title: Timothy Ray Brown

text: Timothy Ray Brown was born in Seattle, Washington, on March 11, 1966, and raised in the area by his single mother, Sharon, who worked for the King County sheriff's department. He journeyed across Europe as a young adult and was diagnosed with HIV in 1995 while studying in Berlin. In 2006, he was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia. On February 7, 2007, he underwent a procedure known as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat leukemia (performed by a team of doctors in Berlin, Germany, including Gero Hütter). From 60 matching donors, they selected a [CCR5]-Δ32 homozygous donor, an individual with two genetic copies of a rare variant of a cell surface receptor. This genetic trait confers resistance to HIV infection by blocking attachment of HIV to the cell. Roughly 10% of people of European or Western Asian ancestry have this inherited mutation, but it is rarer in other populations. The transplant was repeated a year later after a leukemia relapse. Over the three years after the initial transplant, and despite discontinuing antiretroviral therapy, researchers could not detect HIV in Brown's blood or in various biopsies. Levels of HIV-specific antibodies in Timothy Brown's blood also declined, suggesting that functional HIV may have been eliminated from his body. However, scientists studying his case warn that this remission of HIV infection is unusual.


title: Timothy Ray Brown

text: Brown, the "Berlin patient", suffered from serious transplant complications, graft-versus-host disease and leukoencephalopathy, which led researchers to conclude that the procedure should not be performed on others with HIV, even if sufficient numbers of suitable donors could be found.


title: Timothy Ray Brown

text: Eleven years later, at the same conference, it was announced that it appeared that a second man had been cured. He was called "The London Patient", who later identified himself as Adam Castillejo. He also received a bone marrow transplant to treat a cancer (Hodgkin's lymphoma) but was given weaker immunosuppressive drugs. The selected donor also carried the CCR5-Δ32 mutation.


title: Timothy Ray Brown

text: As of 2017, six more people also appear to have been cleared of HIV after getting graft-versus-host disease; only one of them had received CCR5 mutant stem cells, leading researchers to conclude that when a transplant recipient has graft-versus-host disease, the transplanted cells may kill off the host's HIV-infected immune cells.


title: Timothy Ray Brown

text: In July 2012, Brown announced the formation of the Timothy Ray Brown Foundation in Washington, D.C., a foundation dedicated to fighting HIV/AIDS.


title: Timothy Ray Brown

text: In September 2020, Brown revealed the leukemia that prompted his historic treatment had returned in 2019 and that he was terminally ill. Brown entered hospice care in Palm Springs, California, where he later died on September 29, 2020. He was 54 years old.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: Clubul Sportiv Municipal București, also known as CSM București, CSM or CSM Bucharest, is a women's handball team based in Bucharest, Romania, that competes in the Liga Naţională and the EHF Champions League.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: Founded in 2007, the club has traditionally worn a blue kit since inception. The team has played its home matches in the 5,300-capacity Polyvalent Hall in the Tineretului Park in southern Bucharest.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: CSM București established itself as a major force in both Romanian and European handball in the late 2010s, winning EHF Champions League in its debut season and reaching the Final Four three consecutive times. This success was replicated in the league, where the club won four consecutive times.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: The official CSM mascot is a "tiger". CSM Bucharest is one of the most widely supported handball clubs in Romania.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: CSM București was formed in 2007 by the General Council of Bucharest, as part of the program to promote handball among capital's youth. The team played in the second division of Romania for two seasons without notable results. At the end of the 2008–2009 season, Rapid București experienced financial problems and eleven of their players along with coach Vasile Mărgulescu, moved to CSM. Benefiting from the experience of several new players, the club won all its Divizia A matches and promoted to the Liga Națională.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: Since 2010, CSM Bucharest were a constant presence of the Liga Națională, and finished third in their debut season, after Oltchim Vâlcea and Universitatea Cluj-Napoca. The team made European debut playing in the 2011–2012 season of the EHF Cup, where they reached the Round of 16 but unfortunately being eventually beaten by Romanian HC Zalău. In the following two seasons they played in the Liga Națională without significant results.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: Mărgulescu was fired after a poor start in 2014 and replaced with Mette Klit. The ambitious board aimed to win the Liga Națională next season, wanting to become even a threat to win the Champions League. In the spring of 2014, four Brazilian World Championship winners (Mayssa Pessoa, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Deonise Cavaleiro and Fernanda da Silva), plus 2014 European Championship's stars Carmen Martín and Linnea Torstenson, signed contracts at CSM. A strong squad was filled with local talent including Oana Manea, Iulia Curea or Talida Tolnai.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: The club hosted first edition of Bucharest Trophy in preseason. The hosts took the home advantage to win the final against Champions League Runners-Up ŽRK Budućnost.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: The Tigresses won their first eight matches of the season before losing to title rivals HCM Baia Mare. But at the second part of the season, CSM took revenge on Baia Mare with 29–23 win in Bucharest. They secured a spot in the playoffs and second place in the regular season. Eventually, they won 6 consecutive games, earning gold medal. CSM București beat HCM Baia Mare in both legs of the Championship Play Off Final. Previously they defeated HC Dunărea Brăila and Corona Braşov.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: By winning the national title, CSM qualified automatically for the groups of the 2015–16 EHF Champions League edition. Once again, the club makes another number of top transfers including Isabelle Gulldén, Romanian legend Aurelia Brădeanu and Danish duo Line Jørgensen and Maria Fisker.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: Between 20 and 23 August, Bucharest hosted in preseason the second Bucharest Trophy event and grabbed a second consecutive title by defeating Corona Braşov, ŽRK Vardar and ŽRK Budućnost in the final. In September 2015, Mette Klit was replaced in CSM, her Danish fellow Kim Rasmussen taking over.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: Under Rasmussen, The Tigresses attained a milestone of 25 consecutive league victories. A second championship was won in April 2016. In 2016, CSM won the treble winning all the country titles, including the Cup and the Supercup (both against HCM Roman).


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: CSM București made Champions League debut playing against ŽRK Budućnost, IK Sävehof and SPR Lublin SSA in the group stage. Four wins over the opponents from Sweden and Poland, as well the Montenegro draw, secured second place. Into the main round, CSM bothered by injury. Győri Audi ETO KC and ŽRK Vardar defeated CSM but the team reached the knockout phase where the Romanian side beat undefeated Rostov-Don twice in the quarterfinals.


title: CSM București (women's handball)

text: At the continent finals, in May 2016, București qualified for Final 4 finals for the first time after a semifinal victory over ŽRK Vardar, winning 27–21. On 8 May, CSM București won their title beating Győri Audi ETO KC in the final after a nail-biting penalty shootout. Playmaker Isabelle Gulldén scored 15 goals for CSM and finished as Europe's top scorer, whilst Aurelia Brădeanu scored the final spot-kick. Goalkeeper Jelena Grubišić was named Finals MVP. CSM regained the trophy for Romania after a 52-year break.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: João Pedro Geraldino dos Santos Galvão (born 9 March 1992), commonly known as João Pedro, is a professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe. Born in Brazil, he represents the Italy national football team.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: João Pedro spent most of his career with Cagliari from 2014 to 2022, making 271 appearances and scoring 86 goals for the club. He won Serie B in 2017 and played for seven seasons in Serie A. Additionally, he had brief spells in the top divisions of Brazil, Portugal, Uruguay and Turkey.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: Born in Ipatinga, Minas Gerais, João Pedro joined the youth ranks of Atlético Mineiro in April 2006, and made his competitive first team debut on 23 May 2010 in a game against Atlético Paranaense. His successive good performances then led head coach Vanderlei Luxemburgo to regularly select him for the Brazilian league games held between May and August 2010, also switching him from his original position of second striker to an attacking midfielder role.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: On 30 August 2010, Serie A club Palermo announced the signing of João Pedro on a five-year contract. He made his debut in the final minutes of a 2010–11 UEFA Europa League game against Sparta Prague. His Serie A debut came on 17 January 2011, as a second-half substitute for Josip Iličić in a 1–3 loss to Cagliari.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: On 29 January 2011, Vitória Guimarães announced the signing of João Pedro on loan for the remainder of the season. He was sent back on 4 April for disciplinary reasons, after reacting angrily to being substituted in the first half against Sporting CP.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: On 19 August 2011, Palermo loaned João Pedro to Uruguayan club Peñarol. He scored six times in his spell in Montevideo, including two on 24 September in a 4–0 win at neighbours River Plate that put his team on top of the table.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: João Pedro returned to his homeland on 5 July 2012, signing with Santos until 2014. The club purchased 20% of his economic rights from Traffic Sports Marketing, and had priority to buy 30% more.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: On 1 July 2013, after not featuring with the first team in 2013 season, João Pedro rescinded with Santos and signed a one-year deal with Estoril. He scored eight times in his only full season for the Lisbon District club as they came fourth, including two on 1 March 2014 in a 4–0 home win over Olhanense.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: João Pedro returned to Serie A on 30 August 2014, signing for Cagliari for around €1 million and exchange with Matías Cabrera. The team suffered relegation in his first season, but he scored 13 times in 38 games as they won the 2015–16 Serie B, including a hat-trick in a 6–0 home win over Brescia on 16 April.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: In August 2017, João Pedro signed a new contract to last until 2021. The following 16 May, he was given a six-month ban after testing positive for banned diuretic hydrochlorothiazide following a match against Sassuolo in February.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: João Pedro signed a new contract in November 2018, to last until 2022; a year later, this was extended until 2023. On 21 December 2019 he scored in a 2–1 loss at Udinese to reach 50 for the Sardinians, seventh in their all-time scorers. He finished joint-fifth in the league's top scorers with 18, his best campaign.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: As Radja Nainggolan returned to Inter, João Pedro became the club captain for 2020–21. In November, he reached 200 appearances for the club. His 16 goals helped the team avoid relegation, and put him 10th in the season's scorers.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: In 2021–22, João Pedro was the league's joint seventh top scorer with 13 goals, while Cagliari were relegated. This included both goals of a 2–2 comeback draw at home to Spezia in the opening game on 23 August, and a further brace on 17 October to defeat Sampdoria 3–1 at the Unipol Domus.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: On 21 July 2022, João Pedro joined Turkish Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe on a three-year deal. The fee was reported by Italy's Sky Sport to be €6.5 million.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: João Pedro was a youth international for Brazil, and was part of the under-17 squad that appeared in the 2009 South American U-17 Football Championship and the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup. He with this team played eleven games and scored one goal.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: In early 2021, it was speculated João Pedro, an Italian citizen by marriage, might be called up by the Italy national team. In November that year, he openly stated his potential interest in the opportunity. On 5 January 2022, FIFA allowed him to play for Italy. Later that month, he was formally called up by Roberto Mancini for a three-day training camp in Coverciano.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: On 18 March 2022, João Pedro was selected by Mancini for a 2022 FIFA World Cup playoff against North Macedonia. He made his debut in the match six days later, as a last-minute substitute for Domenico Berardi as Italy were eliminated by a late goal in Palermo.


title: João Pedro (footballer, born 1992)

text: João Pedro has two children with his Italian wife, originally from Palermo, whom he met during his footballing stay in Sicily. In 2017, he acquired Italian citizenship through marriage.


title: Aston Martin One-77

text: The Aston Martin One-77 is a two-door, two-seater flagship sports car built by the British car manufacturer Aston Martin. The car was first shown at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, although it remained mostly covered by a "Savile Row tailored skirt" throughout the show. It was revealed in full at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show, and deliveries began in 2011.


title: Aston Martin One-77

text: The production of the One-77 was limited to 77 cars, although several development cars were made for engineering, testing, and marketing. One of the development cars, VIN #10711 was sent back to Aston Martin for complete refurbishment, and now is owned under NHTSA Show and Display registration in the United States, making the actual total of cars in existence to be 78. The car's development formed part of the name One-77, and sold for 1,150,000. In May 2012, one of the 77 cars was involved in a crash in Hong Kong and was initially written off, but has since been fully rebuilt.


title: Aston Martin One-77

text: Prior to the One-77's Paris Motor Show debut, various details about the car were revealed, but official specifications were not fully revealed until the 2009 Geneva Motor Show.


title: Aston Martin One-77

text: The One-77 features a full carbon fibre monocoque chassis, a handcrafted aluminium body, and a DOHC 4 valves per cylinder V12 engine with Variable Valve Timing rated at at 7,500 rpm and of torque at 5,000 rpm. Aston Martin claimed the engine to be the most powerful production naturally aspirated engine in the world when the first car was delivered.


title: Aston Martin One-77

text: The car utilises a 6-speed automated manual transmission from Graziano Trasmissioni and height-adjustable pushrod suspension coupled with dynamic stability control. The One-77 features Pirelli P Zero Corsa tyres (255/35 ZR20 front, 335/30 ZR20 rear) and Carbon Ceramic Matrix brakes.


title: Aston Martin One-77

text: The top speed was estimated to be but actual tests in December 2009 showed a figure of , with a 0– acceleration time of approximately 3.5 seconds.


title: Aston Martin One-77

text: The engineering and manufacturing of the carbon fibre chassis and suspension system was contracted to Multimatic of Canada. The projected weight was , but the production model weighs .


title: Aston Martin One-77

text: The Aston Martin One-77 has been awarded with several internationally renowned design awards including the Concorso d’Eleganza Design Award for Concept Cars and Prototypes, the GOOD DESIGN award by The Chicago Athenauem: Museum of Architecture and Design in North America and the "Best Design" award by the UK motoring magazine Auto Express, and many others.


title: Aston Martin One-77

text: Towards the end of its production, Aston Martin produced a seven-unit, special version of the One-77 called the "Q-Series". The "Q" part of the name comes from the Q by Aston Martin personalisation program. The "series" part of the name is a possible reference to the selection of liveries that appear on each car.


title: Aston Martin One-77

text: The specifications and performance figures are the same as the regular car. One of these vehicles was on sale in 2012 in Dubai for AED 11 million (US$2.9 million).


title: Aston Martin One-77

text: In September 2020, Aston Martin launched its coach-built model based on the One-77, the Aston Martin Victor, designed by Aston Martin Lagonda designer Kaize "Ken" Zheng and unveiled at Hampton Courts Concours 2020 with circular-shaped headlights reused from 1977 Aston Martin V8 Vantage, side exhausts & side bumpers reused from the track-only Vulcan. It has a similar engine as the V12 found in the One-77 but it now makes 836 bhp and 606 lb-ft of torque after being revised by Cosworth, and unlike the One-77 it has a manual transmission, which made it the most powerful Aston Martin with a manual transmission at the time.


title: Penelope Ford

text: Olivia Hasler (born September 14, 1992), better known by the ring name Penelope Ford, is an American professional wrestler signed to All Elite Wrestling. She is also known for her work in Combat Zone Wrestling.


title: Penelope Ford

text: Ford debuted during the December 17 edition of the CZW Dojo Wars, where she and George Gatton defeated Conor Claxton & Frankie Pickard in a tag team match. She won her first CZW singles match on the December 31, defeating Dave McCall. In 2015, Ford would appear in a variety of tag team matches and a few singles matches in between. She faced Brittany Blake in a singles match on the June 10 edition of the CZW Dojo Wars where Blake defeated her. At CZW Cerebral 2015, Ford wrestled a dark match won by Blake. Their rivalry continued on December 16 in a Best Two Out Of Three Falls title match for the CZW Medal Of Valor Championship. Ford was unable to capture the title from Blake during this match, closing out her second year in CZW. During the course of 2016, Ford continued her steady work of tag team matches and other match specialties, picking up a small number of singles victories along the way.


title: Penelope Ford

text: She finished 2016 in a match on December 7, with a loss to Jordynne Grace, an opponent she first wrestled seven months earlier in 2016 at WSU Unshakable. Their rematch ended in the same result, with Grace defeating Ford.


title: Penelope Ford

text: On January 8, 2019, AEW announced that Ford would be joining the company alongside Joey Janela later in 2019. She later began managing her real-life boyfriend Kip Sabian as they feuded with Janela. On October 9, 2019, Ford had her first match in AEW on the first ever AEW Dark episode where she teamed up with Bea Priestley against Allie and Britt Baker where they were defeated. Ford picked up her first win in AEW on the March 3 episode of Dark where she teamed with Britt Baker to defeat Yuka Sakazaki and Riho.


title: Penelope Ford

text: On May 23, 2020, Ford had her first ever PPV match on Double or Nothing facing Kris Statlander which Ford was a last minute replacement in the match due to Britt Baker being injured where Ford was defeated. On the June 10 episode of AEW "Dynamite", Ford teamed with Nyla Rose to defeat Hikaru Shida and Kris Statlander where she pinned Shida thus earning her an AEW Women's World Championship match at Fyter Fest. At the event, Ford was unsuccessful at capturing the title as she was defeated by Shida. At All Out, Ford announced that she and Sabian were getting married while also teasing that they will reveal who his best man is for the wedding on the following "Dynamite". On the September 9 episode of "Dynamite", Miro was revealed to be the best man for Sabian and Ford's wedding. On the October 23, 2021 episode of "Dynamite", Ford competed in the AEW TBS Women's championship tournament where she faced Ruby Soho and lost. After months of feuding, Ford and The Bunny lost in a street fight against Anna Jay and Tay Conti on the December 31, 2021 episode of "AEW Rampage". On July 8, 2022, after Tony Khan received criticism over not utilizing Ford since January, he announced that she is not medically clear to compete. On August 15, Ford made her return to AEW on "" defeating Heather Reckless by submission.


title: Penelope Ford

text: Hasler dated wrestler Joey Janela on and off for four years, before the two broke up in late 2018. In April 2020, Hasler got engaged to Kip Sabian. On the December 23, 2020 episode of AEW Dynamite: Holiday Bash, Sabian and Ford announced that they would have a beach wedding on the February 3, 2021 episode of AEW Dynamite: Beach Break. They married on February 3, 2021.


title: Wonder Woman: Bloodlines

text: Wonder Woman: Bloodlines is a 2019 American animated superhero film focusing on the superheroine Wonder Woman and is the fifteenth installment of the DC Animated Movie Universe and the 36th overall film of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies. The film was released on digital platforms on October 5, 2019, and was released on 4K Ultra HD and Blu-ray on October 22. It focuses on Wonder Woman facing enemies of the past who come together and form Villainy Inc.


title: Wonder Woman: Bloodlines

text: In 2013, Princess Diana of Themyscira - home island of the warrior race the Amazons - rescues US pilot Captain Steve Trevor from a Parademon attack. Diana treats Steve with a purple healing ray before he is taken prisoner by Diana's mother Queen Hippolyta due to Diana breaking the island's “no men” law. However, Diana breaks Steve out and sees an omen about an otherworldly invasion facilitated by his arrival. When Hippolyta demands Steve's re-incarceration, Diana defies her before leaving to protect man's world, prompting Hippolyta to disown her own daughter. Diana and Steve arrive in Washington, D.C. where Etta Candy takes them to geologist Julia Kapatelis. While there, Diana meets Julia's daughter Vanessa, who grows jealous of Diana when her mother spends more time with Diana than her. Diana decides to stay in man's world and protect it as the superheroine “Wonder Woman”. Five years later, Julia requests help from Diana and Steve to find Vanessa, who has stolen an artifact from her superior Veronica Cale and plans to trade it with the villainous Doctor Poison. Diana, Steve and Julia intervene but are confronted by Poison's soldiers and Giganta, who uses an enhancement serum, but is ultimately defeated. During the battle, however, Julia is fatally shot in a crossfire, and Poison escapes with the artifact. Vanessa blames Diana for her mother's death before fleeing.


title: Wonder Woman: Bloodlines

text: While visiting her mother's grave, Vanessa is recruited by Doctor Poison and Doctor Cyber, who transform Vanessa into Silver Swan. Meanwhile, Diana and Steve locate Poison in Qurac. The two travel there using a stealth jet provided by Etta. Upon arrival, they are attacked by Silver Swan, who Diana realizes is Vanessa and is defeated while Poison escapes with a prototype bioweapon. Diana and Steve take the unconscious Vanessa to Cale Pharmaceuticals. While there, Diana believes the purple healing ray can reverse Vanessa's transformation, but does not remember the location of Themyscira due to a mystic block. Cale reveals to Princess Diana and Steve that Julia has been researching the island as a personal pet project. Diana finds a clue in Julia's former office that she must drink water from a fountain located at the temple of Pasiphaë to regain her knowledge of the location.


title: Wonder Woman: Bloodlines

text: In the temple, Princess Diana and Steve are suddenly confronted by Cheetah, who is now part of a team of supervillains called Villainy Inc. led by Poison and Cyber, who also uses a serum similar to Giganta's. Steve and Etta enter the maze in the temple, where they encounter and defeat a Minotaur. Diana subdues Cheetah, reunites with Steve and Etta, and drinks the fountain's water, finally regaining her memory. Diana also realizes that the Minotaur was enchanted to defend the fountain, and destroys it. By doing so, the Minotaur is set free and is named "Ferdinand" by Steve.


title: Wonder Woman: Bloodlines

text: The trio make it back to Cale Pharmaceuticals, where they pinpoint Themyscira's location. However, they are interrupted by Cyber, who reveals their organization's plan to steal the Amazon's technological artifacts for personal gain. Cyber reactivates Vanessa to attack Diana while the others escape. Eventually, Diana defeats Vanessa and manages to let her friends escape, while Vanessa flees. With the new information they have, Diana and Steve return to Themyscira, only to find it already under siege by Villainy Inc. Vanessa distracts the heroes as Cyber and Poison unleash their endgame weapon Medusa. Medusa refuses to be under their control and destroys Cyber's mechanical body. Poison offers Medusa an enhancement serum to win her favor, but Medusa turns her to stone and takes it anyway. Growing bigger and stronger, she starts destroying the city and killing Amazons. Confronting Medusa and getting badly beaten, Diana uses the gorgon's venom to blind herself, allowing her to meet Medusa head-on. Diana is battered to the ground but saved by Vanessa, who is inspired by Diana's self-sacrifice, and together they kill Medusa. In the aftermath, Vanessa and Queen Hippolyta reconcile with Princess Diana. Queen Hippolyta presents her daughter as the champion of Themyscira and decides to open Themyscira to the outside world.


title: Wonder Woman: Bloodlines

text: In a mid-credits scene, Princess Diana returns to Washington where she confronts Cale. Cale reveals herself to be the true mastermind behind Villainy Inc. and the one who killed Julia. Cale claims she will invade Themyscira again to profit from the Amazons' technology, but Diana accepts her challenge as she is now the protector of Themyscira and impales her sword to her desk. Diana leaves confidently as a horrified and vengeful Cale vainly tries to remove the sword.


title: Wonder Woman: Bloodlines

text: Rosario Dawson reprises the role of Wonder Woman from previous films. Other cast include Jeffrey Donovan as Steve Trevor, Marie Avgeropoulos as Vanessa Kapatelis/Silver Swan, Kimberly Brooks as Cheetah and Giganta, Michael Dorn as Ferdinand, Ray Chase as the lead bandit, Mozhan Marnò as Doctor Cyber, Adrienne C. Moore as Etta Candy, Courtenay Taylor as Doctor Poison, Nia Vardalos as Julia Kapatelis, and Constance Zimmer as Veronica Cale.


title: Wonder Woman: Bloodlines

text: The film was released as a World Premiere film during New York Comic Con on October 5, 2019, and also released on digital platforms on the same day, and was released on 4K Ultra HD and Blu-ray on October 22.


title: Wonder Woman: Bloodlines

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . "IGN" gave the film a rating of 6.5/10.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: The dinar ( ') (sign: .د.ب or BD; code: BHD"') is the currency of Bahrain. It is divided into 1000 fils (فلس). The Bahraini dinar is abbreviated د.ب (Arabic) or "BD" (Latin). It is usually represented with three decimal places denoting the fils.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: As of December 2021, the Bahraini dinar is the second highest-valued currency unit, at 2.65 United States dollars per unit (the highest-valued unit is the Kuwaiti dinar at $3.32).


title: Bahraini dinar

text: The Bahraini dinar was introduced in 1965, replacing the Gulf rupee at a rate of 10 rupees = 1 dinar. It was initially equivalent to of a pound sterling (15 shillings). Bahraini coins and notes were introduced at that time.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: Initially, Abu Dhabi adopted the Bahraini dinar but changed to the dirham in 1973, with 1 dirham = 100 fils = 0.1 dinar.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: In December 1980, the dinar was officially pegged to the IMF's special drawing rights (SDRs). In practice, it is fixed at $1 USD = 0.376 BHD, which translates to approximately 1 BHD = US$2.65957 and, consequently, just over 9.9734 Saudi Arabian riyals. This rate was made official in 2001 and Saudi riyals are accepted at all points of sale in Bahrain at 10 to 1, with the exception of the Saudi 500 riyal note which is only accepted in major supermarkets, airports and electronic shops.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: Before Malta's adoption of the euro on 1 January 2008, it was the third-highest-valued currency unit after the Kuwaiti dinar and Maltese lira. After Malta adopted the euro, the dinar became the second highest-valued currency unit.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: In 1965, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 fils. The 1, 5 and 10 fils were struck in bronze, with the others in cupro-nickel. The 1 fils coin was not produced after 1966 and no longer circulates. A bimetallic 100 fils coin was introduced in October 1992. In 1992, brass replaced bronze in the 5 and 10 fils.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: A bimetallic 500 fils coin was released in 2000 with the Pearl Monument on the obverse. The coin was discontinued in response to the uprising in Bahrain, which resulted in the demolition of the monument on 18 March 2011, although the Bank stated that minting had ceased some time prior to that. The coin remained in use but was no longer released back into circulation after reaching banks.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: On 16 October 1965 the Bahrain Currency Board introduced notes in denominations of , , 1, 5 and 10 dinars; a 100-fils note was introduced on September 2, 1967.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: In 1973, the Bahrain Monetary Agency took over the issuance of paper money, and starting in July 1978 with a 20 dinar note, it introduced a new family of notes dated 1973 in Arabic. Denominations of , 1, 5 and 10 dinars were released on 16 December 1979. The 100-fils note of the Bahrain Currency Board was withdrawn in November 1980 and the remainder of the notes were withdrawn on 31 March 1996, remaining exchangeable until one year afterwards.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: The third issue of notes (the second by the Bahrain Monetary Agency) with the same denominations of to 20 dinars was released in March 1993. This series was upgraded during 1998 with various modifications to colour and security features. However, a fake order for banknotes had recently been placed with the Argentinian printer who did not verify it with the legitimate authorities in Bahrain and obtained genuine banknote paper from Arjo Wiggins to print over 7 million unauthorised replicas of the 20-dinar note (of the 1993 design), equivalent to US$365 million. These differed from genuine notes in two respects: different background shading to the Arabic name of the Bahrain Monetary Agency, and a large gap between the two Arabic letters in the horizontal serial number. These unauthorised notes were smuggled through various African and European countries by air and presented for exchange in Belgium, Switzerland and the Gulf around June 1998, just as the upgraded 20-dinar note was being released in Bahrain. The large amounts raised suspicions and were soon detected as notes that had not been printed by the authorised printer, De La Rue. The Bahrain Monetary Agency allowed individuals who had mistakenly accepted the unauthorised notes to exchange them for face value at banks between 8–14 June 1998, then quickly recalled all 20-dinar notes on 30 July 1998. The unauthorised notes, being replicas of the 1993 design, were in purple and without a hologram. Despite this the upgraded June 1998 notes, also in purple but with a hologram were also withdrawn. On 1 August 1998 a new 20-dinar note, of the same design as the upgraded note (with a hologram) but in peach colour, was released. Thus, the genuine June 1998 design was only in circulation for about 7 weeks and is therefore rarely seen by collectors. All other banknotes of the Bahrain Monetary Agency remain exchangeable.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: On 7 September 2006, the Bahrain Monetary Agency was renamed the Central Bank of Bahrain. On 17 March 2008, the Central Bank of Bahrain introduced its first series of notes (Bahrain's 4th series) reflecting the country's heritage as well as its modern development.


title: Bahraini dinar

text: On 4 September 2016, the Central Bank of Bahrain introduced upgraded versions of the 10- and 20-dinar notes with enhanced security features (SPARK and Motion thread) and tactile lines added at center right front for the visually impaired.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: Benjamin Roy "B. J." Armstrong Jr. (born September 9, 1967) is an American former professional basketball player. Armstrong won three NBA championships during his career as a point guard for the Chicago Bulls.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: Armstrong was born in Detroit, Michigan and attended Brother Rice High School in Bloomfield Township, Michigan. He graduated in 1985.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: Armstrong had an illustrious career at the University of Iowa as the Hawkeyes' all-time leader in assists with 517 upon graduation; and is currently ranked sixth all-time. He also ranked sixth on the school's all-time steals list (178) and fourth in total points (1,705). The 6-foot-2 guard shot .443 (136-of-307) from three-point range over his four-year career and averaged 18.6 points and 5.4 assists as a senior. Armstrong received his bachelor's degree from Iowa in May 1989.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: Selected by the Chicago Bulls in the first round of the 1989 NBA draft, the 6'2" (1.88 m) Armstrong helped the team return to the Eastern Conference Finals after compiling 55 regular season victories in 1990.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: In 1991, he helped them win their first NBA title against the Los Angeles Lakers after winning 61 games. In 1992, Armstrong averaged double-digit scoring while coming off the bench behind longtime starter John Paxson to help the Bulls win 67 games and their second straight title. In 1993, he locked down the starting job, contributing to a 57–25 record and the Bulls' third straight title. He also claimed the NBA's three-point field goal percentage crown with a mark of .453 on 63-for-139 shooting.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: In 1994, he emerged as more of a leader in the wake of Michael Jordan's abrupt retirement, placing third on the team in scoring. He was voted a starter in the 1994 NBA All-Star Game, finished second in the NBA in three-point field goal percentage at .444 while leading the team to a 55–27 record and a second-round exit from the playoffs.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: Armstrong finished third in scoring again in 1995 as the Bulls posted a 47–35 record, and with Jordan, Scottie Pippen and Toni Kukoč, led the team to the second round again.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: Armstrong was the first player chosen in the 1995 NBA Expansion Draft (via Toronto Raptors) but refused to report. He was traded by the Raptors to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Carlos Rogers and 4 other players and played for the Warriors in 1996 and in 1997.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: Four games into the 1997–98 season, he was acquired by the Charlotte Hornets, playing 62 games that year.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: He also played 10 games for the Hornets in the 1999 season before being signed by the Orlando Magic in March of that year.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: On August 30, 1999, he was again signed by the Bulls and played the 1999–2000 season and retired at the end of the season, ending his career with the team that drafted him and with which he spent much of his playing career.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: Armstrong stepped into Chicago's front office as a special assistant to Vice President of Basketball Operations Jerry Krause. Having replaced Paxson as the Bulls' starting point guard years before, Armstrong was himself replaced by Paxson as hire to the GM job in Chicago when Krause resigned in 2003. Armstrong remained with the organization as a scout for a couple of seasons, leaving in 2005.


title: B. J. Armstrong

text: Armstrong served as a basketball analyst for ESPN's "NBA Fast Break" series. Since 2006 he has also been employed by Wasserman Media Group, a sports marketing and representation group out of Los Angeles, California representing professional athletes and entertainers. He currently serves as an agent for Knicks point guard Derrick Rose, who was the first player selected in the 2008 NBA draft. He also serves as an agent for Bismack Biyombo, Emmanuel Mudiay, Donatas Motiejūnas, JaVale McGee, Denzel Valentine, and Josh Jackson.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: It had its first in-flight shutdown on 11 September 2018 as the fleet accumulated 2.2 million flight hours.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: It keeps the characteristic three-shaft layout of the Rolls-Royce Trent, with a 3.00 m (118 in) fan, an IP and HP spool.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: By 2004 Airbus had been facing pressure from customers to develop a competitor to the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, then in October 2005 launched the A350, at the time an improved A330. Rolls-Royce initially offered a conventional bleed air engine variant of the Trent 1000 with a throttle-push to static thrust, the Trent 1700.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: In 2006, after a review of the Airbus A350, Rolls-Royce reached an agreement to supply all versions of the aircraft with a brand-new Trent XWB variant with of thrust.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: Before the December 2008 design freeze, Airbus established that the A350's empty weight was 2.2t greater than the 133.5t target. Due to this, the MTOW was increased by 3t in order to maintain the payload and range capability. As a further result, Rolls Royce announced that the nominal engine thrusts were increased slightly, each variant receiving an additional thrust. A350 programme chief Didier Evrard was quoted as saying that the change had a "very marginal" impact on fuel consumption.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: This was then revised again in 2011, and the engines for the largest A350 have been uprated to to meet new performance requirements, and better compete with the Boeing 777-300ER.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: On 18 February 2012, Airbus announced that the Trent XWB had successfully made its maiden flight aboard Airbus’ dedicated Airbus A380 flying test bed.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: On 15 May 2014 Rolls-Royce delivered the first production thrust Trent XWB engines intended for the first Airbus A350 XWB to enter service with Qatar Airways.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: On 15 July 2014 Rolls-Royce announced the first run of the Trent XWB-97 powerplant with thrust for the Airbus A350-1000.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: On 26 July 2017, Airbus delivered the 100th A350, on track for 10 per month by 2018 end, and over the first 30 months most engine removals have been to stagger the on-wing life of a particular aircraft or to collect in-service data; nine in ten of the Trent XWBs have a long-term service agreements with Rolls, which has designated seven shops as MRO providers: its Derby facility, its joint ventures with HAECO, SIAEC, and independents Delta TechOps, Mubadala and Air France Industries-KLM.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: It passed 1 million flight hours in October 2017 without any in-flight disruptions and with a dispatch reliability of 99.4%.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: It took two years to reach one million flying hours and nine months for the second million by July 2018, as 500 were delivered; at that time, it had a 99.9% dispatch reliability and had had no in-flight shutdown.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: As the fleet accumulated 2.2 million flight hours and the leading engine has operated 3,500 cycles, an Iberia A350-900 delivered at the end of July diverted to Boston after an inflight shutdown at 41,000ft on the September 11, 2018 flight from New York to Madrid, apparently due to slight secondary damage on variable stator vanes.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: In 2019, the unit losses on the XWB-84 were reduced by over 20%, as Rolls-Royce expects break-even by the end of 2020, while fleet-leading engines had flown over 22,000h without a shop visit.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: The higher-thrust XWB-97 for the A350-1000 remains a loss-maker, and could stay that way as extending time-on-wing is more profitable.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: The Trent XWB is an axial flow, high bypass turbofan keeping the characteristic coaxial three-shaft architecture of the Rolls-Royce Trent.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: The 3.00 m (118 in) fan is driven by a 6-stage turbine, an 8-stage IP compressor is powered by a 2-stage turbine and a 6-stage HP compressor is turned by a single stage turbine, rotating in the opposite direction of the two others.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: The annular combustor has 20-off fuel spray nozzles and the engine is controlled by a dual-channel FADEC.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: The engine version for the A350-1000 maintains the same 3.0 m fan size and a 5% larger core, the additional thrust will require the fan to run 6% faster which will require strengthening to withstand the increased fan-blade forces produced. It has thicker titanium fan blades and a stronger fan casing and takes advantage of technologies developed through the European Environmentally Friendly Engine (EFE) research programme. Its core operating temperature capability will be increased.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: On 18 June 2007, Rolls-Royce announced that it had signed a contract with Qatar Airways worth 5.6 billion at list prices, to power 80 Airbus A350 XWBs: US$35.0 million each.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: A large contract with Emirates to power 70 aircraft with Trent XWBs was announced on 11 November 2007, but never filled. The announced contract concerned 50 A350-900 and 20 A350-1000 aircraft, with a further 50 option rights. Due to be delivered from 2014, the Emirates order was potentially worth up to $8.4 billion at list prices, including options.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: However, on 11 June 2014, Airbus announced that Emirates Airline had decided to cancel its order of 70 A350 XWB aircraft.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent XWB

text: More than 1,500 engines had been sold by July 2015 to 40 customers. Rolls-Royce offered its maintenance programme to Vietnam Airlines for £340 million for 14 airplanes, or £340/14/2round1 million per engine.


title: John and the Hole

text: John and the Hole is a 2021 American coming-of-age psychological thriller film directed by Pascual Sisto and written by Nicolás Giacobone. A feature-length adaptation of Giacobone's short story, "El Pozo", the film stars Charlie Shotwell, Michael C. Hall, Jennifer Ehle, and Taissa Farmiga. The film revolves around a boy who discovers an unfinished bunker in the neighboring woods of his home.


title: John and the Hole

text: The film was selected for the 2020 Cannes Film Festival and had its world premiere at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival on January 29, 2021. It was released on August 6, 2021, by IFC Films.


title: John and the Hole

text: A coming of age psychological thriller that plays out the unsettling reality of a kid (Charlie Shotwell) who holds his family captive in a hole in the ground.


title: John and the Hole

text: The film is the directing debut of Pascual Sisto, and was written by Nicolás Giacobone. The film is the first screen adaptation of Giacobone's short story "El Pozo".


title: John and the Hole

text: Principal photography for the film took place in Massachusetts (Lexington, Lincoln and Norwood). Filming began on October, 2019 and lasted 23 days. The soundtrack is by Italian composer Caterina Barbieri.


title: John and the Hole

text: The film was part of the official selection for the 2020 Cannes Film Festival. The festival did not take place in its physical form due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On a social network, Pascual Sisto confirmed that the film's release was postponed to 2021. In November 2020, the film appeared at "Sundance Wish List" by "IndieWire" Sundance Film Festival. The following month, Pascual Sisto was named by "Variety" as one of the ten directors to watch for 2021.


title: John and the Hole

text: In January 2021, the film appeared on "TheWrap"s, "Screen Daily"s, "Hollywood Reporter"s and "Deadline"s list of the most popular films on sale at the Sundance Festival. "John and The Hole" also appeared on "GQ"s (Mexico), "Vogue"s (which was reported in Italy and the United States), "IndieWire"s, "Vox"s, "Chicago Reader"s, "Harper's Bazaar"s, "Vanity Fair"s and "USA Today"s list as one of the most anticipated films.


title: John and the Hole

text: The film had its world premiere at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival on January 29, 2021. It was released on August 6, 2021, by IFC Films.


title: John and the Hole

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, 59% of 124 critic reviews are positive for the film, and the average rating is 6.10/10. The critics consensus on the website reads: ""John and the Hole"'s enticingly unique premise and disquieting atmosphere are often at odds with a meandering story that prevents this thriller from fulfilling its creepy potential." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: John and the Hole

text: The film won the Prix de la Révélation at the 47th Deauville American Film Festival and the Crossovers Prize at the Strasbourg European Fantastic Film Festival.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Nuclear fuel is material used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines. Heat is created when nuclear fuel undergoes nuclear fission.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile actinide elements that are capable of undergoing and sustaining nuclear fission. The three most relevant fissile isotopes are uranium-233, uranium-235 and plutonium-239. When the unstable nuclei of these atoms are hit by a slow-moving neutron, they frequently split, creating two daughter nuclei and two or three more neutrons. In that case, the neutrons released go on to split more nuclei. This creates a self-sustaining chain reaction that is controlled in a nuclear reactor, or uncontrolled in a nuclear weapon. Alternatively, if the nucleus absorbs the neutron without splitting, it creates a heavier nucleus with one additional neutron.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: The processes involved in mining, refining, purifying, using, and disposing of nuclear fuel are collectively known as the nuclear fuel cycle.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Not all types of nuclear fuels create power from nuclear fission; plutonium-238 and some other elements are used to produce small amounts of nuclear power by radioactive decay in radioisotope thermoelectric generators and other types of atomic batteries.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: For fission reactors, the fuel (typically based on uranium) is usually based on the metal oxide; the oxides are used rather than the metals themselves because the oxide melting point is much higher than that of the metal and because it cannot burn, being already in the oxidized state.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: This is then converted by heating with hydrogen to form UO. It can be made from enriched uranium hexafluoride by reacting with ammonia to form a solid called ammonium diuranate, <chem>(NH4)2U2O7.</chem> This is then heated (calcined) to form and UO which is then converted by heating with hydrogen or ammonia to form UO.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: The UO is mixed with an organic binder and pressed into pellets, these pellets are then fired at a much higher temperature (in H/Ar) to sinter the solid. The aim is to form a dense solid which has few pores.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: The thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide is very low compared with that of zirconium metal, and it goes down as the temperature goes up.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Corrosion of uranium dioxide in water is controlled by similar electrochemical processes to the galvanic corrosion of a metal surface.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: While exposed to the neutron flux during normal operation in the core environment a small percentage of the Uranium-238 in the fuel absorbs excess neutrons and is transmuted into U-239. U-239 rapidly decays into Neptunium-239 which in turn rapidly decays into Plutonium-239. The small percentage of Plutonium-239 has a higher neutron cross section than Uranium-235. As the Plutonium-239 accumulates the chain reaction shifts from pure Uranium-235 at initiation of the fuel use to a ratio of about 70% Uranium-235 and 30% Plutonium-239 at the end of the 18 to 24 month fuel exposure period.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Mixed oxide, or MOX fuel, is a blend of plutonium and natural or depleted uranium which behaves similarly (though not identically) to the enriched uranium feed for which most nuclear reactors were designed. MOX fuel is an alternative to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel used in the light water reactors which predominate nuclear power generation.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Some concern has been expressed that used MOX cores will introduce new disposal challenges, though MOX is itself a means to dispose of surplus plutonium by transmutation.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Reprocessing of commercial nuclear fuel to make MOX was done in the Sellafield MOX Plant (England). As of 2015, MOX fuel is made in France (see Marcoule Nuclear Site), and to a lesser extent in Russia (see Mining and Chemical Combine), India and Japan. China plans to develop fast breeder reactors (see CEFR) and reprocessing.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, was a U.S. proposal in the George W. Bush Administration to form an international partnership to see spent nuclear fuel reprocessed in a way that renders the plutonium in it usable for nuclear fuel but not for nuclear weapons. Reprocessing of spent commercial-reactor nuclear fuel has not been permitted in the United States due to nonproliferation considerations. All of the other reprocessing nations have long had nuclear weapons from military-focused "research"-reactor fuels except for Japan. Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, about half of the Pu-239 is 'burned' in the reactor, providing about one third of the total energy. It behaves like U-235 and its fission releases a similar amount of energy. The higher the burn-up, the more plutonium in the spent fuel, but the lower the fraction of fissile plutonium. Typically about one percent of the used fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium, and some two thirds of this is fissile (c. 50% Pu-239, 15% Pu-241). Worldwide, some 70 tonnes of plutonium contained in used fuel is removed when refueling reactors each year.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Metal fuels have the advantage of a much higher heat conductivity than oxide fuels but cannot survive equally high temperatures. Metal fuels have a long history of use, stretching from the Clementine reactor in 1946 to many test and research reactors. Metal fuels have the potential for the highest fissile atom density. Metal fuels are normally alloyed, but some metal fuels have been made with pure uranium metal. Uranium alloys that have been used include uranium aluminum, uranium zirconium, uranium silicon, uranium molybdenum, and uranium zirconium hydride (UZrH). Any of the aforementioned fuels can be made with plutonium and other actinides as part of a closed nuclear fuel cycle. Metal fuels have been used in water reactors and liquid metal fast breeder reactors, such as EBR-II.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: The TRIGA reactor uses UZrH fuel, which has a prompt negative fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity, meaning that as the temperature of the core increases, the reactivity decreases—so it is highly unlikely for a meltdown to occur. Most cores that use this fuel are "high leakage" cores where the excess leaked neutrons can be utilized for research. That is, they can be used as a neutron source. TRIGA fuel was originally designed to use highly enriched uranium, however in 1978 the U.S. Department of Energy launched its Reduced Enrichment for Research Test Reactors program, which promoted reactor conversion to low-enriched uranium fuel. A total of 35 TRIGA reactors have been installed at locations across the US. A further 35 reactors have been installed in other countries.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: In a fast neutron reactor, the minor actinides produced by neutron capture of uranium and plutonium can be used as fuel. Metal actinide fuel is typically an alloy of zirconium, uranium, plutonium, and minor actinides. It can be made inherently safe as thermal expansion of the metal alloy will increase neutron leakage.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Molten plutonium, alloyed with other metals to lower its melting point and encapsulated in tantalum, was tested in two experimental reactors, LAMPRE I and LAMPRE II, at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the 1960s. "LAMPRE experienced three separate fuel failures during operation."


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Ceramic fuels other than oxides have the advantage of high heat conductivities and melting points, but they are more prone to swelling than oxide fuels and are not understood as well.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: This is often the fuel of choice for reactor designs that NASA produces, one advantage is that UN has a better thermal conductivity than UO. Uranium nitride has a very high melting point. This fuel has the disadvantage that unless N was used (in place of the more common N) that a large amount of C would be generated from the nitrogen by the (n,p) reaction. As the nitrogen required for such a fuel would be so expensive it is likely that the fuel would have to be reprocessed by pyroprocessing to enable the N to be recovered. It is likely that if the fuel was processed and dissolved in nitric acid that the nitrogen enriched with N would be diluted with the common N. Fluoride volatility is a method of reprocessing that does not rely on nitric acid, but it has only been demonstrated in relatively small scale installations whereas the established PUREX process is used commercially for about a third of all spent nuclear fuel (the rest being largely subject to a "once through fuel cycle"). All nitrogen-fluoride compounds are volatile or gaseous at room temperature and could be fractionally distilled from the other gaseous products (including recovered uranium hexafluoride) to recover the initially used nitrogen. If the fuel could be processed in such a way as to ensure low contamination with non-radioactive carbon (not a common fission product and absent in nuclear reactors that don't use it as a moderator) then Fluoride volatility could be used to separate the produced by producing carbon tetrafluoride. is proposed for use in particularly long lived low power nuclear batteries called diamond battery.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Much of what is known about uranium carbide is in the form of pin-type fuel elements for liquid metal fast reactors during their intense study during the 1960s and 1970s. However, recently there has been a revived interest in uranium carbide in the form of plate fuel and most notably, micro fuel particles (such as TRISO particles).


title: Nuclear fuel

text: The high thermal conductivity and high melting point makes uranium carbide an attractive fuel. In addition, because of the absence of oxygen in this fuel (during the course of irradiation, excess gas pressure can build from the formation of O or other gases) as well as the ability to complement a ceramic coating (a ceramic-ceramic interface has structural and chemical advantages), uranium carbide could be the ideal fuel candidate for certain Generation IV reactors such as the gas-cooled fast reactor. While the neutron cross section of carbon is low, during years of burnup, the predominantly will undergo neutron capture to produce stable as well as radioactive . Unlike the produced by using Uranium nitrate, the will make up only a small isotopic impurity in the overall carbon content and thus make the entirety of the carbon content unsuitable for non-nuclear uses but the concentration will be too low for use in nuclear batteries without enrichment. Nuclear graphite discharged from reactors where it was used as a moderator presents the same issue.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Liquid fuels are liquids containing dissolved nuclear fuel and have been shown to offer numerous operational advantages compared to traditional solid fuel approaches.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Liquid-fuel reactors offer significant safety advantages due to their inherently stable "self-adjusting" reactor dynamics. This provides two major benefits:


title: Nuclear fuel

text: - providing an automatic load-following capability which is well suited to electricity generation and high-temperature industrial heat applications.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Another major advantage of some liquid core designs is their ability to be drained rapidly into a passively safe dump-tank. This advantage was conclusively demonstrated repeatedly as part of a weekly shutdown procedure during the highly successful 4 year Molten Salt Reactor Experiment.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Another huge advantage of the liquid core is its ability to release xenon gas, which normally acts as a neutron absorber ( is the strongest known neutron poison and is produced both directly and as a decay product of as a fission product) and causes structural occlusions in solid fuel elements (leading to the early replacement of solid fuel rods with over 98% of the nuclear fuel unburned, including many long-lived actinides). In contrast, Molten Salt Reactors (MSR) are capable of retaining the fuel mixture for significantly extended periods, which not only increases fuel efficiency dramatically but also incinerates the vast majority of its own waste as part of the normal operational characteristics. A downside to letting the escape instead of allowing it to capture neutrons converting it to the basically stable and chemically inert , is that it will quickly decay to the highly chemically reactive long lived radioactive , which behaves similar to other alkali metals and can be taken up by organisms in their metabolism.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Molten salt fuels are mixtures of actinide salts (e.g. thorium/uranium fluoride/chloride) with other salts, used in liquid form above their typical melting points of several hundred degrees C. In some molten salt-fueled reactor designs, such as the liquid fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR), this fuel salt is also the coolant; in other designs, such as the stable salt reactor, the fuel salt is contained in fuel pins and the coolant is a separate, non-radioactive salt. There is a further category of molten salt-cooled reactors in which the fuel is not in molten salt form, but a molten salt is used for cooling.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Molten salt fuels were used in the LFTR known as the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment, as well as other liquid core reactor experiments. The liquid fuel for the molten salt reactor was a mixture of lithium, beryllium, thorium and uranium fluorides: LiF-BeF-ThF-UF (72-16-12-0.4 mol%). It had a peak operating temperature of 705 °C in the experiment, but could have operated at much higher temperatures since the boiling point of the molten salt was in excess of 1400 °C.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: The aqueous homogeneous reactors (AHRs) use a solution of uranyl sulfate or other uranium salt in water. Historically, AHRs have all been small research reactors, not large power reactors. An AHR known as the Medical Isotope Production System is being considered for production of medical isotopes.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: The Dual fluid reactor has a variant DFR/m which works with eutectic liquid metal alloys, e.g. U-Cr or U-Fe.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Uranium dioxide (UO) powder is compacted to cylindrical pellets and sintered at high temperatures to produce ceramic nuclear fuel pellets with a high density and well defined physical properties and chemical composition. A grinding process is used to achieve a uniform cylindrical geometry with narrow tolerances. Such fuel pellets are then stacked and filled into the metallic tubes. The metal used for the tubes depends on the design of the reactor. Stainless steel was used in the past, but most reactors now use a zirconium alloy which, in addition to being highly corrosion-resistant, has low neutron absorption. The tubes containing the fuel pellets are sealed: these tubes are called fuel rods. The finished fuel rods are grouped into fuel assemblies that are used to build up the core of a power reactor.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Cladding is the outer layer of the fuel rods, standing between the coolant and the nuclear fuel. It is made of a corrosion-resistant material with low absorption cross section for thermal neutrons, usually Zircaloy or steel in modern constructions, or magnesium with small amount of aluminium and other metals for the now-obsolete Magnox reactors. Cladding prevents radioactive fission fragments from escaping the fuel into the coolant and contaminating it. Besides the prevention of radioactive leaks this also serves to keep the coolant as non-corrosive as feasible and to prevent reactions between chemically aggressive fission products and the coolant. (e.g. The highly reactive alkali metal Caesium which reacts strongly with water, producing hydrogen, and which is among the more common fission products)


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel consists of cylindrical rods put into bundles. A uranium oxide ceramic is formed into pellets and inserted into Zircaloy tubes that are bundled together. The Zircaloy tubes are about in diameter, and the fuel cladding gap is filled with helium gas to improve heat conduction from the fuel to the cladding. There are about 179–264 fuel rods per fuel bundle and about 121 to 193 fuel bundles are loaded into a reactor core. Generally, the fuel bundles consist of fuel rods bundled 14×14 to 17×17. PWR fuel bundles are about long. In PWR fuel bundles, control rods are inserted through the top directly into the fuel bundle. The fuel bundles usually are enriched several percent in U. The uranium oxide is dried before inserting into the tubes to try to eliminate moisture in the ceramic fuel that can lead to corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. The Zircaloy tubes are pressurized with helium to try to minimize pellet-cladding interaction which can lead to fuel rod failure over long periods.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: In boiling water reactors (BWR), the fuel is similar to PWR fuel except that the bundles are "canned". That is, there is a thin tube surrounding each bundle. This is primarily done to prevent local density variations from affecting neutronics and thermal hydraulics of the reactor core. In modern BWR fuel bundles, there are either 91, 92, or 96 fuel rods per assembly depending on the manufacturer. A range between 368 assemblies for the smallest and 800 assemblies for the largest BWR in the U.S. form the reactor core. Each BWR fuel rod is backfilled with helium to a pressure of about .


title: Nuclear fuel

text: CANDU fuel bundles are about long and in diameter. They consist of sintered (UO) pellets in zirconium alloy tubes, welded to zirconium alloy end plates. Each bundle weighs roughly , and a typical core loading is on the order of 4500–6500 bundles, depending on the design. Modern types typically have 37 identical fuel pins radially arranged about the long axis of the bundle, but in the past several different configurations and numbers of pins have been used. The CANFLEX bundle has 43 fuel elements, with two element sizes. It is also about 10 cm (4 inches) in diameter, 0.5 m (20 in) long and weighs about 20 kg (44 lb) and replaces the 37-pin standard bundle. It has been designed specifically to increase fuel performance by utilizing two different pin diameters. Current CANDU designs do not need enriched uranium to achieve criticality (due to the lower neutron absorption in their heavy water moderator compared to light water), however, some newer concepts call for low enrichment to help reduce the size of the reactors. The Atucha nuclear power plant in Argentina, a similar design to the CANDU but built by German KWU was originally designed for non-enriched fuel but since switched to slightly enriched fuel with a content about 0.1 percentage points higher than in natural uranium.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Various other nuclear fuel forms find use in specific applications, but lack the widespread use of those found in BWRs, PWRs, and CANDU power plants. Many of these fuel forms are only found in research reactors, or have military applications.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Magnox (magnesium non-oxidising) reactors are pressurised, carbon dioxide–cooled, graphite-moderated reactors using natural uranium (i.e. unenriched) as fuel and Magnox alloy as fuel cladding. Working pressure varies from for the steel pressure vessels, and the two reinforced concrete designs operated at . Magnox alloy consists mainly of magnesium with small amounts of aluminium and other metals—used in cladding unenriched uranium metal fuel with a non-oxidising covering to contain fission products. This material has the advantage of a low neutron capture cross-section, but has two major disadvantages:


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Magnox fuel incorporated cooling fins to provide maximum heat transfer despite low operating temperatures, making it expensive to produce. While the use of uranium metal rather than oxide made nuclear reprocessing more straightforward and therefore cheaper, the need to reprocess fuel a short time after removal from the reactor meant that the fission product hazard was severe. Expensive remote handling facilities were required to address this issue.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) fuel is a type of micro-particle fuel. A particle consists of a kernel of UO fuel (sometimes UC or UCO), which has been coated with four layers of three isotropic materials deposited through fluidized chemical vapor deposition (FCVD). The four layers are a porous buffer layer made of carbon that absorbs fission product recoils, followed by a dense inner layer of protective pyrolytic carbon (PyC), followed by a ceramic layer of SiC to retain fission products at elevated temperatures and to give the TRISO particle more structural integrity, followed by a dense outer layer of PyC. TRISO particles are then encapsulated into cylindrical or spherical graphite pellets. TRISO fuel particles are designed not to crack due to the stresses from processes (such as differential thermal expansion or fission gas pressure) at temperatures up to 1600 °C, and therefore can contain the fuel in the worst of accident scenarios in a properly designed reactor. Two such reactor designs are the prismatic-block gas-cooled reactor (such as the GT-MHR) and the pebble-bed reactor (PBR). Both of these reactor designs are high temperature gas reactors (HTGRs). These are also the basic reactor designs of very-high-temperature reactors (VHTRs), one of the six classes of reactor designs in the Generation IV initiative that is attempting to reach even higher HTGR outlet temperatures.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: TRISO fuel particles were originally developed in the United Kingdom as part of the Dragon reactor project. The inclusion of the SiC as diffusion barrier was first suggested by D. T. Livey. The first nuclear reactor to use TRISO fuels was the Dragon reactor and the first powerplant was the THTR-300. Currently, TRISO fuel compacts are being used in some experimental reactors, such as the HTR-10 in China and the High-temperature engineering test reactor in Japan. Spherical fuel elements utilizing a TRISO particle with a UO and UC solid solution kernel are being used in the Xe-100 in the United States.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: In QUADRISO particles a burnable neutron poison (europium oxide or erbium oxide or carbide) layer surrounds the fuel kernel of ordinary TRISO particles to better manage the excess of reactivity. If the core is equipped both with TRISO and QUADRISO fuels, at beginning of life neutrons do not reach the fuel of the QUADRISO particles because they are stopped by the burnable poison. During reactor operation, neutron irradiation of the poison causes it to "burn up" or progressively transmute to non-poison isotopes, depleting this poison effect and leaving progressively more neutrons available for sustaining the chain-reaction. This mechanism compensates for the accumulation of undesirable neutron poisons which are an unavoidable part of the fission products, as well as normal fissile fuel "burn up" or depletion. In the generalized QUADRISO fuel concept the poison can eventually be mixed with the fuel kernel or the outer pyrocarbon. The QUADRISO concept was conceived at Argonne National Laboratory.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: RBMK reactor fuel was used in Soviet-designed and built RBMK-type reactors. This is a low-enriched uranium oxide fuel. The fuel elements in an RBMK are 3 m long each, and two of these sit back-to-back on each fuel channel, pressure tube. Reprocessed uranium from Russian VVER reactor spent fuel is used to fabricate RBMK fuel. Following the Chernobyl accident, the enrichment of fuel was changed from 2.0% to 2.4%, to compensate for control rod modifications and the introduction of additional absorbers.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: CerMet fuel consists of ceramic fuel particles (usually uranium oxide) embedded in a metal matrix. It is hypothesized that this type of fuel is what is used in United States Navy reactors. This fuel has high heat transport characteristics and can withstand a large amount of expansion.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Plate-type fuel has fallen out of favor over the years. Plate-type fuel is commonly composed of enriched uranium sandwiched between metal cladding. Plate-type fuel is used in several research reactors where a high neutron flux is desired, for uses such as material irradiation studies or isotope production, without the high temperatures seen in ceramic, cylindrical fuel. It is currently used in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory, and the nuclear research reactor at the University of Massachusetts Lowell Radiation Laboratory.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Sodium-bonded fuel consists of fuel that has liquid sodium in the gap between the fuel slug (or pellet) and the cladding. This fuel type is often used for sodium-cooled liquid metal fast reactors. It has been used in EBR-I, EBR-II, and the FFTF. The fuel slug may be metallic or ceramic. The sodium bonding is used to reduce the temperature of the fuel.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Accident tolerant fuels (ATF) are a series of new nuclear fuel concepts, researched in order to improve fuel performance under accident conditions, such as loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) or reaction-initiated accidents (RIA). These concerns became more prominent after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan, in particular regarding light-water reactor (LWR) fuels performance under accident conditions.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: The aim of the research is to develop nuclear fuels that can tolerate loss of active cooling for a considerably longer period than the existing fuel designs and prevent or delay the release of radionuclides during an accident. This research is focused on reconsidering the design of fuel pellets and cladding, as well as the interactions between the two.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Used nuclear fuel is a complex mixture of the fission products, uranium, plutonium, and the transplutonium metals. In fuel which has been used at high temperature in power reactors it is common for the fuel to be "heterogeneous"; often the fuel will contain nanoparticles of platinum group metals such as palladium. Also the fuel may well have cracked, swollen, and been heated close to its melting point. Despite the fact that the used fuel can be cracked, it is very insoluble in water, and is able to retain the vast majority of the actinides and fission products within the uranium dioxide crystal lattice. The radiation hazard from spent nuclear fuel declines as its radioactive components decay, but remains high for many years. For example 10 years after removal from a reactor, the surface dose rate for a typical spent fuel assembly still exceeds 10,000 rem/hour, resulting in a fatal dose in just minutes.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Two main modes of release exist, the fission products can be vaporised or small particles of the fuel can be dispersed.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Post-Irradiation Examination (PIE) is the study of used nuclear materials such as nuclear fuel. It has several purposes. It is known that by examination of used fuel that the failure modes which occur during normal use (and the manner in which the fuel will behave during an accident) can be studied. In addition information is gained which enables the users of fuel to assure themselves of its quality and it also assists in the development of new fuels. After major accidents the core (or what is left of it) is normally subject to PIE to find out what happened. One site where PIE is done is the ITU which is the EU centre for the study of highly radioactive materials.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Materials in a high-radiation environment (such as a reactor) can undergo unique behaviors such as swelling and non-thermal creep. If there are nuclear reactions within the material (such as what happens in the fuel), the stoichiometry will also change slowly over time. These behaviors can lead to new material properties, cracking, and fission gas release.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: The thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide is low; it is affected by porosity and burn-up. The burn-up results in fission products being dissolved in the lattice (such as lanthanides), the precipitation of fission products such as palladium, the formation of fission gas bubbles due to fission products such as xenon and krypton and radiation damage of the lattice. The low thermal conductivity can lead to overheating of the center part of the pellets during use. The porosity results in a decrease in both the thermal conductivity of the fuel and the swelling which occurs during use.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: According to the International Nuclear Safety Center the thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide can be predicted under different conditions by a series of equations.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Then the thermal conductivity of the porous phase ("K") is related to the conductivity of the perfect phase ("K", no porosity) by the following equation. Note that "s" is a term for the shape factor of the holes.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Rather than measuring the thermal conductivity using the traditional methods such as Lees' disk, the Forbes' method, or Searle's bar, it is common to use Laser Flash Analysis where a small disc of fuel is placed in a furnace. After being heated to the required temperature one side of the disc is illuminated with a laser pulse, the time required for the heat wave to flow through the disc, the density of the disc, and the thickness of the disk can then be used to calculate and determine the thermal conductivity.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: If "t" is defined as the time required for the non illuminated surface to experience half its final temperature rise then.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: An atomic battery (also called a nuclear battery or radioisotope battery) is a device which uses the radioactive decay to generate electricity. These systems use radioisotopes that produce low energy beta particles or sometimes alpha particles of varying energies. Low energy beta particles are needed to prevent the production of high energy penetrating bremsstrahlung radiation that would require heavy shielding. Radioisotopes such as plutonium-238, curium-242, curium-244 and strontium-90 have been used. Tritium, nickel-63, promethium-147, and technetium-99 have been tested.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: There are two main categories of atomic batteries: thermal and non-thermal. The non-thermal atomic batteries, which have many different designs, exploit charged alpha and beta particles. These designs include the direct charging generators, betavoltaics, the optoelectric nuclear battery, and the radioisotope piezoelectric generator. The thermal atomic batteries on the other hand, convert the heat from the radioactive decay to electricity. These designs include thermionic converter, thermophotovoltaic cells, alkali-metal thermal to electric converter, and the most common design, the radioisotope thermoelectric generator.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) is a simple electrical generator which converts heat into electricity from a radioisotope using an array of thermocouples.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: A radioisotope heater unit (RHU) typically provides about 1 watt of heat each, derived from the decay of a few grams of plutonium-238. This heat is given off continuously for several decades.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Their function is to provide highly localised heating of sensitive equipment (such as electronics in outer space). The Cassini–Huygens orbiter to Saturn contains 82 of these units (in addition to its 3 main RTGs for power generation). The Huygens probe to Titan contains 35 devices.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Fusion fuels are fuels to use in hypothetical Fusion power reactors. They include deuterium (H) and tritium (H) as well as helium-3 (He). Many other elements can be fused together, but the larger electrical charge of their nuclei means that much higher temperatures are required. Only the fusion of the lightest elements is seriously considered as a future energy source. Fusion of the lightest atom, H hydrogen, as is done in the Sun and stars, has also not been considered practical on Earth. Although the energy density of fusion fuel is even higher than fission fuel, and fusion reactions sustained for a few minutes have been achieved, utilizing fusion fuel as a net energy source remains only a theoretical possibility.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Deuterium and tritium are both considered first-generation fusion fuels; they are the easiest to fuse, because the electrical charge on their nuclei is the lowest of all elements. The three most commonly cited nuclear reactions that could be used to generate energy are:


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Second-generation fuels require either higher confinement temperatures or longer confinement time than those required of first-generation fusion fuels, but generate fewer neutrons. Neutrons are an unwanted byproduct of fusion reactions in an energy generation context, because they are absorbed by the walls of a fusion chamber, making them radioactive. They cannot be confined by magnetic fields, because they are not electrically charged. This group consists of deuterium and helium-3. The products are all charged particles, but there may be significant side reactions leading to the production of neutrons.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Third-generation fusion fuels produce only charged particles in the primary reactions, and side reactions are relatively unimportant. Since a very small amount of neutrons is produced, there would be little induced radioactivity in the walls of the fusion chamber. This is often seen as the end goal of fusion research. He has the highest Maxwellian reactivity of any 3rd generation fusion fuel. However, there are no significant natural sources of this substance on Earth.


title: Nuclear fuel

text: Under reasonable assumptions, side reactions will result in about 0.1% of the fusion power being carried by neutrons. With 123 keV, the optimum temperature for this reaction is nearly ten times higher than that for the pure hydrogen reactions, the energy confinement must be 500 times better than that required for the D-T reaction, and the power density will be 2500 times lower than for D-T.


title: The Village Voice

text: The Village Voice is an American news and culture paper, known for being the country's first alternative newsweekly. Founded in 1955 by Dan Wolf, Ed Fancher, John Wilcock, and Norman Mailer, the "Voice" began as a platform for the creative community of New York City. It ceased publication in 2017, although its online archives remained accessible. After an ownership change, the "Voice" reappeared in print as a quarterly in April 2021.


title: The Village Voice

text: Over its 63 years of publication, "The Village Voice" received three Pulitzer Prizes, the National Press Foundation Award, and the George Polk Award. "The Village Voice" hosted a variety of writers and artists, including writer Ezra Pound, cartoonist Lynda Barry, artist Greg Tate, and film critics Andrew Sarris, Jonas Mekas and J. Hoberman.


title: The Village Voice

text: In October 2015, "The Village Voice" changed ownership and severed all ties with former parent company Voice Media Group (VMG). The "Voice" announced on August 22, 2017, that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture, on a date to be announced. The final printed edition, featuring a 1965 photo of Bob Dylan on the cover, was distributed on September 21, 2017. After halting print publication in 2017, the "Voice" provided daily coverage through its website until August 31, 2018, when it announced it was ceasing production of new editorial content. On December 23, 2020, editor R.C. Baker announced that the paper would resume publishing new articles both online and in a quarterly print edition. In January 2021, new original stories began being published again on the website. A spring print edition was released in April 2021. The "Voice" website continues to feature archival material related to current events.


title: The Village Voice

text: The "Village Voice" was launched by Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, and Norman Mailer on October 26, 1955, from a two-bedroom apartment in Greenwich Village; that was its initial coverage area, which expanded to other parts of the city by the 1960s. In 1960, it moved from 22 Greenwich Avenue to 61 Christopher Street in a landmark triangular corner building adjoining Sheridan Square, and a few feet west of the Stonewall Inn; then, from the 1970s through 1980, at 11th Street and University Place; and then Broadway and 13th Street. It moved to Cooper Square in the East Village in 1991, and in 2013, to the Financial District.


title: The Village Voice

text: Early columnists of the 1950s and 1960s included Jonas Mekas, who explored the underground film movement in his "Film Journal" column; Linda Solomon, who reviewed the Village club scene in the "Riffs" column; and Sam Julty, who wrote a popular column on car ownership and maintenance. John Wilcock wrote a column every week for the paper's first ten years. Another regular from that period was the cartoonist Kin Platt, who did weekly theatrical caricatures. Other prominent regulars have included Peter Schjeldahl, Ellen Willis, Jill Johnston, Tom Carson, and Richard Goldstein. Staff of the "Voice" joined a union, the Distributive Workers of America, in 1977.


title: The Village Voice

text: For more than 40 years, Wayne Barrett was the newspaper's muckraker, covering New York real estate developers and politicians, including Donald Trump. The material continued to be a valuable resource for reporters covering the Trump presidency.


title: The Village Voice

text: The "Voice" has published investigations of New York City politics, as well as reporting on national politics, with arts, culture, music, dance, film, and theater reviews. Writers and cartoonists for the "Voice" have received three Pulitzer Prizes: in 1981 (Teresa Carpenter, for feature writing), 1986 (Jules Feiffer, for editorial cartooning) and 2000 (Mark Schoofs, for international reporting). The paper has, almost since its inception, recognized alternative theater in New York through its Obie Awards. The paper's "Pazz & Jop" music poll, started by Robert Christgau in the early 1970s, is released annually and remains an influential survey of the nation's music critics. In 1999, film critic J. Hoberman and film section editor Dennis Lim began a similar Village Voice Film Poll for the year in film. In 2001, the "Voice" sponsored its first music festival, Siren Festival, a free annual event every summer held at Coney Island. The event moved to the lower tip of Manhattan in 2011, and was re-christened the "4knots Music Festival", a reference to the speed of the East River's current.


title: The Village Voice

text: During the 1980s and onward, the "Voice" was known for its staunch support for gay rights, and it published an annual Gay Pride issue every June. However, early in its history, the newspaper had a reputation as having a homophobic slant. While reporting on the Stonewall riots of 1969, the newspaper referred to the riots as "The Great Faggot Rebellion". Two reporters, Howard Smith and Lucian Truscott IV, both used the words "faggot" and "dyke" in their articles about the riots. (These words were not commonly used by homosexuals to refer to each other at this time.) Smith and Truscott retrieved their press cards from the "Voice" offices, which were very close to the bar, as the trouble began; they were among the first journalists to record the event, Smith being trapped inside the bar with the police, and Truscott reporting from the street. After the riot, the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) attempted to promote dances for gays and lesbians in the "Voice", but were not allowed to use the words "gay" or "homosexual", which the newspaper considered derogatory. The newspaper changed its policy after the GLF petitioned it to do so. Over time, the "Voice" changed its stance, and, in 1982, became the second organization in the US known to have extended domestic partner benefits. Jeff Weinstein, an employee of the paper and shop steward for the publishing local of District 65 UAW, negotiated and won agreement in the union contract to extend health, life insurance, and disability benefits to the "spouse equivalents" of its union members.


title: The Village Voice

text: The "Voice"s competitors in New York City include "New York Observer" and "Time Out New York". Seventeen alternative weeklies around the United States are owned by the "Voice's" former parent company Village Voice Media. The film section writers and editors also produced a weekly Voice Film Club podcast.


title: The Village Voice

text: In 1996, after decades of carrying a cover price, the "Voice" switched from a paid weekly to a free, alternative weekly. The "Voice" website was a recipient of the National Press Foundation’s Online Journalism Award in 2001 and the "Editor & Publisher" EPpy Award for Best Overall U.S. Newspaper Online Service – Weekly, Community, Alternative & Free in 2003.


title: The Village Voice

text: In 2005, the Phoenix alternative weekly chain New Times Media purchased the company and took the Village Voice Media name. Previous owners of "The Village Voice" or of Village Voice Media have included co-founders Fancher and Wolf, New York City Councilman Carter Burden, "New York Magazine" founder Clay Felker, Rupert Murdoch, and Leonard Stern of the Hartz Mountain empire.


title: The Village Voice

text: After "The Village Voice" was acquired by New Times Media in 2005, the publication's key personnel changed. The "Voice" was then managed by two journalists from Phoenix, Arizona.


title: The Village Voice

text: In April 2006, the "Voice" dismissed music editor Chuck Eddy. Four months later, the newspaper sacked longtime music critic Robert Christgau. In January 2007, the newspaper fired sex columnist and erotica author Rachel Kramer Bussel; long-term creative director Ted Keller, art director Minh Oung, fashion columnist Lynn Yaeger and Deputy Art Director LD Beghtol were laid off or fired soon afterward. Editor in chief Donald Forst resigned in December 2005. Doug Simmons, his replacement, was sacked in March 2006 after it was discovered that a reporter had fabricated portions of an article. Simmons' successor, Erik Wemple, resigned after two weeks. His replacement, David Blum, was fired in March 2007. Tony Ortega then held the position of editor in chief from 2007 to 2012.


title: The Village Voice

text: The sacking of Nat Hentoff, who worked for the paper from 1958 to 2008, led to further criticism of the management by some of its current writers, Hentoff himself, and by the "Voice"s ideological rival paper "National Review", which referred to Hentoff as a "treasure". At the end of 2011, Wayne Barrett, who had written for the paper since 1973, was laid off. Fellow muckraking investigative reporter Tom Robbins then resigned in solidarity.


title: The Village Voice

text: Village Voice Media executives Scott Tobias, Christine Brennan and Jeff Mars bought Village Voice Media's papers and associated web properties from its founders in September 2012, and formed the Denver-based Voice Media Group.


title: The Village Voice

text: In May 2013, "The Village Voice" editor Will Bourne and deputy editor Jessica Lustig told "The New York Times" that they were quitting the paper rather than executing further staff layoffs. Both had been recent appointments. By then, the "Voice" had employed five editors since 2005. Following Bourne's and Lustig's departure, Village Media Group management fired three of the "Voice"s longest-serving contributors: gossip and nightlife columnist Michael Musto, restaurant critic Robert Sietsema, and theater critic Michael Feingold, all of whom had been writing for the paper for decades. Feingold was rehired as a writer for "The Village Voice" in January 2016. Michael Musto was also rehired in 2016 and wrote cover stories regarding subjects like Oscar scandals and Madonna's body of work. Musto returned again to write features in 2021 under new publisher Brian Calle.


title: The Village Voice

text: Peter Barbey, through the privately owned investment company Black Walnut Holdings LLC, purchased "The Village Voice" from Voice Media Group in October 2015. Barbey is a member of one of America's wealthiest families. The family has had ownership interest in the "Reading Eagle", a daily newspaper serving the city of Reading, Pennsylvania and the surrounding region, for many years. Barbey serves as president and CEO of the Reading Eagle Company, and holds the same roles at "The Village Voice". After taking over ownership of the "Voice", Barbey named Joe Levy, formerly of "Rolling Stone", as interim editor in chief, and Suzan Gursoy, formerly of "Ad Week", as publisher. In December 2016, Barbey named Stephen Mooallem, formerly of "Harper's Bazaar", as editor in chief. Mooallem resigned in May 2018, and was not replaced before the publication's shutdown.


title: The Village Voice

text: Under the Barbey ownership, advertisements for escort agencies and phone sex services came to an end.


title: The Village Voice

text: On August 31, 2018, it was announced that the "Village Voice" would cease production and lay off half of its staff. The remaining staff would be kept on for a limited period for archival projects. An August 31 piece by freelancer Steven Wishnia was hailed as the last article to be published on the website. Two weeks after the "Village Voice" ceased operations on September 13, co-founder John Wilcock died in California at the age of 91.


title: The Village Voice

text: In January 2021, a new original story was published on the website of "The Village Voice". On April 17, 2021, the Spring 2021 issue of the Village Voice appeared in news boxes and on newsstands for the first time since 2018. At the time, "The Village Voice" was a quarterly publication.


title: The Village Voice

text: The "Voice" has published columns and works by writers such as Ezra Pound, Henry Miller, Barbara Garson, Katherine Anne Porter, James Baldwin, E.E. Cummings, staff writer and author Ted Hoagland, Colson Whitehead, Tom Stoppard, Paul Lukas, Lorraine Hansberry, Lester Bangs, Allen Ginsberg and Joshua Clover. Former editors have included Clay Felker.


title: The Village Voice

text: The newspaper has also been a host to underground cartoonists. In addition to mainstay Jules Feiffer, whose cartoon ran for decades in the paper until its cancellation in 1996, well-known cartoonists featured in the paper have included R. Crumb, Matt Groening, Lynda Barry, Stan Mack, Mark Alan Stamaty, Ted Rall, Tom Tomorrow, Ward Sutton, Ruben Bolling and M. Wartella.


title: The Village Voice

text: Backpage was a classified advertisement website owned by the same parent company as "The Village Voice." In 2012, Nicholas Kristof wrote an article in "The New York Times" detailing a young woman's account of being sold on Backpage. "The Village Voice" released an article entitled "What Nick Kristof Got Wrong" accusing Kristof of fabricating the story and ignoring journalistic standards. Kristof responded, noting that the "Voice" did not dispute the column, but rather tried to show how the timeline in Kristof's original piece was inaccurate. In this rebuttal, he not only justified his original timeline, but expressed sadness "to see Village Voice Media become a major player in sex trafficking, and to see it use its journalists as attack dogs for those who threaten its corporate interests", noting another instance of "The Village Voice" attacking journalists reporting on Backpage's role in sex trafficking.


title: The Village Voice

text: After repeated calls for a boycott of "The Village Voice", the company was sold to Voice Media Group.


title: Azrael (DC Comics)

text: Azrael is an alias used by multiple fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The original version, Jean-Paul Valley, was created by Denny O'Neil, Joe Quesada, and Peter Milligan, and debuted in "Batman: Sword of Azrael" #1 (August 1992). The second character to assume the alias was Michael Washington Lane, in "Azrael: Death's Dark Knight" #1 (May 2009). Both iterations are Christian vigilantes and assassins created by the Order of St. Dumas and/or its derivatives (i.e the Order of Purity), secretive religious organizations seeking to restore justice to Gotham City through religious extremism. They are typically portrayed as antiheroes and reluctant allies of the superhero Batman and the Batman Family, battling forms of manipulations employed by their respective orders, violent tendencies shaped by tragedies in their life, and proving themselves trusted allies to Batman.


title: Azrael (DC Comics)

text: In media, the Michael Lane incarnation of Azrael has been featured in the "" series of video games, voiced by Khary Payton, while an original iteration of Azrael, Theo Galavan, appeared in the second season of the television series "Gotham", portrayed by James Frain.


title: Azrael (DC Comics)

text: Jean-Paul Valley was introduced as the original Azrael in the 1992 four-issue miniseries "Batman: Sword of Azrael". He later briefly assumed the identity of Batman in the "" story arc (1993-1994), after Bruce Wayne was severely injured in a fight with Bane.


title: Azrael (DC Comics)

text: Michael Lane was originally introduced in "Batman" #665 (June 2007) as the alter-ego of the supervillain Bat-Devil. In "Azrael: Death's Dark Knight" #1 (May 2009), the character was re-introduced as the current Azrael, as part of "", a storyline told in a three-issue miniseries format written by Fabian Nicieza.


title: Azrael (DC Comics)

text: A number of other characters besides Valley and Lane have assumed the identity of Azrael in the DC Universe:


title: Azrael (DC Comics)

text: In "The Multiversity: The Just", which takes place on the alternate Earth-16 (where the grown sidekicks and children of superheroes live on an Earth free of crime), Damian Wayne, the new Batman, has a variation of Jean Paul's Azrael suit in a glass display in the Batcave.


title: Elizabeth Taylor filmography

text: Other appearances have included: Interviews with David Frost, Barbara Walters, Phil Donahue, and Larry King; various profiles of Michael Jackson; "The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert"; and "Elizabeth Taylor: England's Other Elizabeth" in 2000.


title: Cymbal

text: A cymbal is a common percussion instrument. Often used in pairs, cymbals consist of thin, normally round plates of various alloys. The majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs sound a definite note (such as crotales). Cymbals are used in many ensembles ranging from the orchestra, percussion ensembles, jazz bands, heavy metal bands, and marching groups. Drum kits usually incorporate at least a crash, ride, or crash/ride, and a pair of hi-hat cymbals. A player of cymbals is known as a cymbalist.


title: Cymbal

text: The word cymbal is derived from the Latin "cymbalum", which is the latinisation of the Greek word "kymbalon", "cymbal", which in turn derives from "kymbē", "cup, bowl".


title: Cymbal

text: In orchestral scores, cymbals may be indicated by the French "cymbales"; German "Becken", "Schellbecken", "Teller", or "Tschinellen"; Italian "piatti" or "cinelli"; and Spanish "platillos". Many of these derive from the word for plates.


title: Cymbal

text: Cymbals have existed since ancient times. Representations of cymbals may be found in reliefs and paintings from Armenian Highlands (7th century BC), Larsa, Babylon, Assyria, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and ancient Rome. References to cymbals also appear throughout the Bible, through many Psalms and songs of praise to God. Cymbals may have been introduced to China from Central Asia in the 3rd or 4th century AD.