title: Omnicom Group

text: Omnicom's branded networks and specialty firms provide services in four disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), public relations and specialty services. The services included in these disciplines are media planning and buying, digital and interactive marketing, sports and events marketing, field marketing and brand consultancy. Omnicom Group was ranked as one of the four largest advertising agencies in the world by "The New York Times" in 2002. In 2014, Omnicom was considered the second largest advertising holding company by "The Wall Street Journal". The company employs more than 77,000 employees in over 100 countries worldwide.


title: Omnicom Group

text: In 1986, Allen Rosenshine, Keith Reinhard and John Bernbach (son of William Bernbach) co-created Omnicom in a three-way merger of BBDO Worldwide, Doyle Dane Bernbach and Needham Harper Worldwide. In 1989, Rosenshine stepped down as chairman of Omnicom to return to his role running BBDO Worldwide and Bruce Crawford (who had preceded Rosenshine as CEO of BBDO before leaving to run the Metropolitan Opera in 1985)


title: Omnicom Group

text: was named chairman of Omnicom. In 1997, John Wren, the number two executive at Omnicom, became the company's chief executive officer, while Crawford remained as chairman.


title: Omnicom Group

text: In July 2013, it was announced that Publicis Groupe and Omnicom Group would merge to form Publicis Omnicom Group, but by May 2014 it was announced that the deal had fallen through and the Publicis-Omnicom merger would not happen.


title: Omnicom Group

text: By 2014, Omnicom was the second largest agency holding company and had revenue of over $15 billion. Omnicom launched Omniwomen in April 2014 with the goal of increasing the number and influence of female leaders within the organization. Omniwomen has more than 10 branches in the US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, China and the UAE.


title: Omnicom Group

text: In July 2017, Omnicom announced that Gracia Martore, former President and CEO of TEGNA Inc., had joined its Board as an independent director. Her appointment brings the total to 13 directors, 11 of which are independent. In February 2018, Ronnie S. Hawkins was appointed to the company's board as an independent director, bringing the total to 14 members, 12 of which are independent. In May 2018, Omnicom Group brought its language strategy agency, maslansky + partners, to Australia.


title: Omnicom Group

text: In November 2021, Daryl Simm was promoted to president and COO. That next month, Florian Adamski was announced as the next CEO of Omnicom Media Group, after previously working as CEO at OMD Worldwide.


title: Omnicom Group

text: Omnicom is composed of five major agency networks that oversee 1500+ agencies as parent companies. The networks are BBDO Worldwide, Diversified Agency Services (DAS), DDB Worldwide, Omnicom Media Group (OMG) and TBWA Worldwide.


title: Omnicom Group

text: BBDO Worldwide, one of the companies present from the initial merger, is a creative agency which has been recognized as one of the most creative networks in the world. Founded in 2000, Proximity Worldwide is BBDO's digitally focused marketing arm. In January 2016, BBDO Worldwide acquired a majority stake in Wednesday Agency Group. At the 2017 Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity, BBDO Worldwide was awarded Network of the Year for the sixth time. Clemenger BBDO Melbourne was named Agency of the Year. BBDO was the top agency network featured in the 2018 WARC 100, an annual ranking of advertising and media effectiveness. In 2018, several of the BBDO agencies were ranked in the top 10 awarded individual agencies in the world by The Gunn Report.


title: Omnicom Group

text: The DAS Group of Companies comprises more than 200 companies focused on public relations, CRM, healthcare, events, promotional marketing, vehicle testing, branding and research. In 2016 and 2017, Omnicom formed two separate holding groups for healthcare and PR agencies: Omnicom Health Group and Omnicom Precision Marketing Group. Later in 2016, Omnicom Health Group acquired majority stakes in Biopharm Communications and Rabin Martin. In 2018, Omnicom Health Group acquired Snow Companies a patient engagement communications agency. Also in 2018, Omnicom Precision Marketing Group acquired a majority stake in Credera.


title: Omnicom Group

text: DDB Worldwide, one of the three initial companies, is a global advertising network. In November 2015, DDB Worldwide acquired Grupo ABC, the largest advertising group in Brazil. In June 2016, DDB Health was launched as a combination of healthcare agencies, which added medical and healthcare services to DDB's profile. Some of the businesses included in the DDB Worldwide unit are Tribal Worldwide, TracyLocke, adam&eveDDB, Roberts + Langer, Spike DDB, Rodgers Townsend, ONC Worldwide, Alma and Uproar!@DDB.


title: Omnicom Group

text: Omnicom Media Group is the media division of the Omnicom Group Inc. In 2017, three Omnicom Media Group agency networks competed at the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity, including OMD Worldwide, which was named Media Network of the Year.


title: Omnicom Group

text: TBWA is a global agency network, normally billed as 'The Disruption Company'. It was purchased in 1993 and then merged with the Chiat Day firm in 1995. In the United States, some of the company's offices still retain the TBWA Chiat Day name. Companies operating under the TBWA network include, Media Arts Lab, Digital Arts Network (DAN), The Integer Group, Lucky Generals, Designory, NEBOKO, and other TBWA branded regional agencies.


title: YCbCr

text: YCbCr, Y′CbCr, or Y Pb/Cb Pr/Cr, also written as YCC or Y′CC, is a family of color spaces used as a part of the color image pipeline in video and digital photography systems. Y′ is the luma component and C and C are the blue-difference and red-difference chroma components. Y′ (with prime) is distinguished from Y, which is luminance, meaning that light intensity is nonlinearly encoded based on gamma corrected RGB primaries.


title: YCbCr

text: Y′CbCr color spaces are defined by a mathematical coordinate transformation from an associated RGB primaries and white point. If the underlying RGB color space is absolute, the Y′CbCr color space is an absolute color space as well; conversely, if the RGB space is ill-defined, so is Y′CbCr. The transformation is defined in ITU-T H.273. Nevertheless that rule does not apply to P3-D65 primaries used by Netflix with BT.2020-NCL matrix, so that means matrix was not derived from primaries, but now Netflix allows BT.2020 primaries (since 2021). Same happens with JPEG: it has BT.601 matrix derived from System M primaries, yet the primaries of most images are BT.709.


title: YCbCr

text: Cathode ray tube displays are driven by red, green, and blue voltage signals, but these RGB signals are not efficient as a representation for storage and transmission, since they have a lot of redundancy.


title: YCbCr

text: YCbCr and Y′CbCr are a practical approximation to color processing and perceptual uniformity, where the primary colors corresponding roughly to red, green and blue are processed into perceptually meaningful information. By doing this, subsequent image/video processing, transmission and storage can do operations and introduce errors in perceptually meaningful ways. Y′CbCr is used to separate out a luma signal (Y′) that can be stored with high resolution or transmitted at high bandwidth, and two chroma components (C and C) that can be bandwidth-reduced, subsampled, compressed, or otherwise treated separately for improved system efficiency.


title: YCbCr

text: One practical example would be decreasing the bandwidth or resolution allocated to "color" compared to "black and white", since humans are more sensitive to the black-and-white information (see image example to the right). This is called chroma subsampling.


title: YCbCr

text: Typically the terms Y′CbCr, YCbCr, YPbPr and YUV are used interchangeably, leading to some confusion. The main difference is that YPbPr is used with analog images and YCbCr with digital images, leading to difference scaling values for U and V (in YCbCr both are formula_1) when converting to/from YUV. Y'CbCr and YCbCr differ due to the values being gamma corrected or not.


title: YCbCr

text: The equations below give a better picture of the common principles and general differences between these formats.


title: YCbCr

text: Y′CbCr signals (prior to scaling and offsets to place the signals into digital form) are called YPbPr, and are created from the corresponding gamma-adjusted RGB (red, green and blue) source using three defined constants K, K, and K as follows:


title: YCbCr

text: where K, K, and K are ordinarily derived from the definition of the corresponding RGB space, and required to satisfy formula_3.


title: YCbCr

text: Here, the prime (′) symbols mean gamma correction is being used; thus R′, G′ and B′ nominally range from 0 to 1, with 0 representing the minimum intensity (e.g., for display of the color black) and 1 the maximum (e.g., for display of the color white). The resulting luma (Y) value will then have a nominal range from 0 to 1, and the chroma (P and P) values will have a nominal range from -0.5 to +0.5. The reverse conversion process can be readily derived by inverting the above equations.


title: YCbCr

text: When representing the signals in digital form, the results are scaled and rounded, and offsets are typically added. For example, the scaling and offset applied to the Y′ component per specification (e.g. MPEG-2) results in the value of 16 for black and the value of 235 for white when using an 8-bit representation. The standard has 8-bit digitized versions of C and C scaled to a different range of 16 to 240. Consequently, rescaling by the fraction (235-16)/(240-16) = 219/224 is sometimes required when doing color matrixing or processing in YCbCr space, resulting in quantization distortions when the subsequent processing is not performed using higher bit depths.


title: YCbCr

text: The scaling that results in the use of a smaller range of digital values than what might appear to be desirable for representation of the nominal range of the input data allows for some "overshoot" and "undershoot" during processing without necessitating undesirable clipping. This "headroom" and "toeroom" can also be used for extension of the nominal color gamut, as specified by xvYCC.


title: YCbCr

text: The value 235 accommodates a maximum black-to-white overshoot of 255 - 235 = 20, or 20 / (235 - 16) = 9.1%, which is slightly larger than the theoretical maximum overshoot (Gibbs' Phenomenon) of about 8.9% of the maximum step. The toeroom is smaller, allowing only 16 / 219 = 7.3% overshoot, which is less than the theoretical maximum overshoot of 8.9%. But because values 0 and 255 are reserved in HDMI, it is actually slightly less.


title: YCbCr

text: Since the equations defining Y'CbCr are formed in a way that rotates the entire nominal RGB color cube and scales it to fit within a (larger) YCbCr color cube, there are some points within the Y'CbCr color cube that "cannot" be represented in the corresponding RGB domain (at least not within the nominal RGB range). This causes some difficulty in determining how to correctly interpret and display some Y'CbCr signals. These out-of-range Y'CbCr values are used by xvYCC to encode colors outside the BT.709 gamut.


title: YCbCr

text: The form of Y′CbCr that was defined for standard-definition television use in the ITU-R BT.601 (formerly CCIR 601) standard for use with digital component video is derived from the corresponding RGB space (ITU-R BT.470-6 System M primaries) as follows:


title: YCbCr

text: The resultant signals range from 16 to 235 for Y′ (Cb and Cr range from 16 to 240); the values from 0 to 15 are called "footroom", while the values from 236 to 255 are called "headroom".


title: YCbCr

text: Alternatively, digital Y′CbCr can derived from digital R'dG'dB'd (8 bits per sample, each using the full range with zero representing black and 255 representing white) according to the following equations:


title: YCbCr

text: In the formula below, the scaling factors are multiplied by formula_11. This allows for the value 256 in the denominator, which can be calculated by a single bitshift.


title: YCbCr

text: If the R'd G'd B'd digital source includes footroom and headroom, the footroom offset 16 needs to be subtracted first from each signal, and a scale factor of formula_13 needs to be included in the equations.


title: YCbCr

text: The inverse transform without any roundings (using values coming directly from ITU-R BT.601 recommendation) is:


title: YCbCr

text: This form of Y′CbCr is used primarily for older standard-definition television systems, as it uses an RGB model that fits the phosphor emission characteristics of older CRTs.


title: YCbCr

text: A different form of Y′CbCr is specified in the ITU-R BT.709 standard, primarily for HDTV use. The newer form is also used in some computer-display oriented applications, as sRGB (though the matrix used for sRGB form of YCbCr, sYCC, is still BT.601). In this case, the values of Kb and Kr differ, but the formulas for using them are the same. For ITU-R BT.709, the constants are:


title: YCbCr

text: This form of Y′CbCr is based on an RGB model that more closely fits the phosphor emission characteristics of newer CRTs and other modern display equipment.


title: YCbCr

text: The definitions of the R', G', and B' signals also differ between BT.709 and BT.601, and differ within BT.601 depending on the type of TV system in use (625-line as in PAL and SECAM or 525-line as in NTSC), and differ further in other specifications. In different designs there are differences in the definitions of the R, G, and B chromaticity coordinates, the reference white point, the supported gamut range, the exact gamma pre-compensation functions for deriving R', G' and B' from R, G, and B, and in the scaling and offsets to be applied during conversion from R'G'B' to Y′CbCr. So proper conversion of Y′CbCr from one form to the other is not just a matter of inverting one matrix and applying the other. In fact, when Y′CbCr is designed ideally, the values of K and K are derived from the precise specification of the RGB color primary signals, so that the luma (Y′) signal corresponds as closely as possible to a gamma-adjusted measurement of luminance (typically based on the CIE 1931 measurements of the response of the human visual system to color stimuli).


title: YCbCr

text: The ITU-R BT.2020 standard defines both BT.709 gamma corrected Y′CbCr and using the same gamma correction (except for Y', that is calculated differently), but with constant luminance Cb, Cr called YcCbcCrc.


title: YCbCr

text: The smaller values in the matrix are not rounded, they are precise values. For systems with limited precision (8 or 10 bit, for example) a lower precision of the above matrix could be used, for example, retaining only 6 digits after decimal point.


title: YCbCr

text: YcCbcCrc may be used when the top priority is the most accurate retention of luminance information. Color representation has true constant luminance (CL) when the luma channel (Y’ of Y′CbCr encoded with BT.709 transfer function or PQ, for example) matches with encoded luminance (BT.709 or PQ encoded luminance Y of XYZ), nevertheless YcCbcCrc does not provide for constant intensity (CI), that is done in "ICC". BT.2020 does not define PQ and thus HDR, it is further defined in SMPTE ST 2084 and BT.2100.


title: YCbCr

text: The SMPTE 240M standard (used on the MUSE analog HD television system) defines YCC with these coefficients:


title: YCbCr

text: JFIF usage of JPEG supports a modified Rec. 601 Y′CbCr where Y′, C and C have the full 8-bit range of [0...255]. Below are the conversion equations expressed to six decimal digits of precision. (For ideal equations, see ITU-T T.871.)


title: YCbCr

text: Note that for the following formulae, the range of each input (R,G,B) is also the full 8-bit range of [0...255].


title: YCbCr

text: H.273 also describes constant and non-constant luminance systems which are derived strictly from primaries and white point, so that situations like sRGB/BT.709 default primaries of JPEG that use BT.601 matrix (that is derived from BT.470-6 System M) do not happen.


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (franchise)

text: I Know What You Did Last Summer is a horror film franchise consisting of three slasher films and one television series, loosely based on the novel of the same name by Lois Duncan. The first installment was written by Kevin Williamson, directed by Jim Gillespie, and released in 1997.


text: The first two installments star Jennifer Love Hewitt, Freddie Prinze Jr. and Muse Watson. In addition, the supporting cast includes: Sarah Michelle Gellar, Ryan Phillippe and Johnny Galecki in the first film, with Brandy, Mekhi Phifer and Matthew Settle in the second film.


text: After an accident on a winding road, four teens make the fatal mistake of dumping their victim's body into the sea. But exactly one year later, a mysterious fisherman begins stalking the friends.


text: The murderous fisherman with a hook stalks the two surviving teens, Julie James and Ray Bronson who left him for dead. Despite Julie's warnings, her friends do not believe her until it is too late, and the fisherman begins a second murder spree at a posh island resort in the Bahamas.


text: A group of teenagers in Colorado find themselves being stalked and killed one by one by a mysterious figure with a hook, exactly one year after they covered up a friend's accidental death.


text: In September 2014, Sony revealed the plans to remake the film, with Mike Flanagan and Jeff Howard writing the script.


text: Flanagan revealed and further confirmed this new iteration of the franchise would not have any inventions of the Lois Duncan novel (the antagonist being a central character) nor the 1997 feature film (the fisherman Ben Willis and four primary protagonists Julie James, Helen Shivers, Barry Cox, and Ray Bronson).


text: Further, the new direction and scope of the film necessitates an estimated budget of $15–20 million. Sony also stated that the film is a high priority and was initially set for release in 2016.


text: Amazon Studios acquired the rights in July 2019 to develop a television series adaptation with Neal H. Moritz and James Wan producing. Craig Macneill directed the pilot episode, written by Sara Goodman. Madison Iseman, Brianne Tju, Ezekiel Goodman, Ashley Moore, Sebastian Amoruso, Fiona Rene, Cassie Beck, Brooke Bloom, and Bill Heck star in the series. It was released on October 15, 2021.


text: In 1973, Lois Duncan's "I Know What You Did Last Summer" was published. It was republished as a tie-in to the film in 1997 and once again in 2018 with some of its content modernized. The film adaptation reenvisioned the story of the novel as a violent slasher film, as opposed to the slow-burn mystery nature of the novel.


text: In 1998, a paperback version of the screenplay for "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer" was published by Pocket Books.


title: Russia of the Future

text: Russia of the Future (), originally known as the People's Alliance (; "Narodnyy Al'yans") and formerly called the Progress Party (), is an unregistered opposition political party in Russia founded on 15 December 2012 by Leonid Volkov and later refounded on 19 May 2018 by Alexei Navalny, who is also the founder of the non-profit organisation Anti-Corruption Foundation.


title: Russia of the Future

text: Russia of the Future opposes Russian President Vladimir Putin and the ruling party United Russia. The party's platform stood for the decentralization of power in Russia, cutting the number of government officials, lustration for those responsible for political repressions, the reduction of the president's powers, possibly switching to a parliamentary republic under the rule of law, and ensuring the independence of the judiciary. It also stipulated "drastically reducing" government interference in the economy, ending censorship, prohibiting the government from owning media outlets and abolishing conscription. The foreign policy plank called for introducing visas with Central Asia, stopping support for so-called "rogue states" and partnering up with Western countries.


title: Russia of the Future

text: According to Navalny's ally Lyubov Sobol, the goals of the party include "real changes, real reforms", including increased property protections, a fair criminal-justice system and battling corruption, "so that money from the budget does not flow into offshores and is not spent on yachts and palaces". The founding session of the party was attended by 124 delegates from 60 of Russia's regions. The party has a seven-member central committee instead of a chairman.


title: Russia of the Future

text: Russia's Ministry of Justice has repeatedly declined registration of the party on the grounds that another party of the same name already existed or due to alleged paperwork errors.


title: Russia of the Future

text: The People's Alliance party was founded on 15 December 2012 at the party's founding congress. Initially, Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny declined to join the political party which was formed mostly by his followers. During the founding congress of 15 December 2012, Navalny said: "People's Alliance is my party, but I don't think that right now People's Alliance needs another member who spends his time torn between the Investigative Committee and some court hearing involving Rosneft. Yet it is my party; it represents my interests". On 30 April 2013, the Ministry of Justice of Russia suspended the registration of the party and then denied its registration on 5 June 2013.


title: Russia of the Future

text: After participating in the 2013 Moscow mayoral election, where Navalny received 27.24% of the vote, or the second highest number, with Vladimir Putin's ruling party candidate Sergey Sobyanin of United Russia receiving 51.37% of the vote, Navalny said that he was ready to lead the People's Alliance. During his visit to the radio station Echo of Moscow on 15 September 2013, Navalny said: "I shall join it, no doubt about that. If I am elected, I shall lead the People's Alliance. I believe that this party is the closest to me. Yet I stayed out of it for the simple reason I was certain that otherwise it would be denied registration for sure". He also expressed his desire to run for Moscow City Duma elections in 2014 together with the People's Alliance party.


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 17 November 2013, the second founding congress of the party was held in Moscow with 111 delegates from 48 regions participating. The 108 delegates from regional branches gave Navalny 88 of the votes and he was elected as the party's chairman. During his address to the delegates, Navalny said that the People's Alliance party will again file a request for registration with the Justice Ministry. At the party's congress on 17 November 2013, Navalny said: "I hope the party will be registered this time. If it is not, we will get a fresh confirmation of the authorities' empty rhetoric about it being tolerant to the opposition taking part in the elections". Later, it was revealed that economic section of party's platform was created by Sergei Guriev, former Rector at the New Economic School.


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 20 January 2014, the Justice Ministry denied registration to the People's Alliance political party, citing the existence of another organization with the same name.


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 8 February 2014, the party convention decided to rename the People's Alliance party to the Progress Party.


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 25 February 2014, the Progress Party passed the first stage of registration at the Ministry of Justice. For the party to be fit for the election in autumn, the registration process should be completed by mid-June. Before that the Progress Party was required to register at least 43 regional branches, and after that to file a registration application at the ministry again. On 8 April 2014, the Justice Ministry rejected the applications to register the branches of the Progress Party due to the "mistake in constituent documents".


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 28 January 2015, Moscow's Zamoskvoretsky district court declined the party's protest against the refusal of the Justice Ministry to enter it in the register of parties entitled to take part in elections. Party's lawyer Dmitry Krainev's stated: "From 75 registered parties we have become the only one to be pushed aside from the elections".


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 1 February 2015, the Progress Party held a convention that was attended by 62 delegates from 50 regional branches. Despite the fact that Progress Party was not included in the federal list of political forces allowed to run in elections, it decided to prepare for the 2016 elections to the State Duma and regional legislatures.


title: Russia of the Future

text: At the party's congress on 1 February 2015, Navalny stated: "We will continue working for participation in elections. The probability that we won't be allowed to any elections is very high. But work to prepare candidates should be conducted already now in case snap elections are held". On 28 April 2015, the party was deprived of registration and thereby became an association. As reported by Navalny's live channel on YouTube, the activists will try again with the operative name of Working Title ().


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 11 January 2018, Navalny said that the leadership of the association had been trying to register as a party since 2012 and held six congresses to do this. A meeting of the party's organizing committee was scheduled for 17 January 2018, and a founding congress was scheduled for 3 March.


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 22 February 2018, the former deputy coordinator of the Moscow headquarters of the presidential campaign of Alexei Navalny, Vitaly Serukanov, stated on his Facebook page that documents had been submitted to the Ministry of Justice to rename the party Civic Position to Party of Progress. Navalny said that the political strategist Andrei Bogdanov was trying to steal the name of the party from him, as was the case in 2013 with the name “People's Alliance”. On 19 March 2018, the Ministry of Justice registered the renaming of Bogdanov's Civic Position to the Party of Progress.


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 3 March 2018, the founding congress of Navalny's party was supposed to take place under a different name, but on 2 March, an hour after Navalny notified the Ministry of Justice of the time and place of the congress, the owner of the premises announced the termination of the contract due to the position of the building's owner. She also said that, in addition to the contract, there are "forces" that are "beyond the control of even the general director", while mentioning that the owner is associated with the government. As a result, the party congress did not take place.


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 29 March, a notification was sent to the Ministry of Justice on the formation of an organizing committee in order to prepare, convene and conduct the founding congress of the Working Title party. Navalny said that first the party will be registered under this name, and later it will be renamed.


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 19 May 2018, the founding congress of the Russia of the Future party was held, at which delegates also voted for the adoption of a new charter. Ivan Zhdanov was elected head of the party (secretary of the Central Council of the party). The Council also included Ruslan Shaveddinov, Roman Rubanov, Georgy Alburov, Lyubov Sobol, and others. On 18 July, Navalny said that the Ministry of Justice had suspended registration of the party's creation on 10 July 2018 until 10 October 2018, having identified eight violations in the charter.


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 6 August 2018, Navalny's supporters again submitted documents to the Ministry of Justice to resume the registration of Russia of the Future, announcing the holding of a congress and 55 regional meetings. On 27 August 2018, the party was denied registration.


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 20 February 2019, Novaya Gazeta published information that the organizing committee would again hold a constituent congress on 28 March. For the ninth time, the founding congress, during which a new Central Council of the party and a chairman was also elected, was held on 28 March 2019 in the town of Tarusa in the Kaluga Oblast. The party was again headed by Navalny. On 16 May, Anti-Corruption Foundation lawyers for the ninth time submitted documents on registration of the party to the Ministry of Justice, having created 56 regional branches. On 27 May 2019, the Ministry of Justice denied registration to the party for the ninth time; this time because a party called Russia of the Future already existed. Despite this, it was not possible to find a party with this name in the database of the Ministry of Justice. Prior to this, the Ministry of Justice had twice registered organizations with the same names as Navalny's parties. On 21 September 2020, the spoiler party was liquidated by the Supreme Court. Anti-Corruption Foundation director Ivan Zhdanov said that the case of refusal to register the party had been communicated to the ECHR, and a new submission of documents to register the party is not yet planned. As of January 2021 the party has not been registered.


title: Russia of the Future

text: In April 2021, the Ministry of Justice registered a party with the same name as Navalny's party, which has happened several times before, meaning the party will likely have to change its name again.


title: Russia of the Future

text: On 26 April 2021, Navalny's political network, including the Anti-Corruption Foundation, were ordered to suspend their activities by the Moscow prosecutor office as it sought to have them designated as "extremist organizations". On 29 April, Navalny's team announced that the political network would be dissolved, in advance of a court ruling in May expected to designate it as extremist. According to Leonid Volkov, the headquarters would be transformed into independent political organizations "which will deal with investigations and elections, public campaigns and rallies". The next day, the financial monitoring agency, Rosfinmonitoring, added Navalny Headquarters to the list of "terrorist and extremist" organizations.


title: Russia of the Future

text: The party adheres to liberalism simultaneously with certain ideas of the welfare state. The party points out that Russia is a part of European civilization, in which freedom, self-respect and human responsibility play an important role, and the need for state participation in various social relations, including economy, culture or family, is gradually decreasing. Therefore, in the future and as it develops, according to the party, the Russian state will have to assume the role of an arbitrator who refuses to actively interfere in public relations, but makes sure that no one violates the established rules.


title: Russia of the Future

text: As the embodiment of the idea of a social state, the party considers the task of overcoming too much economic inequality between Russians, solving the problem of social tension, as well as "the transition to a social world based on the principles of justice and equality before the law of all citizens of Russia."


title: Russia of the Future

text: In economics, the party adheres to centrist views, according to which it is necessary to avoid both complete freedom of economic relations, which is the cause of too much economic and social inequality, and the distribution of public goods on an equalizing basis, which is the cause of slowing economic and social development.


title: Brian Herbert

text: Brian Patrick Herbert (born June 29, 1947) is an American author who lives in Washington state. He is the elder son of science fiction author Frank Herbert (who died in 1986).


title: Brian Herbert

text: Brian Herbert's novels include "Sidney's Comet", "Prisoners of Arionn", "Man of Two Worlds" (written with his father), and "Sudanna Sudanna". In 2003, Herbert wrote a biography of his father titled "Dreamer of Dune: The Biography of Frank Herbert". The younger Herbert has edited "The Songs of Muad'dib" and the "Notebooks of Frank Herbert's Dune". Herbert has also created a concordance for the "Dune" universe based on his father's notes, though, according to the younger Herbert, there are no immediate plans to publish it.


title: Brian Herbert

text: Herbert is known for his collaborations with author Kevin J. Anderson, with whom he has written multiple prequels (and some sequels) to his father's landmark 1965 science fiction novel, "Dune", all of which have made the "New York Times" Best Seller list. The duo began with the trilogies "Prelude to Dune" (1999–2001) and "Legends of Dune" (2002–2004). Brian and Anderson next published "Hunters of Dune" (2006) and "Sandworms of Dune" (2007), two sequels to Frank Herbert's original "Dune" series, which was left incomplete at the end of Frank's sixth Dune novel, . These novels are based on an outline and notes left behind by Frank Herbert after his 1986 death for what he referred to as "Dune 7", his own planned seventh novel in the series. In 2008, Brian and Anderson began publishing "Heroes of Dune", a series of four novels which take place between the first five novels of Frank Herbert's six original "Dune" series, but only two were published. The inter prequels were set aside, first for the "Great Schools of Dune" trilogy (2012-2016), and later for the "Caladan" trilogy. Furthermore, Brian, along with Kevin, has also written the "Dune short stories" (2001-2017). Brian Herbert's Dune novels have received mixed reception in comparison to Frank Herbert's original novels.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: The Mozambican Civil War () was a civil war fought in Mozambique from 1977 to 1992. Like many regional African conflicts during the late twentieth century, the Mozambican Civil War possessed local dynamics but was also exacerbated greatly by the polarizing effects of Cold War politics. The war was fought between Mozambique's ruling Marxist Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), the anti-communist insurgent forces of the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO), and a number of smaller factions such as the PRM, UNAMO, COREMO, UNIPOMO, and FUMO.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: RENAMO opposed FRELIMO's attempts to establish a socialist one-party state, and was heavily backed by the anti-communist governments of Rhodesia and South Africa who supported them as a proxy to undermine FRELIMO support for militant nationalist organisations in their own countries. Over one million Mozambicans were killed in the fighting or starved due to interrupted food supplies; an additional five million were displaced across the region. The Mozambican Civil War destroyed much of Mozambique's critical rural infrastructure, including hospitals, rail lines, roads, and schools. FRELIMO's security forces and RENAMO insurgents were accused of committing numerous human rights abuses, including using child soldiers and salting a significant percentage of the countryside indiscriminately with land mines. Three neighboring states—Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Malawi—eventually deployed troops into Mozambique to defend their own vested economic interests against RENAMO attacks.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: The Mozambican Civil War ended in 1992, following the collapse of Soviet and South African support for FRELIMO and RENAMO, respectively. Direct peace talks began around 1990 with the mediation of the Mozambican Church Council and the Italian government; these culminated in the Rome General Peace Accords which formally ended hostilities. As a result of the Rome General Peace Accords, RENAMO units were demobilised or integrated into the Mozambican armed forces and the United Nations Operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) was formed to aid in postwar reconstruction. Tensions between RENAMO and FRELIMO flared again between 2013 and 2018, prompting the former to resume its insurgency and crumbling into pieces the long reproduced narrative of a successful reconciliation. This smaller second conflict ended with a peace treaty in 2019.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: Portugal fought a long and bitter counter-insurgency conflict in its three primary African colonies—Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau—from the 1960s to the mid-1970s, when they finally received independence following the Carnation Revolution. In Mozambique, the armed struggle against colonial rule was spearheaded by the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), which was initially formed in exile but later succeeded in wresting control of large sections of the country from the Portuguese. FRELIMO drew its initial base of support primarily from Mozambican migrant workers and expatriate intellectuals who had been exposed to the emerging popularity of anti-colonial and nationalist causes overseas, as well as the Makonde and other ethnic groups in northern Mozambique, where Portuguese influence was weakest. The bulk of its members were drawn from Makonde workers who had witnessed pro-independence rallies in British-ruled Tanganyika. In September 1964, FRELIMO commenced an armed insurgency against the Portuguese. Its decision to take up arms was influenced by a number of internal and external factors, namely the recent successes of indigenous anti-colonial guerrilla movements in French Indochina and French Algeria, as well as encouragement from contemporary African statesmen such as Ahmed Ben Bella, Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Julius Nyerere. FRELIMO guerrillas initially received training primarily in North Africa and the Middle East in countries such as Algeria, with the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China providing military equipment.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: Portugal responded by embarking on a massive buildup of military personnel and security forces in Mozambique. It also established close defence ties with two of Mozambique's neighbours, Rhodesia and South Africa. In 1970, the Portuguese launched Operation Gordian Knot, which was initially successful at eliminating large numbers of FRELIMO guerrillas and their support bases in the north of the country; however, the redeployment of so many Portuguese troops to northern Mozambique allowed FRELIMO to intensify its operations elsewhere in the country. The following year, Portugal established an informal military alliance with Rhodesia and South Africa known as the Alcora Exercise. Representatives from the defence establishments of the three countries agreed to meet periodically to share intelligence and coordinate operations against militant nationalist movements in their respective countries. Simultaneously, FRELIMO also pursued close relations with the latter; for example, by 1971 it had cultivated an alliance with the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA). ZANLA insurgents were permitted to infiltrate Rhodesia from FRELIMO-held territory. During the late 1960s, the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) also took advantage of the gradual disintegration of Portuguese military control in Mozambique to begin infiltrating South Africa from that territory.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: In April 1974, Portugal's longstanding Estado Novo political order was dismantled as a result of the Carnation Revolution. The revolution also brought to power a military junta known as the Armed Forces Movement, which was committed to divesting itself of the colonies and ending the increasingly costly African wars. The turmoil in the metropole was mirrored by increasing instability in Mozambique and a further weakening of Portugal's grip on its East African colony. Various new political parties were formed in Mozambique, including several by FRELIMO splinter factions, during the following months in anticipation of multi-party elections. However, FRELIMO insisted on being recognised as the sole legitimate representative of the new Mozambican nation. It rejected proposals for multi-party elections and took advantage of the chaos in the Portuguese military establishment to intensify its guerrilla campaign. In early September 1974, Portugal announced it was acceding to FRELIMO's request. No elections were going to be held in Mozambique; instead, after a nine-month transition period, the positions of local government would simply be handed to FRELIMO officials.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: The Portuguese decision to effect a transfer to power to FRELIMO, without a local referendum or elections, was greeted with intense trepidation by Portugal's traditional Cold War allies: South Africa, Rhodesia, and the United States. The US government predicted that an independent Mozambique under the direction of FRELIMO would be heavily influenced by the Soviet bloc. Black opposition movements in South Africa declared that they would bring FRELIMO officials to address rallies being held near Durban, Johannesburg, and at the University of Northern Transvaal. The South African authorities banned the demonstrations, but activists proceeded anyway in defiance of the police. By the end of the year, sixty people had been arrested for organising pro-FRELIMO rallies.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: In Mozambique, the announcement sparked an uprising by right-wing elements in the white population, joined by disgruntled veterans of the colonial army and some black Mozambicans outraged by FRELIMO's pending unilateral assumption of power. The rebels appealed to South Africa and Rhodesia for military assistance to preempt the installation of a FRELIMO government. However, South African prime minister B. J. Vorster was unwilling to intervene, fearing condemnation from the international community for any interference with the decolonisation process in a neighbouring country. Rhodesian prime minister Ian Smith was more sympathetic to the rebels' cause but felt that he would unable to act without the guarantee of South African support. The uprising was eventually crushed after four days by an unlikely coalition of Portuguese and FRELIMO forces.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: On 25 June 1975 Mozambique formally gained independence from Portugal, with FRELIMO Leader Samora Machel becoming President of the People's Republic of Mozambique.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: The independence of Mozambique and Angola in 1975 challenged white minority rule in Southern Africa. Firstly, the independence wars in Angola and Mozambique demonstrated that even with great military resources it was virtually impossible for a small white minority to guarantee the safety of its members, let alone to exert control over a mobilised and agitated population outside of major power centres. The downfall of Portuguese colonial rule gave hope to black liberation struggles in the then apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia. Second, in both countries revolutionary socialist movements gained power. These movements had been cooperating with the black liberation movements in South Africa and Rhodesia, and continued to openly support them, offering them a safe haven from where they could coordinate their operations and train new forces. As President Machel put it in a speech in 1975: "The struggle in Zimbabwe is our struggle".


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: The independence of Mozambique was especially devastating for white-ruled Rhodesia in multiple aspects. The Rhodesian armed forces lacked the manpower to effectively protect its border with Mozambique against entering ZANLA insurgents. At the same time, the apartheid government and the Smith regime lost Portugal as an ally and with it the tens of thousands of soldiers that had been deployed in the Portuguese colonial wars. Additionally Rhodesia used Mozambican ports as their primary means for imports and exports, with over 80% of all imports passing through Maputo and Beira into the heavily sanctioned country. The loss of these ports after President Machel declared sanctions against the country further weakened the already fragile economy of Rhodesia and angered the Ian Smith regime.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: Thus with the South African and Rhodesian white minority government position severely weakened by the events of 1974/75 both governments sought to undermine the newly independent countries and to shatter FRELIMO's goal of building the first, non-racial socialist state in Southern Africa. The countries capacity to support national liberation movements also concerned South Africa and Rhodesia and both countries sought for a first strike strategy to counter this new threat. This manifested itself in the Rhodesia-sponsored foundation of RENAMO, then called the Mozambique National Resistance (MNR), in 1974 and in South Africa's adoption of the "Total National Strategy".


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: Soon after independence, FRELIMO begun Mozambique's transformation into a socialist one-party-state. This was accompanied by crackdowns on dissidents and the nationalisation of important economic facilities abandoned by fleeing Portuguese. Numerous political parties sprung up virtually overnight and vied for power with FRELIMO. Many of these parties like COREMO and UNAR were made up of FRELIMO dissidents such as Uria Simango and Lazaro Nkavandame. Both men were arrested and convicted in a public trial before Samora Machel before being sent to re-education camps. Simango was reportedly later extrajudicially executed whilst Nkavandame reportedly died of natural causes.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: Furthermore, the nationalisation of many formerly Portuguese-owned enterprises, fear of a retaliation against whites, and an ultimatum to either accept Mozambican citizenship or leave the country within 90 days, drove the majority of the 370,000 white Portuguese Mozambicans out of the country. As the Portuguese left some purposefully sabotaged the economy, stealing profits from factories, driving tractors into the sea and pouring cement into sewers. The Portuguese exodus resulted in economic chaos as only few Africans had received higher education or even primary education under Portuguese rule with over 95% of the population illiterate.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: As a revolutionary Marxist party, FRELIMO embarked on overturning traditional, tribal governance structures that grew extensively under the Portuguese colonial rule in an effort to counter regionalism and tribalism to build a single, national identity. Shortly after independence many local chiefs were ousted and removed from positions of power and many dissidents were imprisoned in re-education camps. Another source of conflict was the continuation of the aldeamento system that the Portuguese had introduced as a means of exerting control and inhibiting contact between the population and the rebels. It coerced thousands of peasants to move into communal villages and communal farms where they were given food, water and healthcare, but lacked adequate tools and money to farm effectively. FRELIMO hoped that this system would enable the fulfilment of its ambitious agricultural development goals, but the implementation often alienated parts of the rural population, whom FRELIMO had popular support from during the independence struggle. This was especially the case in central and northern Mozambique, where households are traditionally separated by considerable distances.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: From 1975 to 1979, Rhodesian troops and forces repeatedly entered into Mozambique in order to carry out operations against supposed ZANLA (Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army) bases tolerated on Mozambican territory by the FRELIMO government and to destabilise the FRELIMO government directly. These included the bombing of the Beira Port in 1979 and the occupation of the town of Mapai in 1977.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: During one such raid, Rhodesian forces freed FRELIMO ex-official André Matsangaissa from a re-education camp. He was given military and organisational training and installed as the leader of the fledgling movement known as the "Mozambique Resistance", which had been founded by the Rhodesian secret service before the independence of Mozambique in 1975 as an intelligence gathering group on FRELIMO and ZANLA. It was created in Salisbury, Rhodesia under the auspices of Ken Flower, head of the Rhodesian CIO, and Orlando Cristina, a former anti-guerrilla operative for the Portuguese.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: RENAMO subsequently started operating in the Gorongosa region in order to destabilise the FRELIMO government and its support for the ZANLA movement against Rhodesia. RENAMO was composed of several anti-communist dissident groups which appeared immediately prior to, and shortly following, Mozambican independence. RENAMO's ranks included a number of Mozambican political exiles opposed FRELIMO on principle, including FRELIMO defectors disillusioned with its Marxist–Leninist ideology.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: In 1979, Matsangaissa died in RENAMO's unsuccessful first attack on a major regional centre (Vila Paiva) and RENAMO was quickly ousted from the region. Subsequently, Afonso Dhlakama became the new leader of RENAMO and with extensive South African support it quickly organised itself into an effective guerilla army.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: Other rebel groups, initially independent of RENAMO, also fought the FRELIMO government. The Revolutionary Party of Mozambique (PRM), founded by Amos Sumane in 1974 or 1976, waged a low-level insurgency in the northern provinces of Zambezia, Tete and Niassa from 1977. Sumane was captured in 1980 and executed by the Mozambican government in 1981. PRM merged with RENAMO in 1982. In 1987, Gimo Phiri, who had succeeded Sumane in 1980 and later become a senior figure in RENAMO, created a splinter group, called UNAMO, which briefly fought both RENAMO and FRELIMO, before permanently joining the government side in 1988. Other rebel factions during the conflict included COREMO, UNIPOMO, and FUMO.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: Having fought the Portuguese using guerrilla strategies, FRELIMO was now forced to defend itself against the very same methods it employed against the colonial regime. It had to defend vast areas and hundreds of locations, while RENAMO operated out of a few remote camps, carrying out raids against towns and important infrastructure. Furthermore, RENAMO systematically forced civilians into its employment. This was done by mass abduction and intimidation, especially of children in order to use them as soldiers. It is estimated that one-third of RENAMO forces were child soldiers. But abducted people also had to serve RENAMO in administrative or public service functions in the areas it controlled. Another way of using civilians for military purposes was the so-called system of "Gandira". This system especially affected the rural population in areas controlled by RENAMO, forcing them to fulfill three main tasks: 1) produce food for RENAMO, 2) transport goods and ammunition, 3) in the case of women, serve as sex slaves. RENAMO's stated goal was to free Mozambique from "Machelist Communism". RENAMO's political programme centered around the abandonment of FRELIMO's socialist policies, the adoption of a free market economy, and more traditionalist concerns such as the reinstatement of tribal leaders to positions of authority.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: Thus, despite its far superior numbers, FRELIMO was unable to adequately defend most regions except the most important cities by the mid-1980s. RENAMO was able to carry out raids virtually anywhere in the country except for the major cities. Transportation had become a perilous business. Even armed convoys were not safe from RENAMO attacks and were frequently attacked.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: FRELIMO reacted by reusing a system similar to the fortified villages "aldeamentos" introduced by the Portuguese: the creation of fortified communal villages called "aldeamentos comunais" where much of the rural population was relocated as the war intensified. Furthermore, in order to keep a minimum level of infrastructure working, three heavily guarded and mined corridors were established consisting of roads, railways and power lines: the Beira, the Tete (also called the Tete Run which speaks for itself regarding its safety) and the Limpopo Corridor. Despite extensive fortification along these corridors they were frequently subject to attacks, bombings of the railway line and locomotives along the Beira Corridor cost the FRELIMO government millions as it struggled to provide adequate food and services and put strains on its ally Zimbabwe.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: FRELIMO initially received substantial military and development aid from the Soviet Union and East Germany but later received support from France, the UK and the U.S. In the U.S., conservative circles lobbied for the U.S Government to provide open support to RENAMO but were opposed by the State Department, which finally gained the upper hand following the publication of numerous, detailed reports which documented RENAMO's brutality. RENAMO received extensive military and logistical support from Rhodesia and South Africa as well as organisational support from West Germany.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: In 1982, landlocked Zimbabwe directly intervened in the civil war in order to secure its vital transport routes in Mozambique, stop cross-border RENAMO raids, and help its old ally FRELIMO. Zimbabwe's help became crucial to the defence of the corridors, particularly the important Beira corridor. Later Zimbabwe became engaged further, carrying out several joint operations with FRELIMO against RENAMO strongholds. Thus RENAMO had to give up its base camps in the Gorongosa area. Tanzania also sent troops to back FRELIMO. North Korea, the German Democratic Republic and the Soviet Union also armed and trained FRELIMO forces, with the North Koreans establishing a Military Mission in Mozambique during the early 1980s North Korean advisers were instrumental in the formation of FRELIMO's first specialized counter-insurgency brigade, which was deployed from 1983 onward. East Germany provided military assistance and trained members of the Mozambican FPLM in the GDR. In the spring of 1977, the Romanian Socialist Army sent 500 soldiers and officers to Mozambique. The Romanians were deployed to Maputo and Nacala. Specialized in operating tanks, these Romanian troops - under the supervision of some Soviet officers - trained Mozambican tank troops in the use of T-34 and T-54 tanks.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: Malawi had a complicated relationship with both FRELIMO and RENAMO. During the mid-1980s, FRELIMO repeatedly accused Malawian president Hastings Banda of providing sanctuary for RENAMO insurgents. Mozambican security forces occasionally carried out raids into Malawi to strike at suspected RENAMO base camps in that country, a practice which brought them into direct confrontation with the Malawian Defence Force. In 1986, Malawi bowed to Mozambican pressure and expelled 12,000 RENAMO insurgents. Banda explicitly turned against RENAMO after the disgruntled insurgents began targeting a vital rail line which linked Blantyre to Mozambican ports on the Indian Ocean coast. Beginning in April 1987 the Malawian government deployed troops into Mozambique to defend the rail line, where they were involved in a number of engagements with RENAMO.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: After 1980, South Africa became RENAMO's main supporter. The FRELIMO government, led by President Machel, was economically devastated by the war and sought to end the conflict and continue the development of Mozambique. Even the military and diplomatic support with the socialist bloc could not alleviate the nation's economic misery and famine as a result of the war. After negotiations, a reluctant Machel signed a non-aggression pact with South Africa, known as the Nkomati Accord. In return, Pretoria promised to stop assistance to the MNR in exchange for FRELIMO's commitment to prevent the ANC from using Mozambique as a sanctuary to pursue its campaign to overthrow white minority rule in South Africa. Following a May 1983 car bombing in Pretoria, the South Africans bombed the capital, declaring they had killed 41 'ANC Terrorists' while in actuality killing three workers at a jam factory in Maputo. With the economy in shambles, Machel was forced to scale back some of the more ambitious socialist policies; in a visit to Western Europe that same month, Machel signed military and economic agreements with Portugal, France, and the UK. Collective and state agricultural programs were also scaled back, prompting concerns from the socialist bloc that Mozambique was "moving straight and naively into the mouth of the evil capitalist wolf". The volume of direct South African government support for RENAMO diminished slightly after Nkomati Accord, but documents discovered during the capture of RENAMO headquarters at Gorongosa in central Mozambique in August 1985 revealed that the South African Army had continued and extended its already extensive logistical, communication and military support for RENAMO. FRELIMO, meanwhile, fully honoured its side of the deal to expel violent ANC members from its territory and to downgrade the ANC's presence in the south of the country.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: By the end of the 1980s RENAMO, whilst incapable of capturing or securing any large cities, was still able to move freely in rural areas and attack smaller settlements at will. FRELIMO retained control of larger urban areas and the corridors, but was unable to effectively protect the countryside from RENAMO attacks. FRELIMO was also unable to pin down RENAMO and force it into more direct conventional warfare.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: On 19 October 1986, President Machel died when his presidential aircraft crashed near South Africa's border under mysterious circumstances. A South African sponsored investigation concluded that the crash was caused by errors made by the flight crew, a conclusion that was not universally accepted. Subsequent investigations have failed to reach a conclusion and the accident remains surrounded by conspiracy theories claiming that South Africa was responsible for the crash. Machel's successor was Joaquim Alberto Chissano, who had served as foreign minister from 1975 until Machel's death. Chissano continued Machel's policies of expanding Mozambique's international ties, particularly the country's links with the West, and starting programs of internal economic and military reforms.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: During the war, hundreds of thousands of people died from famine, particularly the devastating famine of 1984. The famine was attributable to the weather conditions at the time but was significantly worsened by the conflict between RENAMO and FRELIMO.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: The Mozambican civil war saw war crimes committed by both sides on a massive scale and in an organised manner. No RENAMO or FRELIMO commanders have ever been prosecuted for war crimes due to an unconditional general amnesty law for the period from 1976 to 1992 passed by the Mozambican parliament (then still composed entirely of FRELIMO members) in 1992.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: RENAMO systematically committed atrocities as part of its war and destabilization strategies. These included massacres, rapes and mutilation of non-combatants during attacks on villages and towns, the use of child soldiers and the employment of the Gandira system, which involved forced labour and sexual violence. Women would often be abducted in the fields, then raped as a means to boost troop morale. The Gandira system also contributed to famine, as the rural population was made to produce food for RENAMO and unable to produce food for themselves. Others were made to transport supplies for RENAMO in long marches. Refusing to participate in Gandira or falling behind on the marches would result in severe beating and often execution. Attempting to escape was also punished harshly. One particularly gruesome practice was the mutilation and killing of children left behind by escaped parents. RENAMO's brutal tactics quickly earned it a negative reputation among much of Mozambique's population who referred to them as "Armed Bandits" and endorsed beatings against them, even pressuring the military into a public execution of four RENAMO rebels in 1983.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: RENAMO's atrocities gained worldwide attention in July 1987, following a massacre of 424 civilians during a raid on the rural town of Homoine, which was lightly defended by 90 FRELIMO soldiers. The victims of the massacre included hospital patients. This incident prompted an investigation into RENAMO's tactics by US-State Department consultant Robert Gersony, which finally put an end to ambitions from some conservative politicians for US government support for RENAMO. The report concluded that RENAMO's attack in Homoine did not significantly differ from the tactics it normally employed in such raids. The report described RENAMO's methods in the following way:The attack stage was sometimes reported to begin with what appeared to the inhabitants to be the indiscriminate firing of automatic weapons by a substantial force of attacking RENAMO combatants. [...] Reportedly the Government soldiers aim their defensive fire at the attackers, while the RENAMO forces shoot indiscriminately into the village. In some cases refugees perceived that the attacking force had divided into three detachments: one conducts the military attack; another enters houses and removes valuables, mainly clothing, radios, food, pots and other possessions; a third moves through the looted houses with pieces of burning thatch setting fire to the houses in the village. There were several reports that schools and health clinics are typical targets for destruction. The destruction of the village as a viable entity appears to be the main objective of such attacks. This type of attack causes several types of civilian casualties. As is normal in guerrilla warfare, some civilians are killed in crossfire between the two opposing forces, although this tends in the view of the refugees to account for only a minority of the deaths. A larger number of civilians in these attacks and other contexts were reported to be victims of purposeful shooting deaths and executions, of axing, knifing, bayoneting, burning to death, forced drowning and asphyxiation, and other forms of murder where no meaningful resistance or defense is present. Eyewitness accounts indicate that when civilians are killed in these indiscriminate attacks, whether against defended or undefended villages, children, often together with mothers and elderly people, are also killed. Varying numbers of civilian victims in each attack were reported to be rounded up and abducted [...].


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: According to the Gersony Report, RENAMO's abuses were far more systematic, widespread and serious than FRELIMO's: the refugees interviewed for the Gersony Report attributed 94% of murders, 94% of abductions and 93% of lootings to RENAMO. However, this conclusion has been disputed by the French Marxist scholar Michel Cahen, who states that both sides were equally to blame:There can be no doubt that the war was largely one fought against civilians... I am also convinced that the war was equally savage on both sides, even if the total domination of the media by FRELIMO for the 15 years of the war has led even those most desirous of remaining objective to attribute the majority of the atrocities to RENAMO. The people themselves were not duped: they attributed various acts of banditry and certain massacres to "RENAMO 1," but others to "RENAMO 2" – the euphemistic term for FRELIMO soldiers and militiamen acting on their own.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: FRELIMO soldiers also committed serious war crimes during the civil war. FRELIMO forced people into its employment and conscription periods often extended beyond what the law allowed. Living in the communal villages became mandatory in certain provinces. However, in some areas, cultural norms required households to live at some distance apart from each other. Therefore, many people preferred living in the countryside despite the risk of RENAMO attacks. Thus people would often be forced into the communal villages at gunpoint by FRELIMO soldiers or their Zimbabwean allies. As a local recalls:I never wanted to leave my old residence and come to the communal village. Even with the war, I wanted to stay where I had my land and granaries. Ever since a long time ago, we never lived with so many people together in the same place. Everyone must live in his own yard. The Komeredes [Zimbabwean soldiers] came to my house and said that I should leave my house and go to the communal village where there were a lot of people. I tried to refuse and then they set fire to my house, my granaries, and my fields. They threatened me with death and they told me and my family to go forward. Inside the communal village we lived like pigs. It was like a yard for pigs. We were so many people living close to each other. If someone slept with his wife everyone could listen to what they were doing. When we went to the fields or to the cemeteries to bury the dead, the soldiers had to come behind and in front of us. When the women went to the river to wash themselves, the soldiers had to go too and they usually saw our women naked. Everything was a complete shame inside that corral. Usually to eat, we had to depend on humanitarian aid, but we never knew when it would arrive. It was terrible; that is why many people used to run away from the communal village to their old residences where RENAMO soldiers were, although it was also terrible there.Rape also became a widespread practice of FRELIMO soldiers. However, it was far less frequent and lacked the systematic nature of sexual violence perpetrated by RENAMO.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: As part of a series of measures following independence, FRELIMO introduced "re-education camps" to which petty criminals, political opponents, and alleged anti-social elements such as prostitutes were sent, oftentimes without trial due to a lack of judges. In 1980, President Machel visited numerous camps and ordered the release of about 2,000 detainees and closure of numerous camps, citing human rights abuses. These were later described by foreign observers as "infamous centers of torture and death." It is estimated that 30,000 inmates died in these camps. The government was also accused of executing thousands of people while trying to extend its control throughout the country.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: In 1990, with the Cold War in its closing days, apartheid crumbling in South Africa, and support for RENAMO drying up in South Africa, the first direct talks between the FRELIMO government and RENAMO were held. FRELIMO's new draft constitution in July 1989 paved the way for a multiparty system, and a new constitution was adopted in November 1990. Mozambique was now a multiparty state, with periodic elections, and guaranteed democratic rights.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: On 4 October 1992, the Rome General Peace Accords, negotiated by the Community of Sant'Egidio with the support of the United Nations, were signed in Rome between President Chissano and RENAMO leader Afonso Dhlakama, which formally took effect on 15 October 1992. A UN peacekeeping force (UNOMOZ) of 7,500 arrived in Mozambique and oversaw a two-year transition to democracy. 2,400 international observers also entered the country to supervise the elections held on 27–28 October 1994. The last UNOMOZ contingents departed in early 1995. By then out of a total population of 13-15 million at the time, the Mozambican civil war had caused about one million deaths, displaced 5.7 million internally and resulted with 1.7 million refugees.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: HALO Trust, a de-mining group funded by the US and UK, began operating in Mozambique in 1993, recruiting local workers to remove land mines scattered throughout the country. Four HALO workers were killed in the subsequent effort to rid Mozambique of land mines, which continued to cause as many as several hundred civilian injuries and fatalities annually for years after the war. In September 2015, the country was finally declared to be free of land mines, with the last known device intentionally detonated as part of a ceremony.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: In mid-2013, after more than twenty years of peace, the RENAMO insurgency was renewed, mainly in the central and northern regions of the country. On 5 September 2014, former president Armando Guebuza and the leader of RENAMO Afonso Dhlakama signed the Accord on Cessation of Hostilities, which brought the military hostilities to a halt and allowed both parties to concentrate on the general elections to be held in October 2014. Yet, following the general elections, a new political crisis emerged and the country appears to be once again on the brink of violent conflict. RENAMO does not recognise the validity of the election results, and demands the control of six provinces – Nampula, Niassa, Tete, Zambezia, Sofala, and Manica – where they claim to have won a majority.


title: Mozambican Civil War

text: On 20 January 2016, the Secretary General of RENAMO, Manuel Bissopo, was injured in a shootout, where his bodyguard died. However, a joint commission for the political dialogue between the President of the Republic, Filipe Nyusi, and RENAMO leader, Afonso Dhlakama, was eventually set up and a working meeting was held. It was a closed-door meeting that scheduled the beginning of the previous points that would precede the meeting between the two leaders.


title: Kōtarō Isaka

text: Isaka was born in Matsudo City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. After graduating from the law faculty of Tohoku University, he worked as a system engineer. In 2000, Isaka won the Shincho Mystery Club Prize for his debut novel "Ōdyubon no Inori", after which he became a full-time writer.


title: Kōtarō Isaka

text: In 2002, Isaka's novel "Lush Life" gained much critical acclaim, but it was his Naoki Prize-nominated work "Jūryoku Piero" (2003) that brought him popular success. His following work "Ahiru to Kamo no Koin Rokkā" won the 25th Yoshikawa Eiji Prize for New Writers.


title: Kōtarō Isaka

text: "Jūryoku Piero" (2003), "Children" (2004), "Grasshopper" (2004), "Shinigami no Seido" (2005) and "Sabaku" (2006) were all nominated for the Naoki Prize.


title: Kōtarō Isaka

text: Isaka was the only author in Japan to be nominated for the Hon'ya Taishō in each of the award's first four years, finally winning in 2008 with "Remote Control" (original Japanese title: "Golden Slumber"). The same work also won the 21st Yamamoto Shūgorō Prize.


title: Kōtarō Isaka

text: A film adaptation of his 2019 book "Seesaw Monster" (Shisō Monsutā, シーソーモンスター), starring Anne Hathaway and Salma Hayek (who are also producers), is currently in production and will be distributed by Netflix.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: The Priest is a 2021 Indian Malayalam-language supernatural horror mystery film directed by debutant Jofin T. Chacko. The film stars Mammootty, Manju Warrier, Nikhila Vimal, Baby Monica, and V.P Venkitesh. Manju appears in an extended cameo role in the second half of the movie. Produced jointly by B. Unnikrishnan and Anto Joseph, the film features original score and soundtrack composed and produced by Rahul Raj.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: The film was scheduled to release on 31 July 2020 on the occasion of Eid Al Adha, but production was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The film released on 11 March 2021 to generally mixed reviews with the performances and background score garnering unanimous praise.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: Father Carmen Benedict is asked by a girl, Diya, to investigate a string of suicides in the rich Alatt family. Elizabeth Alatt is the only surviving member; Father Benedict and a police officer fix an appointment to meet her the next day to inquire about the mysterious suicides. However, she commits suicide that night. The only person with Elizabeth was Ameya Gabriel, an 11-year old orphan girl whom she picked up in Chennai. Ameya, a quiet, morose girl, was running away from the orphanage. Ameya is sent back to the orphanage where an attempt on her life the same night warns Father Benedict and the police of a grave conspiracy, implying that she had seen Elizabeth's killer.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: Father Benedict hires some local workers to search the Alatt house. A strip of strong psychiatric pills is found; the pills could be prescribed only by a registered medical practitioner. Further investigation reveals that Elizabeth was under the treatment of Dr. Sanjay as well as all the other Alatt family members who committed suicide. Upon questioning, Dr. Sanjay admits to brainwashing Elizabeth to commit suicide and names two other accomplices. The case unfolds that all three of them were members of the Alatt Trust and conspired to kill the family to gain control of the Alatt family business, money, and power. They confess and are sentenced to jail.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: It is then revealed that Diya Alex had already died and it was her ghost that communicated with Fr. Benedict while she was invisible to others. Though the Alatt family murders are solved, Father Benedict finds a mysterious aura around Ameya, who remained tight-lipped about Elizabeth's murder and never cooperated with the police. Ameya always remained gloomy, sad, unhappy, and foul-tempered until a new teacher, Jessie Cherian, joined the school. Jessie takes Ameya under her wing, and steadily her grades and behaviour improve.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: Summer vacations arrive, and Ameya coaxes Jessie to get permission from the orphanage to allow her to spend 2-months of vacation with Jessie. Time passes in bliss for a few weeks until Siddharth, Jessie's fiancé, enters the story. Ameya's demeanour changes on seeing Siddharth; she storms away, breaks glass with her hand, and eerily hounds Jessie while stating they do not need anyone else in their lives. Scared, Jessie contacts Father Benedict who states that Ameya is possessed by the soul of Elizabeth, and she can only be saved by exorcism.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: However, during an exorcism, Father Benedict realises that the soul is not of Elizabeth but of Susan, who was Jessie's elder sister, who died during an accident around 11 years back. Through flashback scenes, it is revealed that Susan and Jessie lost their parents when Jessie was a toddler. Susan raises Jessie, and becomes a sports teacher in the school where Jessie and Siddharth studied.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: One day, Jessie sneaks out of the home to attend a party with Siddharth and their common friends. Both get drunk, and while driving back, they hit a scooter being driven by Susan, who was searching for Jessie. It is revealed that Susan's soul possessed Ameya at birth to seek revenge from Siddharth for causing her death and separating her from Jessie. However, Father Benedict reveals that it was Jessie who was driving that fateful night and she had unknowingly caused the accident in a drunken state. Siddharth was simply trying to protect Jessie, who was still unaware of the reality, from the consequences. Susan's soul leaves Ameya's body after knowing the reality.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: The story ends with a twist. Flashback scenes reveal that when Susan was taken to the hospital after the accident, she could have been saved. But, the doctor, Dr. Muraleedharan chose to end her life to protect his friend, a sports teacher who was caught by Susan for administrating steroids to students. Father Benedict helped Susan's soul to exact revenge on the duo - seeing her ghost, their car swerved and had an accident, and both of them died. The movie ends with Father Benedict saying, "now Susan, you can rest in peace".


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: The principal photography commenced in January 2020 and had to put the filming into a temporary halt due to the pandemic. The last schedule was resumed in the first week of October and the team has completed filming the entire movie in the first week of November.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: On 12 January 2020, the first look poster shared on social media revealed that Mammootty plays a priest in the film and showed his character in a habit with his hood on and perusing what seems to be the Bible against the backdrop of a church.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: The film was originally scheduled to release in August 2020, but the premiere was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic. The release date was then projected to be on 4 February 2021, and was delayed again. The film was set to release on 4 March 2021. And on 2 March 2021, film was again postponed indefinitely as the team couldn't get approval from the Kerala government for night shows. The film was theatrically released on 11 March 2021 after Kerala govt gave permission for second shows in theatres. "The Priest" was the biggest Malayalam release after COVID-19 outbreak and released over 300 screens (50% occupancy) across the Kerala state.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: "The Priest" collected ₹ 16 crore in Kerala in its opening day. The film collected A$100,250 (₹56.07 lakhs) from Australia box office and became Industry hit. The film collected over ₹40 crore from Kerala box office with 26 crore of share and also became the first Malayalam film to gross over ₹1 crore in Saudi Arabia on first day. The film was a commercial success and became the highest grossing Malayalam film from Singapore box office. The film collected ₹65 crore in its final run at the box office. The film was the second highest-grossing Malayalam film of 2021, behind "Kurup". After its theatre run the movie released on Amazon.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: The film had mixed responses from critics but positive response from audience. Filmibeat gave it a rating of 3.5 stars out of 5.


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: "Sify" rated the film 3.5/5 and given the verdict for the film as "An Engaging Thriller". It stated that "The Priest may not be perfect but manages to keep the viewers glued on to the screen for sure. Try this one!." "International Business Times" rated the film 3.5/5 and given the verdict for the film as "A classic horror crime thriller". It stated that "Magical visuals, Mammootty's performance, and uncompromising cinematic language. The Priest is one of the best horror-crime thrillers ever made in Mollywood.".


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: Behindwoods gave it a rating of 2.75 stars out of 5 and said, "Mammootty Plays Sherlock Holmes in a Bad Script". Firstpost gave it a rating of 2.25 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Some genuine scares here, but the effort to be cool is this Mammootty-starrer’s Achilles heel".The Indian Express gave it a rating of 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Mammootty’s horror thriller fails to deliver on its promise".


title: The Priest (2021 film)

text: The original songs and original film score were composed, arranged and produced by Rahul Raj. The lyrics for the three songs were penned by BK Harinarayanan. Nazarethin, the first single of the film was released on 24 January 2021.


title: One Piece (season 13)

text: The thirteenth season of the "One Piece" anime series titled , was produced by Toei Animation, and directed by Hiroaki Miyamoto based on Eiichiro Oda's manga by the same name. It deals with the imprisonment of Luffy's brother Portgas D. Ace and Luffy's attempt to infiltrate the great prison Impel Down to save him. Luffy meets several old enemies from his past in this arc, including Buggy the Clown, Mr. 2 (Bon Clay), and Mr. 3. There is also a 4 episode arc set outside the current continuity titled "A Gold Lion's Ambition" (金獅子の野望 "Kinjishi no Yabō"), which serves as a prologue to the concurrently released "". This arc features Luffy and his crew's run-in with a group of pirates hired by Shiki, the film's main antagonist. Following this arc, the Impel Down story line continues where it had left off.


title: One Piece (season 13)

text: The season began broadcasting on Fuji Television on October 18, 2009 and ended on June 20, 2010, totaling 35 episodes. This season's beginning was announced in the One Piece Movie 10 Guide Book, "One Piece-Pia". The season was released through DVD compilations; the first two were released on June 1, 2011. The last two DVD compilations were released on September 6, 2011.


title: One Piece (season 13)

text: The season used two pieces of theme music. The first opening theme, titled "Share the World" by TVXQ continues to be used for the beginning of the season. The second opening theme, starting from episode 426 onwards, is performed by Mari Yaguchi with the Straw Hats.


title: One Piece (season 13)

text: In North America, the season was recategorized as the end of ""Season Seven"" and the opening of ""Season Eight"" for its DVD release by Funimation Entertainment. The Australian "Season" "Seven" sets were renamed "Collection 35" through "38".


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles XI or Carl (; ) was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1721).


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: He was the only son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. His father died when he was four years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen. Soon afterward, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure the recently acquired dominions from Danish troops in the Scanian War. Having successfully fought off the Danes, he returned to Stockholm and engaged in correcting the country's neglected political, financial, and economic situation. He managed to sustain peace during the remaining 20 years of his reign. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government, and education emerged during this period. Charles XI was succeeded by his only son Charles XII, who made use of the well-trained army in battles throughout Europe.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: The fact that Charles was crowned as Charles XI does not mean that he was the 11th king of Sweden who had the name Charles. His father's name (as the 10th) was due to his great-grandfather, King Charles IX of Sweden (1604–1611), having adopted his own numeral by using a mythological History of Sweden. That ancestor was actually the third King Charles. The numbering tradition thus begun still continues, with the present king of Sweden being Carl XVI Gustaf.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles was born in the Stockholm Palace Tre Kronor in November 1655. His father, Charles X of Sweden, had left Sweden in July that year to fight in the war against Poland. After several years of warfare, the king returned in the winter of 1659, gathered his family and the Riksdag of the Estates in Gothenburg. Here he beheld his four-year-old son for the first time. Only a few weeks later, in mid-January 1660, the king fell ill; one month later, he wrote his last will and died.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles X Gustav's will and testament left the administration of the Swedish Empire during Charles XI's minority to a regency led by Queen Dowager Hedwig Eleonora as both formal regent and chair of a six-member Regency Council with two votes and a final say over the rest of the council. Per Brahe was one member of the council. In addition, Charles X Gustav left command of the army and a seat on the council to his younger brother, Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg. These provisions among others led to the remainder of the council immediately challenging the will. On 14 February, the day after King Charles X's death, Hedwig Eleonora sent a message to the council stating that she knew that they contested the will and that she demanded that it should be respected. The council answered that the will must first be discussed with the parliament, and at the following council in Stockholm on 13 May, the council tried to keep her from attending. The parliament questioned whether it would be good for her health or suitable for a widow to attend council, and that if not, it would be hard to keep sending a messenger to her quarters. Her reply that the council would be allowed to meet without her and only inform her when they considered it necessary was met with satisfaction from the council. Hedwig Eleonora's ostensible indifference to politics came as a great relief to the lords of the guardian government.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: His mother, Queen Hedvig Eleonora, remained the formal regent until Charles XI attained his majority on 18 December 1672, but she was careful not to embroil herself in political conflicts.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: During his first appearances in parliament, Charles spoke to the government through her. He would whisper the questions he had in her ear, and she would ask them aloud and clearly for him.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: As an adolescent, Charles devoted himself to sports, exercise, and his favourite pastime of bear-hunting. He appeared ignorant of the very rudiments of statecraft and almost illiterate. His main difficulties are now seen as evident signs of dyslexia, a disability that was poorly understood at the time. According to many contemporary sources, the king was considered poorly educated and therefore not qualified to conduct himself effectively in foreign affairs. Charles was dependent on his mother and advisors to interact with the foreign envoys since he had no foreign language skills apart from German and was ignorant of the world outside Sweden.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Italian writer Lorenzo Magalotti visited Stockholm in 1674 and described the teenage Charles XI as "virtually afraid of everything, uneasy to talk to foreigners, and not daring to look anyone in the face". Another trait was a deep religious devotion: he was God-fearing, frequently prayed kneeling and attended sermons. Magalotti otherwise described the king's main pursuits as hunting, the upcoming war, and jokes.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: The situation in Europe was shaky during this time and Sweden was going through financial problems. Charles XI's guardians decided to negotiate an alliance with France in 1671. This would ensure that Sweden would not be isolated if there was a war, and that the national finances would improve thanks to French subsidies. France directed its aggression against the Dutch in 1672, and by the spring of 1674, Sweden was forced to take part by directing forces towards Brandenburg, under the lead of Karl Gustav Wrangel.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Denmark was an ally of the Habsburg Holy Roman Empire, and it was evident that Sweden was on the verge of yet another war with that country. A remedy was attempted by chancellor Nils Brahe, who traveled to Copenhagen in the spring of 1675 to try to get the Danish princess Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark engaged to the Swedish king. In mid-June 1675, the engagement was officially proclaimed. However, when news arrived of the Swedish defeat at the Battle of Fehrbellin, Danish king Christian V declared war on Sweden that September.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: The Swedish Privy Council continued its internal feuds, and the king was forced to rule without them.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: The 20-year-old king was inexperienced and considered ill-served amidst what has been called the anarchy in the nation. He dedicated autumn in his newly formed camp in Scania to arm the Swedish nation for battle in the Scanian War. The Swedish soldiers in Scania were outnumbered and outequipped by the Danes. In May 1676, they invaded Scania, taking Landskrona and Helsingborg, then proceeding through Bohuslän towards Halmstad. The King had to grow up quickly. He suddenly found himself alone and under great pressure.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Victory at the Battle of Halmstad (17 August 1676), when Charles and his commander-in-chief Simon Grundel-Helmfelt defeated a Danish division, was the king's first glimmer of good luck. Charles continued south through Scania, arriving on the tableland of the flooded Kävlinge River – near Lund – on 11 November. The Danish army commanded by Christian V was positioned on the other side. It was impossible to cross the river and Charles had to wait for weeks until it froze over. This finally happened on 4 December and Charles launched a surprise attack on the Danish forces to fight the Battle of Lund. This was one of the bloodiest engagements of its time. Of the over 20,000 combatants, about 8,000 perished on the battlefield. All the Swedish commanders showed ability, but the chief glory of the day was attributed to Charles XI and his fighting spirit. The battle proved to be a decisive one for the rule of the Scanian lands and it has been described as the most significant event for Charles' personality. Charles commemorated this date the rest of his life.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: In the following year, 13,000 men led by Charles routed 12,000 Danes at the Battle of Landskrona. This proved to be the last pitched battle of the war since, in September 1678, Christian V evacuated his army back to Zealand. In 1679, Louis XIV of France dictated the terms of a general pacification, and Charles XI, who is said to have bitterly resented "the insufferable tutelage" of the French king, was forced at last to acquiesce to a peace that managed to leave his empire practically intact. Peace was made with Denmark in the treaties of Fontainebleau (1679) and Lund, and with Brandenburg in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679).


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles devoted the rest of his life to avoiding further warfare by gaining larger independence in foreign affairs, while he also promoted economic stabilization and a reorganization of the military. His remaining 20 years on the throne were the longest peacetime of the Swedish Empire (1611–1718).


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: In the early years, he was assisted by the man who had become his trusted prime-minister, Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna (1635–1680). Some sources say the king was basically dependent on Gyllenstierna. His sudden death in 1680 opened up the road to the monarch, and many men tried to get close to the king to take Gyllenstierna's place.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Sweden's weak economy had suffered during the war and was now in a deep crisis. Charles assembled the Riksdag of the Estates in October 1680. The assembly has been described as one of the most important held by the Riksdag of the Estates. Here, the king finally pushed through the reduction ordeal, something that had been discussed in the Riksdag since 1650. It meant that any land or object previously owned by the crown and lent or given away – including counties, baronies and lordships – could be recovered. It affected many prominent members of the nobility, some of whom were ruined by it. One of them was the former guardian and Lord Chief Justice Magnus De La Gardie, who, among many other Estates, had to return the extravagant 248-room Läckö Castle. The reduction process involved the examination of every title deed in the kingdom, including the dominions, and it resulted in a complete readjustment of the nation's finances.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: According to Swedish legend, Charles XI travelled around the country dressed as a farmer or simple traveller. In the legend he is referred to as "the Greycoat" (Swedish: "Gråkappan"). This was done to discover and identify corruption and oppression against the populace. There are many stories about him arriving in villages looking for corrupt church officials and punishing them. One anecdote tells of him visiting one village with a church in splendid condition and the priest living in poverty. Continuing, the King found in the next village a church in disrepair and a priest living lavishly. The King solved the situation by switching the priests, giving the poor priest the lavish living condition and a church the King was certain he would rebuild. Always followed by a military cortège, Charles toured the country more than other Swedish kings during this era and was famous for the speed at which he travelled, setting many records. The stories of "the Greycoat" were published in a book by Arvid August Afzelius in the middle of the 19th century.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Another important decision made during the assembly was that of the Swedish Privy Council. Since 1634, it had been mandatory for the king to take advice from the council. During the Scanian War, the members of the council were engaged in internal feuds, and the king more or less ruled without listening to their advice. At the 1680 assembly, he asked the Estates whether he was still bound to the council, to which the Estates responded with his desired reply: "he was not bound by anyone other than himself" "("envälde")," and thereby the absolute monarchy was formally established in Sweden. The Riksdag of the Estates confirmed his power in 1693 by officially proclaiming that the king was the sole ruler of Sweden.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: In the 1682 assembly of the Riksdag of the Estates, the king put forth his suggestion for military reform, whereby each of the lands of Sweden were to have 1,200 soldiers at the ready, at all times, and two farms were to provide accommodations for one soldier. His soldiers were known as Caroleans, trained to be skilled and preferring to attack rather than defend. Savagery and looting were strictly forbidden. Soldier huts around the country were the most visible part of the new Swedish allotment system. However, Charles also modernized the military techniques and worked to improve the skills and knowledge of the officers by sending them abroad to study.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: The Swedish navy suffered major defeats against Danish-Dutch forces in the Scanian War, revealing deficiencies in organization and supply, and disadvantages in basing the fleet at Stockholm. The navy was bolstered with the founding of a base at Karlskrona in 1680 which became the mainstay of future naval operations. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles believed it was very important to assimilate the new Swedish territories of Scania, Blekinge, Halland, in southern Sweden; Bohuslän in western Sweden and Jämtland, in northern Sweden, and the island of Gotland. Some assimilation policies included: the ban of all books written in Danish or Norwegian, thus breaking the promise made at the Treaty of Roskilde; the use of Swedish language in the conduct of sermons; and all new priests and teachers having to come from Sweden.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: The king had seen bitter resentment from the Scanian peasants during the Scanian War and was particularly tough on that province. The guerrilla "Snapphane" movement, in northern Scania, had attacked his soldiers and stolen his money. They also had strong support from the local villages. Charles remained suspicious of the Scanian inhabitants throughout his life. He did not allow soldiers from Scania in his Scanian regiment: the 1,200 soldiers that were to be stationed there had to be recruited from more northern provinces. He also advocated rough treatment of the inhabitants and the first Governor-General of Scania, his trusted aide Johan Gyllenstierna (governor-general 1679–1680), was notably brutal in his treatment of the locals. The rule of Rutger von Ascheberg (governor-general 1680–1693), proved more lenient.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: The assimilation was not as strongly implemented in the German dominions of Swedish Pomerania, Bremen-Verden, and the Baltic dominions (Estonia and Livonia). In Germany, Charles found himself being opposed by the Estates there. He was also bound by the law of the German emperor and the peace treaty. In the Baltic, the power structure was completely different, with a German-descended nobility that used serfs, something that Charles abhorred and wanted to abolish but was unable to. Finally, Kexholm and Ingria were sparsely populated and not of great interest.


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles was a devoted Lutheran Christian. In February 1686, a church law was put forth on his initiative. The church order declared that the king was ruler of the Church in the same way that he ruled the country and God ruled the world. Attending sermons on Sunday was made obligatory and ordinary people found walking during that time risked arrest. Three years later, he declared it obligatory for all commoners to learn to read a catechism written by archbishop Olov Svebilius and then-bishop Haqvin Spegel so that they would understand the "magnificence of God".


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Charles encouraged the production of a hymnal ("Psalmbok") to be printed and distributed to the churches (completed 1693), and a new printed version of the Bible that was completed in 1703 and named after his successor: "Charles XII Bible".


title: Charles XI of Sweden

text: On 6 May 1680, Charles married Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark (1656–1693), daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark (1609–1670). He had previously been engaged to his cousin, Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege, but the engagement was broken after a scandal. Charles and Ulrika were engaged in 1675 in an attempt to smooth over longstanding hostilities, but the Scanian War soon broke out. During the war, Ulrika Eleonora gained a reputation for loyalty to her future home country by exhibiting kindness to Swedish prisoners: she pawned her jewelry, even her engagement ring, to care for the Swedish prisoners of war. Her personal merits and continued charitable acts throughout her tenure endeared her to the Swedish people and eased some of the difficulties brought on by her Danish background. In the peace negotiations between Sweden and Denmark in 1679, the marriage between her and Charles XI was on the agenda, and ratified on 26 September 1679. They married at Skottorp on 6 May 1680 in a hasty ceremony, as Charles prioritized government work over private matters, even a marriage ceremony.