title: Jafar (Aladdin)

text: Aladdin battles Jafar (who has turned into a giant cobra) and taunts him with the fact that he is only the second-most powerful being on Earth after Genie, who was the one who gave him his power in the first place and can very easily take it away. Realizing that what Aladdin says is true and that he’s still “second best”, Jafar, consumed by his hunger for power, uses his final wish to become an all-powerful genie, in an attempt to rule the whole universe. However, as Jafar revels in his newfound phenomenal cosmic power, he finds out too late that Aladdin has tricked him into wasting his wish on becoming a genie, since genies are not free beings, and becomes trapped in a magic lamp of his own, and the lamp is sent into the Cave of Wonders by the Genie.


title: Jafar (Aladdin)

text: In "The Return of Jafar", Jafar's lamp is found by Abis Mal, who releases Jafar from the lamp. Jafar plots to get revenge on Aladdin. He nearly succeeds at killing Aladdin and taking control of the palace, but Iago, who has changed sides, thwarts his plans and destroys his lamp with the lava, obliterating Jafar for good in the resulting explosion. As a result, Jafar was never seen again in "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" nor in the television series, but was often referred to by name by the other characters.


title: Jafar (Aladdin)

text: In an episode of "Hercules: The Animated Series" called "Hercules and the Arabian Night", Jafar makes another attempt at revenge and is temporarily resurrected by Hercules's arch-enemy, Hades. He has lost his status as an all-powerful immortal genie after dying, but Hades gives him a new cobra staff that makes him flesh and blood as long as he holds it, and the two villains team up to get rid of Aladdin and Hercules. However, due to Aladdin's wit and Hercules's strength, Jafar is defeated for the final time, being pulled into the River Styx forever.


title: Jafar (Aladdin)

text: Depicted younger in the 2019 live-action version, Jafar is still the grand vizer, but more emphasis is placed on his past as a thief in his youth and his ambition to use Agrabah to invade the kingdom of Shirabad out of revenge for his time in its dungeons. The Sultan's wife and Princess Jasmine's late mother, the Queen, was stated to have been a Princess of Shirabad prior to her marriage to the Sultan, and it is possible that Jafar arranged her murder as both revenge for his imprisonment and possibly to instigate war between the two kingdoms. The film also presents Jafar as a foil to Aladdin, the former explicitly comparing their thief backgrounds and desire to improve their social status. While Aladdin wants just enough to live comfortably, Jafar is shown to never be satisfied with what he has gained as long as there are those greater than himself. Aladdin uses that character flaw to trick Jafar into using his last wish to become a genie, resulting in his imprisonment and being thrown into the Cave of Wonders by the Genie. Marwan Kenzari played the role.


title: Jafar (Aladdin)

text: Jafar debuted in "Kingdom Hearts" as one of the members of Maleficent's inner circle. Here, he plans to use The Heartless and take over Agrabah while he attempts to locate both Jasmine (as she is one of the Princesses of Heart) and Agrabah's Keyhole. Jafar eventually manages to steal Genie's lamp from Aladdin and kidnap Jasmine in the process. Sora, Aladdin, Donald Duck and Goofy track him to the Cave of Wonders, where Jafar used his first wish to reveal the world's keyhole. Upon arrival in the lamp chamber, they engage Jafar in battle after he used his second wish to enlist Genie's help in the fight. Upon his defeat, Jafar uses his final wish to become a Genie and battles the team again, only to be defeated and sealed away in the lamp.


title: Jafar (Aladdin)

text: In "Kingdom Hearts II", Jafar's lamp is found by the Peddler, making him a target for Pete as he reveals his intent to make Jafar into a Heartless under his control.


title: Jafar (Aladdin)

text: Once Pete is driven off, the lamp is placed within the palace for safe keeping. However, Jafar is later released by the Peddler and he threatens Iago into helping him get Sora and his friends on a wild goose chase to their death while he captures Princess Jasmine. After the heroes arrive, with Iago taking a hit meant for Aladdin, Sora defeats Jafar, causing him to implode with his lamp dissolving soon after. Facsimiles of Jafar appear in "", based on Sora's memories, and "", based on the digitized data from Jiminy's Journal. Jonathan Freeman voiced Jafar in both games.


title: Jafar (Aladdin)

text: Jafar appears in "Descendants" alongside Maleficent, Cruella de Vil, and the Evil Queen, as part of a group of Disney villains who are the parents of the film's four main characters, with Maz Jobrani playing the role. In the film, he is the father of Jay, who steals items for his father's store.


title: Jafar (Aladdin)

text: In the Disney's Hollywood Studios version of Fantasmic! Nighttime Show Spectacular, Jafar is one of the villains the Evil Queen evokes to fight Mickey Mouse and ruin his imagination. Jafar appears with Maleficent, Ursula and Oogie Boogie in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom Halloween-themed fireworks program "HalloWishes" at Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party. In the StarKid Productions musical "Twisted", a parody of both "Aladdin" inspired by the musical "Wicked", Jafar is a main character and the storyline tells the Aladdin story from his point of view. Jafar is featured in many episodes of "Disney's House of Mouse" where he is often found in the audience. In one episode "Donald's Lamp Trade", Jafar hypnotizes Donald Duck to steal a lamp for him, but it turns out that he only wanted a clock-like lamp and not the real magical one. Jafar also appears in another episode "Pete's House of Villains" in which he keeps the other Aladdin characters from coming into House of Mouse. He also appears briefly in "" and appears in "Mickey's House of Villains" as the main antagonist and the leader of Disney Villains.


title: Jafar (Aladdin)

text: A live-action version of Jafar appears in the "Once Upon a Time" spin-off "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland". Naveen Andrews portrays the character, an ally of the Red Queen. In this continuity, Jafar is the illegitimate son of the Sultan, and his interest in genies stems from his mentor and lover, Amara, who discovered a ritual that could be used to rewrite the laws of magic using the power of three genies and two sorcerers. Jafar betrayed Amara by transforming her into his serpent staff so that he could have her power for himself. Andrews did not reprise his role in "Once Upon a Time"'s sixth season due to a scheduling conflict, and he was replaced by Oded Fehr.


title: FreeCell

text: FreeCell is a solitaire card game played using the standard 52-card deck. It is fundamentally different from most solitaire games in that very few deals are unsolvable, and all cards are dealt face-up from the very beginning of the game. Although software implementations vary, most versions label the hands with a number (derived from the seed value used by the random number generator to shuffle the cards).


title: FreeCell

text: Microsoft has included a FreeCell computer game with every release of the Windows operating system since 1995, greatly contributing to the game's popularity among users of personal computers, even leading to the creation of several websites devoted to FreeCell. Microsoft FreeCell is so definitive for many FreeCell players that many other software implementations strive for compatibility with its random number generator in order to replicate its numbered hands.


title: FreeCell

text: It is estimated that 99.999% of possible deals are solvable. Deal number 11982 from the Windows version of FreeCell is an example of an unsolvable FreeCell deal, the only deal among the original "Microsoft 32,000" which is unsolvable.


title: FreeCell

text: One of the oldest ancestors of FreeCell is Eight Off. In the June 1968 edition of "Scientific American", Martin Gardner described in his "Mathematical Games" column a game by C. L. Baker that is similar to FreeCell, except that cards on the tableau are built by suit rather than by alternate colors. Gardner wrote, "The game was taught to Baker by his father, who in turn learned it from an Englishman during the 1920s." This variant is now called Baker's Game. FreeCell's origins may date back even further to 1945 and to a Scandinavian game called Napoleon in St. Helena (not the solitaire game Napoleon at St Helena, also known as Forty Thieves).


title: FreeCell

text: Paul Alfille changed Baker's Game by making cards build according to alternate colors, thus creating FreeCell. He implemented the first computerised version as a medical student at the University of Illinois, in the TUTOR programming language for the PLATO educational computer system in 1978. Alfille was able to display easily recognizable graphical images of playing cards on the monochrome display on the PLATO systems.


title: FreeCell

text: This original FreeCell environment allowed games with 4–10 columns and 1–10 cells in addition to the standard game. For each variant, the program stored a ranked list of the players with the longest winning streaks. There was also a tournament system that allowed people to compete to win difficult hand-picked deals. Paul Alfille described this early FreeCell environment in more detail in an interview from 2000.


title: FreeCell

text: Other solitaire games related to or inspired by FreeCell include Seahaven Towers, Penguin, Stalactites, ForeCell, Antares (a cross with Scorpion).


title: FreeCell

text: The FreeCell game has a constant number of cards. This implies that in constant time, a person or computer could list all of the possible moves from a given start configuration and discover a winning set of moves or, assuming the game cannot be solved, the lack thereof. To perform an interesting complexity analysis one must construct a generalized version of the FreeCell game with cards. This generalized version of the game is NP-complete; it is unlikely that any algorithm more efficient than a brute-force search exists that can find solutions for arbitrary generalized FreeCell configurations.


title: FreeCell

text: There are 52! (i.e., 52 factorial), or approximately 8, distinct deals. However, some games are effectively identical to others because suits assigned to cards are arbitrary or columns can be swapped. After taking these factors into account, there are approximately 1.75 distinct games.


title: Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: Ukraine participated in and won the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, Italy, with the song "Stefania" performed by the group Kalush Orchestra. The Ukrainian broadcaster Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine (UA:PBC) organised a national final in order to select the Ukrainian entry for the 2022 contest. Eight entries competed in the national selection held on 12 February 2022 and "Tini zabutykh predkiv" performed by Alina Pash was selected as the winner following the combination of votes from a three-member jury panel and a public televote. UA:PBC confirmed on 16 February 2022 that Pash would not represent Ukraine following controversy regarding her travel history to the territory of Crimea, and announced the national final runner-up, "Stefania" performed by Kalush Orchestra, as the Ukrainian entry on 22 February 2022.


text: Ukraine was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 10 May 2022. Performing during the show in position 6, "Stefania" was announced among the top 10 entries of the first semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final on 14 May. It was later revealed that Ukraine placed first out of the 17 participating countries in the semi-final with 337 points. In the final, Ukraine performed in position 12 and placed first out of the 25 participating countries, winning the contest with 631 points including a record televoting score of 439 points. This was Ukraine's third win in the Eurovision Song Contest; having last won in .


text: Prior to the 2022 contest, Ukraine has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest sixteen times since its first entry in , winning it in with the song "Wild Dances" performed by Ruslana. Following the introduction of semi-finals for 2004, Ukraine is the only country that has managed to qualify to the final in every contest they have participated in thus far. Ukraine has been the runner-up in the contest on two occasions: in with "Dancing Lasha Tumbai" by Verka Serduchka and in with "Shady Lady" by Ani Lorak; and it won the contest for a second time in with "1944" by Jamala. Ukraine's least successful result has been 24th place, which they achieved, as hosts, in , with the song "Time" performed by O.Torvald.


text: The Ukrainian national broadcaster, Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine (UA:PBC), broadcasts the event within Ukraine and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. UA:PBC confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2022 Eurovision Song Contest on 18 June 2021. In the past, UA:PBC had alternated between both internal selections and national finals in order to select the Ukrainian entry. Between 2016 and 2020, the broadcaster, in collaboration with commercial broadcaster STB, had set up national finals with several artists to choose both the song and performer to compete at Eurovision for Ukraine, with both the public and a panel of jury members involved in the selection. On 30 August 2021, it was announced that UA:PBC had terminated their partnership with STB, with the broadcaster announcing on 8 October 2021 that they would independently organise a national final to select the 2022 Ukrainian entry. Production companies had the opportunity to submit their proposals until 24 October 2021 and the selected company, Friends Pro TV, was announced on 29 December 2021.


text: "2022" was the sixth edition of which selected the Ukrainian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2022. The competition took place at the NAU Center of Culture and Arts in Kyiv and consisted of a final on 12 February 2022. The show was hosted by Maria Efrosinina with Timur Miroshnychenko as the backstage host, and broadcast on UA:Pershyi, via radio on Radio Promin with commentary by Oleksandr Zakharchenko and Anna Zakletska, and online via UA:PBC's official website "tv.suspilne.media" as well as Facebook and YouTube broadcasts.


text: The selection of the competing entries for the national final and ultimately the Ukrainian Eurovision entry took place over three stages. In the first stage, artists and songwriters had the opportunity to apply for the competition either through an online submission form. Twenty-seven acts were longlisted and announced on 17 January 2022. The second stage involved the longlisted artists attending a scheduled audition during designated dates. Eight acts were selected and announced on 24 January 2022. The third stage was the televised final, which took place on 12 February 2022 and featured the eight acts vying to represent Ukraine in Turin. The winner was selected via the 50/50 combination of votes from a public televote and an expert jury. Both the public televote and the expert jury assigned scores ranging from 1 (lowest) to 8 (highest) and the entry that had the highest number of points following the combination of these scores was declared the winner. Viewers participating in the public televote had the opportunity to submit a single vote per phone number for each of the participating entries via SMS. In the event of a tie, the tie was decided in favour of the entry that received the highest score from the public televote.


text: Artists and composers had the opportunity to submit their entries via an online submission form which accepted entries between 14 December 2021 and 10 January 2022. Only artists that had not performed in Russia since 2014 and entered the territory of Crimea without due permission were allowed to apply for the competition. A selection panel that included music producer of the show Mykhailo Koshevy, television producer of the show Oleksiy Honcharenko and UA:PBC managing board member reviewed the 284 received submissions and longlisted 27 entries, of which their artists were announced on 17 January 2022. Auditions were later held at the My Dream Space venue in Kyiv where eight entries were shortlisted to compete in the national final. On 24 January 2022, the eight selected competing acts were announced during a press conference held at the Radio Hub of the Public Media Academy of UA:PBC. Among the finalists was Ihor Didenchuk (member of Kalush Orchestra) who represented Ukraine in as a member of Go_A.


text: On 25 January 2022, UA:PBC announced that "Head Under Water", written by Daniel Boting and to have been performed by Laud, was disqualified from the national final as the song was previously released in 2018. "Hear My Words" performed by Barleben was announced as the replacement entry on the same day.


text: The final took place on 12 February 2022. Eight entries competed and the winner, "" performed by Alina Pash, was selected through the combination of votes from a public televote and an expert jury. Ties were decided in favour of the entries that received higher scores from the public televote. 77,843 votes were registered by the televote during the show. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, former Ukrainian Eurovision entrants Jamala, Tina Karol and Go_A (), as well as former Ukrainian Junior Eurovision entrants Darina Krasnovetska (), Sophia Ivanko (), Oleksandr Balabanov () and Olena Usenko () performed as guests.


text: Following Alina Pash's victory, runner-up Kalush Orchestra accused the organisers of falsifying the results. Lead singer Oleh Psiuk claimed that the organisers of the selection had refused to speak to him after several technical issues had occurred during the announcement of the results; incorrect points were given during the allocation of the televotes, leading to a failure of the electronic scoreboard with host Timur Miroshnychenko manually announcing the results from a sheet of paper. After the show, a video emerged of Psiuk confronting a producer in a corridor. On a livestream, Psiuk claimed that the producer had refused to answer his questions, and went on to state that he intended to challenge the organisers in court. Suspilne and its audit partner PwC maintained the validity of the results, stating that the technical difficulties had had no impact on the results. Jury member and chairman of the organising committee, Yaroslav Lodyhin, stated that he would be ready to resign from his position as further proof of the broadcaster's good faith. His resignation came into effect on 18 February. The full results of the selection were published on 22 February.


text: On 16 February, a 2015 VK post by Kalush Orchestra member Tymofii Muzychuk surfaced, portraying the musician in front of St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow. The group's management stated that the photo had been taken before 2014, and that Muzychuk had traveled to Russia in 2013 to perform at a concert in Moscow and at an event in Krasnodar, which he claimed to have been his last time in the country.


text: Following the controversy surrounding Maruv in the 2019 national final, which led to Ukraine withdrawing from the Eurovision Song Contest that year, a new rule was introduced starting from which bars artists who have performed in Russia since 2014 or have entered Crimea "in violation of the legislation of Ukraine" from entering the competition. On 14 February 2022, activist and video blogger Serhii Sternenko alleged that Pash had entered Crimea from Russian territory in 2015, and counterfeited her travel documentation with her team in order to take part in . UA:PBC subsequently stated that they would request the Ukrainian State Border Guard Service to verify if the documentation is forged, and that Pash would not officially be the Ukrainian representative at the contest "until the verification and clarification of the facts is completed". Andrii Demchenko, speaking on behalf of the Guard Service, maintained that the certificate Pash had handed in to the broadcaster had not been issued by them, but that a request to cross the border had been made by the artist, and that UA:PBC would be provided with the results of the investigation by 16 February at 11:00 (EET). Chairwoman of the broadcaster's Supervisory Board, , later called a meeting on 18 February in order to discuss the situation surrounding the national final.


text: Pash's management addressed the accusations stating that she had entered Crimea from the Ukrainian border, and that the certificate had been requested by a "team member" rather than Pash herself. They had assured to be analyzing the circumstances surrounding the obtainment of the document. On 16 February, Pash claimed on an Instagram post that the State Border Guard Service had not been able to provide her with a new certificate as proof of her entrance to Crimea, as she had requested in the wake of the controversy, since related records are only kept for five years. Shortly after, Pash announced on her social media pages that she would withdraw her candidacy as the Ukrainian representative at the Eurovision Song Contest. On the same day, UA:PBC stated it had decided to "cease her participation" and that "the artist agreed with this decision of the organizing committee". On 2 June, Pash admitted to forging the documents and apologised for her actions.


text: Following the withdrawal of Alina Pash, UA:PBC stated that one of the entries that competed in the national final would be selected to represent Ukraine at the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 during the 18 February meeting. Kalush Orchestra were offered the proposal on 17 February, however it was later reported that they would refuse to sign the participation contract until the detailed results of the national final were released. On 22 February, simultaneously with the release of the detailed results, the group accepted the offer to represent Ukraine.


text: Following the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, UA:PBC and Kalush Orchestra had yet to formally comment on whether their Eurovision participation would continue. On 14 March, executive producers of the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, and Simona Martorelli, confirmed that Ukraine would still be competing; this was later reaffirmed by the broadcaster on 19 March via a post on its social media pages. They added that work would commence on their 'live-on-tape' backup performance, which was planned to be recorded in Lviv. The Ukrainian delegation was later exempted from the requirement to do so, with their national final performance acting as the 'live-on-tape' that would be used in the event that the group was unable to travel to Turin. On 2 April, UA:PBC confirmed that Kalush Orchestra and the rest of the delegation were given permission from state authorities to travel to Turin for the contest, adding that the group would also take part in promotional events across Europe to raise donations for war relief efforts.


text: On 7 April, Kalush Orchestra performed during the "Israel Calling" event held at the Menora Mivtachim Arena in Tel Aviv, Israel. The group also performed on 9 April during the "Eurovision in Concert" event which was held at the AFAS Live venue in Amsterdam, Netherlands and hosted by Cornald Maas and Edsilia Rombley, and completed promotional activities in Poland by appearing during the TVP2 morning show on 18 April.


text: According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 25 January 2022, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Ukraine was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 10 May 2022, and was scheduled to perform in the first half of the show.


text: Once all the competing songs for the 2022 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the shows' producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Ukraine was set to perform in position 6, following the entry from Denmark and before the entry from Norway.


text: In Ukraine, both the semi-finals and the final were broadcast on and via radio on Radio Promin with commentary by Timur Miroshnychenko. The Ukrainian spokesperson, who announced the top 12-point score awarded by the Ukrainian jury during the final, was member of 2021 Ukrainian representatives Go_A Kateryna Pavlenko.


text: Kalush Orchestra took part in technical rehearsals on 30 April and 4 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 9 and 10 May. This included the jury show on 9 May where the professional juries of each country watched and voted on the competing entries.


text: The Ukrainian performance featured the members of Kalush Orchestra performing on stage in traditional outfits; Oleh Psiuk and Tymofii Muzychuk were both dressed in Ukrainian historical costumes from Hutsul. The stage displayed blue and yellow lighting with the view of a sunrise appearing on the LED screens at the beginning, and was followed by silhouettes of the group members that leaned left and right as well as hands and eyes, the latter of which symbolised the eyes of a mother that was "filled with tears because of the lost spring, and her hands that protect the yellow-and-blue universe" as stated by the Ukrainian delegation. The stage director and choreographer for the Ukrainian performance was Oleksii Zhembrovskyi. Before the semi-final, it was revealed that the group were requested multiple times to rework their staging plans to remain apolitical, as "guided by the rules of 'out of politics'".


text: At the end of the show, Ukraine was announced as having finished in the top 10 and subsequently qualifying for the grand final. It was later revealed that Ukraine placed first in the semi-final, receiving a total of 337 points: 135 points from the televoting and 202 points from the juries.


text: Shortly after the first semi-final, a winners' press conference was held for the ten qualifying countries. As part of this press conference, the qualifying artists took part in a draw to determine which half of the grand final they would subsequently participate in. This draw was done in the order the countries appeared in the semi-final running order. Ukraine was drawn to compete in the first half. Following this draw, the shows' producers decided upon the running order of the final, as they had done for the semi-finals. Ukraine was subsequently placed to perform in position 12, following the entry from the Netherlands and before the entry from Germany.


text: Kalush Orchestra once again took part in dress rehearsals on 13 and 14 May before the final, including the jury final where the professional juries cast their final votes before the live show. The group performed a repeat of their semi-final performance during the final on 14 May. After the group finished their performance, Oleh Psiuk shouted: "I ask all of you, please help Ukraine, Mariupol. Help Azovstal, right now!" The contest's rules precludes promoting political statements and messages, and several commentators noted that Psiuk's statement could be in breach of the rules. However, the EBU deemed the statement to be "humanitarian rather than political in nature”.


text: Ukraine won the contest placing first with a score of 631 points: 439 points from the televoting (received from every country with all but Serbia awarding 8, 10 or 12 points) and 192 points from the juries. This was Ukraine's third victory in the Eurovision Song Contest; their previous victories were in and . "Stefania" also became the first song sung entirely in Ukrainian to win the contest, and the first winning song in the hip-hop genre.


text: Voting during the three shows involved each country awarding two sets of points from 1-8, 10 and 12: one from their professional jury and the other from televoting. Each nation's jury consisted of five music industry professionals who are citizens of the country they represent. This jury judged each entry based on: vocal capacity; the stage performance; the song's composition and originality; and the overall impression by the act. In addition, each member of a national jury may only take part in the panel once every three years, and no jury was permitted to discuss of their vote with other members or be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently. The individual rankings of each jury member in an anonymised form as well as the nation's televoting results were released shortly after the grand final.


text: Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Ukraine and awarded by Ukraine in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest, and the breakdown of the jury voting and televoting conducted during the two shows:


title: Lauren Morelli

text: Morelli, who grew up in the Pittsburgh suburb of McCandless, Pennsylvania, graduated from Winchester Thurston School and then studied dance at Marymount Manhattan College in New York City, until a back injury ended her career in dance.


title: Lauren Morelli

text: After several years of mourning the loss of her dancing career, Morelli was inspired by a college professor to pursue a career in writing. She began with short stories and small blog pieces until she landed her first professional writing position on the 2013 Netflix series "Orange Is the New Black". She was appointed the role of "lead writer" for two episodes of the first season of "Orange Is the New Black", "WAC-Pack" and "Tall Men with Feelings". Morelli has also worked as a playwright: her short play "Roach & Rat" was featured in Lesser America's production of "Just Right Just Now" in New York.


title: Lauren Morelli

text: Morelli has been nominated for the 2014 Online Film and Television Association's award for Best Writing in a Comedy Series and the 2014 and 2015 Writers Guild of America's award for Best Comedy Series, for her work on "Orange Is the New Black", along with several other writers from the show.


title: Lauren Morelli

text: Morelli is a lesbian. In September 2014, Morelli filed for divorce from her husband of two years, Steve Basilone. On October 4, 2016, Morelli announced her engagement to actress Samira Wiley, with whom she had been in a relationship since publicly coming out. They married on March 25, 2017. Morelli gave birth to their daughter, named George Elizabeth, on April 11, 2021.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Air-independent propulsion (AIP), or air-independent power, is any marine propulsion technology that allows a non-nuclear submarine to operate without access to atmospheric oxygen (by surfacing or using a snorkel). AIP can augment or replace the diesel-electric propulsion system of non-nuclear vessels.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Modern non-nuclear submarines are potentially stealthier than nuclear submarines; although some modern submarine reactors are designed to rely on natural circulation, most naval nuclear reactors use pumps to constantly circulate the reactor coolant, generating some amount of detectable noise. Non-nuclear submarines running on battery power or AIP, on the other hand, can be virtually silent. While nuclear-powered designs still dominate in submergence times, speed, range and deep-ocean performance; small, high-tech non-nuclear attack submarines can be highly effective in coastal operations and pose a significant threat to less-stealthy and less-maneuverable nuclear submarines.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: AIP is usually implemented as an auxiliary source, with the traditional diesel engine handling surface propulsion. Most such systems generate electricity, which in turn drives an electric motor for propulsion or recharges the boat's batteries. The submarine's electrical system is also used for providing "hotel services"—ventilation, lighting, heating etc.—although this consumes a small amount of power compared to that required for propulsion.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: AIP can be retrofitted into existing submarine hulls by inserting an additional hull section. AIP does not typically provide the endurance or power to replace atmospheric dependent propulsion, but allows for longer underwater endurance than a conventionally propelled submarine. A typical conventional power plant provides 3 megawatts maximum, and an AIP source around 10% of that. A nuclear submarine's propulsion plant is usually much greater than 20 megawatts.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The United States Navy uses the hull classification symbol "SSP" to designate boats powered by AIP, while retaining "SSK" for classic diesel-electric attack submarines.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: In the development of the submarine, the problem of finding satisfactory forms of propulsion underwater has been persistent.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The earliest submarines were man-powered with hand-cranked propellers, which quickly used up the air inside; these vessels had to move for much of the time on the surface with hatches open, or use some form of breathing tube, both inherently dangerous and resulting in a number of early accidents.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Later, mechanically driven vessels used compressed air or steam, or electricity, which had to be re-charged from shore or from an on-board aerobic engine.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The earliest attempt at a fuel that would burn anaerobically was in 1867, when Spanish engineer Narciso Monturiol successfully developed a chemically powered anaerobic or air independent steam engine.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: In 1908 the Imperial Russian Navy launched the submarine "Pochtovy", which used a gasoline engine fed with compressed air and exhausted under water.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: These two approaches, the use of a fuel that provides energy to an open-cycle system, and the provision of oxygen to an aerobic engine in a closed cycle, characterize AIP today.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Air independent propulsion (non-nuclear) can take various forms. All currently active AIP submarines require oxygen for AIP, which is commonly stored as a liquid (LOX). AIP submarine range is primarily limited by the amount of LOX it can carry.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: During World War II the German firm Walter experimented with submarines that used high-test (concentrated) hydrogen peroxide as their source of oxygen under water. These used steam turbines, employing steam heated by burning diesel fuel in the steam/oxygen atmosphere created by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by a potassium permanganate catalyst.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Several experimental boats were produced, though the work did not mature into any viable combat vessels. One drawback was the instability and scarcity of the fuel involved. Another was that while the system produced high underwater speeds, it was extravagant with fuel; the first boat, "V-80", required 28 tons of fuel to travel , and the final designs were little better.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: After the war one Type XVII boat, , which had been scuttled at the end of World War II, was salvaged and recommissioned into the Royal Navy as . The British built two improved models in the late 1950s, , and . "Meteorite" was not popular with its crews, who regarded it as dangerous and volatile; she was officially described as 75% safe. The reputations of "Excalibur" and "Explorer" were little better; the boats were nicknamed Excruciater and Exploder.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The Soviet Union also experimented with the technology and one experimental boat was built which utilized hydrogen peroxide in a Walter engine.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The United States also received a Type XVII boat, "U-1406", and went on to begin two AIP submarine projects. Project SCB 66 developed an experimental midget submarine, , which was launched in September 1955. It was originally powered by a hydrogen peroxide/diesel engine and battery system until an explosion of her hydrogen peroxide supply on 20 May 1957. "X-1" was later converted to a diesel-electric.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The second U.S. Navy project was of a full sized AIP submarine under SCB 67 in 1950, later SCB 67A. This submarine, designated SSX, would have one of three propulsion plants under development: a Walther open cycle hydrogen peroxide plant (termed "Alton"), a liquid oxygen steam plant ("Ellis"), and an AIP gas turbine ("Wolverine"). By late 1951 the Navy realized that while the competing nuclear designs were heavier due to shielding, they were more compact than the three AIP plants: the SSX would be longer than the SSN by nearly 40 feet. The SSN would likely be quieter and less complicated than the AIP technology of this time. By 1952 the nuclear reactors were so far along in development it appeared that the SSX submarine would not be needed as a stopgap. The project was cancelled on 26 October 1953.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The USSR and the UK, the only other countries known to be experimenting with the technology at that time, also abandoned it when the US developed the nuclear reactor small enough for submarine propulsion. Other nations, including Germany and Sweden, would later recommence AIP development.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: It was retained for propelling torpedoes by the British and the Soviet Union, although hastily abandoned by the former following the tragedy. Both this and the loss of the were due to accidents involving hydrogen peroxide propelled torpedoes.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: This technology uses a submarine diesel engine which can be operated conventionally on the surface, but which can also be provided with oxidant, usually stored as liquid oxygen, when submerged. Since the metal of an engine would burn in pure oxygen, the oxygen is usually diluted with recycled exhaust gas. Argon replaces exhaust gas when the engine is started.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: In the late 1930s the Soviet Union experimented with closed-cycle engines, and a number of small M-class vessels were built using the REDO system, but none were completed before the German invasion in 1941.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: During World War II the German "Kriegsmarine" experimented with such a system as an alternative to the Walter peroxide system, designing variants of their Type XVII U-boat and their Type XXVIIB "Seehund" midget submarine, the Type XVIIK and Type XXVIIK respectively, though neither was completed before the war's end.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: After the war the USSR developed the small 650-ton submarine, of which thirty were built between 1953 and 1956. These had three diesel engines—two were conventional and one was closed cycle using liquid oxygen.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: In the Soviet system, called a "single propulsion system", oxygen was added after the exhaust gases had been filtered through a lime-based chemical absorbent. The submarine could also run its diesel using a snorkel. The Quebec had three drive shafts: a 32D diesel on the centre shaft and two M-50P diesels on the outer shafts. In addition a "creep" motor was coupled to the centre shaft. The boat could be run at slow speed using the centreline diesel only.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Because liquid oxygen cannot be stored indefinitely, these boats could not operate far from a base. It was dangerous; at least seven submarines suffered explosions, and one of these, , sank following an explosion and fire. They were sometimes nicknamed cigarette lighters. The last submarine using this technology was scrapped in the early 1970s.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The French MESMA (Module d'Energie Sous-Marin Autonome) system is offered by French shipyard DCNS. MESMA is available for the "Agosta" 90B and s. It is essentially a modified version of their nuclear propulsion system with heat generated by ethanol and oxygen. Specifically, a conventional steam turbine power plant is powered by steam generated from the combustion of ethanol and stored oxygen at a pressure of 60 atmospheres. This pressure-firing allows exhaust carbon dioxide to be expelled overboard at any depth without an exhaust compressor.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Each MESMA system costs around $50–60 million. As installed on the Scorpènes, it requires adding an , 305-tonne hull section to the submarine, and results in a submarine able to operate for greater than 21 days underwater, depending on variables such as speed. On the Agosta 90B, the AIP system allows the submarine to operate 16 days under water and gives it a range of .


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: An article in "Undersea Warfare Magazine" notes that: "although MESMA can provide higher output power than the other alternatives, its inherent efficiency is the lowest of the four AIP candidates, and its rate of oxygen consumption is correspondingly higher."


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The Swedish shipbuilder Kockums constructed three s for the Swedish Navy that are fitted with an auxiliary Stirling engine that burns diesel fuel with liquid oxygen to drive 75 kW electrical generators for either propulsion or charging batteries. The underwater endurance of the 1,500-tonne boats is around 14 days at , with an approximate range of 1700 nautical miles.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Kockums refurbished and upgraded the Swedish submarines with a Stirling AIP plugin section. Two ("Södermanland" and "Östergötland") are in service in Sweden as the , and two others are in service in Singapore as the ("Archer" and "Swordsman").


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Kockums also delivered Stirling engines to Japan. Ten Japanese submarines were equipped with Stirling engines. The first submarine in the class, , was launched on 5 December 2007 and delivered to the navy in March 2009. The eleventh of the class is the first one that is equipped with lithium-ion batteries without a Stirling engine. This submarine may have a range from AIP of 6500 nautical miles and can remain submerged for 40 days.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The new Swedish has the Stirling AIP system as its main energy source. The submerged endurance will be more than 18 days at 5 knots using AIP.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Siemens has developed a 30–50 kilowatt fuel cell unit, a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel and oxidiser into electricity. Fuel cells differ from batteries in that they require a continuous source of fuel (such as hydrogen) and oxygen, which are carried in the vessel in pressurized tanks, to sustain the chemical reaction. Nine of these units are incorporated into Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft AG's 1,830 t submarine , lead ship for the Type 212A of the German Navy. The other boats of this class and HDW's AIP equipped export submarines, , Type 209 mod and Type 214, use two modules, also from Siemens. The Type 212 can remain submerged for 21 days; one such submarine conducted a 1600 nautical mile journey solely on AIP in 2016.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: After the success of Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft AG in its export activities, several builders developed fuel-cell auxiliary units for submarines, but as of 2008 no other shipyard has a contract for a submarine so equipped.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The AIP implemented on the of the Spanish Navy is based on a bioethanol-processor (provided by Hynergreen from Abengoa, SA) consisting of a reaction chamber and several intermediate Coprox reactors, that transform the BioEtOH into high purity hydrogen. The output feeds a series of fuel cells from Collins Aerospace (which also supplied fuel cells for the Space Shuttle).


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The reformer is fed with bioethanol as fuel, and oxygen (stored as a liquid in a high pressure cryogenic tank), generating hydrogen as a sub-product. The produced hydrogen and more oxygen is fed to the fuel cells.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: China has been researching fuel cell engines for AIP submarines. The Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics reportedly developed 100-kW and 1000-kW fuel cell engines.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: The Naval Materials Research Laboratory of Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation in collaboration with Larsen & Toubro and Thermax has developed a 270 kilowatt phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) to power the s, which are based on the design. All six "Kalvari"-class submarines will be retrofitted with AIP during their first upgrade. It produces electricity by reacting with hydrogen generated from sodium borohydride and stored oxygen with phosphoric acid acting as an electrolyte.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Air-independent propulsion is a term normally used in the context of improving the performance of conventionally propelled submarines. However, as an auxiliary power supply, nuclear power falls into the technical definition of AIP. For example, a proposal to use a small 200-kilowatt reactor for auxiliary power—styled by AECL as a "nuclear battery"—could improve the under-ice capability of Canadian submarines.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: Nuclear reactors have been used since the 1950s to power submarines. The first such submarine was USS "Nautilus" commissioned in 1954. Today, China, France, India, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are the only countries to have built and operated nuclear-powered submarines successfully.


title: Air-independent propulsion

text: As of 2017, some 10 nations are building AIP submarines with almost 20 nations operating AIP based submarines:


title: Khanda (Sikh symbol)

text: The Khanda () is the symbol of the Sikh faith which attained its current form around the 1930s during the Ghadar Movement.


title: Khanda (Sikh symbol)

text: The modern Sikh symbol/logo is never written on or in any copy of the Guru Granth Sahib. The main symbol/logo traditionally used in the Guru Granth Sahib and Gurdwaras around the world is "Ek Onkar". Traditionally, it was very common to see "Ek Onkar" above the entrance to a Gurdwara, or on the front page of the Guru Granth Sahib. The other one was the Aad Chand.


title: Khanda (Sikh symbol)

text: It depicts the Sikh doctrine "Deg Tegh Fateh" in emblematic form. It consists of three weapons and a circle: the khanda, two kirpans and the chakkar which is a sharp circular


title: Khanda (Sikh symbol)

text: Throwing Weapon. Deg Teg Fateh (), or Victory to Charity and Arms) is a Sikh slogan and the title of an anthem in the Punjabi language that signifies the dual obligations of the Khalsa: The responsibility to provide food, and to provide protection, for the needy and oppressed. Deg refers to the "cauldron" and Tegh to the "sword". The cauldron or kettle symbolizes charity and is a reference to the Sikh religious obligation to provide langar, the free distribution of food, to all people, irrespective of an individual's religion, caste or ethnicity. The sword, or (kirpan), represents the warrior code of the Khalsa. The Khanda icon conveys these two principles. It is the military emblem of the Sikhs. It is also part of the design of the "Nishan Sahib". A double-edged khanda (sword) is placed at the top of a Nishan Sahib flag as an ornament or finial.


title: Khanda (Sikh symbol)

text: In recent years, the Khanda has been used to show solidarity within the Sikh community after high-profile shootings in the United States.


title: Khanda (Sikh symbol)

text: Another symbol that may be confused with the Khanda is the "aad chand" (lit. "half moon") of the Nihang, which consists of a "khanda" sword in the middle of a crescent, aligned with points upward.


title: Honesty

text: Honesty or truthfulness is a facet of moral character that connotes positive and virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness, including straightforwardness of conduct, along with the absence of lying, cheating, theft, etc. Honesty also involves being trustworthy, loyal, fair, and sincere.


title: Honesty

text: "Honesty is the best policy" is a proverb of Edwin Sandys (died 1629), while the quote "Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom" is attributed to Thomas Jefferson, as used in a letter to Nathaniel Macon. April 30 is national Honesty Day in the United States.


title: Honesty

text: William Shakespeare famously described honesty as an attribute people leave behind when he wrote that "no legacy is so rich as honesty" in act 3, scene 5 of "All's Well that Ends Well."


title: Honesty

text: Others have noted, however, that "too much honesty might be seen as undisciplined openness". For example, individuals may be perceived as being "too honest" if they honestly express the negative opinions of others, either without having been asked their opinion, or having been asked in a circumstance where the response would be trivial. This concern manifests in the concept of political correctness, with individuals refraining from expressing their true opinions due to a general societal condemnation of such views. Research has also found that honesty can lead to interpersonal harm because people avoid information about how their honest behavior affects others. If you plant Honesty you will reap trust.


title: Honesty

text: Merriam-Webster defines honesty as "fairness and straightforwardness of conduct" or "adherence to the facts."


title: Honesty

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary" defines honesty as "the quality of being honest." Honest is, in turn, defined as "Free of deceit; truthful and sincere...Morally correct or virtuous...(attributive) Fairly earned, especially through hard work...(of an action) done with good intentions even if unsuccessful or misguided...(attributive) Simple, unpretentious, and unsophisticated.


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: "Oh Yeah" is a single released in 1985 by the band Yello and featured on their album "Stella". The song features a mix of electronic music and manipulated vocals. The song gained popularity after being featured in the films "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" and "The Secret of My Success", among other films. It is a popular staple in pop culture.


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: Describing the composition of "Oh Yeah," Boris Blank said, "First I did the music and then I invited Dieter to sing along, and he came up with some lines which I thought, 'no Dieter, it's too complicated, we don't need that many lyrics'. I had the idea of just this guy, a fat little monster sits there very relaxed and says, "Oh yeah, oh yeah". So I told him, 'Why don't you try just to sing on and on 'oh yeah'?... Dieter was very angry when I told him this and he said, 'are you crazy, all the time "Oh yeah"? Are you crazy?! I can't do this, no no, come on, come on.' And then he said, 'some lyrics, like "the moon... beautiful", is this too much?!' and I said, 'no, it's OK', and then he did this 'oh yeah' and at the end he thought, 'yeah it's nice', he loved it himself also. And also I wanted to install lots of human noises, all kind of phonetic rhythms with my mouth; you hear lots of noises in the background which are done with my mouth."


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: The song (and others) has been aggressively shopped around, the group going so far as to produce a special "All Time Classics" CD for advertising, television and movies.


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: The song has been wildly successful, and was the basis for Dieter Meier's investment fortune, which as of 2017 was valued at an estimated $175 million.


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: After its use in the 1986 film "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" an "incredibly infectious song" from which it became virtually known as 'the Ferris Bueller song' the song was used in various other film soundtracks through the end of the decade and developed a reputation as a 1980s Hollywood cliche. It was prominently used in the 1987 film "The Secret of My Success". It was also part of the soundtrack in "She's Out of Control" and "Opportunity Knocks". The song was used in a series of Twix commercials from 1988 to 1990. It was also used in the 1989 film "K-9".


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: Film critic Jonathan Bernstein observed that despite never reaching hit status, the song "has become synonymous with avarice and lust. Every time a movie, TV show or commercial wants to underline the jaw-dropping impact of a hot babe or sleek auto, that synth-drum starts popping and that deep voice rumbles, 'Oh yeah…". A 2014 article on "The Dissolve" website, suggests the song is used to metaphorically represent lust (in various forms) and cocaine.


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: The song became a conceit on "The Simpsons", being used when Duffman appears; an idiomatic staple in video games; and a repeated choice in television advertisements.


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: Matthew Broderick reprised his Bueller role in a Honda commercial aired during the Super Bowl XLVI, in which "Oh Yeah" was featured. A teaser for the ad had appeared two weeks prior to the Super Bowl, which had created rumors of a possible film sequel. It was produced by Santa Monica-based RPA and directed by Todd Phillips. Adweek's Tim Nudd called the ad "a great homage to the original 1986 film, with Broderick this time calling in sick to a film shoot and enjoying another day of slacking." On the other hand, "Jalopnik"'s Matt Hardigree called the spot "sacrilegious".


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: The song appears in the video game "Gran Turismo 4", both as one of the songs of the racing BGM and the music played when the player fails a License Test.


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: The song also appears in the live-action/computer animated musical comedy film "" in the scene of Toby's horrible school memory (at the time Toby was played by Zachary Levi).


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: The song features prominently in an episode of the comedy series "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", "Sweet Dee Has a Heart Attack". Characters refer to it as "that song from the 80s, 'Day Bow Bow and reference its use in "The Secret of My Success". Later in the same episode, the actual song plays when Charlie Kelly talks about himself receiving mail from an imaginary man named Pepe Silvia, which later became an internet meme.


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: The song was used during a sketch on the TV show "Saturday Night Live", with celebrity guest Margot Robbie.


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: The song was used in the 2017 films "" and "", the latter using footage from "Ferris Bueller's Day Off".


title: Oh Yeah (Yello song)

text: Jerry Smith does karaoke to the song in the "Rick and Morty" episode "Amortycan Grickfitti" while his kids joyride in his father-in-law Rick's spaceship.


title: Wonder Bread

text: Wonder Bread is a brand of sliced bread which originated in the United States in 1921 and was one of the first to be sold pre-sliced nationwide in 1930. The brand is currently owned by Flowers Foods in the United States.


title: Wonder Bread

text: The Taggart Baking Company of Indianapolis, Indiana, began producing Wonder Bread that debuted on May 21, 1921, following a blind promotion with ads that only stated a "Wonder" was coming on that date. The brand was named by vice president for merchandising development Elmer Cline, who was inspired by the International Balloon Race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Cline was filled with "wonder" by the scene of hundreds of balloons creating a kaleidoscope of color resulting in the iconic red, yellow and blue balloons featured on the Wonder Bread logo. The logo was designed by commercial artist Drew Miller while he was on staff at a Chicago ad agency.


title: Wonder Bread

text: Continental Baking Company purchased Taggart in 1925. This made Wonder Bread a national brand and added "It's Slo Baked" to the logo. In the 1930s, Continental Baking began marketing Wonder Bread in sliced form nationwide, one of the first companies to do so; this was a significant milestone for the industry and for American consumers, who, at first, needed reassurance that "wonder-cut" bread would not dry out. The W. E. Long Company of Chicago, which had formed a cooperative of bakeries to market Holsum Bread, had pioneered and promoted the packaging of sliced bread two years prior, in 1928.


title: Wonder Bread

text: Wonder Bakery Exhibit, in The Food Zone, 1939 New York World's Fair by Continental Baking Company had a wheat field, the first, in 68 years, in New York City.


title: Wonder Bread

text: Unsliced bread returned for a period during World War II due to an industry-wide slicing suspension in 1943. Bread slicers returned two months later.


title: Wonder Bread

text: During the 1940s, Continental Baking began adding vitamins and minerals to Wonder Bread as part of a government-sponsored program of enriching white bread, which was notoriously deficient in vitamin and mineral content, to combat certain diseases. Wonder was also the first national bread brand to feature open dating as well as nutrition information on its packaging. In the 1950s, Wonder Bread further expanded advertising of its nutrient enrichments. The company sponsored Howdy Doody with host Buffalo Bob Smith telling the audience, "Wonder Bread builds strong bodies 8 ways" referring to the number of added nutrients. By the 1960s, Wonder Bread was advertised with the slogan "Helps build strong bodies 12 ways," with a list of health claims. In 1986, Continental introduced the lower-calorie Wonder Light bread.


title: Wonder Bread

text: Interstate Bakeries Corporation, later known as first Hostess Brands company (Old HB), purchased Continental Baking in 1995. In 2004, Interstate Bakeries declared bankruptcy, putting the future of Wonder Bread in some doubt. In February 2009 Interstate Bakeries emerged from bankruptcy marking a "new beginning" for the baking company.


title: Wonder Bread

text: In 2006, Wonder was one of the first bread brands to introduce whole grain white breads such as "Wonder Made with Whole Grain White" as a bread that appealed to consumers who loved the taste of white bread, but who were looking for more nutrition. These breads were made with an albino wheat variety that does not have the more pronounced taste of whole red-wheat flour.


title: Wonder Bread

text: On August 28, 2007, Interstate Bakeries announced it would soon end production of Wonder Bread in the Southern California market, leading to a loss of 1,300 jobs. This was due to a decline in sales, as Southern Californians in particular were partial to whole-grain breads and "premium" loaves. As of September 2009, Wonder Bread and other Hostess Brands breads, such as Home Pride, returned to Southern California supermarkets in response to significant consumer demand. In connection with the re-introduction, the company donated thousands of loaves of bread to the San Diego Food Bank and the Los Angeles Regional Food Bank.


title: Wonder Bread

text: In August 2009, Wonder reformulated its Wonder Classic and Wonder Classic Sandwich bread varieties to include more calcium and vitamin D. Two slices of Wonder Classic and Wonder Classic Sandwich bread then provided 30% of the daily recommended intake of calcium, the same amount as 8 fluid ounces of whole milk. Wonder 100% Whole Wheat (16 oz variety) qualified for the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program in most states. In March 2010, Wonder extended its line of bread products for families who preferred the taste of white bread, but wanted more nutrition, with the addition of Wonder Smartwhite a new bread with the taste and soft texture of white bread – but with the fiber of 100% whole wheat bread.


title: Wonder Bread

text: In 2011, Wonder bread launched its first national advertising campaign in years titled "Always Wonder".


title: Wonder Bread

text: On November 16, 2012, Hostess Brands (Old HB) filed a motion in United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York seeking permission to close its business and sell its assets under Chapter 11. On November 16, 2012, Hostess Brands (Old HB) closed its United States plants and began liquidation proceedings, temporarily ending production of Wonder Bread in the states. Flowers Foods, owner of the Mrs. Freshley's, Tastykake and Dave's Killer Bread brands, announced that it signed an agreement to acquire Hostess' bread brands, including Wonder Bread on January 11, 2013. On July 22, 2013, Flowers Foods completed its $355 million acquisition of several breads, bakeries and other assets from the company previously known as Hostess Brands (Old HB), including Wonder Bread. Flowers Foods announced on September 12, 2013, that Wonder Bread would return to U.S. store shelves, with delivery of Wonder Bread to stores resuming on September 23.


title: Wonder Bread

text: Wonder Bread is produced in Mexico by Grupo Bimbo, the largest baking company in the world. Grupo Bimbo acquired the Mexican rights to the brand and factories in 1986 when it purchased the Mexican subsidiary of Continental Baking Company.


title: Wonder Bread

text: In 2013, Grupo Bimbo lost in their bid to acquire Hostess bread brands, including Wonder Bread (U.S.), to Flowers Foods during the liquidation of Hostess Brands (Old HB).


title: Wonder Bread

text: Wonder Bread in Canada is not a license from the United States although the packaging is very similar. Wonder Bread began appearing on Canadian grocery shelves and home delivery routes as early as 1927. A product of Northern Bakeries Limited, the bread apparently made its debut in Montreal. In 1928, Northern Bakeries Limited registered the "Wonder" trademark with the Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Two years later, Wonder arrived in Toronto, baked by Nasmiths Limited. Newspaper ads proclaimed "Great news for the people of Toronto – it's here at last – the delicious Wonder Bread." Made from unbleached flour and "Slo-Baked," Wonder was said to produce "more slices and thinner slices" when cut, yet would not crumble. By 1934, "Sliced Wonder," an early version of sliced bread, was being promoted by the Ideal Bread Company Limited of Toronto, with no fewer "than 26 slices in a loaf."


title: Wonder Bread

text: By 1940, Wonder Bakeries Limited had become the maker of Wonder Bread in Canada, along with Hostess cakes and cookies, although local bakers continued to be the actual manufacturers. New products were introduced that included Wonder Melior, "a better white bread with natural wheat vitamins," as well as Wonder Peter Pan Bread, designed to appeal to children. Wonder Bakeries also became the maker of Hollywood Bread, marketed for those "counting calories" and trying to keep their "figure." During the 1960s, General Bakeries Limited became the maker of Wonder. Then, in July 1985, Weston Bakeries Limited, a subsidiary of George Weston Limited, acquired certain Ontario assets of General Bakeries, then owned by Dominion Stores Limited, that included not only bread and roll plants but also the trademark for Wonder in Canada.


title: Wonder Bread

text: Since 2000, Weston Foods added a number of new Wonder products to the brand's line-up, many of which are designed to appeal to parents and their concern for their children's nutritional needs. Among them is Wonder + Invisibles, a white bread with 18 whole grains and designed not to taste like whole grain bread. In 2011, Weston Bakeries Limited announced that its Wonder Bread brands will now be completely free of artificial preservatives, artificial colors or artificial flavors.


title: Wonder Bread

text: Wonder Bread is present in Pakistan. It is not connected with the American brand. The company was established in 1983 in Karachi. Today, in addition to Karachi, it is also present in Faisalabad, Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar, and Quetta.


title: Wonder Bread

text: Wonder Bread is planning to enter the African market through Morocco. It is not connected with the American brand. The company is planning to be established in 2022 in Casablanca. In addition to Morocco, it will also be present in Egypt, Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa.


title: Native American Church

text: The Native American Church (NAC), also known as Peyotism and Peyote Religion, is a Native American religion that teaches a combination of traditional Native American beliefs and Christianity, with sacramental use of the entheogen peyote. The religion originated in the Oklahoma Territory (1890–1907) in the late nineteenth century, after peyote was introduced to the southern Great Plains from Mexico. Today it is the most widespread indigenous religion among Native Americans in the United States (except Alaska Natives and Native Hawaiians), Canada (specifically First Nations people in Saskatchewan and Alberta), and Mexico, with an estimated 250,000 adherents as of the late twentieth century.


title: Native American Church

text: Historically, many denominations of mainstream Christianity made attempts to convert Native Americans to Christianity in the Western Hemisphere. These efforts were partially successful, for many Native American tribes reflect Christian creed, including the Native American Church. Although conversion to Christianity was a slow process, the tenets of the Native American Church were more readily accepted.


title: Native American Church

text: Originally formed in the Oklahoma Territory, the Native American Church is monotheistic, believing in a supreme being, called the Great Spirit. The tenets of the Native American Church regard peyote as a sacred and holy sacrament and use it as a means to communicate with the Great Spirit (God), also referred to as the Creator.


title: Native American Church

text: A prominent belief amongst church members is that all plants are purposefully created by the Great Spirit. This includes peyote which was created for medicinal, spiritual, and healing purposes. Disease and death are believed to be a result of an imbalance in the individual. Besides peyote, other sacred plants, prayer, and fasting are used to cure this imbalance. Use of peyote is never for recreational purposes and the hallucinogenic effects of the plant are considered spiritual visions. To most Native Americans, visions are a communion with the metaphysical. However, not every member experiences hallucinogenic effects during peyote rituals. The plant is meant to heal or fix social, personal, and communal problems. Members believe the plant is safe for children and pregnant women. Members also believe in the importance of helping the world in order to create peace, health, and freedom. They seek guidance from the Great Spirit in protecting the earth, continuing the ways of their ancestors, and caring for future generations. In addition, they practice inclusivity and new members are welcome to join the church.


title: Native American Church

text: Some American Natives dislike the beliefs of Christianity because of the history between natives and European Christian groups. Missionaries' attempts to alter or remove aspects of American Natives' heritage and culture has left many unable to reconcile with Christianity. On the other hand, some members seek to restore the relationship between the Church and Christians. They believe that forgiveness is important for the native concept of "right-walking". Most members believe that Jesus Christ and the Great Spirit are one and the same.


title: Native American Church

text: In the Native American Church, there are two main umbrella fireplaces (ceremonial peyote altars passed down generationally from family) that are conducted: the Half-Moon fireplace and the Cross-Fire fireplace.


title: Native American Church

text: There are many variations of each fireplace, and they depends greatly on tribe and environment. There are also special fireplaces that do not exactly fit into the mold of either main style, so the above list is by no means authoritative.


title: Native American Church

text: There are other tribal specific offshoots of both umbrella chapters, notably the Navajo, with major chapters in both states representing both the original charter and the NAC of North America.


title: Native American Church

text: Followers of the Native American Church have differing ceremonies, celebrations, and ways of practicing their religion. For example, among the Teton Sioux, the Cross Fire group uses the Bible for sermons, which are rejected by the Half Moon followers, though they each teach a similar Christian morality. Ceremonies commonly last all night, beginning Saturday evening and ending early Sunday morning. Scripture reading, prayer, singing, and drumming are included. In general, the Native American Church believes in one supreme God, the Great Spirit.


title: Native American Church

text: Ceremonies are generally held in a tipi and require a priest, pastor, or elder to conduct the service. The conductor is referred to as the Roadman. The Roadman is assisted by a Fireman, whose task is to care for the holy fireplace, making sure that it burns consistently all night. The Roadman may use a prayer staff, a beaded and feathered gourd, a small drum, cedar, and his eagle feather as a means for conducting services. The Roadman's wife or other female relative prepares four sacramental foods and the "second breakfast" that are part of the church services. Her part takes place very early, between 4:30 and 5:00 in the morning. The four sacramental foods are water, shredded beef or "sweet meat", corn mush, and some variety of berry. To counterbalance the bitterness of the peyote consumed during the services, the sweet foods were added later. The second breakfast is like a typical American breakfast. It generally includes boiled eggs, toast, hash brown potatoes, coffee, and juice. This meal is served well after sunrise and just prior to the closing of the church services.


title: Native American Church

text: Church services are not regular Sunday occurrences but are held in accordance with special requests by a family for celebrating a birthday, or for a memorial or funeral service. Services begin at sundown on either a Friday or Saturday evening and end at sunrise. Thus, a participant "sits up" all night, giving up a full night's rest as part of a small sacrifice to the Holy Spirit and Jesus.


title: Native American Church

text: The church services culminate in a feast for the whole community the following day. Because peyote is a stimulant, all of the participating members are wide awake, so they, too, attend the feast. The need for sleep is generally felt in the late afternoon, particularly after the feast. Gifts are given to the Roadman and all his helpers by the sponsoring family at the feast to show deep appreciation for all his hard work.


title: Native American Church

text: Common reasons for holding a service include the desire to cure illness, birthday celebrations, Christian holidays, school graduations, and other significant life events.


title: Native American Church

text: Music during prayer services consists of the singer with his gourd rattle staff and the water-drummer with his water-drum. The singer sings four songs, concludes his set, and passes the staff, gourd and drum along to the next relative to sing.


title: Native American Church

text: Peyote songs of the Native American Church are in the peyote language. This language makes up all peyote songs sung around all fireplaces, no matter what tribe or denomination nationally. The language was introduced by the Carrizo and Coahuiltecan people of South Texas and is what people consider "straight" peyote songs.


title: Native American Church

text: That being said, many tribes incorporate their own language into peyote songs, which will assign that particular song to one particular tribe, instead of it being represented in an intertribal way as a "straight" song.


title: Native American Church

text: Along with the founding of the Native American Church came new artwork and art techniques. European trade materials such as beads and metal were incorporated into artwork. Therefore, the category of "peyote art" includes traditional and contemporary styles. Many art pieces are ritual instruments or for ceremonial settings. These objects of art include gourd rattles made of hardwoods, glass beads, leather fringe, and dyed horsehair. Furthermore, most objects, if they are associated with the church, are produced by men. There are also feather fans that can be made from hawk, golden eagle, mascot or other birds' feathers. These fans are one of the most important objects related to the church because they represent the bird symbolism in the religion. Moreover, there are also drum sticks and ritual staffs that have carvings of tipis, birds, stars, sun patterns, and other symbols important to the church. However, there are also non-instrumental art pieces such as paintings and jewelry.


title: Native American Church

text: As the United States government became more involved in the control of drugs, the Native American Church faced possible legal issues regarding their use of peyote. The Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978, also called the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, was passed to provide legal protection for the Church's use of the plant.


title: Native American Church

text: The controversy over peyote resulted in its legal classification as a controlled drug in the United States. However, as a result of "US v. Boyll" (1991) and other federal rulings, members of the Native American Church are allowed to transport, possess, and use peyote for religious purposes. While such use has been declared legal without regard to race or tribal status in all US states other than Idaho and Texas, which have outlawed use by non-natives, the purchase of peyote from licensed distributors can only be made via permit by enrolled tribal members, who also must intend to use it for religious purposes only. These distributors, located in Texas near the Mexican border, sell wild peyote gathered in its native range by licensed collectors. Cultivation of peyote is legal under the same circumstances as possession, where the cultivator must be able to prove that plants are for use in Native American Church ceremonies, or depending on the state, for general religious ceremonies.


title: Native American Church

text: The Neo-American Church tried to claim LSD and marijuana as sacraments, seeking protection similar to that afforded to peyote use by the Native American Church. The courts ruled against them. The Peyote Way Church of God's failed federal lawsuit was rendered partially successful when Arizona expanded permitted use of peyote to general "bona fide" religious purposes, as well as spiritual intent. Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada and Oregon also allow for general religious use.


title: Native American Church

text: Quanah Parker is the individual most associated with the early history of Peyotism and the Native American Church. Quanah Parker was a Comanche chief that created the Half Moon way and taught the Half Moon way to other tribes. At first, he was a warrior that would fight any people attempting to invade territory. However, after becoming sick, he realized his anger towards Americans and Mexicans was wrong. He then became a successful politician and befriended President Theodore Roosevelt.


title: Native American Church

text: Other prominent figures in its development include Chevato, Jim Aton, John Wilson, and Jonathan Koshiway. These people, and many others, played important roles in the introduction and adoption of the Native American Church.


title: Native American Church

text: Victor Griffin, known as the last chief of the Quapaw tribe, was noted for facilitating the incorporation of the Native American Church under Oklahoma law in 1911. He also helped spread the religion to some other related tribes in the region.


title: Native American Church

text: Led by James Mooney, a first generation of anthropologists brought their help to Peyotists, providing testimonies before legislative bodies, and later encouraged the movement's leaders to consolidate peyote use into an established religion whose practice would be protected by law.


title: Native American Church

text: The Native American novelist N. Scott Momaday gives a highly accurate portrayal of the peyote service in his book "House Made of Dawn".


title: Native American Church

text: Reuben Snake was a Ho-Chunk roadman and worked towards the establishment of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which passed after his death in 1994 in order to legalize the use of ceremonial peyote.


title: Jon Spaihts

text: Spaihts was born in New York City, the son of Jean, a computer programmer, and Jim Spaihts, an electronics engineer. Spaihts is an alumnus of Princeton University.


title: Jon Spaihts

text: His science fiction romance "Passengers" was included on the 2007 "Black List" of unproduced high-value screenplays. At the request of Keanu Reeves and Stephen Hamel, Relativity Media co-founder Lynwood Spinks had hired Spaihts to write the film after Reeves originally became attached to Spaihts' abandoned science fiction script "Shadow 19". After Reeves agreed to produce with Hamel and star in "Passengers", Spaihts was commissioned by Scott Free to write the next installments in the "Alien" saga, two prequel films to be directed by Ridley Scott, which eventually turned into the more autonomous story "Prometheus", ultimately revised by Damon Lindelof. For New Regency Spaihts also wrote the screenplay to the alien invasion thriller "The Darkest Hour", based on a story by Leslie Bohem and M.T. Ahern.


title: Jon Spaihts

text: Spaihts has worked on a film version of "St. George and the Dragon" for Sony Pictures, and originated a Disney film project called "Children of Mars". In 2012 he entered a two-picture deal at Jerry Bruckheimer Films to adapt Ashley Wood's graphic novel "World War Robot" and write a space adventure film based on his own original pitch.


title: Jon Spaihts

text: He co-wrote the script for Marvel Studios' 2016 live action "Doctor Strange" film. Spaihts also co-wrote the reboot of "The Mummy" franchise for Universal, directed by Alex Kurtzman.


title: Jon Spaihts

text: In 2013, Spaihts began work on the story for the "Black Hole" remake by Walt Disney Studios. The rights to his early science fiction screenplay had originally been sold to the Weinstein Company, with Keanu Reeves and Reese Witherspoon set to star, and "Game of Thrones" director Brian Kirk at the helm. The project was later made into the 2016 film "Passengers" by Sony Pictures, produced by Original Film and Company Films, directed by Morten Tyldum, and starring Jennifer Lawrence and Chris Pratt.


title: Jon Spaihts

text: In 2018, it was revealed that Spaihts would be co-writing Legendary Pictures's feature film adaptation of the science fiction novel "Dune", alongside Eric Roth and director Denis Villeneuve. For his work on "Dune", Spaihts was nominated alongside Roth and Villeneuve for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.


title: Jon Spaihts

text: He has written several books for "The Princeton Review". Spaihts lives and works in Venice, California, and is married to actress Johanna Watts. He is also a photographer.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: Along with Doraemon, Nobita is considered to be one of the most popular and widely recognizable manga characters due to the series' popularity, which extends beyond its native Japan.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: Nobita's characterization depicts him as a lazy and flawed person, including but not limited to a lack of physical co-ordination or athletic talent, predisposition to laziness, reluctance to engage in critical thinking, and sometimes exhibits childish or even perverted behavior. He dislikes books and lacks a basic grasp of knowledge, such as being unable to understand concepts such as the definition of an eclipse. He often takes any chance to take a nap and is often known as 'The Lazy King'. In a typical episode, Nobita begs Doraemon to lend him a gadget to get revenge on his bully classmates, Gian and Suneo, show off to his classmate and future love interest, Shizuka Minamoto, or to provide convenience for himself such as getting his homework done quicker. Whenever he possesses Doraemon's gadgets, he almost always abuses the gadget's power to the point that the effect backfires on him. He envies his classmate Hidetoshi Dekisugi, a straight-A student admired by all of the girls in his class, including Shizuka. Nobita's typical day consists of arriving late to school, falling asleep during class, scoring low marks on his tests, getting scolded by his teacher and teased by Gian and Suneo, falling in the curbside rain gutters, getting chased by dogs, getting scolded by his mother for not completing his tasks, and being bullied by people he knows, except Shizuka.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: Even though Nobita possesses many questionable character traits, he occasionally displays redeeming qualities such as kind-heartedness, courage, and even a good work ethic. In some full-length stories he has risked his life to help save others, or even entire civilizations. In some episodes, it is implied that his poor academic grades is due to his lazy nature as opposed to a lack of intellectual ability. Nobita is known for his sharp gunfiring abilities and also skilful in the game of Cat's cradle as shown in many episodes. The character has also demonstrated creativity when it comes to utilizing Doraemon's gadgets in novel ways. For example, in one instance he finds a way to profitably use a gadget called the "broadcasting mirror" for advertising, even when Doraemon himself couldn't think of any use for it. Other examples include his ability to co-opt free flying with the use of Doraemon's "power of wind" fans, which can create a gust of wind with just a gentle swish, and his use of the voice hardener, which is considered useless by Doraemon, for transportation. His creativity is the proof of his high intelligence.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: The central premise of the "Doraemon" media franchise is grounded on the relationship between its protagonists, Doraemon and Nobita.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: Nobita encounters Doraemon after the robot is sent back in time by one of his descendants, a young boy named Sewashi Nobi to improve the circumstances of his great great grandfather so that his descendants may enjoy a better future. In the original timeline, Nobita experienced nothing but misery and misfortune manifested in the form of very poor grades and bullying throughout his life. A running gag in the series involve Nobita crying for and begging Doraemon to use his gadgets to solve a problem, often at the beginning of an episode or scenario.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: Japanese actor Satoshi Tsumabuki appeared as Nobita in several live-action television commercials throughout 2011 and 2016. The advertisement's were created by Toyota and depict the series' characters two decades after they "grow up."


title: Nobita Nobi

text: Nobita has appeared in various educational manga along with other "Doraemon" characters. The character has been used in a public service campaign organized by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West), where posters of Doraemon, Nobita and several supporting characters from the series were distributed to promote appropriate etiquette for train travel during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: Due to the success of the "Doraemon" franchise, Nobita is an internationally recognized character that has attained considerable notoriety. The character's likeness has been recreated as figurines sold during festive celebrations in parts of India. Nobita's family residence, a typical Japanese suburban house, is a recognizable element of the series to international audiences.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: Nobita's relationship with Shizuka has been referenced by an Indian television personality from the "Bigg Boss" reality television series in a public discussion about the rivalry between his cast mates Sidharth Shukla and Rashami Desai, whereas his relationship dynamic with Doraemon had been co-opted as a satirical form of criticism against a Malaysian politician.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: A footprint fossil of a dinosaur species discovered in China in 2020 is named "Eubrontes nobitai" after Nobita.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: Critics found that the character's flawed personality and modest background is considered to be a departure from other contemporary anime and manga protagonists typically portrayed as special or extraordinary, and the consistent portrayal of Nobita as being relatable and down-to-earth had been cited as reasons behind the character's appeal as well as the contrary. According to the Italian Parents Movement (Moige), in the manga, "the lazy Nobita does not know any kind of appreciable evolution", though there are still good points including "the criticism of bullying, the goodness that transpires from the little Nobita and the positive figure of Shizuka". According to an analysis by Anne Allison, professor of cultural anthropology at Duke University, the strong point of the series and its heart is the relationship between Nobita and Doraemon, as opposed to the variety of the gadgets showcased by the latter.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: In early 2021, the character became a trending topic on social media following the international release of promotional material featuring the character marrying Shizuka in the 3D computer animated film "Stand by Me Doraemon 2".


title: Nobita Nobi

text: Nobita's physical appearance was referenced as a term of insult by Spanish YouTube personality AuronPlay against Spanish entrepreneur Josep Maria Bartomeu for his alleged resemblance to the character. Bartomeu responded to AuronPlay's comment by filing a police complaint against him, and threatened to take further legal action.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: In August 2016, a member of the Tehreek-i-Insaf party submitted a resolution in the Punjab Assembly calling for a ban on the series, alleging the show's "negative impact" on Pakistani children: one of the cited reasons behind the motion was the depiction of Nobita's interactions with Shizuka at school, which was labelled as incompatible with Pakistani and Muslim culture. Similarly, politicians and activists in neighbouring India have criticized Nobita's problematic behavioural traits for setting a bad example to children, such as answering back to their parents and refusing to do their homework.


title: Nobita Nobi

text: One activist blamed the character's supposed influence for a 2013 exam-fixing scandal in the state of Madhya Pradesh.


title: Sex differences in crime

text: Sex differences in crime are differences between men and women as the perpetrators or victims of crime. Such studies may belong to fields such as criminology (the scientific study of criminal behavior), sociobiology (which attempts to demonstrate a causal relationship between biological factors, in this case biological sex and human behaviors), or feminist studies. Despite the difficulty of interpreting them, crime statistics may provide a way to investigate such a relationship from a gender differences perspective. An observable difference in crime rates between men and women might be due to social and cultural factors, crimes going unreported, or to biological factors for example, testosterone or sociobiological theories). The nature of the crime itself may also require consideration as a factor.


title: Sex differences in crime

text: Statistics have been consistent in reporting that men commit more criminal acts than women. Self-reported delinquent acts are also higher for men than for women, although lower than official data. Low levels of self control are associated with criminal activity. Many professionals have offered explanations for this sex difference. Some differing explanations include men's evolutionary tendency toward risk and violent behavior, sex differences in activity, social support, or gender inequality.


title: Sex differences in crime

text: The "general theory of crime" is accepted among scholars as one of the most valid theories of crime. Burton "et al." (1998) assessed Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) work on the subject, which stated that individuals with lower levels of self-control are more likely to be involved in criminal behavior, in a gender-sensitive context. The purpose of their study was to account for the gender gap in crime rates. By using a self-reporting questionnaire, Burton "et al." (1998) retrieved data from 555 people aged eighteen and older in the Cincinnati, Ohio, area. Early results from the study indicated that low self-control was highly positively correlated to criminal behavior in both genders, but was especially significant for males. For females, the relationship became significant when opportunity was introduced and considered with level of self-control. Opportunity was not a significant indicator of male criminal behavior, which the authors attribute to the assumption that opportunity for criminal behavior is ubiquitous for men. In this study, opportunity was measured by the number of nights per week individuals go out for recreation purposes. Similarly, the authors conclude that women are less likely to be exposed to opportunities for criminal behavior, speculating that "constraints often placed on females, and that accompany their lifestyles" contribute to less opportunity for crime. With self-control being significant for males but not for females, the conclusions of this study pointed toward the notion that men and women commit crimes for different reasons. The notion that self-control was only significant for women when combined with opportunity helps account for the gender gap seen in crime rates.


title: Sex differences in crime

text: David Rowe, Alexander Vazsonyi, and Daniel Flannery, authors of "Sex Differences in Crime: Do Means and Within-Sex Variation Have Similar Causes?", focus on the widely acknowledged fact that there is a large sex difference in crime: more men than women commit crimes. This has been true over time and across cultures. There is also a greater number of men who commit serious crimes resulting in injury or death than women. In a study that looked at self-reports of delinquent acts, researchers identified several sex differences by looking at sex ratios. For every woman, 1.28 men drink alcohol, which is a large influencer in deviant behavior. For every woman, 2.7 men committed the crime of stealing up to $50. Lastly, for every woman, 3.7 men steal more than $50. Also, more males are involved in homicides, as both the perpetrators and victims, than females. Furthermore, one male is more delinquent than another for mainly the same reasons that men typically engage in criminal acts more than women.


title: Sex differences in crime

text: Terrie Moffitt and Avshalom Caspi compare childhood risk factors of males and females portraying childhood-onset and adolescent-onset antisocial behavior, which influences deviant behavior in individuals. Childhood-onset delinquency is attributed to lack of parenting, neurocognitive problems, and temperament and behavior problems. On the other hand, adolescent-onset delinquents did not encounter similar childhood problems. This study showed an male-to-female ratio of 10:1 for those experiencing childhood-onset delinquency and 15:1 for adolescent-onset delinquency. Moffitt and Caspi hypothesized that "'life-course-persistent' antisocial behavior originates early in life, when the difficult behavior of a high-risk young child is exacerbated by a high-risk social environment". Also, "'adolescent-limited' antisocial behavior emerges alongside puberty, where otherwise healthy youngsters experience dysphoria during the relatively role-less years between biological maturation and access to mature privileges and responsibilities", called the maturity gap. They look at the taxonomy theory, which states that the gender difference in crime are based on sex differences in the risk factors for life-course-persistent antisocial behavior. Based on research, girls are less likely than boys to have nervous system dysfunctions, difficult temperament, late maturity in verbal and motor development, learning disabilities, and childhood behavioral problems.


title: Sex differences in crime

text: Considerations of gender in regard to crime have been considered to be largely ignored and pushed aside in criminological and sociological study, until recent years, to the extent of female deviance having been marginalized. In the past fifty years of sociological research into crime and deviance, sex differences were understood and quite often mentioned within works, such as Merton's theory of anomie; however, they were not critically discussed, and often any mention of female delinquency was only as comparative to males, to explain male behaviors, or through defining the girl as taking on the role of a boy, namely, conducting their behavior and appearance as that of a tomboy and by rejecting the female gender role, adopting stereotypical masculine traits.


title: Sex differences in crime

text: Eagly and Steffen suggested in their meta-analysis of data on sex and aggression that beliefs about the negative consequences of violating gender expectations affect how both genders behave regarding aggression. Psychologist Anne Campbell argued that "cultural interpretations have 'enhanced' evolutionarily based sex differences by a process of imposition which stigmatises the expression of aggression by females and causes women to offer exculpatory (rather than justificatory) accounts of their own aggression."


title: Sex differences in crime

text: One key reason contended for this lack of attention to females in crime and deviance is due to the view that female crime has almost exclusively been dealt with by men, from policing through to legislators, and that this has continued through into the theoretical approaches, quite often portraying what could be considered as a one-sided view, as Mannheim suggested.


title: Sex differences in crime

text: However, other contentions have been made as explanations for the invisibility of women in regard to theoretical approaches, such as: females have an '...apparently low level of offending'); that they pose less of a social threat than their male counterparts; that their 'delinquencies tend to be of a relatively minor kind', but also due to the fear that including women in research could threaten or undermine theories, as Thrasher and Sutherland feared would happen with their research.


title: Sex differences in crime

text: Further theories have been contended, with many debates surrounding the involvement and ignoring of women within theoretical studies of crime; however, with new approaches and advances in feminist studies and masculinity studies, and the claims of increases in recent years in female crime, especially that of violent crime.


title: Sex differences in crime

text: Past studies explained gender and crime through psychological and biological aspects. However, now specific sociological theories analyze the gender differences when it comes to committing crime. Brezina's research focuses on the "general strain theory," specifically, on why males and females have a gap rate in crime. One view is that the gender gap of crime is associated with different strains and various types of experiences males and females go through. For instance, their socialization, life events, home life, and relationships differ from one another. Because of this, research suggests that boys and men are more closely related to crime and delinquency. Brezina argues that because boys are more exposed to harsh punishment from their parents while growing up, negative experiences at school, no support system, and homelessness, they have more freedom to commit a crime. Brezina states that some boys and men tend to see crime as acceptable because they favor their "internalized 'masculine' values."


title: Sex differences in crime

text: Brezina argues that girls and women have limited opportunities to commit crime. They, for example, are more dedicated to family and friends, have higher parental supervision, and are less likely to link themselves to delinquent peers. Therefore, their strains would be high family demands and lose of friendship. This leads to them reacting to strain differently than males do. Instead of coping their strain with crime, they express it with their emotions to eliminate the stress. The emotional response females receive, are fear, guilt, anxiety, or shame, which decreases their chances of committing a crime. In addition, girls and women have a great amount of social support, which also leads to lower rate of crime. The types of strain that males and females experience can be an understanding of why there is a gender gap in crime.


title: Sex differences in crime

text: Evolutionary psychology has proposed several evolutionary explanations for gender differences in aggressiveness. Males can increase their reproductive success by polygyny which will lead the competition with other males over females. If the mother died, this may have had more serious consequences for a child than if the father died in the ancestral environment since there is a tendency for greater parental investments and caring for children by females than by males. Greater caring for children also leads to difficulty leaving them in order to either fight or flee. Anne Campbell writes that females may thus avoid direct physical aggressiveness and instead use strategies such as "friendship termination, gossiping, ostracism, and stigmatization".