella Lovell

text: Vella Lovell (born September 13, 1985) is an American actress, known for playing Heather Davis in The CW comedy-drama series "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend" as well as providing the voice of Mermista in "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power", Khadija in "The Big Sick", and Mikaela in "Mr. Mayor".


title: Vella Lovell

text: Lovell attended Interlochen Arts Camp and graduated from Interlochen Arts Academy. She then went on to graduate from New York University and the Juilliard School.


title: Vella Lovell

text: Lovell had minor roles in TV series "Girls" and "Younger" before joining the cast of "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend" in 2015. In 2017, Lovell had a supporting role in the romantic comedy "The Big Sick". She also had a small role in the Netflix movie "The Christmas Chronicles".


title: Vella Lovell

text: In 2021, she played Mikaela in "Mr. Mayor" on NBC, created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock. She also starred in the Comedy Central parody "A Clusterfunke Christmas" with Cheyenne Jackson, Ana Gasteyer and Rachel Dratch.


title: Vella Lovell

text: Lovell was born in Southern California and raised in New Mexico. She has described herself as Black, Jewish and European.


title: Vella Lovell

text: Currently, she lives in New York City with her pets and boyfriend. She visits her hometown of Santa Fe about once every year.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: The siege of Suiyang () during the An Lushan Rebellion was a campaign for the city of Suiyang by the rebel Yan army against the loyalist forces of the Tang army. Although the battle was ultimately won by the Yan army, it suffered a major loss of manpower and time. The battle was noted for the Tang army's determination to fight to the last man, and also due to the large-scale cannibalism that occurred during the siege.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: The An Lushan Rebellion started in December 755. By the end of 756, the rebel Yan army had captured most of northern China, which then included both Tang capitals, Chang'an and Luoyang, and was home to the majority of the empire's population. The Yangtze River basin had thus become the main base of the Tang dynasty's war efforts. In January 757, the newly self-proclaimed Yan emperor An Qingxu ordered general () to join forces with general Yang Chaozong () and besiege Suiyang (present-day Shangqiu, Henan). Suiyang was a city on the Tang-era course of the Grand Canal, sitting midway between the major cities Kaifeng and Xuzhou. The city therefore formed a major obstacle for the rebels on the route from the capitals to the southeastern coast, the breadbasket of the Tang dynasty.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: The administrator of Suiyang Prefecture at the time, (), requested help from garrisons in neighboring cities. At the time, Zhang Xun, formerly a county magistrate serving in the Tang government, was the leader of volunteer defenders in Yongqiu. The Tang had granted him the title deputy "jiedushi" of Henan, but was unable to provide any reinforcement or logistic support. Zhang had held off a rebel siege on his city in the previous year. However, as cities in the area fell one by one, Zhang quickly realized that his position in Yongqiu was becoming untenable. Recognizing the strategic importance of Suiyang, he led 3,000 men to aid its defence. Once he arrived, Zhang Xun took over the military leadership of Suiyang. (), the county magistrate of Chengfu, also arrived to help lead the defence of Suiyang. Meanwhile, Yin Ziqi mustered an army of 130,000 and started besieging the city in late January.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: The united army of Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan, around 6,800 men, prepared to defend Suiyang with their lives. Xu Yuan focused on supplies management and after-battle repairs. Zhang Xun, on the other hand, focused on battle tactics.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Despite daily sieges by the Yan army, the Tang soldiers never let up. Zhang Xun's troops played the battle drums during the night, acting as if they were going to fight. Consequently, the Yan army were forced to stand on guard during the night, and suffered from lack of sleep. Eventually, some troops did not bother to put on their armor when they heard these battle drums, and kept sleeping. After the Yan army lowered their defenses, Zhang Xun sent a dozen generals, including the famed archer () and (), to lead 50 cavalry each in an attack on the enemy camp. The ambush was successful and 5,000 Yan troops were slaughtered.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Zhang Xun had long wanted to give Yan morale a major blow, and the best way to do this would be to hurt or kill the Yan general Yin Ziqi. However, Zhang Xun did not know what Yin Ziqi looked like, not to mention he would be in a mix of soldiers. Zhang Xun therefore turned to psychology. He ordered his troops to shoot weeds, instead of arrows, at a few enemy soldiers. When these soldiers noticed that they were being shot by weeds and left unharmed, they were overjoyed. They promptly ran to Yin Ziqi to report that the Tang army had already run out of arrows. Zhang Xun noticed where the soldiers ran and ordered his best archer, Nan Jiyun, to shoot at Yin Ziqi. One such arrow hit Yin Ziqi in his left eye, throwing the Yan army instantly into chaos. The siege ended with the expected major blow to Yan morale.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: After 16 days of siege and ambush, the Yan army had already lost 20,000 men. Yin Ziqi decided that his army was too tired to fight, so he ordered a temporary retreat to regroup. Yin Ziqi returned to besiege Suiyang two months later, with an additional 20,000 fresh troops.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Originally, Xu Yuan had prepared for the upcoming battle by storing a year's worth of food inside of Suiyang. But the district governor had insisted that he share the large food supply with other nearby fortresses, and hence the food supply became much less than what Xu Yuan originally planned. By July, the Tang soldiers had fallen into a serious food shortage. Tang soldiers were given very small daily rations of rice. If they wanted more food, they would need to settle for whatever animals, insects, and tree roots that could be found in their vicinity.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Yin Ziqi noticed the famine that was plaguing the Tang army; he therefore ordered more troops to surround Suiyang. He made many siege attempts with siege ladders, but they were all repelled by the determined Tang troops. Yin Ziqi even used hooked pulled carts, to try to pull down the towers of the fortress, with limited success. The Tang soldiers were able to destroy the hook of these carts, before major damage was made. But even with the battle success, Zhang Xun knew that with only around 1,600 soldiers left, and most of them sick or hungry, the battle would soon be a lost cause.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: By August, all of the insects, animals and vegetation in the besieged area had been eaten. Zhang Xun ordered 30 of his best soldiers under Nan Jiyun to break through and ask for help from nearby fortresses. Nan Jiyun and 26 others successfully broke through. However, none of the nearby local governors were willing to offer troops and food supplies. Finally, Nan Jiyun asked for help from (), governor of nearby Linhuai (). Helan had long been jealous of Zhang Xun's abilities. He also wanted to preserve his forces, so he refused to assist Zhang Xun. Instead, he offered Nan Jiyun a large feast, to try to convince him to join his ranks. Nan replied, "The reason why I risked my life to come here is because the local civilians and my comrades have had no food to eat for over a month. How can I eat such a large feast when I know what my comrades are facing? Although I failed my mission, I will leave a finger with you, as evidence that I did come here." Immediately after, Nan Jiyun cut off (or, in some versions, bit off) one of his own fingers. Furious at Helan's inaction, he then rode away, but not before shooting an arrow at the Buddha statue in a nearby temple and stating, "Once I return from defeating the enemy, I will definitely kill Helan! This arrow shows my resolve."


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Nan Jiyun's bravery finally convinced a local governor, Lian Huan (), to lend 3,000 soldiers to him. Both of them fought their way through the Yan army back into Suiyang. Fighting through the numerous ranks of the Yan army was damaging, and only about 1,000 of the soldiers from the outside made it inside the fortress.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: The starving Tang soldiers, numbering about 1,600 in total, fell into despair at the lack of outside help. Almost everyone tried to convince Zhang Xun to surrender, or find some way of escape south. Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan discussed this, and Xu Yuan concluded, "If Suiyang falls, Yan will be free to conquer the rest of southern China. And on top of it, most of our soldiers are too tired and hungry to run. The only choice we have left is to defend for as long as possible, and hope that a nearby governor will come and help us." Zhang Xun agreed with him. Zhang Xun announced to his remaining troops, "The nearby governors might be inelegant, but we cannot be disloyal. Another day that we can hold out is another day for the rest of the Tang to prepare defenses. We will fight till the very end."


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: The siege of Suiyang resulted in a prolonged state of famine, according to the "Old Book of Tang", which wrote:


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: The "New Book of Tang" also claimed that cannibalism was practiced on a widespread level, and that such fear prevented rebellion:


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Tang soldiers fought until early October. Finally, with fewer than 400 men alive, and the men without the strength to shoot arrows, Suiyang fell to the Yan army. Zhang Xun said before the fall, "We are out of strength, and can no longer defend the fortress. Although we have failed the emperor in life, we hope to keep killing enemies after death."


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Zhang Xun, Nan Jiyun and Xu Yuan were all captured. According to an exchange in the "Zizhi Tongjian", Yin Ziqi asked Zhang Xun "I heard that every time you fight, your eyes are ripped open, and your teeth are cracked. Why?" Zhang Xun answered, "I want to swallow rebel traitors, but I cannot hear them." Yin Ziqi then used a dagger to open Zhang Xun's mouth to examine his teeth, and to his surprise, all but three or four of Zhang Xun's teeth were indeed cracked. Zhang Xun finally said, "I die for my emperor, so I will die in peace."


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Unable to convince Zhang Xun to surrender, the Yan army then attempted to convince Nan Jiyun to surrender, but he refused to speak. Zhang Xun said to him, "Eighth brother Nan! All brave men face death. Do not give in to unrighteousness!" Nan Jiyun replied, "I had intended to accomplish great things (by surrendering and living on), but you know me so well. If you say so, how dare I not die?" He then refused to surrender.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Yin Ziqi admired Zhang Xun's bravery and commanding abilities, and tried unsucessfully to persuade Zhang Xun, Nan Jiyun, and Xu Yuan to join the ranks of the Yan. Fearing further danger from his captives, Yin had all three men executed, along with 33 other loyal elite soldiers, including Lei Wanchun and Yao Kun. By the end of the siege the Yan army had lost 120,000 men in more than 400 battles for Suiyang.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Zhang Xun was able to repel many overwhelming Yan attacks, despite becoming more outnumbered with each battle. Because of Zhang Xun's determination, the resource-laden southern China did not come under threat from the rebels for almost two years. With such a large Yan army held at bay, the Tang army were able to use the resources to gather more troops for combat. This gave the Tang army enough time to regroup and strike back at the Yan army.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Before the Battles of Yongqiu and Suiyang, the Yan army had intended to conquer all of the Tang dynasty. Their total army size, across the whole country, was well over 300,000 men, greatly outnumbering what the Tang army could have offered at the time. After these two battles, however, the tide had turned and the Tang army held the upper hand in both manpower and equipment. Although the Yan army emerged victorious at Yongqiu and Suiyang, it had suffered irreparable losses in those battles. If the Yan army had conquered Suiyang even one year earlier, the Tang might have ended by 757. The Suiyang campaign marked the turning point of the rebellion.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: After the war, Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan were increasingly portraited by the imperial government and literati as icons of loyalty and patriotism. The plan by the Tang court to posthumously award Zhang Xun was originally met with controversy due to the mass cannibalism in the siege. However, it was eventually decided that his contributions to the Tang victory greatly outweighed those concerns. Shrines were constructed in honor of Zhang and Xu, first in Suiyang, and later also at the Lingyan Pavilion in Chang'an, where they were venerated alongside the most respected officials and generals in Tang history.


title: Siege of Suiyang

text: Tales of the heroism of the defenders were embellished in the works of famous writers and poets during the Tang-Song period, such as Gao Shi, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Wang Anshi, Sima Guang, Ouyang Xiu and Huang Tingjian. A popular poem by the late Song politician Wen Tianxiang cited the stories of Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan as examples of loyalty and persistence in order to inspire resistance in the face of the Mongol invasion. The Tang, Song and Ming dynasties all organized state ceremonies in honor of Zhang and Xu; in some regions Zhang Xun was even deified and worshipped by believers of the Chinese folk religion. Meanwhile, the philosopher Wang Fuzhi harshly criticised the defenders, commenting that killing for food should not be accepted even in life or death situations.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: FanFiction.Net (often abbreviated as FF.net or FFN) is an automated fan fiction archive site. It was founded on October 15, 1998, by Los Angeles computer programmer Xing Li, who also runs the site. It has over 12 million registered users and hosts stories in over 40 languages.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: The site is split into many main categories: Anime/Manga, Books, Cartoons, Games, Comics, Movies, Plays/Musicals, TV Shows, and Miscellaneous. The site also includes the Crossover category, added on March 27, 2009. Users who complete the free registration process can submit their fan fiction, maintain a user profile, review other stories, apply for a beta reader position, contact each other via private messages, and maintain a list of favorite stories and authors. There are centralized communities and forums. In lieu of signing up with a new account, the website allows users to use their Google, Facebook, or Twitter accounts. The site also owns a Twitter account called FictionPress where users of the website are updated on changes and improvements made.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: In 1998, Xing Li, a software designer, created FanFiction.Net. The site was created as a repository for fan-created stories that revolved around characters from popular literature, television, comics, or real-world celebrities. Unlike other fan fiction sites, FanFiction.Net allowed stories about any characters rather than revolving around a specific set of characters, such as those from "Naruto", "Twilight", or "Kingdom Hearts". Registration was open to all people who claimed to be over 18, and by 2002 over 118,000 people were registered. (The age limit has since been moved down to 13.) At that time, one-third of the registrants self-identified as 18 or younger, and 80% were female.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: , FanFiction.Net has had a total of just over 14 million stories published. The stories published to the site can be about new and old existing works. By 2001, almost 100,000 stories were posted on the website. Steven Savage, a programmer who operated a column on FanFiction.Net, described it as "the adult version of when kids play at being TV characters" and that the content posted on the website serves as examples for "when people really care about something". A. S. Berman of "USA Today" said in 2001 that FanFiction.Net "reads like the 21st century successor to the poetry slams of the Beat Generation".


title: FanFiction.Net

text: FanFiction.Net has nine categories for the various fandoms/sub-categories on the site: Anime/Manga, Books, Cartoons, Comics, Games, Miscellaneous, Movies, Plays/Musicals, and TV Shows. Stories on the site can be published as either "Fanfiction" with only one assigned sub-category, or as a "Crossover" with only two sub-categories. Excluding crossovers, the top fandoms on the site are Harry Potter, Naruto,<ref name="Fanfiction.Net Anime/Manga Fandoms"></ref> and Twilight.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: Writers may upload their stories to the site and must assign them a sub-category, language, and content rating. FanFiction.Net uses the content rating system from FictionRatings.com. This system contains the ratings of K, K+, T, M and MA. The MA rating and explicit violent and/or sexual themes are forbidden. The ratings are no longer done on the MPAA system, due to cease-and-desist demands from the Motion Picture Association of America in 2005. A list of explanations for the rating system currently employed is available from the drop-down rating menu in each of the individual archives on the site. The MA (18+) rating is not permitted on this site. A short K-rated summary is also required for a story to be published. While not required, the website recommends authors upload a cover image to their story.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: Readers can interact with the FanFiction.Net content in various ways. If the reader likes a story and/or its author, they can favorite both the story and its author. Favorites are similar to likes, hearts or Archive of Our Own's kudos. Favorite stories and authors are displayed on a user's public profile page at the very bottom. A reader can also follow a story and/or its author. When a reader follows a story, they receive email notifications whenever that story is updated. When a reader follows an author, they receive email updates whenever the author updates any of their stories or publishes a new one. Readers can also leave reviews after reading stories, most of which are positive. While reviews can be left by those without accounts, it is an option for all writers on the site to moderate "anonymous reviews", made by those who are not signed into an account. FanFiction.Net does not operate a screening or editorial board.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: As of October 8, 2022, the top 20 fandoms (i.e., the fandoms with the most stories submitted) on FanFiction.Net are (the figures are rounded to nearest thousand):


title: FanFiction.Net

text: FanFiction.Net also hosts one of the longest works of fiction ever written. "The Subspace Emissary's Worlds Conquest", a "Super Smash Bros." fan fiction written by FanFiction.Net user AuraChannelerChris, gained media attention for its length of over four million words at the time of notice, more than three times as long as "In Search of Lost Time" written by Marcel Proust, and is still being written. The longest fan fiction on the site is "The Loud House: Revamped", a crossover fan fiction of "The Loud House" which is over 16,000,000 words long .


title: FanFiction.Net

text: FanFiction.Net instituted several policy changes as it grew in size and popularity. These policies frequently led to the deletion of fan fiction based on the copyrighted works of certain published authors or containing specifically targeted content.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: Since the site's founding, several professional authors and producers have asked that stories based on their copyrighted or trademarked works be removed, including Anne Rice, P. N. Elrod, Archie Comics, Dennis L. McKiernan, Irene Radford, J.R. Ward, Laurell K. Hamilton, Nora Roberts/J.D. Robb, Raymond Feist, Robin Hobb, Robin McKinley, and Terry Goodkind.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: In addition, stories based on real-life celebrities were disallowed around 2003. Fan fiction based on professional wrestling, however, is still allowed, being the number one fandom in the "Miscellaneous" category.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: On September 12, 2002, FanFiction.Net banned and removed material that was rated NC-17. Prior to the new policy, the site would use a pop-up to prompt readers to say whether they were over 17 or not, but since then, the site has relied on its users to report stories that are inappropriately rated. Some NC-17 material was moved to Adult-FanFiction.org (previously AdultFanFiction.Net), a similar site which was created to serve the adults who write R and NC-17 rated fan fiction. However, many stories containing explicit material still exist and have yet to be removed.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: Choose-your-own-adventure and reader-insertion fanfiction have both been banned since 2005, and the site removed all material that had the potential of inserting the reader into a fanfiction. Under the heading of "Entries not allowed", item #5 says: "Any form of interactive entry: choose your adventure, second person/you based, Q&As, etc."


title: FanFiction.Net

text: In 2005, FanFiction.Net banned songfics which contain copyrighted lyrics. Public domain lyrics (such as those to "Amazing Grace") or lyrics written by the author of the fan fiction are allowed, however.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: Until April 21, 2002, in addition to fiction stories based on existing characters, the site had a section devoted to lists, generally humor-related, for example "20 Ways to Dump Your Girlfriend".


title: FanFiction.Net

text: At first, FanFiction.Net's server was accessible mainly only in the West; and worked poorly, if at all, in other parts of the world. In late 2006, announcements were made of special web links designed for Europe and Asia. These were supposed to give other areas of the world a significant boost in server speed on the website. In 2007, all three web links were combined under one worldwide link. In an announcement on the home page, it was stated that the site would go global that year.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: Prior to the reorganizations of 2002, FanFiction.Net contained approximately 20% of English-language fan fiction.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: According to Hitwise, as of August 2007 FanFiction.Net comprised 34.7% of all traffic directed to sites in the Entertainment, Books and Writing category. For the week ending August 25, 2007, the site was ranked 159 out of over in terms of hits.


title: FanFiction.Net

text: FanFiction.Net is a widely popular site for text-only content that can be deleted at any time by either the author of the story or the site administration. Because of these factors the website has attracted a wide array of archival projects to save these works, though most are not widely known. Large-scale projects include the ff2ebook project, fichub, and an .


title: FanFiction.Net

text: FanFiction.Net's sister site, FictionPress.com, contains over 1 million original stories, poems, and plays. The site has a similar format and rules to FanFiction.Net, except that no fan fiction is allowed. Currently, there are more poems than prose.


title: Valentín Elizalde

text: Valentín Elizalde Valencia (; 1 February 1979 – 25 November 2006) was a Regional Mexican singer. Nicknamed "El Gallo de Oro" (The Golden Rooster), he was known for his off-key style and his biggest hits included: "Vete Ya," "Ebrio de Amor", " Vete Con Él", "Vuelve Cariñito", "Cómo Me Duele", "Vencedor", " Mi Virgencita", and "Soy Así" (a cover of José José's classic song). Some of his songs were narcocorridos eulogizing Mexican drug lords like Vicente Carrillo Fuentes. He was murdered in an ambush, allegedly by members of the drug trafficking gang Los Zetas, which at that time served as the armed wing of the Gulf Cartel.


title: Valentín Elizalde

text: Elizalde was born in Jitonhueca, a village near of the city of Etchojoa, Sonora. He then moved to Guadalajara, Jalisco, and later to Guasave, Sinaloa, where he, his father (also a singer), Everardo "Lalo" Elizalde, nicknamed "El Gallo" (The Rooster), and brothers resided for a few years. His father died in a car accident on the so-called "Curva de la muerte" (Curve of Death) in the city of Villa Juárez, Sonora. Elizalde's ex-partner and mother of his second daughter, Blanca Vianey Durán Brambila, was murdered on June 20, 2016 in Cajeme, Sonora.


title: Valentín Elizalde

text: On November 25, 2006, Elizalde’s vehicle was gunned down shortly after leaving a concert in Reynosa, Tamaulipas. Elizalde, aged 27 at the time, was killed, along with his chauffeur and his assistant. It is widely believed that Elizalde was killed for his concert performances of the corrido, "A Mis Enemigos", which contains lyrics believed to antagonize drug trafficking gang Los Zetas. Raúl Hernández Barrón, alleged murderer of Elizalde and member of Los Zetas, was arrested on 22 March 2008, in Coatzintla, Veracruz.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress in the United States, which can be used for shelving books in a library. LCC is mainly used by large research and academic libraries, while most public libraries and small academic libraries used the Dewey Decimal Classification system. The classification was developed by James Hanson (chief of the Catalog Department), with assistance from Charles Martel, in 1897, while they were working at the Library of Congress. It was designed specifically for the purposes and collection of the Library of Congress to replace the fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: LCC has been criticized for lacking a sound theoretical basis; many of the classification decisions were driven by the practical needs of that library rather than epistemological considerations. Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature. That is, it provides a guide to the books actually in one library's collections, not a classification of the world.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: The central core of the modern Library of Congress was formed from books sold to the government by Thomas Jefferson after the original collection was razed by the British in the War of 1812. As a result, the original classification system used by the library was of his own invention. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, the collection had grown to over a millions volumes and his system was deemed too unwieldy.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: John Russell Young, the seventh Librarian of Congress, hired James Hanson and Charles Martel in 1897, who began the development of a new classification system that would more accurately describe the collections the library held. Young's tenure as Librarian ended with his death in 1899, and his successor, Herbert Putnam, continued to implement the updates to the catalog through his long stay in the office. By the time he departed from his post in 1939, all the classes except K (Law) were well developed.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: In creating their classification system, Hanson and Martel evaluated several systems already in existence, including the Dewey Decimal System, Charles Ammi Cutter's Cutter Expansive Classification, the Index Medius, and the Putnam Classification System (developed while Putnam was head librarian at the Minneapolis Public Library). The one closest to their needs was Cutter's; however, he died before the completion of his system. Hanson and Martel thus decided to develop their own unique system, strongly based on this ideas. They published their first outline of the classification scheme in 1904. Development of the classes continued throughout the twentieth century. The last class to be developed was K (Law): the first K schedule was published in 1969 and not being completed until the 2004 publication of KB.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: From 1996 onwards, the LCC schedules were available online, and since 2013, there have been no new print editions of the classification system. All updates are now distributed by the Library's Cataloging Distribution Service entirely online.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: LCC divides all knowledge into twenty-one basic classes, each given a single letter of the alphabet as an identifier. The vast majority of these classes are divided further into two and three level sub-classes. With these sub-classes, numerical ranges are assigned to topics, going from more general to more specific. Unlike in the Dewey Decimal Classification, where the numbers assigned to a topic iterate throughout the system (e.g., the ".05" tag indicated a periodical publication on the topic), the LCC numerical ranges are strictly hierarchal, only corresponding to their level on the outline. LCC is enumerative, meaning that it lists all the classes in officially published schedules, which are updated as needed by the Library of Congress.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: After the range of range of numbers making up the topical division, call numbers often also include one or more Cutter numbers, modeled after the unfinished Cutter Expansive Classification index. The full LCC schedules contain tables that describe Cutter numbers for certain types of media, collections of work, and geographical areas. Cutter numbers also can take the form of an author-specific code, containing a letter and several numbers corresponding to the author's last name. This serves to further distinguish publications and nominally alphabetize volumes within a topic section. The final component of a typical LCC call-number is the publication year, in full. Library collections can add modifiers to distinguish specific volumes, such as "Copy 1."


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: LCC should not be confused with Library of Congress Control Numbers (LCCN), which are assigned to all books (and authors) and defines online catalog entries. Library of Congress Classification is also distinct from Library of Congress Subject Headings, the system of labels such as "Glaciers" and "Glaciers—Fiction" that describe contents systematically.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: One variation from the original LCC system is the National Library of Medicine classification system (NLM), which uses the initial letters "W" and "QS"–"QZ", which are not used by LCC. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCC's R, QM, and QP, which overlap with NLM's schema. Another is the Canadian Universities and the Canadian National Library using FC for Canadian History, a subclass that LCC has not officially adopted, but which it has agreed not to use for anything else.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: Together with the Dewey Decimal System (DDC), LCC make up the two main classification system used in US libraries. LCC is favored by large academic and research libraries.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: Systems of classification can be evaluated on several metrics, including expressiveness (the ability of the numeration system to express the hierarchal and correlative relationships between topics), hospitality (the ability of the system to accommodate new subjects), and brevity (length of call numbers). While LCC is significantly less expressive than DDC, it is extremely hospitable, mainly in the fact that five class (I, O, W, X, and Y) lack any assignment to topics. LCC call numbers also tend to be shorter than those in DDC.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: The main difference between DDC and LCC is their approach to classifying. Dewey's system is a comprehensive classification to all topics, with no regard to the actual collections a library might hold. While this has allowed it to be successfully adapted into more modern classification systems for use outside of libraries, such as the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), it does make it more unwieldy for large or specialized collections. On the other hand, Hanson and Martel designed LCC specifically for library use, which means while it does not completely enumerate the world, it does more reflect what books a library might hold.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: Because LCC was designed around the collections of the Library of Congress, it has an American, European, and Christian bias, as reflected mainly in the earlier developed schedules of D (World History), E and F (History of the Americas), and B (Philosophy, Psychology, Religion). On the other hand, the later-developed K (Law) gives fairly even weight to global law. Today, the various schedules are maintained and revised by the Library's Policy and Standards Division, in conjunction with experts in each field. However, updated various schedules with classification biases is generally assumed to be impractical due to the massive workload that would result in, especially as the "discipline" based classes of LCC have been entrenched in the average library user's mind.


title: Library of Congress Classification

text: Like all classification systems, LCC struggles with catering to interdisciplinary scholars and topics, as ultimately, a book can only be shelved in a single location. Additionally, LCC has a problem with "othering" marginalized groups, making works related to or authored by members of these groups particularly difficult to locate. This is not a new issue, and libraries with more specialized collections about minority groups or issues sometimes eschew LCC, with one example alternative classification being the Harvard–Yenching Classification, specifically developed for Chinese language materials.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Chandra Ann Levy (April 14, 1977 – May 1, 2001) was an intern at the Federal Bureau of Prisons in Washington, D.C., who disappeared in May 2001. She was presumed murdered after her skeletal remains were found in Rock Creek Park in May 2002. The case attracted attention from the American news media for several years.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Due to a miscommunication, the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPD) failed to follow its own search parameters in Rock Creek Park, leaving Levy's body to decompose for a year. Further, the MPD had been informed, but soon dismissed the information that Ingmar Guandique, already arrested for attacking women in Rock Creek Park, had confessed to attacking Levy. The MPD instead put much of its focus on the revelation that Levy had been having an affair with Congressman Gary Condit, a married Democrat then serving his fifth term representing California's 18th congressional district, and a senior member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Condit was in meetings with the Vice President at the time Levy disappeared and was never named as a suspect by police; he was eventually cleared of any involvement. Due to the cloud of suspicion raised by the intense media focus on the missing intern and the later revelation of the affair, Condit lost his bid for re-election in 2002.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Following a series of investigative reports by "The Washington Post" in 2008, the MPD followed up and finally obtained a warrant, on March 3, 2009, to arrest Ingmar Guandique, identified and dismissed by the MPD eight years earlier. He had been convicted of assaulting two other women in Rock Creek Park around the time of Levy's disappearance and was still in prison on those convictions when the arrest warrant on Levy's death was issued. Prosecutors alleged that Guandique had attacked and tied up Levy in a remote area of the park and left her to die of dehydration or exposure. In November 2010, Guandique was convicted of murdering Levy; he was sentenced in February 2011 to 60 years in prison. In June 2015, however, Guandique was granted a new trial. On July 28, 2016, prosecutors announced that they would not proceed with the case against Guandique and would, instead, seek to have him deported. In episode 3 of "Chandra Levy: An American Murder Mystery" on the case, it is mentioned that in March 2017 Guandique lost his bid to remain in the United States and was deported to his native El Salvador on May 5, 2017. Levy's murder remains unsolved.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Levy was born in Cleveland, Ohio to Robert and Susan Levy; the family moved to Modesto, California, where she attended Grace M. Davis High School. At the time of her disappearance, her parents were members of Congregation Beth Shalom, a Conservative Jewish synagogue. She attended San Francisco State University, where she earned a degree in journalism. After interning for the California Bureau of Secondary Education and working in the office of Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan, she began attending the University of Southern California to earn a master's degree in public administration.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: As part of her final semester of study, Levy moved to Washington, D.C., to become a paid intern with the Federal Bureau of Prisons. In October 2000 she began her internship at the bureau's headquarters, where she was assigned to the public affairs division. Her supervisor, bureau spokesperson Dan Dunne, was impressed with Levy's work, especially her handling of media inquiries regarding the upcoming execution of Timothy McVeigh, convicted of bombing the Oklahoma City Federal Building. Levy's internship was abruptly terminated in April 2001 because her academic eligibility was found to have expired in December 2000. She had already completed her master's degree requirements and was scheduled to return to California in May 2001 for graduation.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Levy was last seen on May 1, 2001. The MPD was first alerted on May 6, when Levy's parents called from Modesto to report that they had not heard from their daughter in five days. Police called hospitals and visited Levy's apartment in Dupont Circle that day, finding no indication of foul play. On May 7, Levy's father told the police that his daughter had been having an affair with a U.S. congressman, and the next day stated that he believed the congressman to be U.S. Representative Gary Condit. Levy's aunt also called the police and told them that Chandra had confided in her about the affair. Police obtained a warrant on May 10 to conduct a formal search of Levy's apartment. Investigators found her credit cards, identification and mobile phone left behind in her purse, along with partially packed suitcases. The answering machine was full, with messages left by her relatives and two from Condit. A police sergeant tried to examine Levy's laptop computer and inadvertently corrupted the internet search data, as he was not a trained technician.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Computer experts took a month to reconstruct the data to determine that the laptop was used on the morning of May 1 to search for websites related to Amtrak, Baskin-Robbins, Condit, Southwest Airlines, and a weather report from "The Washington Post". Her final search at 12:59 p.m. was for Alsace-Lorraine, a region in France. A particular search at 11:33 a.m. was for information about Rock Creek Park in "The Washington Post" "Entertainment Guide", then at 11:34 she clicked a link to bring up a map of the park. Detectives later theorized that she might have met someone at the Pierce-Klingle Mansion which houses the park headquarters. On July 25, 2001, three D.C. police sergeants and 28 police cadets searched along Glover Road in the park but failed to find evidence related to Levy. Later, a second attempt found nothing.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Levy's parents and friends held numerous vigils and news conferences in an attempt to "bring Chandra home".


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Controversy surrounding Levy's disappearance drew the attention of the American news media. Condit, a married man who represented the congressional district in which the Levy family resided, at first denied that he had had an affair with her. Although police stated that Condit was not a suspect, Levy's family said they felt Condit was being evasive and possibly hiding information about the matter.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Unidentified police sources alleged that Condit had admitted to an affair with Levy during an interview with law enforcement officers on July 7, 2001. Condit described her to police as a vegetarian who avoided drinking and smoking. He thought that Levy was going to return to Washington, D.C. after her graduation and was surprised to find out that the lease on her apartment had ended. Investigators searched Condit's apartment on July 10. They questioned flight attendant Anne Marie Smith, who claimed that Condit told her she did not need to speak to the Federal Bureau of Investigation about his personal life. Federal officials began investigating Condit for possible obstruction of justice, as Smith was also involved in an affair with him. (She was not acquainted with Levy.) Upset by leaks to the media, Condit refused to submit to a polygraph test by the D.C. police; his attorney asserted that Condit passed a test administered by a privately hired examiner on July 13. He avoided answering direct questions during a televised interview on August 23, with news anchor Connie Chung on the ABC News program "Primetime Thursday". Intensive coverage continued until news of the September 11 attacks superseded the media's coverage of the Levy case.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: In a nationwide Fox News/Opinion Dynamics poll of 900 registered voters conducted in July 2001, 44 percent of American respondents thought that Condit was involved in Levy's disappearance and 27 percent felt that he should resign. Fifty-one percent of the respondents believed that he was acting as if he were guilty; 13 percent felt that he should run again for office. A poll sample taken from Condit's congressional district held a more favorable view of Condit. On March 5, 2002, Condit lost the Democratic primary election for his Congressional seat to his former aide, then-Assemblyman Dennis Cardoza, with the Levy controversy being cited as a contributing factor. He was subpoenaed to appear on April 1, 2002, before a District of Columbia grand jury investigating the disappearance. The date was kept a carefully guarded secret to avoid further leaks. Condit left Congress at the end of his term on January 3, 2003, after failing to win his re-election bid.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: On May 22, 2002, around 9:30 am, skeletal remains which matched Levy's dental records were discovered by a man who was walking his dog and looking for turtles in Rock Creek Park, near Broad Branch Creek (Washington, D.C.). Detectives found bones and personal items scattered, but not buried, in a forested area along a steep incline. A sports bra, sweat shirt, leggings and tennis shoes were among the evidence that was recovered. Although police had previously searched over half the main section of the park, the wooded slope where Levy's remains were eventually found had not been searched. Police commanders ordered the search perimeters to be within 100 yards (91 m) of each road but due to a miscommunication, the officers only searched within 100 yards of every road. The remains were found about four miles (6 km) from Levy's apartment.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: After a preliminary autopsy was performed, District of Columbia police announced that there was sufficient evidence to open a homicide investigation. On May 28, D.C. medical examiner Jonathan L. Arden officially declared Levy's death a homicide, but said, "There's less to work with here than I would like. It's possible we will never know specifically how she died." Arden found damage to her hyoid bone, suggesting that she was possibly strangled, but he did not deem it to be conclusive evidence of such a cause of death. On June 6, after the police completed their search, private investigators hired by the Levys found her shin bone with some twisted wire about from the other remains. Police Chief Charles H. Ramsey said, "It is unacceptable that these items were not located."


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: On May 28, 2002, the Levy family organized a memorial service at the Modesto Centre Plaza that drew over 1,200 people, some from as far as Los Angeles. Speakers at the 90-minute ceremony included Levy's brother, grandmother, great-aunt and friends. In a eulogy delivered in Hebrew and English by Rabbi Paul Gordon, Levy was described as "a good person taken from us much too soon". About a year later, on May 27, 2003, Levy's remains were buried in Lakewood Memorial Park Cemetery at Hughson, California, near her home town of Modesto. Attended by about 40 of Levy's friends and family members, the private ceremony concluded with the release of 12 white doves.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: In September 2001, D.C. police and federal prosecutors were contacted by the lawyer of an informant, held in D.C. Jail, who claimed to have knowledge of Levy's killer. The informant, whose identity was protected for his safety, said that Ingmar Guandique, a 20-year-old who was also being held in the jail, told him that Condit paid him $25,000 to kill Levy. Investigators ruled out the story about Condit, because Guandique had already admitted to assaulting two other women in the same park where Levy's remains were found. Guandique failed to show up for work on the day of Levy's disappearance. His former landlady recalled that his face appeared scratched and bruised at around that time. The investigators on the Levy case did not interview the other Rock Creek Park victims. Police chief Ramsey avoided calling Guandique a suspect and described him as a "person of interest", telling reporters not to make "too big a deal" about him. Assistant chief Terrance W. Gainer said that if Guandique had been considered a suspect, D.C. police would have been after him "like flies on honey".


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Guandique denied attacking Levy. On November 28, the FBI had the informant take a polygraph test, which he failed. A polygraph test on Guandique, administered on February 4, 2002, returned inconclusive results that were officially ruled "not deceptive". Because neither the informant nor Guandique was fluent in English, D.C. chief detective Jack Barrett said that he would have preferred polygraph tests to have been administered by bilingual examiners, who were unavailable at the time. When Judge Noel Anketell Kramer was asked about Guandique's potential connection to the Levy homicide, she responded, "This is such a satellite issue. To me it doesn't have anything to do with this case." Kramer sentenced Guandique to 10 years in prison for his attacks on two other women at Rock Creek Park. Guandique was sent to the U.S. Penitentiary, Big Sandy near Inez, Kentucky, and was later transferred to the U.S. Penitentiary at Victorville, California.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: The Levy homicide remained listed as a "cold case" until 2006, when Cathy L. Lanier succeeded Ramsey as D.C. police chief. Lanier replaced the lead detective on the case with three veteran investigators who had more homicide experience. In 2007, the editors of "The Washington Post" assigned a new team of reporters to take a year to re-examine the Levy case. The resulting series of articles, published during the summer of 2008, focused on the past failure of the police to fully investigate Guandique's connection to the attacks in Rock Creek Park. In September 2008, investigators searched Guandique's federal prison cell in California and found a photo of Levy that he had saved from a magazine. Police interviewed acquaintances of Guandique and witnesses of the other Rock Creek Park incidents.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: On March 3, 2009, the Superior Court of the District of Columbia issued an arrest warrant for Guandique. He was returned to the custody of the District of Columbia Department of Corrections on April 20 via the Federal Transfer Center in Oklahoma City. Two days later, Guandique was charged in D.C. with Levy's murder. He was indicted by a grand jury on six counts: kidnapping, first-degree murder committed during a kidnapping, attempted first-degree sexual abuse, first-degree murder committed during a sexual offense, attempted robbery, and first-degree murder committed during a robbery. Guandique pleaded not guilty at his arraignment, where a trial date was initially set for January 27, 2010. His lawyers argued that Guandique's federal prison cell was outside the jurisdiction of a court-ordered search. After errors in processing contaminated some of the gathered evidence with DNA from employees of the prosecution, the start date of the trial at the H. Carl Moultrie Courthouse was moved to October 4, 2010.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: On October 18, 2010, jury selection commenced in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia before Judge Gerald I. Fisher. Assistant U.S. Attorney Fernando Campoamor-Sanchez presented the names of potential witnesses for the trial, including FBI agent Brad Garrett and the two women whom Guandique was convicted of assaulting. At the start of the trial, the prosecution's case was expected to take around four weeks and the defense was expected to take one day. On October 25 and 26, Halle Shilling and Christy Wiegand testified about being attacked by Guandique while independently jogging in Rock Creek Park. Wiegand recounted that Guandique grabbed her from behind, dragged her down a ravine and held a knife against her face.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: On October 26, 2010, Levy's then-64-year-old father, Robert, took the stand and refuted statements about his past suspicions of Condit. Robert Levy testified that he told authorities during the early years of the investigation that his daughter Chandra would have been too cautious to jog in the woods alone, but said that he no longer believed this to be true. He said that he also told police that his daughter and Condit had a five-year plan between them to get married. In retrospect, Robert Levy admitted: "I just said whatever came to mind just to point to him as the villain." Levy added that he had been convinced that Condit was "guilty until we learned about this character here," referring to Guandique. On November 1, Condit testified at the trial and was asked on at least three occasions if he and Chandra Levy had been involved in a sexual relationship. He replied, "I am not going to respond to that question out of privacy for myself and Chandra." FBI biologist Alan Giusti testified that semen found on underwear from Levy's apartment contained sperm matching Condit's DNA profile.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Prosecution witness Armando Morales, who shared a cell with Guandique at the U.S. Penitentiary in Kentucky, testified that Guandique was concerned about being transferred between prisons in 2006 because of inmate violence against suspected rapists. Morales stated that Guandique, a fellow member of the Mara Salvatrucha gang, confided to him that he had killed Levy while trying to rob her, but said that he did not rape her. The prosecution rested their case on November 10, while dropping two out of the six charges against Guandique: sexual assault and murder associated with that assault. On November 15, the defense rested its case without calling Guandique to the stand. Other prison witnesses called by the defense refuted Morales' testimony. Jose Manuel Alaniz said that Guandique made no mention of rape or murder while sharing a cell with both Alaniz and Morales at the penitentiary in Kentucky. Alaniz admitted under cross-examination that he "didn't want to be too nosy" and was often asleep at the prison while recovering from a gunshot wound. The prosecution dropped two more charges because the statute of limitations had passed: kidnapping and attempted robbery. During closing arguments for the remaining charges of first-degree murder committed during a kidnapping and during a robbery, prosecutor Amanda Haines contended that Guandique bound and gagged Levy after attacking her, leaving her to die of dehydration or exposure in the park. Defense attorney Santha Sonenberg countered with the lack of any DNA evidence connecting Guandique to the crime scene. Calling the prosecution's case "fiction", Sonenberg suggested that Levy had been murdered elsewhere, with her dead body being dumped in the park.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: The jury began deliberations on November 17, 2010. Scheduled proceedings of the case met delays because of increased security at the courthouse. After two days of deliberations, all but one juror had voted to convict Guandique. On the third day, the jury asked Judge Gerald Fisher to clarify the definition of assault. Fisher responded that any physical injury could legally be considered an assault, regardless of how small. On November 22, 2010, the jury found Guandique guilty of both remaining counts of first-degree murder. After the trial, a juror said the testimony of Morales was decisive in reaching the verdict. The conviction was called a "miracle" for having been reached with only circumstantial evidence. Gladys Weatherspoon, who had previously represented Guandique in the 2001 assault cases, stated that she was troubled by the jury's verdict: "I just think they were going to convict anyway... They felt bad for that woman, the mom. She's sitting in there every day." At a post-trial press conference, Susan Levy said, "There's always going to be a feeling of sadness. I can surely tell you, it ain't closure." Since the conclusion of the trial, Susan Levy has acted to keep photographic evidence of her daughter's remains sealed from the news media.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: On February 1, 2011, Guandique's attorneys requested a new trial on the grounds that the verdict had been improperly attained. The 17-page filing claimed that the prosecutors had appealed to the emotions of the jury, using "references to facts not in evidence". The motion also alleged that one juror, who did not take notes, had breached the judge's instructions not to be "influenced by another juror's notes". The prosecution opposed a retrial, arguing that the issue regarding the notes was no more than a technicality that did not have a significant effect on the verdict.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Guandique faced a minimum penalty of 30 years to a maximum of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. In seeking the maximum possible sentence, the prosecutors stated that Guandique "is unable to control himself and thus, will always remain a danger to women". A memo submitted by the prosecution in February 2011 cited Guandique's harassment of female staff in prison, including soliciting a nurse and masturbating in front of guards. Assistant U.S. Attorney Fernando Campoamor-Sanchez disclosed that he had traveled to El Salvador with a detective to investigate allegations that Guandique had fled his native country because of suspected attacks against local women dating back to 1999. During the sentencing hearing on February 11, Guandique said to Levy's family, "I am sorry for what happened to your daughter", and insisted on his innocence. Before Judge Gerald Fisher reminded Susan Levy to address the court instead of the defendant, Levy said to him, "Did you really take her life? Look me in my eyes and tell me." Fisher denied Guandique's motion for retrial and handed down a sentence of 60 years in prison, stating that Guandique "will be a danger for some time. He's a sexual predator."


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Guandique repeated his innocence during his sentencing. He has maintained his innocence in the years since the trial.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: On February 25, 2011, public defender James Klein filed an appeal of Guandique's conviction with the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. According to the court's annual report, appeals take an average of 588 days to reach resolution. In December 2012 and January 2013, a set of secret hearings was made known to the public, but the subject of the meetings was sealed by the judge. After a third hearing in February, the judge in the case unsealed transcripts from the previous hearings which revealed that Klein was seeking a new trial based on new evidence in the case. A fourth hearing was scheduled for April 2013.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: In May 2015, prosecutors dropped their opposition to a new trial. This resulted from defense claims that the prosecution's star witness, Armando Morales, had perjured himself on the stand. The defense contended that prosecutors failed to disclose that Morales was a jailhouse informant with a reputation for being untrustworthy. Morales had denied ever being an informant. The defense also argued that Morales made up Guandique's confession in order to boost his stock with prosecutors. On June 3, the defense said that a new witness, a neighbor, called 911 at 4:37 a.m. on the last day Levy was alive in order to report hearing a 'blood-curdling scream', possibly coming from Levy's apartment. The following day, Judge Gerald Fisher granted a motion for the new trial. Judge Robert E. Morin set the retrial of Guandique for March 1, 2016, but at that time, it was moved to October 11.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: In November 2015, prosecutors told a D.C. Superior Court judge that their office had failed to turn over documents to the defense before the defendant's first trial. In December 2015, defense attorneys argued in new court filings that the charges should be dismissed because of those errors.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Specifically, the defense argued that they had only received two of three pages of a memo detailing prosecutors' contacts with Morales. At trial he had testified that he had never cooperated with law enforcement prior to the Levy case. The missing first page noted that he had previously approached law enforcement to discuss gang activity, including the actions of gangs to which he belonged. The defense argued this information had been purposely withheld from them, as it might suggest that Morales had shaded his testimony to gain favor with prosecutors.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: On July 28, 2016, prosecutors announced that they would not proceed with the case against Guandique and would, instead, seek to have him deported. According to "The Washington Post", prosecutors lost confidence in the case after learning that Morales, who now lives in Maryland, was secretly recorded admitting lying on the witness stand during the 2010 trial. Babs Proller, the woman who made the recording, turned it over to the police. The U.S. Attorney's Office said only that based on new information that had come to light during the previous week, there was no longer enough evidence to go forward with the retrial. In episode 3 of "An American Murder Mystery" on the case, it is mentioned that in March 2017 Guandique lost his bid to remain in the United States and was deported to his native El Salvador in May.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Defense lawyers for Guandique believed that Campoamor-Sánchez and Haines had deliberately failed to turn over the first page of the Morales memo. They filed a complaint to that effect with the Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR). After investigating for two years, OPR found no ethical or legal violations.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Campoamor-Sánchez left the Justice Department to work at the Securities and Exchange Commission, and Haines retired. In 2020 the District of Columbia Bar's Office of Disciplinary Counsel (ODC) announced it would investigate the allegations; it brought charges the following May.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: At the hearing both attorneys testified in their behalf. Haines believed that the full memo had been turned over to the defense and they had lost the first page. She did not think there would have been any reason for prosecutors to withhold it as it did not seriously damage their case; but she sometimes delayed turning over more specific information on witnesses to the defense since at some trials that had led to those witnesses getting killed. Both she and Campoamor-Sánchez testified that they had clashed over what to turn over to the defense and when, since at the time there were no clear rules in the Justice Department about it, leading to greater clashes between the two about who would question Morales at trial and handle the case's closing argument—Campoamor-Sánchez had originally been scheduled to do both, but Haines reassigned those tasks to herself, leaving him feeling marginalized.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: Three months later ODC announced its preliminary conclusion that the two had violated bar rules requiring that prosecutors disclose potentially exculpatory evidence to defense lawyers, and recommended both be suspended from practicing law for six months. Both contested that punishment, with Haines's attorney calling it "unhinged—from both reality and from any precedent in law or logic". She and Campoamor-Sánchez have denied any wrongdoing.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: The disappearance of Chandra Levy became a national topic of the news media in the summer of 2001, with 63% of Americans closely following the case. The media swamped Levy's parents from the moment they decided to go to Washington, D.C., in search of their daughter. According to Condit, about a hundred reporters were camped out in front of his apartment during the morning of September 11, 2001, but they all left after news spread about that day's terrorist attacks in New York and Washington. Media critics and cable news executives later cited the Levy case, as well as the concurrent sensationalist coverage of a string of shark attacks, as a reflection of the manner of news coverage in the United States before the September 11 attacks had taken priority.


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: In 2005, investigative journalist Dominick Dunne said on "Larry King Live" that he believed that Gary Condit had more information about the Levy case than he had been disclosing. Condit filed two lawsuits against Dunne, forcing him into an undisclosed financial settlement on one of them. In 2008, U.S. District Judge Peter Leisure dismissed the other suit that alleged slander, because "The context in which Dunne's statements were made demonstrates that they were part of a discussion about "speculation" in the media and inaccurate media coverage".


title: Killing of Chandra Levy

text: During the summer of 2008, "The Washington Post" ran a 13-part series billed, in part, as "a tale of the tabloid and mainstream press pack journalism that helped derail the investigation". The two investigative reporters who were behind the "Post" series, Scott Higham and Sari Horwitz, wrote a book which detailed their investigation. The book, "Finding Chandra", was published in May 2010. Commentators, including "The Washington Post" Metro reporter Robert Pierre, wrote that emphasis on a glamorous white murder victim, when "about 200 people are killed in this city every year, most of them black and male", was "absolutely absurd and dare I say, racist, at its core".