title: Toyota E engine

text: Maximum power for the 5E-FHE was increased to . The maximum engine speed was increased to 7,200 rpm in the first generation, and 7,900 for the second generation. It uses the harmonic damper from the 4E-FTE, and slightly more aggressive higher lift cams (approximately 8.2mm inlet side, and 7.7mm exhaust side), high compression pistons (although they have a lower dome than 4E-FE pistons), cast 4-2-1 exhaust headers, and stronger internals (including the thicker connecting rods as found in the first generation 5E-FE which are factory forged, and a stronger factory forged crankshaft which has 5E markings).


title: Toyota E engine

text: Some versions of the 5E-FHE (but not for the Sera) are fitted with the ACIS intake manifold which is claimed to increase the power to 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp).


title: Yaadein (2001 film)

text: Yaadein () is a 2001 Indian Hindi-language musical drama film written, directed, edited and produced by Subhash Ghai. The ensemble cast cross over film starring Jackie Shroff, Hrithik Roshan, and Kareena Kapoor.It was inspired by Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice". The film was released worldwide on 27 July 2001 to negative reviews and was a box office disappointment. Jackie Shroff received a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor at the 47th Filmfare Awards. Despite its box office failure, the film was profitable due to ancillary revenues of , including from selling music rights to Tips.


title: Yaadein (2001 film)

text: The filming took place in locations such as the Cliveden House, which was used as Ronit's family mansion, the Apex Bar and Restaurant, Radisson Hampshire, the Leicester Square, the Ascot, the King's Arms Pub, the Thames Embankment, the Thorpe Park, the Tower Bridge, the Windsor Great Park, the Windsor and Eton Central railway station, the Windsor Castle, the Piccadilly Circus, the Queensmere Shopping Centre, Slough, in the U.K. The Eagle Square, and Langkawi Yacht Club Langkawi, Malaysia, the Lake Palace Hotel, Udaipur, Rajasthan, and


title: Yaadein (2001 film)

text: Raj Singh Puri (Jackie Shroff) is best friends with Lalit Malhotra (Anang Desai), the younger brother of J.K. Malhotra (Amrish Puri). The Malhotras are wealthy business tycoons in London. Lalit and his wife Nalini's (Supriya Karnik) business lifestyles have left little time for their son, Ronit (Hrithik Roshan), who opposes his family's greed and as a child came to regard his "uncle" Raj and late "aunt" Shalini as his surrogate parents. Raj's wife, Shalini (Rati Agnihotri), died in an accident some years prior, leaving Raj to raise their three daughters alone. Ronit has maintained close friendships with Raj and his daughters, having grown up with them.


title: Yaadein (2001 film)

text: Raj's eldest daughter, Avantika, is happy in her arranged marriage to Ronit's college friend, Pankaj; his second daughter, Saania, marries her boyfriend Sukant against Raj's advice, and despite stark differences in family values and upbringing. Isha (Kareena Kapoor), the youngest and most strong-willed one, claims that she does not believe in love. After a few weeks of living with her in-laws and bearing their taunts and abuse, Saania returns home begging for a divorce but eventually reconciles with Sukant. Meanwhile, Isha and Ronit attend a sports event in Malaysia, where their friendship unexpectedly blossoms into love. Neither are aware that back in London, Ronit's parents are secretly arranging for him to marry Monishka Rai (Kiran Rathod), the modern, spoiled daughter of another business tycoon, in order to create a business merger between the two wealthy families. With Raj being a longtime friend of the Rai family, the Malhotras recruit Raj to help them facilitate the marriage proposal. Raj agrees, the Malhotras having misled him to believe that Ronit would be happy with the marriage.


title: Yaadein (2001 film)

text: Raj is shocked when Isha asks for his blessing to marry Ronit, his loyalties to the Malhotra and Rai families making him feel guilty. Overcome with emotion, he ends up injuring himself in an accident, upsetting Isha. Though sympathetic to Isha's feelings, Raj informs her of Ronit's planned engagement and explains that she would never find acceptance as a daughter-in-law in the Malhotra family, due to their obsession with money. Isha then ends her relationship with Ronit and pretends that she loves Ronit only as a friend, although doing so deeply hurts her. Ronit, heartbroken and angry, is pressured by both Raj and his parents to marry Monishka. Bitterly agreeing to the engagement, Ronit soon discovers that Monishka and her parents' lifestyles are totally opposite to the Malhotras' own traditional Indian values; after proving this to Raj, Raj begs the Malhotras to reconsider the engagement. This culminates in J.K. Malhotra publicly insulting Raj, and accusing him of using Isha to worm his way into their wealthy family. Shattered, Raj ends his relationship with the Malhotras.


title: Yaadein (2001 film)

text: On the eve of the engagement party, during which the Malhotras and Rais plan to announce their business merger, Ronit lashes out at his parents for their lifelong neglect of his feelings. He and Isha then reconcile and appear to elope, sending the Malhotras into a panic. Nalini is the first to understand Ronit's plight and apologizes to Raj, who convinces Ronit and Isha to return home. With Nalini and Monishka's support, at the engagement party Ronit gives a speech that exposes the families' selfish sacrifice of their children's happiness for money, which shocks the guests and prompts the Rai family to cancel the business merger. J.K. begs both Raj and Isha for forgiveness, and the Malhotras give their blessing to Ronit and Isha.


title: Yaadein (2001 film)

text: The film ends with a flashforward to several years later, showing an aged Raj with Avantika's young daughter, and implying that Raj's three daughters remain close and happily married.


title: Yaadein (2001 film)

text: Music for the film's soundtrack was composed by Anu Malik and lyrics written by Anand Bakshi. Subhash Ghai wanted A. R. Rahman to compose for the film, but the latter declined the offer, since he was busy with the work of "Bombay Dreams". According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with 2.2million units sold, the film's soundtrack album was the year's seventh highest-selling Bollywood music album. Tips, that distributed the album in the market, collected more than from the sales.


title: Comedy Nights with Kapil

text: Comedy Nights With Kapil is an Indian Hindi-language sketch comedy and celebrity talk show hosted and produced by comedian Kapil Sharma. It was on-air on Colors TV amid 22 June 2013 to 24 January 2016. Many of the episodes feature celebrity guests who usually appear to promote their latest films in a comedy-focused talk show format. On 25 September 2013, a fire broke out on the sets of the show at Film City in Goregaon causing the entire set to collapse and an estimated loss of 20 Crores. Following the fire, two episodes were shot on sets of "Bigg Boss" in Lonavla. In September 2013, the show became India's highest rated scripted TV show. At the CNN-IBN Indian of the Year awards, Sharma was awarded the Entertainer of the Year award for 2013.


title: Comedy Nights with Kapil

text: After a successful run of three years, Kapil Sharma decided to wind up the show after differences with the channel Colors TV. The last episode aired on 24 January 2016. In August 2016, Colors started to re-telecast old episodes of the show in their Sunday afternoon time slots due to low Target rating points besides stiff competition with Kapil.


title: Comedy Nights with Kapil

text: The show is adapted in Kannada as "Majaa Talkies" and hosted by Srujan Lokesh. This show is aired on Colors Kannada, the Kannada Channel owned by Colors TV.


title: Comedy Nights with Kapil

text: On 3 April 2014, a audience scam was exposed of this show, when a NRI lady revealed to that she paid 8,000 rupees to see show, Preeti Simoes, this shows excutive producer said some freelance coordinator did the scam with multiple people and their shows audience isn't paid but they select random people on Facebook and Twitter and invite them for shows shoot.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: The Port of Rotterdam is the largest seaport in Europe, and the world's largest seaport outside of East Asia, located in and near the city of Rotterdam, in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. From 1962 until 2004, it was the world's busiest port by annual cargo tonnage. It was overtaken first in 2004 by the port of Singapore, and since then by Shanghai and other very large Chinese seaports. In 2020, Rotterdam was the world's tenth-largest container port in terms of twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) handled. In 2017, Rotterdam was also the world's tenth-largest cargo port in terms of annual cargo tonnage.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: Covering , the port of Rotterdam now stretches over a distance of . It consists of the city centre's historic harbour area, including Delfshaven; the Maashaven/Rijnhaven/Feijenoord complex; the harbours around Nieuw-Mathenesse; Waalhaven; Vondelingenplaat; Eemhaven; Botlek; Europoort, situated along the Calandkanaal, Nieuwe Waterweg and Scheur (the latter two being continuations of the Nieuwe Maas); and the reclaimed Maasvlakte area, which projects into the North Sea. The Port of Rotterdam is located in the middle of the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta. Rotterdam has five port concessions (ports) within its boundaries - operated by separate companies under the overall authority of Rotterdam.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: Rotterdam consists of five distinct port areas and three distribution parks that facilitate the needs of a hinterland with over 500,000,000 consumers throughout the continent of Europe.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: In the first half of the 19th century the port activities moved from the centre westward towards the North Sea. To improve the connection to the North Sea, the Nieuwe Waterweg ("New Waterway"), a large canal, was designed to connect the Rhine and Meuse rivers to the sea. The Nieuwe Waterweg, designed by Pieter Caland, was to be partly dug, then to further deepen the canal bed by the natural flow of the water. Ultimately however, the last part had to be dug by manual labour as well. Nevertheless, Rotterdam from then on had a direct connection between the sea and harbour areas with sufficient depth. The Nieuwe Waterweg has since been deepened several times. It was ready in 1872 and all sorts of industrial activity formed on the banks of this canal..


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: Over the years the port was further developed seaward by building new docks and harbour-basins. Rotterdam's harbour territory has been enlarged by the construction of the "Europoort" (gate to Europe) complex along the mouth of the "Nieuwe Waterweg". In the 1970s the port was extended into the sea at the south side of the mouth of the Nieuwe Waterweg by completion of the "Maasvlakte" (Meuse-plain) which was built in the North Sea near Hook of Holland.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: In the past five years the industrialised skyline has been changed by the addition of large numbers of wind turbines taking advantage of the exposed coastal conditions. The construction of a second Maasvlakte received initial political approval in 2004, but was stopped by the Raad van State (the Dutch Council of State, which advises the government and parliament on legislation and governance) in 2005, because the plans did not take enough account of environmental issues. On 10 October 2006, however, approval was acquired to start construction in 2008, aiming for the first ship to anchor in 2013.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: Most important for the port of Rotterdam is the petrochemical industry and general cargo transshipment handlings. The harbour functions as an important transit point for transport of bulk and other goods between the European continent and other parts of the world. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. Since 2000 the "Betuweroute", a fast cargo railway from Rotterdam to Germany, has been under construction. The Dutch part of this railway opened in 2007. Large oil refineries are located west of the city. The rivers Meuse ("Maas") and Rhine also provide excellent access to the pan-European hinterland.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: The EECV-quay of the port has a draft of 24 metres (78 feet). This made it one of only two available mooring locations for one of the largest bulk cargo ships in the world, the iron ore bulk carrier MS "Berge Stahl" when it is fully loaded, along with the Terminal of Ponta da Madeira in Brazil, until the opening of a new deep-water iron ore wharf at Caofeidian in China in 2011. The ship's draft of 23 meters (75 feet) leaves only 1 metre (3 feet) of under keel clearance, therefore it can only dock in a restricted tidal window.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: Much of the container loading and stacking in the port is handled by autonomous robotic cranes and computer controlled chariots. Europe Container Terminals, which operates two major container terminals at the port, pioneered the development of terminal automation. At the Delta terminal, the chariots—or automated guided vehicles (AGV)—are unmanned and each carries one container. The chariots navigate their own way around the terminal with the help of a magnetic grid built into the terminal tarmac. Once a container is loaded onto an AGV, it is identified by infrared "eyes" and delivered to its designated place within the terminal. This terminal is also named "the ghost terminal".


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: Unmanned Automated Stacking Cranes (ASC) take containers to/from the AGVs and store them in the stacking yard. The newer Euromax terminal implements an evolution of this design that eliminates the use of straddle carriers for the land-side operations.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: The Port Authority at the Port of Rotterdam uses the Internet of Things, a cloud-based platform, to collect and process data from sensors around the port. In May 2019, the port sent Container 42 out on a two-year data-collecting mission.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: As early as 1892, the Leuvehaven attracted the first museum visitors. Art lovers could view one of Van Gogh's first exhibitions in the art gallery at number 74 Leuvehaven. At the time, no one would have thought that the harbor itself would have become a museum a hundred years later. In 1979 the Maritime Museum opened the museum ship the Buffel in the Leuvehaven. That ship used to serve for the Dutch navy. On April 16, 1983, the Maritime Museum was built at the head of the Leuvehaven. It opened in 1986. The Maritime Museum (Havenmuseum, merged with the Maritime Museum since 2014) filled the rest of the harbor with ships. The Leuvehaven is still a home port for a small number of inland vessels.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: The Oude Haven is one of the oldest ports of Rotterdam. It is located in the center of the city, south-east of Rotterdam Blaak station. Today the Oude Haven is a well-known and busy nightlife area with cafes and restaurants with terraces on the water, close to the famous Kubuswoningen, the Witte Huis and the adjacent Mariniersmuseum. Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences has a location nearby.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: The most important project in this development is the Kop van Zuid - an area on the south bank of the Nieuwe Maas, directly opposite the city center. The area has not been used as a port since the German bombing in 1940 and fell into disrepair in the decades that followed. In 1993 the Hotel New York, former office building of the Holland America Lines (Nederlandsch Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij), opened. With the construction of the Erasmusbrug in 1996, the city created a direct connection between the two banks of the Meuse. Since then, numerous public buildings such as the Luxor theater, several museums, but also office and residential high-rises have been built. In March 2020 it was announced that the Rijnhaven will be partially filled in after 2024 and used for residential construction and the construction of a city park. The Posthumalaan will then become a city boulevard with high residential towers and the Wilhelminaplein and Rijnhaven underground stations will be renovated. In the meantime, the Floating Office Rotterdam (FOR) opened in September 2021 on the Antoine Platekade and accommodates the Global Center on Adaptation. The FOR also includes a restaurant and an outdoor swimming pool. This is a project in the context of the Rotterdam Climate Initiative (RCI).


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: The port is operated by the Port of Rotterdam Authority, originally a municipal body of the municipality of Rotterdam, but since 1 January 2004, a government corporation jointly owned by the municipality of Rotterdam and the Dutch State.


title: Port of Rotterdam

text: The Port of Rotterdam and its surrounding area is susceptible to a storm surge from the North Sea. As part of the Delta Works plan, the Maeslantkering flood barrier was constructed from 1991 to 1997 to protect the area. This flood barrier consists of two huge doors that normally rest in a dry dock besides the Nieuwe Waterweg. When a flood of above NAP (mean sea level) is predicted, the barrier is activated. The dry dock is flooded, and the gates rotate around a pivot to float into position, like caissons, and sunk in place. When the water level recedes enough to open the gates, they are floated back into their docks. Another barrier, the Hartelkering, is situated in the Hartelkanaal.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: Ottakarathevar Panneerselvam, popularly known as OPS (born 14 January 1951) is an Indian politician who served as the 6th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and the 2nd Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu from 21 August 2017 to 6 May 2021, As a finance minister, He has presented the Tamil Nadu State Budget for 11 times. He was officially expelled from the AIADMK party by the General and Executive committee on 11 July 2022, which was upheld by the Madras High Court on 2 September 2022.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: He was the former co-ordinator of the AIADMK political party and was a staunch aide of former chief minister of Tamil Nadu and AIADMK General Secretary J. Jayalalithaa. His first two terms as Chief Minister came when he replaced Jayalalithaa in the role, after she was forced to resign by the courts. His third term began following Jayalalithaa's death and ended two months later, Edappadi K. Palaniswami was selected as the Chief Minister. He was sworn in as the Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 21 August 2017. He also holds portfolios of Finance, Housing, Rural Housing, Housing Development, Slum Clearance Board and Accommodation Control, Town Planning, Urban Development, and Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. On 4 January 2018, O. Panneerselvam elected as Leader of the House in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: Panneerselvam was born on 14 January 1951 in Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Haji Karutha Rowther Howdia College in Uthamapalayam, Theni district. His close friends Salavuddin from Tenali encouraged him into politics. He also owned some agricultural land. He is married to P. Vijayalakshmi and the couple have three children. He is currently elected from the constituency of Bodinayakkanur, in Theni district. His wife died on 1 September 2021 due to a heart attack.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: Panneerselvam started his political career periyakulam as a worker of the AIADMK in 1973 after M. G. Ramachandran split from the DMK. He was Chairman of Periyakulam Municipality from 1996 to 2001.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: He was sworn in as the 6th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in September 2001 when the Chief Minister Jayalalithaa was barred from holding office by the Supreme Court of India. During his stint as Chief Minister, he was widely criticised for allegedly heading a puppet government managed by Jayalalithaa. His tenure lasted for six months, from 21 September 2001 to 1 March 2002. In March 2002, he resigned as Chief Minister and Jayalalithaa was sworn in again after the Madras high Court overturned her conviction and she won a by-election from Andipatti assembly constituency. From 2 March 2002 to 13 December 2003, he was the Minister for Public Works, Prohibition and Excise. Subsequently, he was also entrusted with the Revenue department's charge from 13 December 2003 to May 15 2006.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: After the party lost the assembly elections in May 2006, Panneerselvam was the leader of the AIADMK legislative party and the Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly for about nine days. In that election, he was elected to be the member of Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Periyakulam.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: In 2011, he contested as an AIADMK candidate from the Bodinayakkanur and won. Again, he became the Minister of Finance in Jayalalithaa's government and held the office from 16 May 2011 to 27 September 2014. He was again entrusted with the responsibility of being Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 29 September 2014 when Jayalalitha was convicted in the disproportionate assets case. On 22 May 2015, he resigned as Chief Minister and Jayalalithaa was sworn in again after the Karnataka High Court acquitted her in the disproportionate assets case on 11 May 2015.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: A year after his resignation, on 23 May 2015, he was sworn in as Minister for Finance and Public Works Department in Jayalalithaa's government.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: On 6 December 2016, Panneerselvam was elected as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu following the death of incumbent Chief Minister Jayalalithaa. On 10 December he held his first cabinet meeting as a full-term Chief Minister.. He tended his resignation as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 6 February 2017 to the governor, who accepted and appointed him as the caretaker Chief Minister of the state to avoid a leadership vacuum, until further measures could be taken..


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: On 14 February 2017, he was expelled from the AIADMK by party general-secretary, V. K. Sasikala. Shortly after his expulsion, the Governor invited the newly elected legislative leader of the AIADMK, Edappadi K Palaniswami to form the government, following which he took over as chief minister on 16 February 2017.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: After his exit from AIADMK Panneerselvam and his supporters appealed to the election commission to take action against the party General Secretary VKS and chief minister EPS .He also made a point to them that he needs the two leaf party symbol to contest in RK Nagar election. Also, Edappadi K. Palaniswami and supporters appealed against him, but the election commission rejected both the appeals and allotted two different symbols to each party.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: In August 2017 Edappadi K. Palaniswami and O. Panneerselvam Faction merged. He was made Deputy Chief Minister and was also given finance Ministry.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: On 21 August 2017, Panneerselvam took oath as Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on the same day of the Party Merger with then Chief Minister EPS faction.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: After the party lost the assembly elections in May 2021, Panneerselvam won the Bodinayakkanur constituency and was elected as the Deputy Leader of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly On 14 June 2021.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: On 17 July 2022, R. B. Udhaya Kumar was elected as the Deputy Leader of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly replacing O. Panneerselvam at the AIADMK Legislative Party Meeting. It was formally declared On 19 July 2022.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: On 14 June 2022, Citing the party's troubles in the polls, AIADMK district secretaries and other senior party members spoke out to shun the “dual leadership” system and came out publicly in favor of strong unitary leader to strengthen the organisation.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: Edappadi K. Palaniswami supporters pushed for the change in the party's leadership structure by staging a political coup against AIADMK Coordinator O. Panneerselvam, who had become weak within the party. According to many sources, of the AIADMK's 75 district secretaries, hardly 10 supported him. Of the party's 66 MLAs, only five MLAs were reportedly on O. Panneerselvam side and less than 20 percent of the party's general council members behind him ahead of crucial general council meeting on 23 June 2022, which was expected to elect the single leadership to the party.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: On 30 June 2022, Edappadi K. Palaniswami wrote a letter to O. Panneerselvam asserting the latter ceased to be the party coordinator as the amendments made to the party's bylaw in the 2020 December executive committee meeting were not recognised in the general council meeting held on June 23.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: On 11 July 2022, The Party General Council abolished the dual leadership model and empowered Edappadi K. Palaniswami to be the "Party Supremo".


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: On 11 July 2022, O. Panneerselvam was expelled as Party Treasurer and primary member of the party for "anti-party" activities by the AIADMK General Council. Dindigul Sreenivasan was made Party Treasurer succeeding him. On 17 August, Justice G. Jayachandran of the Madras High Court ruled the expulsion of Panneerselvam and the decisions of the AIADMK General Council as invalid.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: On 2 September 2022, a division bench of the High Court upheld the decisions of the AIADMK general council meeting held on 11 June 2022 and set aside the previous court order of the single judge in the appeal case of Edappadi K. Palaniswami, thus effectively restoring unitary leadership. On 12 September 2022, the Supreme Court dismissed the plea of Panneerselvam challenging the order of Madras High Court to handover the keys to Palaniswami.


title: O. Panneerselvam

text: A report in The Week magazine in December 2017, alleged that Panneerselvam was on the sand mining baron Sekhar Reddy's payroll. Reddy was arrested by the Income Tax department in March 2017 on money laundering charges. Five pages of the Reddy's Diary suggest alleged payments made to several AIADMK ministers, MLAs, and many others, amounting to more than ₹ 48 crore. At least five payments in which the word 'OPS' or the name of his secretary Ramesh was written are shown in the contents of the diary.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: The 61st Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 1988, and took place on Wednesday, March 29, 1989, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Allan Carr and directed by Jeff Margolis. Ten days earlier, in a ceremony held at the Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Angie Dickinson.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: "Rain Man" won four awards, including the Best Picture. Other winners included "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" with four awards, "Dangerous Liaisons" with three, and "The Accused", "The Accidental Tourist", "A Fish Called Wanda", "The Appointments of Dennis Jennings", "Beetlejuice", "Bird", "", "The Milagro Beanfield War", "Mississippi Burning", "Pelle the Conqueror", "Tin Toy", "Working Girl", and "You Don't Have to Die" with one. The telecast garnered over 42 million viewers in the United States, making the most viewed ceremony up to that point until it was surpassed by the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, which garnered a viewership of over 57 million.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: The nominees for the 61st Academy Awards were announced on February 15, 1989, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Richard Kahn, president of the Academy, and actress Anne Archer. "Rain Man" led all nominees, with eight nominations; "Dangerous Liaisons" and "Mississippi Burning" tied for second with seven each.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: The winners were announced at the award ceremony on March 29, 1989. Best Actress winner Jodie Foster became the eighth person in history to win the aforementioned category for a film with a single nomination. The last person to achieve this feat was Sophia Loren when she won for "Two Women" in 1961. Best Actor winner Dustin Hoffman was the fifth person to win the aforementioned category twice. Sigourney Weaver became the fifth performer to receive two acting nominations in the same year but did not win in either category. John Lasseter and William Reeves won Best Animated Short Film for "Tin Toy", which was Pixar's first Oscar ever and was the first CGI film to win an Oscar.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: Note: "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" received 3 competitive Academy Awards of Merit. In addition, the film received a Special Achievement Award.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers:


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: In an attempt to attract viewers to the telecast and increase interest in the festivities, the Academy hired film producer and veteran Oscar ceremony executive talent coordinator Allan Carr to produce the 1989 ceremony. In interviews with various media outlets, he expressed that it was a dream come true to produce the Oscars.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: Notable changes were introduced in the production of the telecast. For the first time, presenters announced each winner with the phrase "And the Oscar goes to..." rather than "And the winner is...". The green room where Oscar presenters, performers, and winners gathered backstage was transformed into a luxurious suite complete with furniture, pictures, refreshments, and other amenities called "Club Oscar". Instead of hiring a host for the proceedings, Carr heavily relied on presenters often grouped in pairs that had some connection, either through family or the film industry (a theme he billed as "couples, companions, costars, and compadres"); not until 2019 would another ceremony lack a host.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: Several other people were involved in the production of the ceremony. Jeff Margolis served as director of the telecast. Lyricist and composer Marvin Hamlisch was hired as musical supervisor of the festivities. Comedian and writer Bruce Vilanch was hired as a writer for the broadcast, a role he filled until 2014. Carr had also rounded up eighteen young stars, including Patrick Dempsey, Corey Feldman, Ricki Lake, and Blair Underwood, to perform in a musical number entitled "I Wanna Be an Oscar Winner". Unlike in most Oscar ceremonies, however, Carr announced that none of the three songs nominated for Best Original Song would be performed live.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: The telecast was also remembered for being the final public appearance of actress and comedian Lucille Ball, where she and co-presenter Bob Hope were given a standing ovation. On April 26, almost a month after the ceremony, she died from a dissecting aortic aneurysm at age 77.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: In an effort to showcase more glamour and showmanship in the ceremony, producer Carr hired playwright Steve Silver to co-produce an opening number inspired by Silver's long-running musical revue "Beach Blanket Babylon". The segment consisted of an elaborate stage show centered on actress Eileen Bowman dressed as Snow White from Disney's "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", who comes to Hollywood and is entranced by its glamour. Like "Beach Blanket Babylon", the opening act also featured dancers wearing giant, elaborate hats. In a setting designed to resemble the Cocoanut Grove nightclub, Hollywood dignitaries such as actresses Alice Faye, Dorothy Lamour, Cyd Charisse, her husband Tony Martin, as well as Buddy Rogers and Vincent Price were prominently featured, while singer and television producer Merv Griffin sang a rendition of the song "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts" (of which he had had a hit recording in 1949). Bowman and actor Rob Lowe then sang a reworked version of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Proud Mary", with lyrics rewritten to refer to the film industry; it is this song for which the act is infamously remembered.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: The show was panned by most of the media publications. "Los Angeles Times" television critic Howard Rosenberg lamented, "the Academy Awards telecast on ABC was surprisingly devoid of magic. It was on the musty side, and compared with last month's Grammycast, absolutely moribund." Film critic Janet Maslin chastised the opening number, saying it "deserves a permanent place in the annals of Oscar embarrassments". She also bemoaned that the "I Wanna Be an Oscar Winner" number "was confusingly shot and inspired no confidence in Hollywood's future". Television editor Tony Scott of "Variety" complained, "The 61st Annual Academy Awards extravaganza—seen in 91 different countries including, for the first time, the Soviet Union—turned out to be a TV nyet" He also observed that the "Break-Out Superstars number" looked like they were "cavorting around a giant Oscar as if it were the golden calf".


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: The telecast also received a mixed reception from professionals within the show business industry. Talent agent Michael Ovitz praised Carr saying that he had "brought show business back to the movie business". Actress Jennifer Jones thanked Carr in a written letter to the producer, which read "You delivered." On the other hand, seventeen people, including actors Paul Newman, Gregory Peck, and Julie Andrews, and directors Billy Wilder and Joseph L. Mankiewicz, signed an open letter deriding the telecast as "an embarrassment to both the Academy and the entire motion picture industry".


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: There has been speculation that some of the blowback against the ceremony, which was the first produced by an openly gay person and which prominently featured a musical number based on a gay nightclub show, was homophobic in nature, although others, such as Bruce Vilanch and David Geffen, have challenged that assessment.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: In addition, The Walt Disney Company filed suit against AMPAS for use of the likeness of Snow White. The lawsuit demanded unspecified damages for "copyright infringement, unfair competition, and dilution of business reputation". Academy President Richard Kahn immediately issued an apology to the studio, and the lawsuit was subsequently dropped.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: Bowman has claimed that she was made to sign a gag order the next day prohibiting her from speaking to the press about her performance for the next 13 years. She finally spoke about it publicly in a 2013 interview, in which she described the performance as looking "like a gay bar mitzvah".


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: Despite the criticism regarding the production of the ceremony, the American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 42.68 million people over its length, which was a 1% increase from the previous year's ceremony. The show also drew higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony, with 29.81% of households watching over a 50.41 share. It was the highest-rated Oscar broadcast since the 56th ceremony, held in 1984.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: Nevertheless, AMPAS created an Awards Presentation Review Committee to evaluate and determine why the telecast earned such a negative reaction from the media and the entertainment industry. The committee later determined that Carr's biggest mistake was allowing the questionable opening number to run for 12 minutes. Producer and former Directors Guild of America president Gilbert Cates, who headed the committee, said that Carr would have not received such harsh criticism if the number had been much shorter. Cates was subsequently hired as producer of the succeeding year's telecast.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: According to various showbiz insiders and reporters, the criticism and backlash from the ceremony resulted in Carr never again producing a film or theatrical show. He died from complications resulting from liver cancer on June 29, 1999, at the age of 62.


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: At the time of the nominations announcement on February 15, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $188 million, with an average of $37.7 million per film. "Rain Man" was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees, with $97 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by "Working Girl" ($42.1 million), "The Accidental Tourist" ($24.2 million), "Mississippi Burning" ($18.6 million), and finally "Dangerous Liaisons" ($6.69 million).


title: 61st Academy Awards

text: Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 52 nominations went to 13 films. Only "Big" (3rd), "Rain Man" (5th), "Working Girl" (21st), "The Accused" (32nd), "The Accidental Tourist" (38th), "Gorillas in the Mist" (40th), "Mississippi Burning" (45th), and "Tucker: The Man and His Dream" (50th) were nominated for Best Picture, directing, acting, or screenwriting. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" (1st), "Coming to America" (2nd), "Die Hard" (7th), "Beetlejuice" (9th), and "Willow" (12th).


title: Unified field theory

text: In physics, a unified field theory (UFT) is a type of field theory that allows all that is usually thought of as fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a pair of physical and virtual fields. According to the modern discoveries in physics, forces are not transmitted directly between interacting objects but instead are described and interrupted by intermediary entities called fields.


title: Unified field theory

text: Classically, however, a duality of the fields is combined into a single physical field. For over a century, unified field theory has remained an open line of research and the term was coined by Albert Einstein, who attempted to unify his general theory of relativity with electromagnetism. The "Theory of Everything" and Grand Unified Theory are closely related to unified field theory, but differ by not requiring the basis of nature to be fields, and often by attempting to explain physical constants of nature. Earlier attempts based on classical physics are described in the article on classical unified field theories.


title: Unified field theory

text: The goal of a unified field theory has led to a great deal of progress for future theoretical physics, and progress continues.


title: Unified field theory

text: All four of the known fundamental forces are mediated by fields, which in the Standard Model of particle physics result from the exchange of gauge bosons. Specifically, the four fundamental interactions to be unified are:


title: Unified field theory

text: Modern unified field theory attempts to bring these four forces and matter together into a single framework.


title: Unified field theory

text: The first successful classical unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell. In 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday made the observation that time-varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents. Until then, electricity and magnetism had been thought of as unrelated phenomena. In 1864, Maxwell published his famous paper on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. This was the first example of a theory that was able to encompass previously separate field theories (namely electricity and magnetism) to provide a unifying theory of electromagnetism. By 1905, Albert Einstein had used the constancy of the speed of light in Maxwell's theory to unify our notions of space and time into an entity we now call spacetime and in 1915 he expanded this theory of special relativity to a description of gravity, general relativity, using a field to describe the curving geometry of four-dimensional spacetime.


title: Unified field theory

text: In the years following the creation of the general theory, a large number of physicists and mathematicians enthusiastically participated in the attempt to unify the then-known fundamental interactions. In view of later developments in this domain, of particular interest are the theories of Hermann Weyl of 1919, who introduced the concept of an (electromagnetic) gauge field in a classical field theory and, two years later, that of Theodor Kaluza, who extended General Relativity to five dimensions. Continuing in this latter direction, Oscar Klein proposed in 1926 that the fourth spatial dimension be curled up into a small, unobserved circle. In Kaluza–Klein theory, the gravitational curvature of the extra spatial direction behaves as an additional force similar to electromagnetism. These and other models of electromagnetism and gravity were pursued by Albert Einstein in his attempts at a classical unified field theory. By 1930 Einstein had already considered the Einstein-Maxwell–Dirac System [Dongen]. This system is (heuristically) the super-classical [Varadarajan] limit of (the not mathematically well-defined) quantum electrodynamics. One can extend this system to include the weak and strong nuclear forces to get the Einstein–Yang-Mills–Dirac System. The French physicist Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat published a paper in the early 1940s on the standard commutation relations for the quantized spin-2 field. She continued this work in collaboration with Erwin Schrödinger after World War II. In the 1960s Mendel Sachs proposed a generally covariant field theory that did not require recourse to renormalization or perturbation theory. In 1965, Tonnelat published a book on the state of research on unified field theories.


title: Unified field theory

text: In 1963, American physicist Sheldon Glashow proposed that the weak nuclear force, electricity, and magnetism could arise from a partially unified electroweak theory. In 1967, Pakistani Abdus Salam and American Steven Weinberg independently revised Glashow's theory by having the masses for the W particle and Z particle arise through spontaneous symmetry breaking with the Higgs mechanism. This unified theory modeled the electroweak interaction as a force mediated by four particles: the photon for the electromagnetic aspect, and a neutral Z particle, and two charged W particles for the weak aspect. As a result of the spontaneous symmetry breaking, the weak force becomes short-range and the W and Z bosons acquire masses of 80.4 and , respectively. Their theory was first given experimental support by the discovery of weak neutral currents in 1973. In 1983, the Z and W bosons were first produced at CERN by Carlo Rubbia's team. For their insights, Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979. Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer received the Prize in 1984.


title: Unified field theory

text: After Gerardus 't Hooft showed the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam electroweak interactions to be mathematically consistent, the electroweak theory became a template for further attempts at unifying forces. In 1974, Sheldon Glashow and Howard Georgi proposed unifying the strong and electroweak interactions into the Georgi–Glashow model, the first Grand Unified Theory, which would have observable effects for energies much above 100 GeV.


title: Unified field theory

text: Since then there have been several proposals for Grand Unified Theories, e.g. the Pati–Salam model, although none is currently universally accepted. A major problem for experimental tests of such theories is the energy scale involved, which is well beyond the reach of current accelerators. Grand Unified Theories make predictions for the relative strengths of the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces, and in 1991 LEP determined that supersymmetric theories have the correct ratio of couplings for a Georgi–Glashow Grand Unified Theory.


title: Unified field theory

text: Many Grand Unified Theories (but not Pati–Salam) predict that the proton can decay, and if this were to be seen, details of the decay products could give hints at more aspects of the Grand Unified Theory. It is at present unknown if the proton can decay, although experiments have determined a lower bound of 10 years for its lifetime.


title: Unified field theory

text: Theoretical physicists have not yet formulated a widely accepted, consistent theory that combines general relativity and quantum mechanics to form a theory of everything. Trying to combine the graviton with the strong and electroweak interactions leads to fundamental difficulties and the resulting theory is not renormalizable. The incompatibility of the two theories remains an outstanding problem in the field of physics.


title: House of Welf

text: The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century. The originally Franconian family from the Meuse-Moselle area was closely related to the imperial family of the Carolingians.


title: House of Welf

text: The (Younger) House of Welf is the older branch of the House of Este, a dynasty whose earliest known members lived in Veneto and Lombardy in the late 9th/early 10th century, sometimes called Welf-Este. The first member was Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, also known as Welf IV. He inherited the property of the Elder House of Welf when his maternal uncle Welf III, Duke of Carinthia and Verona, the last male Welf of the Elder House, died in 1055.


title: House of Welf

text: Welf IV was the son of Welf III's sister Kunigunde of Altdorf and her husband Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan. In 1070, Welf IV became Duke of Bavaria.


title: House of Welf

text: Welf II, Duke of Bavaria married Countess Matilda of Tuscany, who died childless and left him her possessions, including Tuscany, Ferrara, Modena, Mantua, and Reggio, which played a role in the Investiture Controversy. Since the Welf dynasty sided with the Pope in this controversy, partisans of the Pope came to be known in Italy as Guelphs ("Guelfi").


title: House of Welf

text: The first genealogy of the Welfs is the "Genealogia Welforum", composed shortly before 1126. A much more detailed history of the dynasty, the "Historia Welforum", was composed around 1170. It is the earliest history of a noble house in Germany.


title: House of Welf

text: Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, from 1120–1126, was the first of the three dukes of the Welf dynasty called Henry. His wife Wulfhild was the heiress of the house of Billung, possessing the territory around Lüneburg in Lower Saxony. Their son, Henry the Proud, was the son-in-law and heir of Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor and became also Duke of Saxony on Lothair's death.


title: House of Welf

text: Lothair left his territory around Brunswick, inherited from his mother of the Brunonids, to his daughter Gertrud. Her husband Henry the Proud became then the favoured candidate in the imperial election against Conrad III of the Hohenstaufen. Henry lost the election, as the other princes feared his power and temperament, and was dispossessed of his duchies by Conrad III.


title: House of Welf

text: Henry's brother Welf VI (1115–1191), Margrave of Tuscany, later left his Swabian territories around Ravensburg, the original possessions of the Elder House of Welf, to his nephew Emperor Frederick I, and thus to the House of Hohenstaufen.


title: House of Welf

text: The next duke of the Welf dynasty Henry the Lion (1129/1131–1195) recovered his father's two duchies, Saxony in 1142, Bavaria in 1156 and thus ruled vast parts of Germany. In 1168 he married Matilda (1156–1189), the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and sister of Richard I of England, gaining ever more influence. His first cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, tried to get along with him, but when Henry refused to assist him once more in an Italian war campaign, conflict became inevitable.


title: House of Welf

text: Dispossessed of his duchies after the Battle of Legnano in 1176 by Emperor Frederick I and the other princes of the German Empire eager to claim parts of his vast territories, he was exiled to the court of his father-in-law Henry II in Normandy in 1180. He returned to Germany three years later.


title: House of Welf

text: Henry made his peace with the Hohenstaufen Emperor in 1185 and returned to his much diminished lands around Brunswick without recovering his two duchies. Bavaria had been given to Otto I, Duke of Bavaria, and the Duchy of Saxony was divided between the Archbishop of Cologne, the House of Ascania and others. Diminished lands did not prevent him from imprisoning Richard I on his return from the Third Crusade, and demanding a huge ransom in 1193. Henry died at Brunswick in 1195.


title: House of Welf

text: Henry the Lion's son, Otto of Brunswick, was elected King of the Romans and crowned Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV after years of further conflicts with the Hohenstaufen emperors. He incurred the wrath of Pope Innocent III and was excommunicated in 1215. Otto was forced to abdicate the imperial throne by the Hohenstaufen Frederick II. He was the only Welf to become Holy Roman Emperor.


title: House of Welf

text: Henry the Lion's grandson Otto the Child became duke of a part of Saxony in 1235, the new Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and died there in 1252. The duchy was divided several times during the High Middle Ages amongst various lines of the House of Welf. The subordinate states had the legal status of principalities within the duchy, which remained as an undivided imperial fief. Each state was generally named after the ruler's residence, e.g., the rulers of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel originally lived in Wolfenbüttel.


title: House of Welf

text: Whenever a branch of the family died out in the male line, the territory was given to another line, as the duchy remained enfeoffed to the family as a whole rather than its individual members. All members of the House of Welf, male or female, bore the title "Duke/Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg" in addition to the style of the subordinate principality. By 1705, the subordinate principalities had taken their final form as the Electorate of Hanover and the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and these would become the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick after the Congress of Vienna in 1815.


title: House of Welf

text: In 1269 the Principality of Brunswick was formed following the first division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1432, as a result of increasing tensions with the townsfolk of Brunswick, the Brunswick Line moved their residence to Wolfenbüttel Castle, thus the name "Wolfenbüttel" became the unofficial name of this principality. With Ivan VI of Russia the Brunswick line even had a short intermezzo on the Russian imperial throne in 1740. Not until 1754 was the residence moved back to Brunswick, into the new Brunswick Palace. In 1814 the principality became the Duchy of Brunswick, ruled by the senior branch of the House of Welf.


title: House of Welf

text: In 1432 the estates gained by the "Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel" between the Deister and Leine split away as the "Principality of Calenberg". In 1495 it was expanded around Göttingen and in 1584 went back to the Wolfenbüttel Line. In 1634, as a result of inheritance distributions, it went to the House of Luneburg residing at Celle Castle. In 1635 it was given to George, younger brother of Prince Ernest II of Lüneburg, who chose Hanover as his residence.


title: House of Welf

text: New territory was added in 1665, and in 1705 the Principality of Luneburg was taken over by the Hanoverians. In 1692 Duke Ernest Augustus from the Calenberg-Hanover Line acquired the right to be a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire as the Prince-Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Colloquially the Electorate was known as the Electorate of Hanover. In 1814 it was succeeded by the Kingdom of Hanover.


title: House of Welf

text: Religion-driven politics placed Ernest Augustus's wife Sophia of the Palatinate in the line of succession to the British crown by the Act of Settlement 1701, written to ensure a Protestant succession to the thrones of Scotland and England at a time when anti-Catholic sentiment ran high in much of Northern Europe and Great Britain. Sophia died shortly before her first cousin once removed, Anne, Queen of Great Britain, the last sovereign of the House of Stuart.


title: House of Welf

text: Sophia's son George I succeeded Queen Anne and formed a personal union from 1714 between the British crown and the Electorate of Hanover, which lasted until well after the end of the Napoleonic Wars more than a century later, through the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the rise of a new successor kingdom. The British royal family became known as the House of Hanover.


title: House of Welf

text: The "Electorate of Hanover" (the core duchy) was enlarged with the addition of other lands and became the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 at the Congress of Vienna. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the Kingdom was ruled as personal union by the British crown from its creation under George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837.


title: House of Welf

text: At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic law requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Her offspring belong to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: in 1917 the name was changed to the House of Windsor.


title: House of Welf

text: The Kingdom of Hanover was lost in 1866 by Ernest Augustus's son George V of Hanover, Austria's ally during the Austro-Prussian War, when it was annexed by Prussia after Austria's defeat and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Welfs went into exile at Gmunden, Austria, where they built "Cumberland Castle".


title: House of Welf

text: The senior line of the dynasty had ruled the much smaller principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, created the sovereign Duchy of Brunswick in 1814. This line became extinct in 1884. Although the Duchy should have been inherited by the Duke of Cumberland, son of the last king of Hanover, Prussian suspicions of his loyalty led the duchy's throne to remain vacant until 1913, when the Duke of Cumberland's son, Ernst August, married the daughter of Kaiser Wilhelm II and was allowed to inherit it. His rule there was short-lived, as the monarchy came to an end following the First World War in 1918.


title: House of Welf

text: The Welf dynasty continues to exist. The last member sitting on a European throne was Frederica of Hanover, Queen of Greece († 1981), mother of Queen Sofia of Spain and King Constantine II of Greece. Frederica's brother Prince George William of Hanover married Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark, sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The House's head is Queen Frederica's nephew Ernst August, the third and present husband of Princess Caroline of Monaco.


title: Guy Gavriel Kay

text: Guy Gavriel Kay (born November 7, 1954) is a Canadian writer of fantasy fiction. The majority of his novels take place in fictional settings that resemble real places during real historical periods, such as Constantinople during the reign of Justinian I or Spain during the time of El Cid. Kay has expressed a preference to avoid genre categorization of these works as historical fantasy. , Kay has published 15 novels and a book of poetry. , his fiction has been translated into at least 22 languages. Kay is also a qualified lawyer in Canada.


title: Guy Gavriel Kay

text: Kay was born in Weyburn, Saskatchewan, in 1954. He was raised and educated in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and received a bachelor's degree in philosophy from the University of Manitoba in 1975. He obtained an LLB from the University of Toronto in 1978.


title: Guy Gavriel Kay

text: When Christopher Tolkien needed an assistant to edit his father J. R. R. Tolkien's unpublished work, he chose Kay, then a student of philosophy at the University of Manitoba. Kay moved to Oxford in 1974 to assist Christopher in editing "The Silmarillion".


title: Guy Gavriel Kay

text: He returned to Canada in 1975 to pursue a law degree at the University of Toronto and was called to the bar of Ontario in 1981. Kay became principal writer and an associate producer for a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation radio series, "The Scales of Justice," and continued as principal writer when the series transferred to television.


title: Guy Gavriel Kay

text: In 1984, Kay's first fantasy work, "The Summer Tree", the first volume of "The Fionavar Tapestry" trilogy, was published.


title: Guy Gavriel Kay

text: Kay has stated concerns about the decline of individual privacy, the expectation of privacy, and also literary privacy. The latter primarily concerns the use of real individuals in works of fiction, such as Michael Cunningham having based "The Hours" on Virginia Woolf.


title: Azazel (Marvel Comics)

text: Azazel is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Chuck Austen and Sean Philips, Azazel first appeared in "Uncanny X-Men" #428 (August 2003). He belongs to the subspecies of humans named mutants, who are born with superhuman abilities, and to the species of humanoid magical beings named demons, who are born with supernatural powers. He is the father of the X-Men's Kiwi Black and Nightcrawler.


title: Azazel (Marvel Comics)

text: Azazel's first appearance was in "Uncanny X-Men" #428 (August 2003) during "The Draco" storyline, written by Chuck Austen. The character's name comes from Azazel, an angel from the Book of Enoch mentioned first at chapter 8 verse 1. His origin story was presented in "The Uncanny X-Men" #433 (2004).


title: Azazel (Marvel Comics)

text: Azazel is said to be one of the oldest mutants, belonging to an ancient group of demonic-looking mutants called the Neyaphem. He stated that he once rivaled Mephisto for the title of "Satan." Eventually, the Neyaphem were banished to the Brimstone Dimension by another group of angelic-looking mutants known as the Cheyarafim. Azazel was seen to be convinced that Warren Worthington III was one of the members of the group. Across his life, Azazel has been known to make demonic deals with several humans, including the family of Monet St. Croix.


title: Azazel (Marvel Comics)

text: Their leader, Azazel, was the only one who was able to breach the dimensional void and return to Earth for brief periods of time due to his teleportation powers. His only hope to return to Earth permanently was by impregnating women, as his children were linked to his dimension and he could use them to create a stable gateway between dimensions. About twenty years ago, Azazel began mating with women who had strange appearances, at least with looks and abilities other women didn't have. He had met Mystique in Germany, when she was married to a rich castle lord named Baron Christian Wagner. With Christian unable to give her children, Mystique was introduced to Azazel, whom Christian knew as a business partner. Mystique had secretly been taking lovers to produce an heir to Count Wagner. Mystique fell in love with Azazel and became pregnant with Nightcrawler.While she was hesitant to betray Christian because of their marriage, she killed Christian because he suspected her betrayal. After Mystique left to look for Azazel who was nowhere to be found. It was later known that Azazel was taking care of business involving the Cheyarafim, and had to leave, knowing that Mystique would find some way to live. However, she didn't have much time to formulate a plan, as the angry villagers soon found out about Christian's murder and came after her and the demonic-looking baby. In order to save her own life, she shape-shifted into one of the villagers and dropped Nightcrawler over the cliff, saying that she had pushed the woman off as well. With her own life saved, she ran away. Mystique was the only woman that Azazel sought to have relations with besides simple procreation. Later, thinking Mystique to be dead, Azazel sired several dozen other children.


title: Azazel (Marvel Comics)

text: They were all mysteriously called to gather and sacrifice themselves on the island known as the Isla Des Demonas to open a portal and bring his army to Earth, with the goal of destroying both the Cheyarafim and what Azazel called "normal mutants", mutants whose bodies did not show signs of their mutation, and who were not seen as monsters and demons. In addition to Nightcrawler, another son of Azazel's was the Genoshan called Abyss. The children of Azazel all joined each other in a zombie-like state and opened a portal to his dimension. A group of X-Men had followed Kurt to see where he was going, and jumped into the portal once it had opened. Once inside, Azazel took great pleasure in toying with the team, having them believe that he was actually Satan. In the end, the X-Men defeated Azazel and his army and banished him to an unknown oblivion. The X-Men, including Nightcrawler, were able to escape, along with two other children of Azazel: Abyss and Kiwi Black.


title: Azazel (Marvel Comics)

text: Azazel's whereabouts were unknown for several years, but he resurfaced in this dimension, accompanied by a few Azazel-like Bamfs, revealing himself to be the master of Calcabrina, former ally of Frankenstein's Monster, and banned from all realms of Hell.


title: Azazel (Marvel Comics)

text: Confronted by a shape-shifted Mystique, a disguise he easily saw through, Azazel was asked to join Mystique to the realm of Hell to fight the newly resurrected William Stryker who had become demonic. Weapon X-Force being close in perimeter allowed Sabertooth to grow agitated with the lack of progression towards the mission's goal, had the team reveal themselves to attack Azazel with the plan to force teleport them to the realm of Hell Stryker resided in. Azazel quickly overpowered the team and obliged the request because of the ties Mystique had with Sabertooth. In order to send them to Hell, the Weapon X-Force were killed by Azazel as they were sinners designated for eternal damnation prior. Due to Weapon X-Force's regenerative healing, Azazel kept the team in suspended animation with the use of his teleportation abilities. Frozen in time, the team's souls were able to be transported to Hell to complete the mission and Azazel was to unfreeze them to return them to their individual bodies once they were revived with their healing factors.


title: Azazel (Marvel Comics)

text: Azazel was eventually welcomed to the new mutant island of Krakoa, created by Xavier, Magneto, and Moira X. He entered through the teleportation gateway alongside other villainous and fractious mutants, who had been invited to join the nation in order to heal mutantdom and start over as a whole species together.


title: Azazel (Marvel Comics)

text: Azazel is an immortal mutant. He has proven to be able to transport himself and others through great distances. He is able to project bolts of paralyzing energy, manipulate the mind of others, and change his appearance. Azazel also demonstrated he can cast magic spells.


title: Azazel (Marvel Comics)

text: In the "Age of Apocalypse" reality, Azazel first appears as a member of the Clan Akkaba. Weapon Omega appointed Azazel his Minister of Death and made him his right-hand man.


title: Azazel (Marvel Comics)

text: In the patchwork planet known as Battle world that debuted in "Secret Wars", a zombified version of Azazel is shown to exist in the Deadlands, a Battle world domain outside God Emperor Doom's jurisdiction that represents the remnants of Earth-2149 and goes by the name of Red Terror.


title: Alessia Russo

text: Alessia Mia Teresa Russo (; born 8 February 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Manchester United in the Women's Super League and the England national team.


title: Alessia Russo

text: She has previously played for Chelsea, Brighton & Hove Albion and North Carolina Tar Heels, as well as representing England at all age groups.


title: Alessia Russo

text: After playing for Bearsted Girls U10 as a child, Russo also played county schools' football for Kent Schools FA whilst attending St Simon Stock School in Maidstone. She began her career at Charlton Athletic's centre of excellence, before joining and captaining Chelsea's development squad. Her first and only senior appearance with Chelsea came during the first round of the FA WSL Continental Cup on 2 July 2016.


title: Alessia Russo

text: In January 2017, Russo joined newly promoted WSL 2 side Brighton & Hove Albion ahead of the 2017 FA WSL Spring Series. She made her Brighton debut on 5 February 2017 in an FA Cup third round victory against AFC Wimbledon. On 11 February, Russo scored Brighton's first ever goal at WSL level in the team's Spring Series opener, a 1–1 draw with London Bees.


title: Alessia Russo

text: In autumn 2017, Russo moved to the United States to play college soccer, joining ACC team North Carolina Tar Heels alongside England youth teammate Lotte Wubben-Moy. As a freshman she appeared in 19 games, making 18 starts. She finished as the leading scorer on the team with nine goals as well as two assists and earned several accolades including co-ACC Freshman of the Year, ACC All-Freshman Team selection and United Soccer Coaches All-East Region first team selection. The team won the 2017 ACC Women's Soccer Tournament, beating Duke 1–0 in the final having finished runners-up to Duke in the regular season. Russo was named tournament MVP. In 2018, despite missing the postseason with a broken leg, Russo earned a United Soccer Coaches first-team All-America selection, the first Tar Heel to make the first team since Crystal Dunn in 2013, and was named ACC Offensive Player of the Year as North Carolina won the regular season title for the first time since 2008. In 2019, Russo returned from injury to make a career-high 24 appearances and once again led the team in goals with 13. The team defended the regular season title, won the 2019 ACC Women's Soccer Tournament and reached the 2019 Women's College Cup Final, losing on penalties to Stanford after a goalless draw. Individually Russo was named first-team All-ACC for the third year in a row, ACC Tournament MVP for a second time and United Soccer Coaches first team All-American for a second time. In August 2020, Russo announced she was forgoing her final year of college eligibility amid uncertainty around the season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Alessia Russo

text: On 10 September 2020, Russo signed a two-year contract with the option for a third year with Manchester United, the club she grew up supporting. She made her debut three days later as a half-time substitute in a 5–2 league victory over Birmingham City, registering an assist. She scored her first goal for the club in the following game, starting in a 3–0 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion. Russo was nominated for WSL Player of the Month in October 2020 with three goals and one assist in three appearances. However, she would miss the rest of the 2020-21 season after tearing her hamstring during training.


title: Alessia Russo

text: In the 2021–22 season, Russo led the team in goals with 11 goals in 30 appearances in all competitions and was named the inaugural winner of the team's Players' Player of the Year award.


title: Alessia Russo

text: Russo has represented England on the under-15, under-17 and under-19, under-20 and under-21 national teams. In October 2015, she scored five goals against Croatia during a 13–0 2016 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship qualification win before scoring a hat-trick against Estonia in the following game. Russo finished joint top-scorer in qualifying with 9 goals and then again at 2016 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship, scoring 5 goals including a brace against Germany in a 4–3 semi-final defeat as England finished third. She competed at the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in Jordan and was part of the squad that finished third at the 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.


title: Alessia Russo

text: On 26 February 2020, Russo was called up to the senior England national team for the first time as part of the 2020 SheBelieves Cup squad, initially as a training player but was later added as an injury replacement for Lucy Bronze. She made her senior international debut on 11 March 2020 in the final game of the tournament, appearing as a 76th minute substitute for Toni Duggan in a 1–0 defeat to Spain. On 30 November 2021, she scored her first international goals, a hat-trick in a national record 20–0 victory over Latvia during 2023 World Cup qualifying. Timed at 11 minutes, the hat-trick was the fastest by any England player in history.


title: Alessia Russo

text: In June 2022, Russo was included in Sarina Wiegman's England squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2022. She appeared in all six games, all as a substitute, during the campaign as England won the Euros for the first time. She ended the tournament with four goals, the fourth an audacious back-heel between the legs of Sweden keeper Hedvig Lindahl in the semi-final. This total placed her third highest, behind her teammate Beth Mead and Germany's Alexandra Popp (six each). Her goal against Sweden was awarded "Goal of the Tournament" by UEFA.


title: Alessia Russo

text: Born in Maidstone, Kent, Russo is of Italian descent. Her Sicilian grandfather moved to England in the 1950s. Her father, Mario, played non-league football for Metropolitan Police and brother, Giorgio, has also played non-league football for various teams, most recently for Ramsgate. Her brother, Luca, went to the University of Missouri on a track and field scholarship.


title: Alessia Russo

text: In 2006, Russo was a mascot for her future United manager Casey Stoney, who was captain of Charlton Athletic while Russo was at the London club's Centre of Excellence.


title: TypeRacer

text: TypeRacer is a multiplayer online browser-based typing game. In "TypeRacer", players complete typing tests of various texts as fast as possible, competing against themselves or with other users online. It was launched in March 2008.


title: TypeRacer

text: "TypeRacer" was created by programmer Alex Epshteyn, using the OpenSocial application programming interface (API) and the Google Web Toolkit. Epshteyn is a former intern at Google and graduate of the University of Massachusetts Amherst with a Master's degree in computer science. He was inspired to create a competitive multiplayer typing game because the Windows shareware program he used to learn touch typing lacked a multiplayer mode. Although older games, such as "The Typing of the Dead", had launched before Epshteyn's conception of "TypeRacer", the existence of such were unbeknownst to him due to his self-described inexperience in the gaming community. When a former engineer from the hallmark typing game "Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing" contacted Epshteyn regarding "TypeRacer," he expressed approval for the project on behalf of the Beacon team.


title: TypeRacer

text: Players compete by racing miniature cars that advance as the users type various passages. The passages range in lengths from approximately 20 to 930 characters. For racing, there is the default ("maintrack") option, where players race against each other by typing randomly selected quotes from a database. Practice racing, or "ghosting", is the game's single-player option where players can type any text on demand, and save up to five races. In addition, there are separate competitions and private tracks. In competitions, the player with the most points by a certain time wins. In private tracks, players need a customized link to access the track. When typing text selections, accuracy is required; any typing errors detected in spelling, capitalization or punctuation must be fixed by the player before continuing with the race. The typing passages are popular culture references and come from songs, films, television shows, video games and books. For example, text selections include passages from such sources as "Monty Python and the Holy Grail", "A Clockwork Orange", and Stephen Colbert's "I Am America (And So Can You!)." Additional quotes can be submitted by users to be considered for addition into the game.


title: TypeRacer

text: When racing, the words per minute (wpm) speed recorded from a given user are compiled and used to generate metrics like a player's all-time average and their last ten averages. Based on a player's average, players are categorized into one of six graduated ranks:


title: TypeRacer

text: "TypeRacer" has taken repeated measures to restrict the use of cheats including measures such as keystroke replays and a captcha anticheat that requires users who achieve over 100 wpm in a race to complete a CAPTCHA. When completed successfully, if high-scoring players achieve a score that is 25% higher than their recorded CAPTCHA speed, an additional challenge-response test will be reactivated.


title: TypeRacer

text: After a player completes a race, five metrics measure the user's performance: registered wpm, unlagged wpm, accuracy, points, and rank. Registered wpm is how fast the website has calculated a player's speed average throughout the text. It is measured in a way that prevents cheaters from manually sending scores to the website, which means there is often lag that lowers a player's wpm count. The unlagged wpm is a player's actual speed. Players can view it by watching a replay of their race. A player's accuracy is the percentage of the characters entered correctly in the text. A player's points is an alternate way of measuring how well a person did in a race. The better a player performs, the more points that player gets. These results are also used in competitions to determine the winner. A player's rank is equivalent to their place in the race. Whoever completes the race fastest takes first place.


title: TypeRacer

text: There are many "universes" in "TypeRacer". These are branches of the main site dedicated to a specific aspect of typing. For example, there is a "Numbers Universe" where the texts are exclusively numbers, and there is a "Marathon Universe", where all of the texts are extremely long.


title: Grace Chatto

text: Grace Chatto (born 10 December 1985) is an English musician and singer who is the cellist, backing vocalist and occasional main vocalist, for the electronic music band Clean Bandit.


title: Grace Chatto

text: Chatto attended Latymer School and Westminster School, as well as the Royal Academy of Music. She studied Modern Languages at Jesus College, Cambridge, where she met founding band members Jack Patterson and Neil Amin-Smith, with whom she played in a string quartet. Chatto speaks Russian fluently.


title: Grace Chatto

text: Clean Bandit's 2010 single "Mozart's House" reached number 17 on the UK Singles Chart when re-released in 2013. Chatto held a position teaching cello at a school when it was first released, and her appearance in the music video – in which she appeared in her underwear with a violin obstructing her chest – prompted her to be fired after a parent complained. In January 2014, they scored their first UK chart topping single with "Rather Be", a collaboration with Jess Glynne, featuring elements of both classical and dance music. The song also reached number 10 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Grace Chatto

text: Together with the other members of Clean Bandit, Jack Patterson and Luke Patterson, she has won a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording 2015 for the track "Rather Be" and was nominated for two Brit Awards in 2015 and 2017.


title: Grace Chatto

text: Chatto directed the video for Clean Bandit's 2016 single "Rockabye", which features rapper Sean Paul and singer Anne-Marie, and became their second number-one hit in the UK, becoming the Christmas number one single for 2016 in its seventh consecutive week at number-one. Chatto also directed the video for Clean Bandit's single Symphony in March 2017, which contained an entire orchestra, with Clean Bandit members playing amongst them with Zara Larsson on lead vocals.


title: Grace Chatto

text: Chatto and Jack Patterson formed their own film production company, Cleanfilm, to make music videos for themselves and other artists. Chatto has produced and directed videos with Jack Patterson since the band's inception.


title: Grace Chatto

text: Chatto, with her father, formed a band of singing cellists called the Massive Violins, with whom she still performs.


title: Grace Chatto

text: On 13 November 2020, Chatto was featured on "Stop Crying Your Heart Out" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single. The single debuted at number 7 on the Official UK Singles Chart and number 1 on both the Official UK Singles Sales Chart and the Official UK Singles Download Chart.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: New Bern, formerly called Newbern, is a city in Craven County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 29,524, which had risen to an estimated 29,994 as of 2019. It is the county seat of Craven County and the principal city of the New Bern Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: It is located at the confluence of the Neuse and the Trent rivers, near the North Carolina coast. It lies east of Raleigh, north of Wilmington, and south of Norfolk. New Bern is the birthplace of Pepsi.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: New Bern was founded in October 1710 by the Palatines and Swiss under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried. The new colonists named their settlement after Bern, the Swiss region from which many of the colonists and their patron had emigrated. The flag and arms of the American city are virtually identical to those of the Swiss canton. The English connection with Switzerland had been established by some Marian exiles who sought refuge in Protestant parts of Switzerland. There were also marriages between the House of Stuart and notable people in the history of Calvinism. The colonists later discovered they had started their settlement on the site of a former Tuscarora village named Chattoka. This caused conflicts with the Tuscaroras who were in the area.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: New Bern is the second-oldest European settled colonial town in North Carolina, after Bath. It served as the capital of North Carolina from 1770 to 1792. After the American Revolution (1775–1783), New Bern became wealthy and quickly developed a rich cultural life. At one time New Bern was called "the Athens of the South," renowned for its Masonic Temple and Athens Theater. These are both still very active today.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: New Bern has four historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places; their numerous contributing buildings include residences, stores and churches dating back to the early eighteenth century. Within walking distance of the waterfront are more than 164 homes and buildings listed on the National Register. Also nearby are several bed and breakfasts, hotels, restaurants, banks, antiques stores and specialty shops. The historic districts contain many of the city's 2,000 crape myrtles—its official flower—and developed gardens. New Bern has two "Local Historic Districts", a municipal zoning overlay that affords legal protection to the exteriors of New Bern's historic structures.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: New Bern was settled in October 1710 by the Palatines and Swiss under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried. The new colonists named their settlement after the Canton of Bern, home state of their patron. Bernberg had the original plat of the town laid out in the shape of a cross, though later development and additional streets have obscured this pattern within the regular street grid. The British governor’s palace (present-day Tryon Palace) served as the capitol of North Carolina from 1770 until the state government relocated to Raleigh in 1792, after a fire had destroyed much of the capitol. This became the first permanent capital city of North Carolina.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: There was no printer in North Carolina until 1749, when the North Carolina Assembly commissioned James Davis from Williamsburg, Virginia to act as their official printer. Before this time the laws and legal journals of North Carolina were handwritten and were largely kept in a disorganized manner, prompting them to hire Davis. Davis settled in New Bern and was appointed by Benjamin Franklin as North Carolina's first postmaster, who also became active in North Carolina's politics, as a member of the Assembly and later as the Sheriff. Davis also founded and printed the "North-Carolina Gazette", North Carolina's first newspaper, printed in his printing house in New Bern.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: During the 19th-century Federal period, New Bern became the largest city in North Carolina, developed on the trade of goods and slaves associated with plantation agriculture. After Raleigh was named the state capital, New Bern rebuilt its economy by expanding on trade via shipping routes to the Caribbean and New England. It was part of the Triangle Trade in sugar, slaves, and desired goods. It reached a population of 3,600 in 1815.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: In 1862 during the early stages of the American Civil War, the area was the site of the Battle of New Bern. Federal forces captured and occupied the town until the end of the war in 1865. Nearly 10,000 enslaved blacks escaped during this period in the region and went to the United States Army (Union Army) camps for protection and freedom. The Union Army set up the Trent River contraband camp at New Bern to house the refugees. It organized the adults for work. Missionaries came to teach literacy to both adults and children.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: After the January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, slaves within the Confederate States were declared free, but not those in the United States. His order carefully limited the Proclamation to those areas in insurrection, where civil government was not respected and his military authority, therefore, applied. Because of this proclamation, more freedmen came to the Trent River camp for protection. The Union Army appointed Horace James, a Congregational chaplain from Massachusetts, as the "Superintendent of Negro Affairs for the North Carolina District" on behalf of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. In addition to the Trent River camp, James supervised development of the offshore Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony, which was intended to be self-supporting. Beginning in 1863, a total of nearly 4,000 freedmen from North Carolina enlisted in the U.S. Colored Troops to fight with the Union Army for their permanent freedom, including 150 men from the colony on Roanoke Island.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: Due to the continuous occupation by the Union Army, New Bern avoided some of the destruction of the war years. There was much social disruption because of the occupation and the thousands of freedmen camped near the city. Still, it recovered more quickly than many cities after the war. By the 1870s the lumber industry was developing as the chief part of New Bern's economy. Timber harvested could be sent downriver by the two nearby rivers. The city continued to be a center for freedmen, who created communities independent of white supervision: thriving churches, fraternal associations, and their own businesses. By 1877 the city had a majority-black population.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: The state legislature defined the city and county as part of North Carolina's 2nd congressional district which, as former plantation territory, held a concentration of the state's black residents. They elected four blacks to the US Congress in the late 19th century. The state's passage of a constitutional suffrage amendment in 1900 used various devices to disenfranchise black citizens. As a result, they were totally closed out of the political process, including participation on juries and in local offices; white Democrats maintained this suppression mostly, until after passage of federal civil rights legislation, including the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which provided for federal enforcement of constitutional rights.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: By 1890 New Bern had become the largest lumber center in North Carolina and one of the largest in all of the South. During this time, as many as 16 lumber mills were running and employing hundreds of men from New Bern and the area. The competitive nature of the lumber barons, the abundance of lumber and craftsmen, led to the construction in New Bern of some of the finest homes in the South, many of which have survived. The lumber boom lasted until the 1920s. One by one the lumber mills went out of business. Today only Weyerhaeuser manufactures lumber in the area.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: The city has four National Historic Districts and two local ones, which have helped preserve the character of the architecture. The Downtown Local Historic District is or ; the Riverside Local Historic District covers or . Union Point Park borders the Neuse and Trent rivers.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: New Bern's location near the Atlantic coast renders it subject to the effects of Atlantic hurricane seasons. For example, in the 18th century the town suffered severe damage in the Great Chesapeake Bay Hurricane of 1769. Other hurricanes such as Hurricane Ione in 1955 and Hurricane Floyd in 1999 (just as examples) have also caused significant flooding and damage.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: In September 2018, Hurricane Florence made landfall in the United States just south of Wrightsville Beach, 88.4 miles southwest of New Bern. A storm surge up to 13.5 feet in addition to days of heavy rains severely flooded various parts of the town. [National Hurricane Center Storm Surge Inundation Map, Sept 13, 2018]


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: New Bern is located at the confluence of the Trent and Neuse rivers, two tidal waterways, in North Carolina's Inner Banks region.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 4.87%, is water.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: U.S. routes 17 and 70 pass through the city, merging briefly as a four-lane expressway passing south of the city center. US 70 leads west to Kinston and southeast to Morehead City near the Atlantic Ocean. Raleigh, the state capital, is west via US 70. US 17 leads southwest to Jacksonville, and crosses the Neuse River on a new bridge to lead north to Washington.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: New Bern experiences a humid subtropical climate typical of the Atlantic coastal plain. Summers are hot and humid, with frequent afternoon thunderstorms that account for much of the higher summer precipitation. Spring and fall are generally mild, with fall foliage occurring from late October to early November. Winters are relatively mild and drier than the remainder of the year, with infrequent snowfall.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 31,291 people, 13,757 households, and 8,070 families residing in the city.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: The population of the area was 30,291 (95% urban, 5% rural) people in 2014, a 31% increase in growth since 2000. Gender distribution is 47.5% male and 52.5% female with a median resident age of 38.8. The percentage of residents under the age of 18 was 24.2%. The 2012 racial breakdown includes White alone – 16,304 (54%), Black alone – 9,634 (31.9%), Asian alone – 1,844 (6.1%), Hispanic – 1,626 (5.4%), Two or more races – 747 (2.5%), American Indian alone – 50 (0.2%) and Other race alone – 13 (0.04%). The median income for a household in the city in 2015 was $41,285.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: The City of New Bern 2010 Census information shows the population of the area was approximately 29,524 people. From 2000 to 2010, the New Bern city population growth percentage was 27.7% (or from 23,128 people to 29,524 people). 22.8% of the New Bern city residents were under 18 years of age. Census 2010 race data for New Bern city include the racial breakdown percentages of 57.0 white, 32.8% black, 3.6% Asian, 5.8% Hispanic and less than 1% Native American, Also, there were 14,471 housing units in the City of New Bern, 88.2% of which were occupied housing units.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: Coastal Carolina Regional Airport is a public airport located south of the central business district of New Bern. The airport offers connecting flights to the Atlanta and Charlotte airports daily.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: The New Bern Transport Corporation, a business entity owned by PepsiCo to manage its fleet of delivery trucks and other motor vehicles, is located in White Plains, New York, but was named after the town where Pepsi-Cola was first developed.


title: New Bern, North Carolina

text: As late as 1950, the Atlantic and East Carolina Railway offered passenger train service through New Bern to Morehead City to the east, by the Atlantic coast and to Goldsboro Union Station, where timed connections could be made with the Southern Railway's trains to central and western North Carolina. Service was terminated by the end of 1951.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: The Swiss Market Index (SMI) is Switzerland's blue-chip stock market index, which makes it the most followed in the country. It is made up of 20 of the largest and most liquid Swiss Performance Index (SPI) stocks. As a price index, the SMI is not adjusted for dividends.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: The SMI was introduced on 30 June 1988 at a baseline value of 1,500 points. It closed above the symbolic level of 10,000 points for the first time on 2 July 2019. It reached the 12,000 point milestone on 17 June 2021. It is currently in a bear market, which it entered on 22 September 2022 after losing more than 20%. This ended the bull market that had reached an all-time record closing price short of 13,000 on 28 December 2021.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: Its composition is examined once a year. As of September 2022, it contains 18 large-caps and two mid-caps. Calculation takes place in real-time. As soon as a new transaction occurs in a security contained in the SMI, an updated index level is calculated and displayed. However, the index is updated no more than once per second. The SMI is calculated in Swiss Francs, the currency of the Swiss Confederation.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: The securities contained in the SMI currently represent approximately 70% of the free-float Swiss equity market capitalization, as well as 85% to 90% of the total trading turnover of Swiss and Liechtenstein equities listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange. Because the SMI is considered to be a mirror of the overall Swiss stock market, it is used as the benchmark for numerous mutual funds, index funds and ETFs, and as the underlying index for numerous derivative financial instruments such as options, futures and structured products.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: In 2020, the SMI, along with other SIX indices, was endorsed under the EU Benchmarks Regulation and is registered with the European Securities and Markets Authority, which means that it can be used as an underlying for financial products sold in the EU.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: The underlying universe of the SMI, from which candidate constituents are selected, is the SPI. To be accepted into the SMI, a given issue must meet stringent requirements with regard to liquidity and market capitalization. On the one hand, it must represent at least 50% of the average liquidity of the SPI constituent issues. On the other hand, it must have a minimum free-float capitalization equal to 0.45% or more of the entire SPI capitalization. Thus, trading volume and capitalization are the determining factors in the quarterly rankings. The composition of the index is reviewed annually on the third Friday in September.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: The SMI comprises a fixed number of 20 securities as of the ordinary review date in September 2007. Prior to this date, the index contained 25 listings.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: It is worth noting that the number of constituents of the index (20) is below the generally accepted minimum sample size of 30 required to reach statistical significance.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: In 2017, in order to address the issue that the top three constituents (Nestlé, Roche, Novartis) account for more than 60% of the index capitalization, SIX Swiss Exchange changed the rules of the SMI to introduce capped weighting. The weight of any constituent in the SMI index can no longer exceed 18%.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: Readjusting any weight exceeding 18% down to that value is done, in principle, on a quarterly basis. However, whenever a constituent reaches a weight exceeding 20% during a quarter (intra-quarter breach), then the weight is brought back to 18% without waiting for the next quarterly review.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: To make the transition smoother, there was an initial transition period during which these changes were progressively implemented, in steps of at most 3% per quarter.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: Additionally, a new index, the SPI 20, was created to continue indexing the 20 SMI constituents without any caps.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: The rank is based on free-float capitalization as of 31 August 2022. The first ten weights are given as of 31 August 2022. The other weights are given as of 23 March 2020. The latest update following the ordinary review was implemented on 16 September 2022, when Sonova replaced SGS.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: SMI is also the name of a family of indices encompassing the SMI itself, but also the SMI MID with the next 30 large-caps (2) and mid-caps (28), and the SMI Expanded with all 50 shares.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: The indices are available in several variations. For example, the SMI, which is a price index, also exists as a performance index, the SMI Cum Dividend (SMIC), which takes into account dividend distributions.


title: Swiss Market Index

text: The following table shows historic milestones of the Swiss Market Index. Latest seen values are not final: "italic" indicates that the value may be seen again if the bear market persists; parentheses indicate that the value will be seen again if we reenter a bull market (previous peak reached again); Other values may be seen again in case of a crash (assuming a threshold of -50%).


title: Ryan Mason

text: Ryan Glen Mason (born 13 June 1991) is an English professional football coach and former player. He became the interim head coach of Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur in 2021, becoming the youngest coach in Premier League history, at 29.


title: Ryan Mason

text: Mason progressed through the youth ranks at Tottenham Hotspur and made his first team debut in 2008. He was loaned to Yeovil Town, Doncaster Rovers, Millwall, Lorient and Swindon Town, and played his first Premier League match for Tottenham in 2014. After establishing himself in the Tottenham first team squad, he made his full international debut for England in March 2015. Mason moved to Hull City in 2016 for a club record fee, where he suffered a fractured skull in January 2017 in a match against Chelsea. After a prolonged treatment and on the advice of medical specialists, he was forced to retire from professional football in February 2018.


title: Ryan Mason

text: Mason was born in Enfield, London. As well as attending Enfield Grammar School, Mason attended Cheshunt School and was a District hurdles champion.


title: Ryan Mason

text: Mason joined the Tottenham Hotspur academy aged eight, before signing a professional contract with the club in August 2008. He made his first-team debut in the group stages of the UEFA Cup on 27 November 2008, coming on as an added-time substitute for David Bentley in a 1–0 away win against Dutch club NEC.


title: Ryan Mason

text: During the 2008–09 season he topped the Academy scoring sheets with 29 goals in 31 matches as Spurs finished runners-up in the Premier Academy League.


title: Ryan Mason

text: On 13 June 2009, Mason went on loan to League One club Yeovil Town, along with teammate Steven Caulker. He made his league debut on 8 August in their first match of the 2009–10 season, a 2–0 win against Tranmere Rovers at Huish Park.


title: Ryan Mason

text: Mason made a promising start to his time at Yeovil, scoring from a free kick in his second match against Colchester United albeit in a 1–2 away defeat, and from a long-range strike in their next match against Exeter City to earn an away draw. The goal against Exeter was included in BBC Sport's "Goals of the Week". According to the Spurs website, "after impressing for Terry Skiverton's men at the start of the 2009–10 season, the loan deal was extended for a further three months". Along with fellow Tottenham loanees, Caulker and Jonathan Obika, on 5 November 2009, Mason's loan was extended until May 2010. He was recalled prematurely, on 13 March 2010, after playing 28 league matches and scoring six goals for Yeovil.


title: Ryan Mason

text: In August 2010, Mason was loaned for the first time to Championship team Doncaster Rovers on a two-month loan deal, and made five appearances. Then in January 2011, he was loaned back to Doncaster until the end of the season and made a further ten appearances.


title: Ryan Mason

text: On 28 July 2011, Mason signed a new two-year contract with Tottenham, keeping him at the club until June 2013. He was then immediately loaned back to Doncaster on a season-long loan. Mason was recalled back to Tottenham in November 2011 after making five appearances since the start of the season. On 29 December 2011, Mason and teammate Harry Kane agreed a loan deal with Championship club Millwall from 1 January until the end of the season.