title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 16 July, Barcelona activated Marc Cucurella's buy-back clause of €4 million, only two months after Eibar had permanently signed him for €2 million.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 18 July, Barcelona and Getafe reached an agreement for the loan of Cucurella to the Madrid side for the rest of the season with an option to buy for €6 million.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 2 August, Barça and Russian Premier League club Zenit St Petersburg agreed to the transfer of Malcom for a fee of €45,000,000 plus variables.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 4 August, Barça and Real Betis reached an agreement for the signing of Junior Firpo for €18 million plus €12 million in variables.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 16 August, Barça started their season in a 0–1 away defeat to Athletic Bilbao from a late winner from Aritz Aduriz.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 18 August, Barça and Bayern Munich reached an agreement for the loan of Philippe Coutinho to the German side for the rest of the season with an option to buy for €120 million.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 25 August, Barça defeated Real Betis in a 5–2 home rout, goals from Antoine Griezmann, Carles Pérez, Jordi Alba, and Arturo Vidal led the "Blaugrana" to victory.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 31 August, Barça drew 2–2 away at Osasuna with goals from Ansu Fati and Arthur, with the forward becoming the youngest player in FC Barcelona's history to score a goal in La Liga (16 years and 304 days).


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 2 September, Rafinha extended his contract by one year until 2021 and moved to Celta Vigo on loan for the rest of the season.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On September 14, Barça defeated Valencia in a 5−2 win at home. Goals from Ansu Fati, Frenkie de Jong, Gerard Piqué, and a brace from Luis Suárez once again led the "Blaugrana" to victory.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 17 September, Barça started their Champions League campaign with a 0−0 away draw with Borussia Dortmund.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 21 September, Barça suffered a 2−0 away loss to Granada CF, conceding goals from Antonio Puertas and Álvaro Vadillo.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 24 September, Barça defeated Villarreal CF 2−1 at home. First half goals from Antoine Griezmann and Arthur were enough for the home side to claim victory.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 28 September, Barça defeated Getafe CF 2–0 away from home. Luis Suárez and Junior Firpo got themselves on the score sheet. Clemént Lenglet got sent off and received his first red card of the season.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 2 October, Barça defeated Inter Milan 2–1 at home in the UEFA Champions League. Inter scored early through Lautaro Martínez but Barça came-back after Luis Suárez scored twice to earn the victory.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 6 October, Barça defeated Sevilla FC 4–0 at home. Luis Suárez, Arturo Vidal, Ousmane Dembélé and Lionel Messi (both with their first goals of the season) lead the "Blaugrana" to victory. Both Dembélé and Ronald Araújo got sent off.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 19 October, Barça defeated SD Eibar 3–0 away from home. Goals from Antoine Griezmann, Lionel Messi, and Luis Suárez helped the Blaugrana extend their winning run to five games.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 23 October, Barça defeated Slavia Prague in the UEFA Champions League 2–1 away from home. Goals coming in from Lionel Messi and a Peter Olayinka own goal.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 29 October, Barça defeated Real Valladolid 5–1 at home with goals from Clément Lenglet, Arturo Vidal, a brace from Messi and a goal from Suárez giving Barcelona seven straight wins.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 2 November, Barcelona lost to Levante 3–1 away from home. A penalty converted by Messi gave the "Blaugrana" the lead in the first half but 3 goals in 7 minutes during the second half handed the home side the victory.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 9 November, Barcelona defeated Celta Vigo 4–1 at home. Lionel Messi scored his first hat-trick of the season and Sergio Busquets scored one.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 23 November, Barcelona narrowly defeated Leganés 2–1. Goals from Luis Suárez and Arturo Vidal cancelled out Youssef En-Nesyri's earlier goal.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 27 November, Barcelona defeated Borussia Dortmund 3–1 in the UEFA Champions League, securing a spot in the round of 16 and finishing as group winners. Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez, and Antoine Griezmann were the goalscorers.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 1 December, Barcelona defeated Atlético Madrid 1–0 away from home. Messi scored five minutes from time at the Wanda Metropolitano.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 7 December, Barcelona defeated Real Mallorca 5–2 at home. Messi scored his second hat-trick of the season, while Griezmann and Suárez also appeared on the scoresheet.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 10 December, a rotated Barcelona team defeated Inter Milan 2–1 away from home in the UEFA Champions League. Carles Pérez and Ansu Fati scored, the latter making history by becoming the youngest goalscorer in the history competition.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 14 December, Barcelona drew 2–2 away at Real Sociedad. Antoine Griezmann scored against his old club, while Luis Suárez scored the second.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 18 December, Barcelona drew 0–0 against rivals Real Madrid in El Clásico. It became the first time in over 17 years that both rivals ended goalless in the league, the last time being during the 2002–03 season.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 21 December, Barcelona defeated Deportivo Alavés 4–1 at home in the last game of the year. Griezmann, Arturo Vidal, Messi, and Suárez all scored. The Uruguayan was involved in all 4 goals, contributing 1 goal and 3 assists.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 28 December, Barcelona and Real Betis reached an agreement for the loan of Carles Aleñá for the remainder of the season.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 4 January, Barcelona drew 2–2 with local rivals RCD Espanyol in the "Barcelona derby". The "Blaugrana" conceded early when David López nodded in a free kick but Barça made a comeback with goals from Luis Suárez and Arturo Vidal. Espanyol drew late with a goal from Wu Lei.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 9 January, Barcelona were knocked out of the Supercopa de España after being defeated 3–2 to Atlético Madrid.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 13 January, Barcelona terminated Ernesto Valverde's contract after two and a half seasons in charge. The club appointed Quique Setién as the new head coach until 30 June 2022.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 15 January, Barcelona reached an agreement with FC Schalke 04 for the loan on Jean-Clair Todibo for the remainder of the season. The German side paid a €1.5 million loan fee and obtained a buy option for €25 million.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 19 January, Barcelona defeated Granada 1–0 at home. A second half goal from Messi saw Quique Setién win his first game in charge as a Barça coach.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 22 January, Barcelona defeated UD Ibiza 2–1 away from home in the Copa del Rey. Ibiza scored first, but a Antoine Griezmann brace secured a comeback for the "Blaugrana".


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 25 January, Barcelona lost 2–0 to Valencia away from home. A brace from Maxi Gómez sealed a victory for "Los Che".


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 30 January, Barcelona defeated Leganés 5–0 at home in the Copa del Rey. Goals from Antoine Griezmann, Clément Lenglet, Arthur and a Leo Messi brace gave Barça a passage into the next round.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 31 January, Barcelona reached an agreement with OGC Nice for the loan of Moussa Wagué for the remainder of the season. The French side obtained a buy option for €10 million.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 2 February, Barcelona defeated Levante 2–1 at home in the league. A brace from Ansu Fati gave Barça the win.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 6 February, Barcelona were eliminated from the Copa del Rey by Athletic Bilbao in the quarter-finals. A late Iñaki Williams header secured a passage for the home side into the semi-finals.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 9 February, Barcelona defeated Real Betis 3–2 away from home. Goals from Sergio Canales and Nabil Fekir weren't enough for the home side as de Jong, Busquets and Lenglet scored for the away team. Messi assisted all three goals and Lenglet received a second yellow card, getting sent off.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 15 February, Barcelona defeated Getafe 2–1 at home. Antoine Griezmann and Sergi Roberto scored, but Barça conceded a consolation from Ángel Rodríguez.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 20 February, Barcelona signed Martin Braithwaite from Leganés for €18 million. Barcelona was given permission from La Liga to sign an emergency forward as Luis Suárez and Ousmane Dembélé were both ruled out with injuries for the rest of the season.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 22 February, Barcelona defeated Eibar 5–0 at home. Messi scored a first half hat-trick and scored once again late on. Arthur also scored.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 25 February, Barcelona drew 1–1 with S.S.C. Napoli in the first leg of their UEFA Champions League round of 16 tie. Antoine Griezmann cancelled out Dries Mertens' opener in Naples.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 1 March, Barcelona lost 2–0 to bitter rivals Real Madrid away from home, making it the first time since 25 October 2014 that Barcelona lost at the Santiago Bernabéu in league play. It was Setién's first Clásico as a Barça coach since taking charge in January.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 7 March, Barcelona defeated Real Sociedad 1–0 at home after Lionel Messi converted a late penalty.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 13 June, after a three-month hiatus, Barcelona returned to action against Real Mallorca away from home. Barcelona won 4–0 behind closed doors. Arturo Vidal, Martin Braithwaite, Jordi Alba and Messi scored for the "Blaugrana". Braithwaite also scored his first goal as a Barça player.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 23 June, Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 1–0 at home. Ivan Rakitić came off to bench to score his first goal of the season.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 27 June, Barcelona drew 2–2 away against Celta Vigo. Luis Suárez scored twice for the visitors and Fyodor Smolov and Iago Aspas scored for the home side.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 29 June, Barcelona and Juventus reached an agreement over the transfer of Arthur for a fee of €72 million plus €10 million in variables. The club also confirmed the signing of Miralem Pjanić from Juventus for a fee of €60 million plus €5 million in variables. Arthur and Pjanić will join their respective clubs once the season concludes.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 30 June, Getafe triggered Marc Cucurella's option to buy for €10 million. On the same day Barça faced Atlético Madrid at home. The Catalans took the lead through a Diego Costa own goal but Atlético equalized with a controversial penalty, converted by Saúl Ñíguez. Barcelona took the lead through another controversial penalty decision and Messi converted his 700th career goal, but Atlético equalized once again with another questionable penalty decision, with Saúl scoring again from the spot.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 5 July, Barcelona defeated Villarreal 4–1 away from home. Goals from Suárez, Griezmann, Fati, and a Pau Torres own goal gave Barça the win.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 8 July, Barcelona defeated local rivals Espanyol 1–0 at home, relegating them to the Segunda División in the process. Suárez scored his 195th goal, overtaking László Kubala as the club's third top all-time goalscorer.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 11 July, Barcelona defeated Real Valladolid 1–0 away from home. Arturo Vidal scored the only goal.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 16 July, Barcelona lost to Osasuna 2–1 at home. Former Barça player José Arnaiz and Roberto Torres scored for the visitors, while Messi scored the only goal for the home side. In the same day, rivals Real Madrid claimed the La Liga title in a 2–1 victory against Villarreal.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 19 July, Barcelona ended the league season by defeating Alavés 5–0 away from home. Messi scored a brace, Fati, Suárez and Nélson Semedo – with his first of the season – also scored.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 8 August, Barcelona defeated Napoli 3–1 at home in the second leg of their UEFA Champions League round of 16 tie. Lenglet, Messi, and Suárez scored.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: On 14 August, Barcelona's season ended after losing 8–2 to Bayern Munich in the UEFA Champions League single-leg quarter-final. Thomas Müller and Barça loanee Philippe Coutinho scored twice, while Ivan Perišić, Serge Gnabry, Joshua Kimmich, and Robert Lewandowski all scored one goal each. David Alaba scored an own goal for the "Blaugrana" and Suárez scored. The loss was the biggest defeat in history in a UEFA Champions League knockout match.


title: 2019–20 FC Barcelona season

text: ! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Players who have made an appearance or had a squad number this season but have left the club


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: Guruvayur Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Guruvayurappan, a form of Vishnu, located in the town of Guruvayur in Kerala, India. It is one of the most important places of worship for Hindus in Kerala and Tamil Nadu and is often referred to as "Bhuloka Vaikunta" (Vaikuntha in the earthly realm).


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: The presiding deity of the Guruvayur Temple is Guruvayurappan: Vishnu, worshipped in the form of Krishna. The central icon is a four-armed standing Vishnu carrying the conch Panchajanya, the discus Sudarshana, the mace Kaumodaki, and a lotus with a tulsi garland. This image represents the majestic form of Vishnu as revealed to Krishna's parents Vasudeva and Devaki around the time of his birth. Worship proceeds according to routines laid down by Adi Shankara and later written formally in the Tantric way, the inter-religious spiritual movement that arose in medieval India, by Chennas Narayanan Nambudiri. The Chennas Nambudiris are the hereditary tantris (high priests) of the Guruvayur Temple.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: The temple is managed by Guruvayur Devaswom under the control of the Government of Kerala. The main festivals of this temple are the 10-day festival in the Malayalam month of Kumbham starting with flag hoisting on Pooyam star, Shri Krishna Janmashtami (Birthday of Lord Krishna) in the month of Chingam, Ekadasi (11th day) in the shukla paksha (bright fortnight) in the month of Vrischikam, popularly called as "Guruvayur Ekadasi" and Vishu on the first day of the month of Medam, once a harvest festival. The temple's sub-deities are Ganapathi, Ayyappan and Bhagavathi, and there are two sub-temples each, one for Ganapathi and the other for <nowiki>"</nowiki>Nagadevata<nowiki>"</nowiki> nearby the temple. One of its replica temples is Uttara Guruvayurappan Temple located at Mayur Vihar in Delhi. The temple is dedicated to Shri Krishna, who is worshipped as Guruvayurappan, the deity of the famous Shri Krishna Temple in Guruvayur Town in the state of Kerala. This temple is most revered by the Malayalis and Tamilians.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: According to legend, Janamejaya conducted a sacrifice to destroy all the snakes of the world including Takshaka, who was the cause of his father Parikshit's death. Hundreds of thousands of snakes fell into the sacrificial fire and were killed, but the sacrifice was stopped by a Brahmin called Astika, before Takshaka was killed.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: Since Janamejaya was responsible for the death of millions of snakes, he was afflicted with leprosy. He lost all hope of a cure. One day Sage Atreya (son of Atri) came before Janamejaya and told him to take refuge under the feet of Krishna at Guruvayur. Atreya told him that in the temple at Guruvayur the effulgence of Shri Hari is at its best and Vishnu showers his blessings on all devotees. He immediately rushed there and spent the next ten months worshipping the god of Guruvayur. At the end of ten months, he returned home healthy and took the astrologer to task for making a false prediction. The astrologer told him that he would find the mark of a snakebite on his left leg. He had escaped death only because he was at that time in a temple where Anantha (the emperor of serpents) was present and Anantha was the brother to the God at Guruvayur where he had finished worshipping.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: The king then decided to build a full-fledged temple at Guruvayur. In time, this temple came to be downgraded and reduced to poverty during the days when Kerala was ruled by the Perumals. The Perumal rulers were mostly Shaivites and did not extend their patronage to Vaishnavite shrines. The Shiva temple at Mammiyur received their patronage and with the shift of royal patronage, the worshippers also moved to the Shiva temple. The Guruvayur temple was thus reduced to utmost poverty. However, one day, a holy man went to the Mammiyur temple for food and hospitality for the night. Though the temple was affluent, the temple authorities pretended they had nothing and scornfully directed him to the neighbouring Guruvayur temple. When the holy man entered the precincts of that temple, he was courteously received by a Brahmin boy and sumptuously fed. The holy man was very much pleased and he pronounced a blessing. According to the legend, Mammiyur Siva temple began to decline, and the fortunes of Guruvayur Vishnu temple progressed from strength to strength.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: In the 14th century, the Tamil literature "Kokasandesam" refers to a place named "Kuruvayur" and in the 16th century (fifty years after "Narayaniyam" was composed) there are also multiple references to Kuruvayur. In Old Tamil, "kuruvai" means "sea", hence the village on the Malabar Coast may be called Kuruvayur.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: The earliest temple records date back to the 17th century. The earliest mention of the many important Vishnu temples of Kerala are found in the songs of Alwars, Tamil saints, whose time-line is not exactly fixed. However, by the end of 16th century, Guruvayur had become the most popular pilgrimage centre in Kerala.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: In 1716, the Dutch raided Guruvayur. They looted treasures and set fire to the Western Gopuram (later rebuilt in 1747). In 1755, the Dutch destroyed the Trikkunavay temple and the Brahmins fled from there.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: In 1766, Hyder Ali of Mysore captured Kozhikkode (Calicut) and then Guruvayur. He demanded 10,000 fanams in ransom to spare the temple. The ransom was paid but due to insecurity pilgrims receded. On the request of the Malabar Governor, Shrnivasa Rao, Hyder Ali granted a Devadaya to save the temple. Later, in 1789 CE, Tippu Sultan invaded the province. Tippu destroyed the smaller shrines and set fire to the Temple, but it was saved due to timely rain. Tippu lost to the Travancore and the English in 1792. The idol, which had been hidden underground in anticipation of the Tippu's takeover, was re-installed on 17 September 1792.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: Ullanad Panikkars rescued and looked after the temple from 1825 to 1900. From 1859 to 1892, the Chuttambalam, the Vilakkumatam, the Koottambalam and Sasta shrine were renovated and roofed with copper sheeting. In 1900, the administrator Konti Menon fixed the hours of worship and led the drive to keep the temple premises clean. He set up the big bell and reconstructed Pathayappura (granary). In 1928, Kozhikode once again became the administrator of Guruvayur.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: On 30 November 1970, a massive fire broke out in the temple, gutting the whole chuttambalam and the entire Vilakkumatam on the west, south and north sides.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: The temple tank (pond) on the northern side of the temple is called "Rudratheertham". According to legend, for thousands of years, Lord Shiva used to bath on the southern bank of this pond. Since Shiva is also known by the name 'Rudra', the pond came to be known as Rudratheertham.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: Strict dress code exists for people who wish to enter the Guruvayur Temple. Men are to wear mundu around their waist, without any dress covering their chest. But it is allowed to cover the chest region with a small piece of cloth (veshthi). Boys are allowed to wear shorts, but they are also prohibited from wearing a shirt. Girls and women are not allowed to wear any trouser like dresses or short skirts. Women are allowed to wear sari and girls are to wear long skirt and blouses. Presently the dress code for women have been relaxed with shalwar kameez (churidar pyjamas) being allowed.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: The Punnathur kotta, also known as the "Anakotta" ("Elephant Yard" in English), houses the 56 elephants belonging to the temple. This place is the home to the largest population of captive male Asian elephants in the world. These elephants are donated by devotees to the temple, and due to the preference of donating tusked male elephants, the ratio of male and female elephants living at the Anakotta is skewed. The elephants were initially kept at a compound close to the temple when the numbers were low. However, as more and more devotees donated elephants, the space became insufficient and hence they were moved to a larger property three kilometres away from the temple. Because of their association with the temple, devotees consider several of these elephants as living forms of Lord Guruvayurappa himself. Guruvayur Keshavan was the most famous among those. The other notable elephant was Guruvayur Padmanabhan, who was the chief of Guruvayur elephants.


title: Guruvayur Temple

text: The capture, treatment, and living conditions of the elephants in Guruvayur has been subject to criticism. In a study, the Animal Welfare Board of India found several violations.


title: Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein

text: Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein, Count of Rietberg (Joseph Wenzel Maximilian Maria; born 24 May 1995) is the eldest child of Prince Alois of Liechtenstein, the Regent and Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein, and his wife Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein, Duchess in Bavaria, he is also the eldest grandchild of the current ruling prince of Liechtenstein.


title: Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein

text: Prince Joseph Wenzel was born on 24 May 1995 at the Portland Hospital in the West End of London to Hereditary Prince Alois and his wife Hereditary Princess Sophie (née Duchess Sophie in Bavaria). He has three younger siblings: Princess Marie Caroline, Prince Georg and Prince Nikolaus. The Prince is named Joseph Wenzel Maximilian Maria after his ancestor Joseph Wenzel I, Prince of Liechtenstein, his maternal grandfather Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria, his paternal uncle and godfather Prince Maximilian of Liechtenstein, and Virgin Mary. He is informally known as Prince Wenzel.


title: Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein

text: Prince Joseph Wenzel was educated at Malvern College, a coeducational boarding school in Worcestershire, England. He graduated from Malvern College in 2014. He spent a gap year pursuing an internship at the United States Senate and travelling to Peru and Bolivia.


title: Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein

text: Since birth, Joseph Wenzel has borne the titles "Prince of Liechtenstein" and "Count of Rietberg." He is second in line for the throne of Liechtenstein, preceded only by his father, who has been regent since 15 August 2004. However, Joseph Wenzel's grandfather Prince Hans-Adam II formally remains head of state and of the Princely House of Liechtenstein. Upon the accession of his father, Joseph Wenzel would become the hereditary prince (""), i.e. the heir apparent to the throne.


title: Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein

text: Joseph Wenzel is also third in line in the Jacobite succession as successor to the current heir, his maternal grand-uncle Franz, Duke of Bavaria.


title: Eric Ladin

text: Ladin has guest starred as William Hofstadt on multiple episodes of the AMC show "Mad Men" and the HBO miniseries "Generation Kill" as Corporal James Chaffin. He has appeared in the films "Toolbox Murders", "Cursed" and "Left in Darkness". He is also the voice of the character Ellis in the cooperative first-person shooter game "Left 4 Dead 2", as well as the voice of Cole MacGrath, the lead character of "Infamous", in all media beginning with "Infamous 2".


title: Eric Ladin

text: Ladin played Jamie Wright for two seasons in AMC's "The Killing". He guest starred in the "" episode "Rhodium Nights". He is the voice of Private Todd Kashima in .


title: Eric Ladin

text: He garnered fame for his portrayal of J. Edgar Hoover in HBO's Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning series, "Boardwalk Empire".


title: Eric Ladin

text: In 2019 and 2020 Ladin appeared as Gene Kranz on the Apple TV+ series "For All Mankind" and Chris Kraft on the Disney+ series "The Right Stuff", both characters being NASA space flight directors. Ladin also has a recurring role as Los Angeles Times reporter, Scott Anderson, on the Amazon series, Bosch.


title: Eric Ladin

text: Ladin is married to fashion designer and stylist Katy Ladin. The couple have two sons. Ladin is Jewish.


title: Prime Directive

text: In the fictional universe of "Star Trek", the Prime Directive (also known as "Starfleet General Order 1", "General Order 1", and the "non-interference directive") is a guiding principle of Starfleet that prohibits its members from interfering with the natural development of alien civilizations. It protects unprepared civilizations from the danger of starship crews introducing advanced technology, knowledge, and values before they are ready. Since its introduction in the first season of the , the directive has featured in many "Star Trek" episodes as part of a moral question over how best to establish diplomatic relations with new alien worlds. The Omega Directive can override the Prime Directive.


title: Prime Directive

text: The Prime Directive is one of many guidelines for Starfleet's mandate to explore the galaxy and "seek out new life and new civilizations." Although the concept of the Prime Directive has been alluded to and paraphrased by many "Star Trek" characters during the television series and feature films, the actual directive has never been provided to viewers. The most complete attempts to define the directive have come from non-canonical works and include:


title: Prime Directive

text: The Prime Directive prohibits Starfleet personnel and spacecraft from interfering in the normal development of any society, and mandates that any Starfleet vessel or crew member is expendable to prevent violation of this rule.


title: Prime Directive

text: As the right of each sentient species to live in accordance with its normal cultural evolution is considered sacred, no Starfleet personnel may interfere with the normal and healthy development of alien life and culture. Such interference includes introducing superior knowledge, strength, or technology to a world whose society is incapable of handling such advantages wisely. Starfleet personnel may not violate this Prime Directive, even to save their lives and/or their ship, unless they are acting to right an earlier violation or an accidental contamination of said culture. This directive takes precedence over any and all other considerations, and carries with it the highest moral obligation.


title: Prime Directive

text: The Prime Directive was frequently applied to less developed planets which had not yet discovered warp travel or subspace communication technology. The Prime Directive was also sometimes applied to advanced civilizations that already knew of life on other worlds but were protected by empires outside the Federation's jurisdiction. First contact could be made by the Federation with alien worlds that had either discovered warp or were on the verge of it, or with highly advanced civilizations that simply hadn't ventured into space yet. In those cases, the Prime Directive was used as a general policy to not disrupt or interfere with their culture when establishing peaceful diplomatic relations.


title: Prime Directive

text: Consequences for violating the Prime Directive could range from a stern reprimand to a demotion, depending on the severity of the infraction. However, enforcement of these rules -- and interpretations of the Prime Directive itself -- varied greatly and were at the discretion of the commanding officer. In many instances, prominent Starfleet personnel like captains James T. Kirk, Jean-Luc Picard, Kathryn Janeway and Benjamin Sisko willingly broke the Prime Directive but faced no real punishment or consequence for doing so.


title: Prime Directive

text: Creation of the Prime Directive is generally credited to "Original Series" producer Gene L. Coon. The Prime Directive reflected a contemporary political view that US involvement in the Vietnam War was an example of a superpower interfering in the natural development of southeast Asian society; the creation of the Prime Directive was perceived as a repudiation of that involvement.


title: Prime Directive

text: The Prime Directive has been criticized in-universe because of the inconsistencies in which it is applied. In the "TOS" episodes "," "For the World Is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky," "The Cloud Minders," "," "The Return of the Archons," "Space Seed" and "A Taste of Armageddon," the crew of the "Enterprise" either interferes with laws or customs of alien worlds or outright colonizes an alien planet to achieve a Federation objective, to save the lives of the crew, or to better the lives of the inhabitants.


title: Prime Directive

text: Out-of-universe criticisms focus on the above problems; that the Prime Directive is simply a plot device and is manipulated by the writers. Janet D. Stemwedel points out a potential conflict between the anti-colonialist intentions of the Federation and the "ethical project of sharing a universe" which would require "a kind of reciprocity — even if your technological attainment is quite different, it means recognizing you are owed the same moral consideration." Stemwedel writes, "If your concern is not to change the natural behavior or development of alien citizens at any cost, your best bet is to stay at home rather than to explore new worlds." Ars Technica asked lawyers to comment on the Prime Directive and other "Star Trek" legal issues. Criticism included interpreting the Prime Directive as a product of the Cold War environment in which Roddenberry wrote as well as indicating that enforcement would be lacking.


title: Prime Directive

text: The "Temporal Prime Directive" is a fictional guideline for time travelers (from the past "or" future) from interfering in the natural development of a timeline.


title: Prime Directive

text: "Of course, you know of the Prime Directive, which tells us that we have no right to interfere with the natural evolution of alien worlds. Now I have sworn to uphold it, but nevertheless I have disregarded that directive on more than one occasion because I thought it was the right thing to do. Now, if you are holding on to some temporal equivalent of that directive, then isn't it possible that you have an occasion here to make an exception, to help me to choose, because it's the right thing to do?"


title: Prime Directive

text: As 31st-century time traveler Daniels revealed to Captain Jonathan Archer in the "" episode "", as time travel technology became practical, the Temporal Accords were established sometime before the 31st century, to allow the use of time travel for the purposes of studying history, while prohibiting the use of it to alter history.


title: Lagonda

text: Lagonda is a British luxury car brand established in 1906, which has been owned by Aston Martin since 1947. The trade-name has not had a continuous commercial existence, being dormant several times, most recently from 1995 to 2008 and 2010 to 2013.


title: Lagonda

text: The Lagonda company was founded in 1906 in the UK in Staines, Middlesex, by American-born Wilbur Gunn (1859–1920), a former opera singer. He became a British national in 1891 and worked as a speedboat and motorcycle engineer in Staines. He named the company after the Shawnee settlement "Lagonda" in modern-day Springfield, Ohio, the town of his birth. This is a glacially eroded limestone gorge of much beauty. Historically, the area played a major role in the Treaty of Easton and the aligning of the Shawnee tribe with the British during the French and Indian War.


title: Lagonda

text: He had built motorcycles on a small scale in the garden of his house in Staines with reasonable success, including a win on the 1905 London–Edinburgh trial. In 1907 he launched his first car, the 20 hp, six-cylinder Torpedo, which he used to win the Moscow–St. Petersburg trial of 1910. This success produced a healthy order for exports to Russia which continued until 1914. In 1913, Lagonda introduced an advanced small car, the 11.1, with a four-cylinder 1,099 cc engine, which, by 1914, featured a panhard rod and a rivetted unibody body and the first ever fly-off handbrake.


title: Lagonda

text: The ratchet control button on the end of a fly-off handbrake is designed to work in the opposite way to what is normally expected. If the lever is lifted or pulled back to the "on" position, on letting go it immediately releases unless the end button is pressed and held in place before letting go of the lever. Once set, the brake is released by lifting the handbrake lever (not pushing the button) in the setting direction (up or back). This mechanism was traditionally fitted to sports cars to facilitate a racing get-away, such as at traffic lights. It can also be used to help the back wheels to slide, without the worry of the ratchet leaving the brake on.


title: Lagonda

text: After the end of the war the 11.1 continued with a larger, 1,400 cc, engine and standard electric lighting as the 11.9 until 1923 and the updated 12 until 1926. Following Wilbur Gunn's death in 1920, three existing directors headed by Colin Parbury took charge. The first of the company's sports models was launched in 1925 as the 14/60 with a twin-cam 1,954 cc four-cylinder engine and hemispherical combustion chambers. The car was designed by Arthur Davidson who had come from Lea-Francis. A higher output engine came in 1927 with the two-litre Speed model which could be had supercharged in 1930. A lengthened chassis version, the 16/65, with a six-cylinder 2.4-litre engine, was available from 1926 to 1930. Their final car of the 1920s was the three-litre using a 2,931 cc six-cylinder engine. This continued until 1933 when the engine grew to 3,181 cc and was also available with a complex eight-speed Maybach transmission as the Selector Special.


title: Lagonda

text: A new model for 1933 was the 16–80 using a two-litre Crossley engine with preselector gearbox from 1934. A new small car, the Rapier came along in 1934 with a 1,104 cc engine and pre-selector gearbox. This lasted until 1935 but more were made until 1938 by a separate company, D. Napier & Son of Hammersmith, London. At the other extreme was the near 4.5-litre M45 with a Meadows-supplied six-cylinder, 4,467 cc, engine. A true sporting version, the M45R Rapide, with a tuned M45 engine and a shorter chassis, achieved a controversial Le Mans victory in 1935. Also in 1935 the three-litre grew to a 3.5-litre.


title: Lagonda

text: All was not well financially and the receiver was called in 1935, but the company was bought by Alan P. Good, who just outbid Rolls-Royce. He also persuaded W. O. Bentley to leave Rolls-Royce and join Lagonda as designer along with many of his racing department staff. The 4.5-litre range now became the LG45 with lower but heavier bodies and also available in LG45R Rapide form. The LG45 came in three versions known as Sanction 1, 2 and 3 each with more Bentley touches to the engine. In 1938 the LG6, with independent front suspension by torsion bar and hydraulic brakes, came in.


title: Lagonda

text: Along with ex-Rolls Royce employees, Stuart Tresillian and Charles Sewell, and design expert Frank Feeley, Bentley hid distaste for the primitive conditions of Lagonda's factory, and got to work on the new engine that was to become his masterpiece, the V-12, launched in 1937. The 4,480 cc engine delivered and was said to be capable of going from in top gear and to rev to 5,000 rpm. The car was exhibited at the 1939 New York Motor Show: "The highest price car in the show this year is tagged $8,900. It is a Lagonda, known as the "Rapide" model, imported from England. The power plant is a twelve-cylinder V engine developing 200 horsepower."


title: Lagonda

text: Watney finished second at Le Mans in 1930 driving a Bentley. He returned to Rootes in 1946, and was posted to Australia. He was killed in a car accident in Melbourne in 1949.


title: Lagonda

text: In 1947, the company was taken over by David Brown and moved in with Aston Martin, which he had also bought, in Feltham, Middlesex. The old Staines works at Egham Hythe passed to Petters Limited, in which A.P. Good had acquired the controlling interest. Production restarted with the last prototypes from Bentley, the 1948 2.6-litre with new chassis featuring fully independent suspension. Its new 2,580 cc twin overhead cam straight-six became the basis for the Aston Martin engines of the 1950s. This was replaced by the 3 litre in 1953 and continued to be available until 1958.


title: Lagonda

text: Many thought that the marque had disappeared, but in 1961 the Rapide name was resurrected, with a four-door saloon based on the contemporary Aston Martin DB4, with an aluminium body by Carrozzeria Touring of Milan and a 3,995 cc engine capable of taking the car to . By this time, Aston Martin-Lagonda as it now was, had moved to Newport Pagnell in Buckinghamshire. The Rapide lasted until 1965.


title: Lagonda

text: In 1969, the Lagonda name was briefly resurrected, appearing on a four-door prototype of the new DBS model. The prototype was allocated chassis MP230/1, and was retained by the factory until 1972 and used by Sir David Brown as his personal car, registered "JPP 5G". The car originally ran a prototype five-litre V8 engine but this was quickly replaced by an early 5.3-litre production quad carb version (VS4008EE).


title: Lagonda

text: Between 1974 and 1976, seven Lagonda four-door saloons were produced based on the 1969 prototype. The production models adopted a single-headlight treatment with a Lagonda "horseshoe" grille in place of the twin-headlamp treatment of the prototype.


title: Lagonda

text: In 1976, a new Lagonda saloon appeared, the large and futuristic Aston Martin Lagonda designed by William Towns. This low, rather square, wedge-shaped car was built on Aston Martin V8 components and was available until 1990. A total of 645 were built.


title: Lagonda

text: During 1993–94, nine Lagonda four-door saloons and seven shooting brakes (badged on the rear door or tailgate as "Les Vacances") were made based on a stretched Aston Martin Virage. These are the only factory-built shooting brakes in Aston Martin's history; six were bought by a foreign royal family. They could be ordered with the 5.3-litre V8 (310 HP) or the 6.3-litre V8 (500 HP) engine.


title: Lagonda

text: Aston Martin said on 1 September 2008, as reported by "Automotive News Europe", that it would relaunch its Lagonda brand to help it expand into new markets such as luxury saloons and celebrate Lagonda's centennial anniversary in 2009.


title: Lagonda

text: "The Lagonda brand would allow us to develop cars which can have a different character than a sports car," said CEO Ulrich Bez in a statement. "Lagonda will have its own niche with luxurious and truly versatile products suitable for both existing and emerging markets".


title: Lagonda

text: "Lagonda models would be vehicles that could be used all year round in markets such as Russia where specialized sports cars such as Aston Martins could only be used for three or four months each year", said Aston Martin spokeswoman Janette Green.


title: Lagonda

text: At the 2009 Geneva Motor Show, Aston Martin unveiled a 4WD, four-seat SUV to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the first Lagonda car. It includes a V12 engine and 22-inch wheels.


title: Lagonda

text: Aston Martin confirmed the revival of the Lagonda brand on 9 March 2011. The new range initially consisted primarily of high-end SUVs.


title: Lagonda

text: In 2014, however, Aston Martin announced a large, low-bodied saloon version, the Taraf, a £1 million car powered by a Normally Aspirated V12 producing 565 HP and 465 lb-ft of torque. The Taraf was limited to only 200 production units and is being sold in the UK and US markets, despite initial plans to be offered only in the Middle East.


title: Head coach

text: A head coach, senior coach or manager is a professional at training and developing athletes. They typically hold a more public profile and are paid more than other coaches. In some sports, the head coach is instead called the "manager", as in association football and professional baseball. In other sports, such as Australian rules football, the head coach is generally termed a senior coach. A head coach normally reports to a sporting director or a general manager of the team.


title: Head coach

text: Other coaches are usually subordinate to the head coach, often in offensive positions or defensive positions, and occasionally proceed down into individualized position coaches.


title: Head coach

text: As with most other head coaches, high school coaches are primarily tasked with organizing and training football players. This includes creating game plans, evaluating players, and leading the team during competition.


title: Head coach

text: High school head coaches also have a variety of responsibilities beyond the football field. These include recruiting students within the school, scheduling opponents, and training/hiring/leading lower-level coaches. Most coaches hold another position within their program's school, typically as an academic teacher.


title: Head coach

text: One of the major features of head coaching in college football is the high turnover rate for jobs. With few exceptions (notable ones including Jimmye Laycock, Joe Paterno, John McKay, Tom Osborne, Bill Snyder, Frank Beamer, Bo Schembechler, Woody Hayes, Bobby Bowden, Darrell Royal, and LaVell Edwards) college coaches often routinely change jobs, rarely staying at a school for more than a decade. Some coaches have been known to leave a school and then return to the program after a period of time, with notable examples being Hall of Famers Robert Neyland and Chris Ault, who each had three stints at a single school (respectively Tennessee and Nevada).


title: Head coach

text: Many head coaches at the college level have a paid staff and as such are more free to concentrate on the overall aspect of the team rather than dealing with the nuances of training regimens and similar activities.


title: Head coach

text: Unlike head coaches at other levels, college coaching staffs are solely responsible for the composition and development of players on the team. The ability to recruit and develop top players plays a major role in success at this level.


title: Head coach

text: A college coach acts as the face of a team, in a sport where the players regularly depart after a few years, compared to some coaches who have been in the same position for over a generation. They are often called upon to discuss off-the-field incidents such as rule infractions or player antics. Sometimes, the coach becomes a celebrity in his own right, such as Lou Holtz.


title: Head coach

text: In a majority of states, the head coach of a public university's football or men's basketball program is by far the highest-paid state public official, well above the salary for the state's governor.


title: Head coach

text: At the end of the year, there are numerous college football coach of the year awards given out. Major annual coaching honors include the Home Depot Coach of the Year, The Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award, the Associated Press College Football Coach of the Year Award, and The Paul 'Bear' Bryant Award.


title: Head coach

text: At the professional level, coaches may work for millions of dollars a year. Since they do not have to travel the country recruiting high school players, head coaches at the professional level have much more time to devote to tactics and playbooks, which are coordinated with staff paid even more than at the college level. They typically report to the general manager.


title: Head coach

text: Many factors are part of National Football League (NFL) coaches' contracts. These involve the NFL's $11 billion as the highest revenue sport, exceeding the Major League Baseball's (MLB) $7 billion. The NFL's coaches are among the highest-paid professional coaches with professional football salaries topping a 2011 "Forbes" article on the highest-paid sports coaches. Bill Belichick was listed at the number one spot for the second year in a row. Additionally, no MLB manager or National Hockey League coach made the list.


title: Head coach

text: Another major element of NFL coaches' contracts, negotiated between individual coaches and NFL teams/owners, are NFL-demanded provisions in the employment contracts of coaches that authorize the employing NFL teams to withhold part of a coach's salary when league operations are suspended, such as lockouts or television contract negotiations.


title: Head coach

text: In 2013, the average annual salary for a head coach in the National Football League was $6.45 million.


title: Head coach

text: In association football, a head coach has the same responsibilities as in any other sport. For instance, in European countries, a head coach usually picks their own coaching staff. The main difference is a head coach usually works with a director of football, with the latter responsible for player recruitment and negotiating contracts. In the United Kingdom, these roles are combined in the position of manager.


title: Head coach

text: In some countries, an individual may be granted a position as "senior coach" and acts as the first assistant to the head coach, or runs a junior squad in the club. In the absence of a head coach, a senior coach can temporarily take over as an interim head coach (or caretaker manager).


title: Head coach

text: In Australian rules football, the head coach or senior coach, is responsible for developing and implementing appropriate training programs to his players. The senior coach in the AFL is also responsible for determining the rotations and team line ups for each game. Moreover, the coaches are not the only ones involved in team operations, as in AFL teams, up to five different coaches may have their own unique responsibilities. For example, there can be a forward, a midfield, and a defence coach, each focusing on a particular position. Thus, each coach works with players in those positions.


title: Head coach

text: Rugby football union clubs have the option of employing a director of rugby (DoR), a head coach, or both. The responsibilities for each role vary between clubs. Generally, if a club decides on employing one of either a DoR or a head coach, it will hold more responsibility than if it employs individuals for both roles. It has been proposed that the DoR is a club-wide position, providing and ensuring the club is working towards a shared philosophy from youth teams to senior teams. Whereas a head coach is focused purely on planning and implementing coaching for the first team; alongside a coaching team consisting of a mixture of defence, attack, forwards, backs, skills and strength and conditioning coaches.


title: Head coach

text: Head coaching responsibilities for American or USA Track & Field vary depending on the level of the sport.


title: Head coach

text: Bill Bowerman was a American track and field Head Coach for the University of Oregon and co-founder of Nike, Inc.


title: Head coach

text: At the College or University level, Cross country running head coaching responsibilities vary widely depending on the program's budget and staffing.


title: Hanami

text: In modern-day Japan, "hanami" mostly consists of having an outdoor party beneath the sakura during daytime or at night. In some contexts the Sino-Japanese term is used instead, particularly for festivals. "Hanami" at night is called . In many places such as Ueno Park temporary paper lanterns are hung for the purpose of "yozakura". On the island of Okinawa, decorative electric lanterns are hung in the trees for evening enjoyment, such as on the trees ascending Mt. Yae, near Motobu Town, or at the Nakijin Castle.


title: Hanami

text: A more ancient form of "hanami" also exists in Japan, which is enjoying the plum blossoms instead, which is narrowly referred to as . This kind of "hanami" is popular among older people, because they are calmer than the sakura parties, which usually involve younger people and can sometimes be very crowded and noisy.


title: Hanami

text: The practice of "hanami" is many centuries old. The custom is said to have started during the Nara period (710–794) when it was "ume" blossoms that people admired in the beginning. But by the Heian period (794–1185), sakura came to attract more attention and "hanami" was synonymous with "sakura". From then on, in both waka and haiku, "flowers" meant "sakura".


title: Hanami

text: "Hanami" was first used as a term analogous to cherry blossom viewing in the Heian era novel "The Tale of Genji". Although a wisteria viewing party was also described, the terms "hanami" and "flower party" were subsequently used only in reference to cherry blossom viewing.


title: Hanami

text: Sakura was originally used to divine that year's harvest as well as announce the rice-planting season. People believed in "kami" inside the trees and made offerings. Afterwards, they partook of the offering with sake.


title: Hanami

text: Emperor Saga of the Heian period adopted this practice, and held flower-viewing parties with sake and feasts underneath the blossoming boughs of sakura trees in the Imperial Court in Kyoto. Poems would be written praising the delicate flowers, which were seen as a metaphor for life itself, luminous and beautiful yet fleeting and ephemeral. This was said to be the origin of "Hanami" in Japan.


title: Hanami

text: The custom was originally limited to the elite of the Imperial Court, but soon spread to Samurai society and, by the Edo period, to the common people as well. Tokugawa Yoshimune planted areas of cherry blossom trees to encourage this. Under the sakura trees, people had lunch and drank sake in cheerful feasts.


title: Hanami

text: Since a book written in the Heian period mentions , one of the cultivars with pendulous branches, it is considered that "Prunus itosakura" 'Pendula' (Sidare-zakura) is the oldest cultivar in Japan. In the Kamakura period, when the population increased in the southern Kanto region, Oshima cherry, which originated in Izu Oshima Island, was brought to Honshu and cultivated there, and then brought to capital, Kyoto. In the Muromachi period, the Sato-zakura Group which was born from complex interspecific hybrids based on Oshima cherry, began to appear.


title: Hanami

text: "Prunus itosakura" (syn. "Prunus subhirtella", Edo higan), a wild species, grows slowly, but has the longest life span among cherry trees and is easy to grow into large trees. For this reason, there are many large and long-lived trees of this species in Japan, and their cherry trees are often regarded as sacred and have become a landmark that symbolizes Shinto shrines, Buddhist temples and local areas. Famous examples include the "" (~2,000 years old), "" (~1,500 years old), and "" (~1,000 years old).


title: Hanami

text: In the Edo period, various double-flowered cultivars were produced and planted on the banks of rivers, on Buddhist temples, in Shinto shrines and in daimyo gardens in urban areas such as Edo, and the common people living in urban areas could enjoy them. Books from that period recorded more than 200 varieties of cherry blossoms and mentioned many varieties of cherry blossoms which are currently known, such as 'Kanzan'. However, the situation was limited to urban areas, and the main objects of hanami across the country were wild species such as and Oshima cherry, which were widely distributed in the country.


title: Hanami

text: Since the Meiji period when Japan was modernized, Yoshino cherry has spread throughout Japan, and the object of hanami for Japanese people has changed to Yoshino cherry. On the other hand, various cultivars other than Yoshino cherry were cut down one after another due to the rapid modernization of cities, such as reclamation of waterways and demolition of daimyo gardens. The gardener Takagi Magoemon and the village mayor of Kohoku Village Shimizu Kengo worried about this situation and saved them from the danger of extinction by making a row of cherry trees composed of various cultivars on the Arakawa River bank. In Kyoto, Sano Toemon XIV, a gardener, collected various cultivars and propagated them. After World War II, these cultivars were inherited by the National Institute of Genetics, Tama Forest Science Garden and the Flower Association of Japan, and from the 1960s onwards various cultivars were again used for hanami.


title: Hanami

text: The teasing proverb hints at the real priorities for most cherry blossom viewers, meaning that people are more interested in the food and drinks accompanying a hanami party than actually viewing the flowers themselves.


title: Hanami

text: "Dead bodies are buried under the cherry trees!" is a popular saying about "hanami", after the opening sentence of the 1925 short story "Under the Cherry Trees" by Motojirō Kajii.


title: Hanami

text: The Japanese people continue the tradition of "hanami", gathering in great numbers wherever the flowering trees are found. Thousands of people fill the parks to hold feasts under the flowering trees, and sometimes these parties go on until late at night. In more than half of Japan, the cherry blossoming days come at the same time as the beginning of school and work after vacation, and so welcoming parties are often opened with "hanami". Usually, people go to the parks to keep the best places to celebrate "hanami" with friends, family, and company coworkers many hours or even days before. In cities like Tokyo, it is also common to have celebrations under the sakura at night. "Hanami" at night is called "yozakura" (夜桜, "night sakura"). In many places such as Ueno Park, temporary paper lanterns are hung to have yozakura.


title: Hanami

text: At Tokyo’s Yoyogi Park, each Hanami season, a group of YouTubers host a large Hanami event, some years attracting over 600 people and many overseas guests. It is known as the largest creator-organized event in Japan.


title: Hanami

text: The cherry blossom front is forecast each year, previously by the Japan Meteorological Agency and now by private agencies, and is watched with attention by those who plan to celebrate hanami because the blossoms last for very little time, usually no more than two weeks. The first cherry blossoms happen in the subtropical southern islands of Okinawa, while on the northern island of Hokkaido, they bloom much later. In most large cities like Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka, the cherry blossom season normally takes place around the end of March and the beginning of April. The television and newspapers closely follow this cherry blossom front, as it slowly moves from South to North. In 2018 blossoms were scheduled to open in Fukuoka on March 21, in Kyoto March 27, in Tokyo March 26 and Sapporo May 1.


title: Hanami

text: The "hanami" celebrations usually involve eating and drinking, and playing and listening to music. Some special dishes are prepared and eaten at the occasion, like "dango" and "bento", and sake is commonly drunk as part of the festivity. In 2020, traditional cherry blossom season events were canceled and tourists did not come to Japan due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 peak bloom day in Kyoto, March 26, was the earliest since record-tracking began in 812. Peak blooms have been trending earlier since 1800 and Yasuyuki Aono, a researcher at Osaka Prefecture University, suggested that the cause was climate change.


title: Hanami

text: In the United States, "hanami" has also become very popular. In 1912, Japan gave 3,000 sakura trees as a gift to the United States to celebrate the nations' friendship. These trees were planted in Washington, D.C., and another 3,800 trees were donated in 1965. These sakura trees continue to be a popular tourist attraction, and every year, the National Cherry Blossom Festival takes place when they bloom in early spring.


title: Hanami

text: In Macon, Georgia, another cherry blossom festival called the International Cherry Blossom Festival is celebrated every spring. Macon is known as the Cherry Blossom Capital of the World, because 300,000 sakura trees grow there.


title: Hanami

text: In Brooklyn, New York, the Annual Sakura Matsuri Cherry Blossom Festival takes place in May, at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This festivity has been celebrated since 1981, and is one of the Garden's most famous attractions. Similar celebrations are also held in Philadelphia and other places through the United States.


title: Hanami

text: Another popular collection of sakura in the United States is in Newark, New Jersey's Branch Brook Park, whose over 5,000 cherry trees of 18 varieties attract 10,000 visitors a day during its annual Cherry Blossom Festival.


title: Hanami

text: In Toronto, Canada the Hanami is celebrated in the many parks in the city in late April, due to the city's cold climate. Around 50 Yoshino Sakura trees have been donated to the city as symbols of international friendship and good will by the descendants of Japanese immigrants.


title: Hanami

text: Hanami is also celebrated in several European countries. For example, in Finland people gather to celebrate hanami in Helsinki at Roihuvuori. Local Japanese people and companies have donated 200 cherry trees which are all planted in Kirsikkapuisto. Those cherry trees usually bloom in mid-May.


title: Hanami

text: In Rome, in Italy, the hanami is celebrated, where are a lot of cherry trees were donated by Japan in 1959.


title: Hanami

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic in England, the National Trust initiated the #BlossomWatch campaign, which was inspired by Japanese cherry blossom festivals. It encouraged people to share images of first flowers on their lockdown walks.


title: The Athletic

text: The Athletic is a subscription-based sports website that provides national and local coverage in 47 North American cities as well as the United Kingdom. "The Athletic" also covers national stories from top professional and college sports (National Football League, National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, NASCAR, NCAA football, NCAA basketball (U.S. only), National Hockey League, mixed martial arts, Major League Soccer (U.S. and Canada only) and association football (U.K. edition only). "The Athletic"s coverage focuses on a mix of long-form journalism, original reporting, and in-depth analysis. Its business model is predicated on dis-aggregating the sports section of local newspapers and reaching non-local fans not reached by a local newspaper.


title: The Athletic

text: "The Athletic" was founded by Alex Mather and Adam Hansmann, former coworkers at subscription-based fitness company Strava, with the mission of producing "smarter coverage for die-hard fans." The company was built as an alternative to the struggling ad-supported models. "The Athletic" relies on subscription revenue, not advertising revenue, to support the business. Mather and Hansmann believed sports fans would be willing to pay for good reporting and writing, a clean app and no ads. At the time, a few newspapers were trying out paywalls, but the common industry view was that information on the internet needed to be free.


title: The Athletic

text: As part of Y Combinator's summer 2016 batch, the site originally launched in Chicago in January 2016, with Jon Greenberg serving as the founding editor, along with Sahadev Sharma (Cubs) and Scott Powers (Blackhawks). Greenberg and Powers previously worked at ESPN Chicago, while Sharma left "Baseball Prospectus" Cubs vertical to join the website.


title: The Athletic

text: In October 2016, "The Athletic" expanded to a second city, Toronto, to focus on Maple Leafs, Raptors, and Blue Jays coverage. "The Athletic" hired James Mirtle as editor-in-chief for Toronto. Mirtle had spent over a decade as a sportswriter at "The Globe and Mail" before joining "The Athletic".


title: The Athletic

text: A third city, Cleveland, launched in March 2017, with Jason Lloyd as editor-in-chief. "The Athletic" continued city expansion to Detroit in June 2017.


title: The Athletic

text: In August 2017, the site launched in the San Francisco-area market with long-time "San Jose Mercury News" writers Tim Kawakami as editor-in-chief and Marcus Thompson as columnist. "The Athletic" also added national coverage with new writers including baseball veteran Ken Rosenthal, shortly after "Fox Sports" eliminated its entire writing staff, as well as college basketball standout Seth Davis and college football institution Stewart Mandel. Mandel led the launch of the national college football section, "The All-American", at the end of August.


title: The Athletic

text: "The Athletic" expanded into Philadelphia, Minnesota, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and the rest of Canada in September 2017 bringing local coverage to 15 US and Canadian pro sports markets. The vast majority of expansion was aimed at expanding coverage to underserved hockey fans.


title: The Athletic

text: In February 2018, "The Athletic" announced further expansion into three new cities—New York, Dallas, and Cincinnati—and launched baseball-only coverage in Houston, Los Angeles, San Diego, Arizona, and Kansas City. The site also introduced expanded national MLB coverage with the addition of Jayson Stark, Jim Bowden, Eno Sarris, and editor Emma Span.


title: The Athletic

text: The site announced full coverage in Denver and Boston starting in April 2018. In Denver, "The Athletic" hired several reporters from "The Denver Post". In Boston, the initial staff consisted of beat writers previously employed at "The Boston Globe", the "Boston Herald", and the "Springfield Republican"s web portal MassLive. Adding to college football coverage, "The Athletic" added dedicated beat writers for major programs like Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee.


title: The Athletic

text: In May 2018, the site announced coverage of both domestic and international soccer. In June 2018, "The Athletic" increased coverage in Los Angeles and expanded into Buffalo, New York, by hiring several reporters who had been bought out from "The Buffalo News" the same month.


title: The Athletic

text: "The Athletic" continued market expansion in July 2018 with the addition of Atlanta with former AJC writers David O'Brien and Jeff Schultz, Baltimore, and Wisconsin. The site also added 19 college football writers to cover most of the major NCAA FB programs.


title: The Athletic

text: In August 2018, "The Athletic" launched Fantasy Sports coverage and continued expansion across US markets including Washington, D.C., Carolina, Nashville, Indiana, Miami, and New Orleans. The site also announced expanded NBA reporting with Shams Charania and NFL coverage with Jay Glazer.


title: The Athletic

text: "The Athletic" completed local coverage expansion to all NHL and NFL teams by September 2018 after adding writers in Jacksonville, Houston, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Las Vegas. Memphis was added as the 47th local market covered by "The Athletic" in October 2018, expanding coverage to all NBA teams.


title: The Athletic

text: "The Athletic" signed three veteran TV journalists in November 2018, including "60 Minutes" correspondent Armen Keteyian, in the publication's efforts to produce more video content as a supplement to written coverage.


title: The Athletic

text: In May 2019, "The Athletic" announced an expansion into motorsports coverage featuring veteran journalist Jeff Gluck. While NASCAR will be the dominant focus of coverage, "The Athletic" aims to be a destination for all motorsports fans by including other major events, such as the Indianapolis 500.


title: The Athletic

text: In August 2019, "The Athletic" expanded to the UK, predominantly covering domestic and international football. The team is led by managing director Ed Malyon and editor-in-chief Alex Kay-Jelski, and includes: Michael Cox, Raphael Honigstein, Daniel Taylor, and many beat reporters.


title: The Athletic

text: The company began exploring a sale to a larger media company in 2021, following continued unprofitability, driven by high expenses and reliance on venture capital funding instead of operational revenue. As of that time, the site had 1.2 million subscribers and $80 million in revenue, having raised $55 million in venture capital funding. "Axios" entered discussions with "The Athletic" in March of that year but ultimately declined to make an offer. "The New York Times" was the leading contender for a potential merger as of May, with Vox Media also expressing interest. Buyout talks between "The Athletic" and "The New York Times" ended in June 2021. On November 2, 2021, reports emerged that sports betting companies DraftKings and Flutter Entertainment, among other companies, were among some of the bidders for the company.


title: The Athletic

text: Ultimately, in January 2022, The New York Times Company announced that it would acquire "The Athletic" for $550 million, in a transaction expected to close in the first quarter of 2022. The "Times" noted that "The Athletic" would continue to run independently of the "Times", and co-founders Alex Mather and Adam Hansmann would continue to lead the operation.


title: The Athletic

text: "The Athletic" has raised a total of $139.5 million over five rounds. The first major funding was provided by Courtside Ventures, which provided $2.3 million in seed funding in Jan 2017. In July 2017, the company raised another $5.4 million in Series A funding also led by Courtside Ventures. In March 2018, the company announced a $20 million third round of funding led by Evolution Media. Mather reported that this money would be invested into expanding coverage to new cities and increasing the number of writers from the then staff of 120. "The Athletic" raised another $40 million in a Series C funding round in October 2018, co-led by Founders Fund and Bedrock Capital. The money will be used to invest in expanding teams focused on audience, data and editorial teams, subscriptions, podcasts and video.


title: The Athletic

text: As of August 2019, "The Athletic" had 600,000 paying subscribers with an 80% retention rate year-over-year. Most of its subscribers, 60%, follow sports teams in two or more cities. In September 2020, "The Athletic" announced 1 million global subscribers, as well as expansion into additional breaking news content formats.


title: The Athletic

text: As of 2022, "The Athletic" provides local coverage in 47 cities and regions of North America as well as coverage in the United Kingdom. It includes the 32 National Football League teams, the 30 Major League Baseball teams, the 30 National Basketball Association teams, the 32 National Hockey League teams, and 21 NCAA teams.


title: The Athletic

text: "The Athletic" has published multiple investigations regarding workplace misconduct, sexual abuse, and other transgressions in the sports community. In 2018, "Athletic" journalist Tim Cato published an in-depth report on allegations regarding workplace misconduct within the Dallas Mavericks organization. The report detailed how high-ranking members within the Mavericks organization ignored and tacitly approved of financial misconduct and mental abuse.


title: The Athletic

text: In March 2021, "The Athletic" published an investigation regarding sexual misconduct and abuse at Louisiana State University (LSU). In the report, Brody Miller detailed the rampant sexual misconduct that was present at all levels of the LSU organization, and interviews with former players helped support an investigation conducted by law firm Husch Blackwell.


title: The Athletic

text: In September 2021, "The Athletic" released a report detailing the gross sexual misconduct of association football coach Paul Riley in the NWSL. The report detailed Riley's sexual abuse of several players, namely Sinead Farrelly and Meleana Shim, as well as an unnamed additional player, while coaching at Portland Thorns FC. The report also revealed that the allegations, first reported to the club in 2016, were partially responsible for the decision not to renew his contract in Portland. Riley, however, immediately assumed a new coaching position within the NWSL. The NWSL, and Riley's current team, responded with no comment. Paul Riley denied all allegations. Riley was fired shortly afterward, and the relevant soccer bodies (NWSL, FIFA and the United States Soccer Federation) launched investigations.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: Sergeant Bosco Albert "B.A." (Bad Attitude) Baracus , played by Mr. T, is a fictional character and one of the main protagonists of the 1980s action-adventure television series "The A-Team". B. A. Baracus appeared on "The A-Team" from the series beginning in 1983 until its cancellation in 1987. He is arguably the breakout character of the series and has become a cult icon worldwide.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: In the 2010 film version, B. A. Baracus was played by mixed martial artist Quinton "Rampage" Jackson.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: The A-Team is a group of ex-United States Army Special Forces soldiers who were wrongly convicted of a crime during the Vietnam War. Managing to escape from the Military Police, they fled to Los Angeles where, as fugitives, the A-Team works as soldiers of fortune, using their military training to fight oppression and injustice. B. A., along with Hannibal Smith, Templeton "Faceman" Peck, and H. M. Murdock make up the A-Team.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: In the pilot episode, "Mexican Slayride", B. A. is described as follows by a reporter colleague of Amy Allen: "Bosco Baracus. Known as B. A. for 'bad attitude.' The man is a mechanical genius. He also has one of the worst conduct records in the army. He likes to slug officers." A rough-and-tough fighter, the character of B. A. Baracus is basically that of the public persona of Mr. T himself. He is known for his trademark African Mandinka warrior hairstyle (often mistaken for a frohawk hairstyle), and his gold jewelry.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: While the other members of the team regularly resort to disguises, scams and subterfuge to achieve their goals, B. A.'s distinctive appearance and confrontational attitude usually lead to a more direct approach to problems, which often involve either his skills at hand-to-hand combat (Boxing, Wrestling), or his mechanical talents.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: He is a highly skilled mechanic and has an amazing talent for making impressive machinery out of just about any ordinary parts. He received his initial training in the Jamaican Defense Force. In Season 2, Hannibal once said to B. A., "With a pair of pliers and a little time, you could fix anything but dinner." He is an excellent fighter and is invaluable in hand-to-hand combat. Because of his massive size and strength, he has a unique fighting tactic, which may involve grabbing his opponents, lifting them over his head, and hurling them in the air. He is easily angered to the point of rage, and often greets people with a growl or a snarl. He is most often upset by Murdock and frequently addresses him with the phrase "You crazy fool!", although Murdock is usually unfazed by B. A.'s gruffness. In fact, B. A. and Murdock are very close friends, with almost the relationship of frequently quarrelling brothers, as can be seen in "Curtain Call", the Season 2 finale, where Murdock is shot and B. A. is desperate to save him. Despite B. A.'s reputed attitude, he is a kind person who has a special fondness for children, occasionally working at a youth center teaching sports to the children. It is divulged in a Season 2 episode that he is from Chicago, another parallel with the real life Mr. T.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: A teetotaler, B. A. did not touch alcohol, preferring milk instead. He suffers from pteromerhanophobia, an intense fear of flying, especially when the pilot is Murdock. He typically exclaims, "I ain't gettin' on no plane!" This difficulty is often overcome by other members of the team drugging him, knocking him unconscious, or, as in one episode, hypnotizing him, so he can be transported without objection. In the Season 1 episode "The Beast from the Belly of a Boeing", he is on a plane pretending to be a maintenance technician with Murdock when the plane suddenly takes off. He immediately falls into a catatonic state while Murdock tries to revive him. Furthermore, in two episodes "The Sound of Thunder" and "Quarterback Sneak" B. A. hops onto a helicopter which is piloted by Murdock, although he is said to have gone catatonic during the plane ride in "The Sound of Thunder".


title: B. A. Baracus

text: In the Season 4 episode "Lease with an Option to Die", he temporarily overcomes his fear of flying when he learns his mother is hurt. In that episode his mother and her friends in Chicago are under the impression that he is the leader of The A-Team, which Hannibal and the others go along with. He submits to her authority, and the team is highly amused when his mother calls him by his childhood nickname of "Scooter". In the Season 2 episode "Diamonds 'n Dust", we learn that B. A.'s father was once beaten up by three men and almost died, giving B. A. a special understanding with the client, Toby, a woman whose father has been murdered.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: As revealed in a few episodes, B. A. and Murdock share the same blood type, AB negative, the rarest type. This was a plot device for finding one of them urgently when a transfusion was needed for the other.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: B. A. drives a customized 1983 GMC Van, painted black and grey with a red stripe, black and red rims, and a rooftop spoiler. B. A. is extremely protective of his van, and becomes furious if it gets any damage. He prefers to drive the van himself although the other members of the team frequently drive the van for a variety of reasons, generally when B. A. was otherwise indisposed. He often says, "Nobody drives my van, but me!" He appears to also apply this principle to other vehicles, such as in "The Trouble with Harry", where he insists on driving Hulk Hogan's limousine to follow a young friend from the center he helps at.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: As revealed in the pilot episode, "B. A." stands for the nickname of "bad attitude", although many viewers perceived this to be a euphemism for the phrase "bad ass" which would not have been accepted by television censors at the time. In the Season 4 episode "Lease with an Option to Die", we learn from his mother that his childhood nickname was Scooter, which he detests and only allows his mother to use.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: Although not canon, Mr. T has stated that in terms of his Christian faith, B. A. now stands for "Born Again".


title: B. A. Baracus

text: In syndicated versions of "The A-Team" aired in Hispanic and Spanish speaking countries, such as Mexico, B. A. Baracus is translated as Mario Baracus. In Spain, it was translated to M. A. Barracus, in part for the nickname "Bad Attitude" which translates into "Mala Actitud". In the French version, the meaning of the initials was dodged altogether since the character is constantly called "Barracuda" after the large and ferocious fish species of the same name, and even his second name of Baracus is rarely used. In the Italian version, he is named P. E. Baracus, where P. E. stands for ""Pessimo Elemento"", translated literally as "Very Bad Element". The Polish translation used the original initials, where B. A. stood for "Bardzo Arogancki", translated as "Very Arrogant".


title: B. A. Baracus

text: For the 2010 movie, which was sponsored by British Airways, B. A.'s initials were jokingly changed to "British Airways" in some marketing. This was considered cynical by fans, as it is well known that B. A. refuses to travel on aircraft.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Specialist 6 Baracus in "A Nice Place to Visit".


title: B. A. Baracus

text: The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Sergeant First Class Baracus in "Trial by Fire" and "Firing Line".


title: B. A. Baracus

text: B. A.'s iconic black and metallic gray GMC Vandura van used by the A-Team, with its characteristic red stripe, black and red turbine mag wheels, and rooftop spoiler, has become an enduring pop culture icon. Early examples of the van had a red GMC logo on the front grille, and an additional GMC logo on the rear left door. Early in the second season, these logos were blacked out, although GMC continued to supply vans and receive a credit on the closing credits of each episode.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: It is a common error that the van is said to be all-black, whereas, in fact, the section above the red stripe is metallic gray (this error even followed through on to most toy models of the van). The angle of the rear spoiler can also be seen to vary on different examples of the van within the series. Additionally, some versions of the van have a sunroof, whereas others, typically those used for stunts do not. This led to continuity errors in some episodes, such as in the third season's "The Bells of St. Mary's", in a scene where Face jumps from a building onto the roof of the van. There is clearly no sunroof. Moments later, in an interior studio shot, Face climbs in through the sunroof. Also, in many stunts where the van would surely be totaled, other makes have been used, such as a black Ford Econoline with red hubcaps painted to simulate the original red turbine mags.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: Many devices have been variously located in the back of the van in different episodes, including a mini printing press in "Pros and Cons", an audio surveillance recording device in "A Small and Deadly War", and Hannibal's disguise kits in various episodes.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: When B. A. lends the van to Captain Murdock, Murdock concludes that B. A. has tuned the van's suspension to compensate for the added weight of his gold jewelry.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: In the 2010 remake of "The A-Team", the 1983 GMC Vandura van returned. Filming in Canada made it difficult to source the original vehicle and instead a modified 1994 Chevrolet G20 cargo van was used, but the red stripe is not the same as in the original van. B. A. tracks the van down in Mexico after leaving it for his career as an Army Ranger. Hannibal hijacks the vehicle and, when B. A. refuses to cooperate, shoots B. A. in the arm. This angers B. A., not because he was shot, but because the round went through him into the van. They rescue Face and pick up Murdock. When the team flees from General Tuco in a medical chopper, Murdock accidentally pilots it into an air-conditioning unit, tipping it off the roof and onto the van, destroying it. This infuriates B. A., prompting him to make death threats against Murdock.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: The 2010 film adaptation presents a Bosco "B. A." Baracus (born on June 20, 1978, in Phoenix) who is referred to simply as Bosco for much of the film's first act. In the film, he is a former Corporal when he meets Hannibal, and a Sergeant First Class by the time of the trial. While B. A. retains his trademark hairstyle, he does not wear gold chains around his neck like his TV counterpart did. Aside from the Army Ranger tattoo on his right arm, he sports tattoos on his knuckles: the left spells "PITY", while the right spells "FOOL". This is a reference to Mr. T's catchphrase, "I pity the fool."


title: B. A. Baracus

text: His fear of flying is created at the film's start, after Bosco nearly falls out of a helicopter piloted by Murdock. He starts off much like his TV counterpart; he punches first, asks questions later, and still drives his distinctive GMC Vandura van. In contrast with the TV series, in the opening sequence, the van is accidentally destroyed by Murdock; and when B. A. is sprung from prison later in the film, he is a changed man. Concerned with the violence that has driven his life, Bosco swears a vow to never again end another life, and grows his hair out to help reflect this change. The more peaceful Bosco even allows himself to be beaten into submission by the psychotic killer Pike, until he is rescued by Hannibal. It is not until the film's third act, when informed by Hannibal that even Gandhi "wasn't afraid to fight for something he believed in", that Bosco re-shaves his head, and becomes an unstoppable powerhouse once more. He cites later that his conscience is now clear.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: B. A. also explains that the reason he started his hairstyle as a child was that everyone in his neighborhood was afraid of him.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Sergeant First Class Baracus in the 2010 movie adaptation.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: B. A. is a playable character in the crossover video game "Lego Dimensions". His character pack includes his van. Mr. T is replaced by Dave Fennoy as B. A.'s voice actor. He can also be seen making a cameo appearance in an episode of the comedy sketch show Little Britain.


title: B. A. Baracus

text: Baracus is parodied in the side-scrolling shooter game Broforce as a playable character known as B.A. Broracus. As a playable character, he fights with a flamethrower that can set enemies on fire and he can throw grenades.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Ventilation is the intentional introduction of outdoor air into a space. Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; it can also be used to control indoor temperature, humidity, and air motion to benefit thermal comfort, satisfaction with other aspects of indoor environment, or other objectives.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: The intentional introduction of outdoor air is usually categorized as either mechanical ventilation, natural ventilation, or mixed-mode ventilation (hybrid ventilation).


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: The design of buildings that promote occupant health and well being requires clear understanding of the ways that ventilation airflow interacts with, dilutes, displaces or introduces pollutants within the occupied space. Although ventilation is an integral component to maintaining good indoor air quality, it may not be satisfactory alone. In scenarios where outdoor pollution would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such as filtration may also be necessary. In kitchen ventilation systems, or for laboratory fume hoods, the design of effective effluent capture can be more important than the bulk amount of ventilation in a space. More generally, the way that an air distribution system causes ventilation to flow into and out of a space impacts the ability for a particular ventilation rate to remove internally generated pollutants. The ability for a system to reduce pollution in a space is described as its "ventilation effectiveness". However, the overall impacts of ventilation on indoor air quality can depend on more complex factors such as the sources of pollution, and the ways that activities and airflow interact to affect occupant exposure.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: An array of factors related to design and operation of ventilation systems are regulated by various codes and standards. Standards dealing with the design and operation of ventilation systems for the purpose of achieving acceptable indoor air quality include: ASHRAE Standards 62.1 and 62.2, the International Residential Code, the International Mechanical Code, and the United Kingdom Building Regulations Part F. Other standards focused on energy conservation also impact the design and operation of ventilation systems, including: ASHRAE Standard 90.1, and the International Energy Conservation Code.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: In many instances, ventilation for indoor air quality is simultaneously beneficial for the control of thermal comfort. Increasing the ventilation is essential to enhance the physical health of people. At these times, it can be useful to increase the rate of ventilation beyond the minimum required for indoor air quality. Two examples include air-side economizer cooling and ventilative pre-cooling. In other instances, ventilation for indoor air quality contributes to the need for – and energy use by – mechanical heating and cooling equipment. In hot and humid climates, dehumidification of ventilation air can be a particularly energy intensive process.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Ventilation should be considered for its relationship to "venting" for appliances and combustion equipment such as water heaters, furnaces, boilers, and wood stoves. Most importantly, the design of building ventilation must be careful to avoid the backdraft of combustion products from "naturally vented" appliances into the occupied space. This issue is of greater importance for buildings with more air tight envelopes. To avoid the hazard, many modern combustion appliances utilize "direct venting" which draws combustion air directly from outdoors, instead of from the indoor environment.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: The ventilation rate, for CII buildings, is normally expressed by the volumetric flowrate of outdoor air, introduced to the building. The typical units used are cubic feet per minute (CFM) in the imperial system, or liters per second (L/s) in the metric system (even though cubic meter per second is the preferred unit for volumetric flow rate in the SI system of units). The ventilation rate can also be expressed on a per person or per unit floor area basis, such as CFM/p or CFM/ft², or as air changes per hour (ACH).


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: For residential buildings, which mostly rely on infiltration for meeting their ventilation needs, a common ventilation rate measure is the air change rate (or air changes per hour): the hourly ventilation rate divided by the volume of the space ("I" or "ACH"; units of 1/h). During the winter, ACH may range from 0.50 to 0.41 in a tightly air-sealed house to 1.11 to 1.47 in a loosely air-sealed house.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: ASHRAE now recommends ventilation rates dependent upon floor area, as a revision to the 62-2001 standard, in which the minimum ACH was 0.35, but no less than 15 CFM/person (7.1 L/s/person). As of 2003, the standard has been changed to 3 CFM/100 sq. ft. (15 L/s/100 sq. m.) plus 7.5 CFM/person (3.5 L/s/person).


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Ventilation Rate Procedure is rate based on standard and prescribes the rate at which ventilation air must be delivered to a space and various means to condition that air. Air quality is assessed (through CO measurement) and ventilation rates are mathematically derived using constants.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Indoor Air Quality Procedure uses one or more guidelines for the specification of acceptable concentrations of certain contaminants in indoor air but does not prescribe ventilation rates or air treatment methods. This addresses both quantitative and subjective evaluations, and is based on the Ventilation Rate Procedure. It also accounts for potential contaminants that may have no measured limits, or for which no limits are not set (such as formaldehyde offgassing from carpet and furniture).


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Natural ventilation harnesses naturally available forces to supply and remove air in an enclosed space. Poor ventilation in rooms is identified to significantly increase the localised mouldy smell in specific places of the room including room corners. There are three types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation, pressure-driven flows, and stack ventilation. The pressures generated by 'the stack effect' rely upon the buoyancy of heated or rising air. Wind driven ventilation relies upon the force of the prevailing wind to pull and push air through the enclosed space as well as through breaches in the building's envelope.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Almost all historic buildings were ventilated naturally. The technique was generally abandoned in larger US buildings during the late 20th century as the use of air conditioning became more widespread. However, with the advent of advanced Building Performance Simulation (BPS) software, improved Building Automation Systems (BAS), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) design requirements, and improved window manufacturing techniques; natural ventilation has made a resurgence in commercial buildings both globally and throughout the US.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Techniques and architectural features used to ventilate buildings and structures naturally include, but are not limited to:


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Mechanical ventilation of buildings and structures can be achieved by use of the following techniques:


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV, also known as Demand Control Ventilation) makes it possible to maintain air quality while conserving energy. ASHRAE has determined that: ""It is consistent with the ventilation rate procedure that demand control be permitted for use to reduce the total outdoor air supply during periods of less occupancy."" In a DCV system, CO sensors control the amount of ventilation. During peak occupancy, CO levels rise, and the system adjusts to deliver the same amount of outdoor air as would be used by the ventilation-rate procedure. However, when spaces are less occupied, CO levels reduce, and the system reduces ventilation to conserves energy. DCV is a well-established practice, and is required in high occupancy spaces by building energy standards such as ASHRAE 90.1.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Personalized ventilation is an air distribution strategy that allows individuals to control the amount of ventilation received. The approach deliver fresh air more directly to the breathing zone and aims to improve air quality of inhaled air. Personalized ventilation provides a much higher ventilation effectiveness than conventional mixing ventilation systems by displacing pollution from the breathing zone far less air volume. Beyond improved air quality benefits, the strategy can also improve occupant's thermal comfort, perceived air quality, and overall satisfaction with the indoor environment. Individual's preferences for temperature and air movement are not equal, and so traditional approaches to homogeneous environmental control have failed to achieve high occupant satisfaction. Techniques such as personalized ventilation facilitate control of a more diverse thermal environment that can improve thermal satisfaction for most occupants.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Local exhaust ventilation addresses the issue of avoiding the contamination of indoor air by specific high-emission sources by capturing airborne contaminants before they are spread into the environment. This can include water vapor control, lavatory bioeffluent control, solvent vapors from industrial processes, and dust from wood- and metal-working machinery. Air can be exhausted through pressurized hoods or through the use of fans and pressurizing a specific area.A local exhaust system is composed of 5 basic parts


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: In the UK, the use of LEV systems have regulations set out by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) which are referred to as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (CoSHH). Under CoSHH, legislation is set out to protect users of LEV systems by ensuring that all equipment is tested at least every fourteen months to ensure the LEV systems are performing adequately. All parts of the system must be visually inspected and thoroughly tested and where any parts are found to be defective, the inspector must issue a red label to identify the defective part and the issue.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: The owner of the LEV system must then have the defective parts repaired or replaced before the system can be used.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Smart ventilation is a process to continually adjust the ventilation system in time, and optionally by location, to provide the desired IAQ benefits while minimizing energy consumption, utility bills and other non-IAQ costs (such as thermal discomfort or noise).


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: A smart ventilation system adjusts ventilation rates in time or by location in a building to be responsive to one or more of the following: occupancy, outdoor thermal and air quality conditions, electricity grid needs, direct sensing of contaminants, operation of other air moving and air cleaning systems.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: In addition, smart ventilation systems can provide information to building owners, occupants, and managers on operational energy consumption and indoor air quality as well as signal when systems need maintenance or repair.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Being responsive to occupancy means that a smart ventilation system can adjust ventilation depending on demand such as reducing ventilation if the building is unoccupied.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Smart ventilation can time-shift ventilation to periods when a) indoor-outdoor temperature differences are smaller (and away from peak outdoor temperatures and humidity), b) when indoor-outdoor temperatures are appropriate for ventilative cooling, or c) when outdoor air quality is acceptable.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Being responsive to electricity grid needs means providing flexibility to electricity demand (including direct signals from utilities) and integration with electric grid control strategies.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Smart ventilation systems can have sensors to detect air flow, systems pressures or fan energy use in such a way that systems failures can be detected and repaired, as well as when system components need maintenance, such as filter replacement.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Combustion (in a fireplace, gas heater, candle, oil lamp, etc.) consumes oxygen while producing carbon dioxide and other unhealthy gases and smoke, requiring ventilation air. An open chimney promotes infiltration (i.e. natural ventilation) because of the negative pressure change induced by the buoyant, warmer air leaving through the chimney. The warm air is typically replaced by heavier, cold air.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Ventilation in a structure is also needed for removing water vapor produced by respiration, burning, and cooking, and for removing odors. If water vapor is permitted to accumulate, it may damage the structure, insulation, or finishes. When operating, an air conditioner usually removes excess moisture from the air. A dehumidifier may also be appropriate for removing airborne moisture.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Ventilation guidelines are based upon the minimum ventilation rate required to maintain acceptable levels of bioeffluents. Carbon dioxide is used as a reference point, as it is the gas of highest emission at a relatively constant value of 0.005 L/s. The mass balance equation is:


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: ASHRAE standard 62 states that air removed from an area with environmental tobacco smoke shall not be recirculated into ETS-free air. A space with ETS requires more ventilation to achieve similar perceived air quality to that of a non-smoking environment.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: The amount of ventilation in an ETS area is equal to the amount of ETS-free area plus the amount V, where:


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Primitive ventilation systems were found at the Pločnik archeological site (belonging to the Vinča culture) in Serbia and were built into early copper smelting furnaces. The furnace, built on the outside of the workshop, featured earthen pipe-like air vents with hundreds of tiny holes in them and a prototype chimney to ensure air goes into the furnace to feed the fire and smoke comes out safely.


title: Ventilation (architecture)

text: Passive ventilation and passive cooling systems were widely written about around the Mediterranean by Classical times. Both sources of heat and sources of cooling (such as fountains and subterranean heat reservoirs) were used to drive air circulation, and buildings were designed to encourage or exclude drafts, according to climate and function. Public bathhouses were often particularly sophisticated in their heating and cooling. Icehouses are some millennia old, and were part of a well-developed ice industry by classical times.