title: Term of office

text: Because the government and prime minister are effectively indirectly elected through the Commons, the terms of Parliaments and MPs do not directly apply to offices of government, though in practice these are affected by changes in Parliament. While, strictly speaking, a prime minister whose incumbency spans multiple Parliaments only serves one, unbroken, term of office, some writers may refer to the different Parliaments as separate terms.


title: Term of office

text: Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, though members can resign or be expelled. Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric (e.g. George Carey, made "Baron Carey of Clifton" the day after he ceased being Archbishop of Canterbury).


title: Term of office

text: The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster.


title: Term of office

text: The office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit. This is imposed at five years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, which has not happened yet.


title: Term of office

text: Offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years.


title: Term of office

text: In the United States, the president of the United States is elected indirectly through the United States Electoral College to a four-year term, with a term limit of two terms (totaling eight years) or a maximum of ten years if the president acted as president for two years or less in a term where another was elected as president, imposed by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1951.


title: Term of office

text: The Vice President also serves four-year terms but without any term limit. U.S. Representatives serve two-year terms. U.S. Senators serve six-year terms.


title: Term of office

text: Federal judges have different terms in office. Article I judges; such as those that sit on the United States bankruptcy courts, United States Tax Court, and United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and certain other federal courts and other forms of adjudicative bodies serve limited terms: The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces for 15 years, bankruptcy courts for 14. However, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges (such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts), serve for life.


title: Term of office

text: The terms of office for officials in state governments varies according to the provisions of state constitutions and state law.


title: Term of office

text: The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire; the Vermont and New Hampshire governors serve for two years.


title: Term of office

text: The National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures:


title: Term of office

text: As a former British territory following the Westminster System, there are many similarities with the United Kingdom, although with some variations based on local customs, the federal system of government and the absentee monarch.


title: Term of office

text: Being a Commonwealth realm, Canada shares a monarch with the United Kingdom and 14 other countries, who serves as head of state of all 15 realms until his or her death or abdication.


title: Term of office

text: The governor general is appointed by the monarch as his/her personal representative on the advice of the prime minister, and serves for an indefinite term, though the normal convention is 5 years. Similarly, the lieutenant governors, who represent the monarch at the provincial level, are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister (usually also with consultation of the relevant provincial premier), and generally also serve 5 year terms by convention. The territories have commissioners, who are not representatives of the monarch, but are instead appointed by and represent the governor-in-council (i.e. the federal cabinet), and conventionally serve for about 5 years.


title: Term of office

text: Similar to the United Kingdom, MPs serve for the duration of the Parliament. They may resign before the end of a Parliament or be elected in by-elections during the middle of a Parliament.


title: Term of office

text: Under the Constitution Act, 1867, a Parliament may last for a maximum of 5 years from the most recent election before expiring, although all Parliaments to date have been dissolved before they could expire. Bill C-16, introduced in the 39th Parliament, provided for fixed election dates every 4 years on the third Monday in October, beginning in 2009. However, the Prime Minister may still advise the Governor General to dissolve Parliament at any time.


title: Term of office

text: As in the United Kingdom, the cabinet and head of government are indirectly elected based on the composition of the House of Commons, they are not technically affected by the terms of legislators or Parliaments. In practice however, the terms of government office holders are affected by changes in the House of Commons, and those who serve for multiple consecutive Parliaments are generally considered to have served a single term. The term of a government generally ends when it is defeated on a confidence matter or the governing party fails to gain enough seats in a general election.


title: Term of office

text: Senators are appointed to the Canadian Senate to represent a province, territory, or group of provinces, by the Governor General of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serve until the mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators appointed before the passage of the British North America Act, 1965 served for life. Senators may also resign from office or be expelled from the Senate.


title: Term of office

text: Provincial legislatures and the legislature of the Yukon function very similarly to the federal House of Commons. MLAs (called MPPs in Ontario, MNAs in Quebec, and MHAs in Newfoundland and Labrador) serve for the duration of the legislature, though they may resign before the legislature is dissolved or be elected in by-elections between general elections. The legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut operate using a consensus model, but are similar otherwise. The premiers and their cabinets are selected in the same way as in the House of Commons, and like at the federal level, the term of a provincial government can be ended by defeat in a general election or the loss of the legislature's confidence.


title: Term of office

text: All provincial legislatures except that of Nova Scotia have fixed-term election legislation in place, as does the legislature of the Northwest Territories. Premiers may also advise Lieutenant Governors to dissolve legislatures at any time before the prescribed election date.


title: Term of office

text: In the Netherlands the position of Minister-President (Prime Minister) is limited to four years (counted from the moment the government is officially formed) although it can be repeated indefinitely after subsequent elections. It is common for the heads of governments in the Netherlands to take up the mantle multiple times, although it's neither expected or required to do so, more often a consequence of governments breaking up internally before their official four years are over and reforming with other parties. This is how the Netherlands ended up with consequent cabinets by:


title: Term of office

text: Between 1982 and 2018, the Constitution of China stipulated that the president, vice president, premier, vice premiers could not serve more than two consecutive terms. In March 2018, China's party-controlled National People's Congress passed a set of constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the president and vice president, as well as enhancing the central role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). On 17 March 2018, the Chinese legislature reappointed Xi as president, now without term limits; Wang Qishan was appointed vice president. The following day, Li Keqiang was reappointed premier and longtime allies of Xi, Xu Qiliang and Zhang Youxia, were voted in as vice-chairmen of the state military commission. Foreign minister Wang Yi was promoted to state councillor and General Wei Fenghe was named defence minister.


title: Term of office

text: According to the "Financial Times", Xi expressed his views of constitutional amendment at meetings with Chinese officials and foreign dignitaries. Xi explained the decision in terms of needing to align two more powerful posts—General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC)—which have no term limits. However, Xi did not say whether he intended to serve as party general secretary, CMC chairman and state president, for three or more terms.


title: Term of office

text: Numbers in years unless stated otherwise. Note that some countries where fixed-term elections are uncommon, the legislature is almost always dissolved earlier than its expiry date. "Until removed from office" refers to offices that don't have fixed terms; in these cases, the officeholder(s) may serve indefinitely until death, abdication, resignation, retirement, or forcible removal from office (such as impeachment).


title: Term of office

text: In most cases where the head of government is a different person from the head of state, its term of office is identical to the chamber that elected it (the legislature if it is unicameral, or most usually the lower house if it is bicameral), unless it doesn't survive a vote of no confidence.


title: Aileron

text: An aileron (French for "little wing" or "fin") is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. Ailerons are used in pairs to control the aircraft in roll (or movement around the aircraft's longitudinal axis), which normally results in a change in flight path due to the tilting of the lift vector. Movement around this axis is called 'rolling' or 'banking'.


title: Aileron

text: Considerable controversy exists over credit for the invention of the aileron. The Wright brothers and Glenn Curtiss fought a years-long legal battle over the Wright patent of 1906, which described a method of wing-warping to achieve lateral control. The brothers prevailed in several court decisions which found that Curtiss's use of ailerons violated the Wright patent. Ultimately, the First World War compelled the U.S. Government to legislate a legal resolution. A much earlier aileron concept was patented in 1868 by British scientist Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, based on his 1864 paper "On Aërial Locomotion".


title: Aileron

text: The name "aileron", from French, meaning "little wing", also refers to the extremities of a bird's wings used to control their flight. It first appeared in print in the 7th edition of Cassell's French-English Dictionary of 1877, with its lead meaning of "small wing". In the context of powered airplanes it appears in print about 1908. Prior to that, ailerons were often referred to as rudders, their older technical sibling, with no distinction between their orientations and functions, or more descriptively as "horizontal rudders" (in French, "gouvernails horizontaux"). Among the earliest printed aeronautical use of 'aileron' was that in the French aviation journal "L'Aérophile" of 1908.


title: Aileron

text: Ailerons had more or less completely supplanted other forms of lateral control, such as wing warping, by about 1915, well after the function of the rudder and elevator flight controls had been largely standardised. Although there were previously many conflicting claims over who first invented the aileron and its function, i.e., lateral or roll control, the flight control device was invented and described by the British scientist and metaphysicist Matthew Piers Watt Boulton in his 1864 paper "On Aërial Locomotion". He was the first to patent an aileron control system in 1868.


title: Aileron

text: Boulton's description of his lateral flight control system was "the first record we have of appreciation of the necessity for active lateral control as distinguished from [passive lateral stability]... With this invention of Boulton's we have the birth of the present-day three torque method of airborne control" as was praised by Charles Manly. This was also endorsed by C.H. Gibbs-Smith. Boulton's British patent, No. 392 of 1868, issued about 35 years before ailerons were "reinvented" in France, became forgotten and lost from sight until after the flight control device was in general use. Gibbs-Smith stated on several occasions that if the Boulton patent had been revealed at the time of the Wright brothers' legal filings, they might not have been able to claim priority of invention for the lateral control of flying machines. The fact that the Wright brothers were able to gain a patent in 1906 did not invalidate Boulton's lost and forgotten invention.


title: Aileron

text: Ailerons were not used on manned aircraft until they were employed on Robert Esnault-Pelterie's glider in 1904, although in 1871 a French military engineer, Charles Renard, built and flew an unmanned glider incorporating ailerons on each side (which he termed 'winglets'), activated by a Boulton-style pendulum controlled single-axis autopilot device.


title: Aileron

text: The pioneering U.S. aeronautical engineer Octave Chanute published descriptions and drawings of the Wright brothers' 1902 glider in the leading aviation periodical of the day, "L'Aérophile", in 1903. This prompted Esnault-Pelterie, a French military engineer, to build a Wright-style glider in 1904 that used ailerons in lieu of wing warping. The French journal "L'Aérophile" then published photos of the ailerons on Esnault-Pelterie's glider which were included in his June 1905 article, and its ailerons were widely copied afterward.


title: Aileron

text: The Wright brothers used wing warping instead of ailerons for roll control on their glider in 1902, and about 1904 their Flyer II was the only aircraft of its time able to do a coordinated banked turn. During the early years of powered flight the Wrights had better roll control on their designs than airplanes that used movable surfaces. From 1908, as aileron designs were refined it became clear that ailerons were much more effective and practical than wing warping. Ailerons also had the advantage of not weakening the airplane's wing structure as did the wing warping technique, which was one reason for Esnault-Pelterie's decision to switch to ailerons.


title: Aileron

text: By 1911 most biplanes used ailerons rather than wing warping—by 1915 ailerons had become almost universal on monoplanes as well. The U.S. Government, frustrated by the lack of its country's aeronautical advances in the years leading up to World War I, enforced a patent pool effectively putting an end to the Wright brothers patent war. The Wright company quietly changed its aircraft flight controls from wing warping to the use of ailerons at that time as well.


title: Aileron

text: The Wright Brothers' Ohio patent attorney Henry Toulmin filed an expansive patent application and on May 22, 1906, the brothers were granted U.S. Patent 821393. The patent's importance lay in its claim of a new and useful method of "controlling" an airplane. The patent application included the claim for the lateral control of aircraft flight that was not limited to wing warping, but through any manipulation of the "...angular relations of the lateral margins of the airplanes [wings]... varied in opposite directions". Thus the patent explicitly stated that other methods besides wing-warping could be used for adjusting the outer portions of an airplane's wings to different angles on its right and left sides to achieve lateral roll control. John J. Montgomery was granted U.S. Patent 831173 at nearly the same time for his methods of wing warping. Both the Wright Brothers patent and Montgomery's patent were reviewed and approved by the same patent examiner at the United States Patent Office, William Townsend. At the time Townsend indicated that both methods of wing warping were invented independently and were sufficiently different to each justify their own patent award.


title: Aileron

text: Multiple U.S. court decisions favoured the expansive Wright patent, which the Wright Brothers sought to enforce with licensing fees starting from $1,000 per airplane, and said to range up to $1,000 per day. According to Louis S. Casey, a former curator of the Smithsonian Air & Space Museum in Washington, D.C., and other researchers, due to the patent they had received the Wrights stood firmly on the position that all flying using lateral roll control, anywhere in the world, would only be conducted under license by them.


title: Aileron

text: The Wrights subsequently became embroiled with numerous lawsuits they launched against aircraft builders who used lateral flight controls, and the brothers were consequently blamed for playing "...a major role in the lack of growth and aviation industry competition in the United States comparative to other nations like Germany leading up to and during World War I". Years of protracted legal conflict ensued with many other aircraft builders until the U.S. entered World War I, when the government imposed a legislated agreement among the parties which resulted in royalty payments of 1% to the Wrights.


title: Aileron

text: There are still conflicting claims today over who first invented the aileron. Other 19th century engineers and scientists, including Charles Renard, Alphonse Pénaud, and Louis Mouillard, had described similar flight control surfaces. Another technique for lateral flight control, wing warping, was also described or experimented with by several people including Jean-Marie Le Bris, John Montgomery, Clement Ader, Edson Gallaudet, D.D. Wells, and Hugo Mattullath. Aviation historian C.H. Gibbs-Smith wrote that the aileron was "...one of the most remarkable inventions... of aeronautical history, which was immediately lost sight of".


title: Aileron

text: In 1906 the Wright brothers obtained a patent not for the invention of an airplane (which had existed for a number of decades in the form of gliders) but for the invention of a system of aerodynamic control that manipulated a flying machine's surfaces, including lateral flight control, although rudders, elevators and ailerons had previously been invented.


title: Aileron

text: Pairs of ailerons are typically interconnected so that when one is moved downward, the other is moved upward: the down-going aileron increases the lift on its wing while the up-going aileron reduces the lift on its wing, producing a rolling (also called 'banking') moment about the aircraft's longitudinal axis (which extends from the nose to the tail of an airplane). Ailerons are usually situated near the wing tip, but may sometimes also be situated nearer the wing root. Modern airliners may also have a second pair of ailerons on their wings, with the two positions distinguished by the terms 'outboard aileron' and 'inboard aileron'.


title: Aileron

text: An unwanted side effect of aileron operation is adverse yaw—a yawing moment in the opposite direction to the roll. Using the ailerons to roll an aircraft to the right produces a yawing motion to the left. As the aircraft rolls, adverse yaw is caused partly by the change in drag between the left and right wing. The rising wing generates increased lift, which causes increased induced drag. The descending wing generates reduced lift, which causes reduced induced drag. Profile drag caused by the deflected ailerons may add further to the difference, along with changes in the lift vectors as one rotates back while the other rotates forward.


title: Aileron

text: In a coordinated turn, adverse yaw is effectively compensated by the use of the rudder, which results in a sideforce on the vertical tail that opposes the adverse yaw by creating a favorable yawing moment. Another method of compensation is 'differential ailerons', which have been rigged so that the down-going aileron deflects less than the up-going one. In this case the opposing yaw moment is generated by a difference in profile drag between the left and right wingtips. "Frise ailerons" accentuate this profile drag imbalance by protruding beneath the wing of an upward-deflected aileron, most often by being hinged slightly behind the leading edge and near the bottom of the surface, with the lower section of the aileron surface's leading edge protruding slightly below the wing's undersurface when the aileron is deflected upwards, substantially increasing profile drag on that side. Ailerons may also be designed to use a combination of these methods.


title: Aileron

text: With ailerons in the neutral position, the wing on the outside of the turn develops more lift than the opposite wing due to the variation in airspeed across the wing span, which tends to cause the aircraft to continue to roll. Once the desired angle of bank (degree of rotation about the longitudinal axis) has been obtained, the pilot uses opposite aileron to prevent the angle of bank from increasing due to this variation in lift across the wing span. This minor opposite use of the control must be maintained throughout the turn. The pilot also uses a slight amount of rudder in the same direction as the turn to counteract adverse yaw and to produce a "coordinated" turn wherein the fuselage is parallel to the flight path. A simple gauge on the instrument panel called the slip indicator, also known as "the ball", indicates when this coordination is achieved.


title: Aileron

text: Particularly on larger or faster aircraft, control forces may be extremely heavy. Borrowing a discovery from boats that extending a control surface's area forward of the hinge lightens the forces needed first appeared on ailerons during World War I when ailerons were extended beyond the wingtip and provided with a horn ahead of the hinge. Known as overhung ailerons, possibly the best known examples are the Fokker Dr.I and Fokker D.VII. Later examples brought the counterbalance in line with the wing to improve control and reduce drag. This is seen less often now, due to the Frise type aileron which provides the same benefit.


title: Aileron

text: Trim tabs are small movable sections resembling scaled down ailerons located at or near the trailing edge of the aileron. On most propeller powered aircraft, the rotation of the propeller(s) induces a counteracting roll movement due to Newton's third law of motion, in that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. To relieve the pilot of having to provide continuous pressure on the stick in one direction (which causes fatigue) trim tabs are provided to adjust or "trim out" the pressure needed against any unwanted movement. The tab itself is deflected in relation to the aileron, causing the aileron to move in the opposite direction. Trim tabs come in two forms, adjustable and fixed. A fixed trim tab is manually bent to the required amount of deflection, while the adjustable trim tab can be controlled from within the cockpit so that different power settings or flight attitudes can be compensated for. Some large aircraft from the 1950s (including the Canadair Argus) used free floating control surfaces that the pilot controlled only through the deflection of trim tabs, in which case additional tabs were also provided to fine-tune the control to provide straight and level flight.


title: Aileron

text: Spades are flat metal plates, usually attached to the aileron lower surface, ahead of the aileron hinge, by a lever arm. They reduce the force needed by the pilot to deflect the aileron and are often seen on aerobatic aircraft. As the aileron is deflected upward, the spade produces a downward aerodynamic force, which tends to rotate the whole assembly so as to further deflect the aileron upward. The size of the spade (and its lever arm) determines how much force the pilot needs to apply to deflect the aileron. A spade works in the same manner as a horn but is more efficient due to the longer moment arm.


title: Aileron

text: To increase the speed at which control surface flutter (aeroelastic flutter) might become a risk, the center of gravity of the control surface is moved towards the hinge-line for that surface. To achieve this, lead weights may be added to the front of the aileron. In some aircraft the aileron construction may be too heavy to allow this system to work without an excessive increase in the weight of the aileron. In this case, the weight may be added to a lever arm to move the weight well out in front to the aileron body. These balance weights are tear drop shaped (to reduce drag), which make them appear quite different from spades, although both project forward and below the aileron. In addition to reducing the risk of flutter, mass balances also reduce the stick forces required to move the control surface in maneuvers.


title: Aileron

text: Some aileron designs, particularly when fitted on swept wings, include fences like wing fences flush with their inboard plane, in order to suppress some of the spanwise component of the airflow running on the top of the wing, which tends to disrupt the laminar flow above the aileron, when deflected downwards.


title: Aileron

text: Used during aviation's pre-war "pioneer era" and into the early years of the First World War, these ailerons were each controlled by a single cable, which pulled the aileron up. When the aircraft was at rest, the ailerons hung vertically down. This type of aileron was used on the Farman III biplane 1909 and the Short 166. A "reverse" version of this, utilizing wing-warping, existed on the later version of the Santos-Dumont "Demoiselle", which only warped the wingtips "downward". One of the disadvantages of this setup was a greater tendency to yaw than even with basic interconnected ailerons. During the 1930s a number of light aircraft used single acting controls but used springs to return the ailerons to their neutral positions when the stick was released.


title: Aileron

text: Used on the first-ever airframe to have the combination of "joystick/rudder-bar" controls that directly led to the modern flight control system, the Blériot VIII in 1908, some designs of early aircraft used "wingtip" ailerons, where the entire wingtip was rotated to achieve roll control as a separate, pivoting roll-control surface—the AEA June Bug used a form of these, with both the experimental German Fokker V.1 of 1916 and the earlier versions of the Junkers J 7 all-duralumin metal demonstrator monoplane using them—the J 7 led directly to the Junkers D.I all-duralumin metal German fighter design of 1918, which had conventionally hinged ailerons. The main problem with this type of aileron is the dangerous tendency to stall if used aggressively, especially if the aircraft is already in danger of stalling, hence the use primarily on prototypes, and their replacement on production aircraft with more conventional ailerons.


title: Aileron

text: Engineer Leslie George Frise (1897–1979) of the Bristol Aeroplane Company developed an aileron shape that is pivoted at about its 25 to 30% chord line and near its bottom surface , in order to decrease stick forces as aircraft became faster during the 1930s. When the aileron is deflected up (to make its wing go down), the leading edge of the aileron starts to protrude below the underside of the wing into the airflow beneath the wing. The moment of the leading edge in the airflow helps to move up the trailing edge, which decreases the stick force. The down moving aileron also adds energy to the boundary layer. The edge of the aileron directs air flow from the underside of the wing to the upper surface of the aileron, thus creating a lifting force added to the lift of the wing. This reduces the needed deflection of the aileron. Both the Canadian Fleet Model 2 biplane of 1930 and the 1938 popular US Piper J-3 Cub monoplane possessed Frise ailerons as designed and helped introduce them to a wide audience.


title: Aileron

text: A claimed benefit of the Frise aileron is the ability to counteract adverse yaw. To do so, the leading edge of the aileron has to be sharp or bluntly rounded, which adds significant drag to the upturned aileron and helps counterbalance the yaw force created by the other aileron turned down. This can add some unpleasant, nonlinear effect and/or potentially dangerous aerodynamic vibration (flutter). Adverse yaw moment is basically countered by aircraft yaw stability and also by the use of differential aileron movement.


title: Aileron

text: By careful design of the mechanical linkages, the up aileron can be made to deflect more than the down aileron (e.g., US patent 1,565,097). This helps reduce the likelihood of a wing tip stall when aileron deflections are made at high angles of attack. In addition, the consequent differential in drag reduces adverse yaw (as also discussed above). The idea is that the loss of lift associated with the up aileron carries no penalty while the increase in lift associated with the down aileron is minimized. The rolling couple on the aircraft is always the difference in lift between the two wings. A designer at de Havilland invented a simple and practical linkage and their de Havilland Tiger Moth classic British biplane became one of the best-known aircraft, and one of the earliest, to use differential ailerons.


title: Aileron

text: On the earliest Pioneer Era aircraft, such as the Wright Flyer and the later, 1909-origin Blériot XI and Etrich Taube, lateral control was effected by twisting the outboard portion of the wing so as to increase or decrease lift by changing the angle of attack. This had the disadvantages of stressing the structure, being heavy on the controls, and of risking stalling the side with the increased angle of attack during a maneuver. By 1916, most designers had abandoned wing warping in favor of ailerons. Researchers at NASA and elsewhere have been taking a second look at wing warping again, although under new names. The NASA version is the X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing while the United States Air Force tested the Adaptive Compliant Wing.


title: Aileron

text: Spoilers are devices that when extended into the airflow over a wing, disrupt the airflow and reduce the amount of lift generated. Many modern aircraft designs, especially jet aircraft, use spoilers in lieu of, or to supplement ailerons, such as the F4 Phantom II and Northrop P-61 Black Widow, which had almost full width flaps (there were very small conventional ailerons at the wingtips as well).


title: Aileron

text: All aircraft with dihedral have some form of yaw-roll coupling to promote stability. Common trainers like the Cessna 152/172 series can be roll controlled with rudder alone. The rudder of the Boeing 737 has more roll authority over the aircraft than the ailerons at high angles of attack. This led to two notable accidents when the rudder jammed in the fully deflected position causing rollovers (see Boeing 737 rudder issues).


title: Aileron

text: Some aircraft such as the Fokker Spin and model gliders lack any type of lateral control. Those aircraft use a higher amount of dihedral than conventional aircraft. Deflecting the rudder gives yaw and a lot of differential wing lift, giving a yaw induced roll moment. This type of control system is most commonly seen in the Flying Flea family of small aircraft and on simpler 2-function (pitch and yaw control) glider models or 3-function (pitch, yaw and throttle control) model powered aircraft, such as radio-controlled versions of "Old Timer" free-flight engine-powered model aircraft.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Chesterfield is a brand of cigarette, named after Chesterfield County, Virginia. The brand is owned by conglomerate Altria and produced by its subsidiary Philip Morris USA.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: A blend of Turkish and Virginia tobacco, Chesterfields were introduced by the Drummond Tobacco Company of St. Louis, Missouri in 1873. The company was acquired by American Tobacco Company in 1898, who manufactured Chesterfields until 1911. In 1912 the brand was taken over by Liggett & Myers and production moved to Durham, North Carolina. The brand was acquired by Philip Morris (now Altria) in 1999.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Chesterfield was the first cigarette to add an extra layer of wrapping to their pack to preserve moisture (1916). In 1926, Chesterfield's "Blow some my way" advertising campaign targeted women smokers, while a 1948 advert produced for NBC claimed that the brand was "preferred by professional smokers". Chesterfield was the first cigarette to be offered in two sizes (King and Regular) in 1952.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In 2011 Philip Morris created three variations (Chesterfield Red, Chesterfield Blue and Chesterfield Menthol) for the UK market. In 2018 Phillip Morris discontinued Chesterfield non-filter cigarettes in the United States; shortly thereafter (January 2019), the company began limited US testing of three filtered varieties: Reds (Full Flavor), Blues (Lights), and Green (Menthol).


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Chesterfield was a sponsor of the Surtees team during the 1976 Formula One season and 1977 Formula One season. A second car entered in was sponsored by Chesterfield in 1977.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Chesterfield also sponsored the BMS Scuderia Italia team in the 1993 FIA Formula One World Championship. They only sponsored the team for one season due to the retirement of the team from F1 to focus on the World Touring Car Cup.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Chesterfield was a sponsor of Max Biaggi's Aprilia RSV 250 from the 1994 to the 1996 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season in the 250cc World Championship. The livery of the bike was totally black with the mark on the side fairings. In the same years, Aprilia adopted the same livery in the series production of its RS road bikes (in the 50, 125 and 250 cylinder sizes). The success was so great that even today Italians are used to say "La Chesterfield" to refer to the Aprilia RS models of those years. They were also title sponsor of Tech3's championship winning 250cc campaign in 2000 with Olivier Jacque.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Chesterfield was the main sponsor of the motorcycle team ""BYRD"" (Belgarda Yamaha Racing Division) at the Paris-Dakar Rally from 1987 to 1994.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In addition, under the name "Chesterfield Scout" a collaboration with the enduro sport on a more private level. For example, at Yamaha in 1989, there was a "Chesterfield DT" with 125 cc, for the Yamaha XTZ 750 Super Ténéré gave it in its first model year in 1989, the color variant "Chesterfield".


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In the 1930s through the 1950s, Chesterfield sponsored popular radio programs. An early one was the radio series "Music That Satisfies" which was broadcast in 1932–1933.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: The "Chesterfield Hour" (1939–1944) featured big bands such as those of Paul Whiteman and Glenn Miller and Fred Waring.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: It was followed briefly by Johnny Mercer's "Chesterfield Music Shop" (1944) and then the "Chesterfield Supper Club" (1944–1949) which featured Perry Como and Jo Stafford with Peggy Lee replacing Stafford on some episodes beginning in 1948. Johnny Mercer originally wrote the pop standard song "Dream (When You're Feeling Blue)" as the theme song for his Chesterfield radio program; the theme for Como's "Chesterfield Supper Club" was the basis for "Smoke Dreams", covered by Jo Stafford, k.d. lang, and other artists.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Liggett & Myers sponsored "Dragnet", both on radio and on TV, during the 1950s. The 1954 theatrical version of "Dragnet" also had Chesterfield product placements, such as advertisements in scenes taking place at drug stores and news counters, or cigarette vending machines. Jack Webb as Sgt. Joe Friday was seen smoking Chesterfields in the movie and TV series. The Martin and Lewis Show, on NBC radio from 1949 to 1953, was sponsored or co-sponsored for most of its run by Chesterfield. Also in the 1950s, "Gunsmoke" on both radio and TV was similarly sponsored primarily by Chesterfields and L&Ms.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In 1963, Rod Serling the creator of The Twilight Zone "often seen smoking a cigarette while narrating the Intro and Outro to his episodes" frequently smoked and promoted Chesterfield Cigarettes at the end of the episodes, usually following the famous quote "They Satisfy".


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In the 1940s and 1950s Ronald Reagan, Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, Perry Como, and Arthur Godfrey were among Chesterfield's official spokesmen; Chesterfield being one of the primary sponsors of the radio and TV programs of these stars during that time.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Chesterfield is sold in: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kuwait, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Philippines, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Ian Fleming frequently makes references to different smoking products in his famous James Bond novels. The Chesterfield brand of cigarette are portrayed as one of Bond's favorites as seen in the 1959 book "Goldfinger." In this novel, James Bond demands of Goldfinger's servant, "Oddjob, I want a lot of food, quickly. And a bottle of bourbon, soda and ice. Also a carton of Chesterfields, king-size..."


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In numerous Stephen King novels, his characters frequently smoke Chesterfield cigarettes. In King's 2000 book "", he wrote that Chesterfield was the first brand he smoked, and that his World War II veteran uncle dismissed them as "stockade cigarettes."


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In the popular 2010 HBO TV series "Boardwalk Empire", Agent Knox is seen giving three packs of Chesterfield cigarettes to Clayton.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In the 2020 miniseries "The Queen's Gambit", Beth Harmon's adoptive mother asks Beth to run to the store to pick up three packs of Chesterfields.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Humphrey Bogart frequently appeared in Chesterfield advertisements. A scene from the 1944 movie "To Have and Have Not" shows him with a pack of Chesterfields.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: A Chesterfield placement appeared in Jean-Luc Godard's 1960 film "À bout de souffle" in which the cigarette smoked by the actress Jean Seberg is a Chesterfield.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In Jack Clayton's 1974 adaptation of "The Great Gatsby", Gatsby (Robert Redford) splits the last Chesterfield in his pack with Nick Carraway (Sam Waterston) while the two chat on Carraway's porch. Nick Carraway is a thinly-disguised F. Scott Fitzgerald in "The Great Gatsby". Fitzgerald's favorite cigarette was Chesterfield, so the scene is an accurate adaptation.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Jake Blues (John Belushi) smoked Chesterfield cigarettes in the 1980 film "The Blues Brothers". Near the end of the scene at Bob's Country Bunker, Jake is seen briefly flashing a flattened and nearly empty pack of Chesterfield cigarettes, pretending it is his musician's union ID card.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In Jim Jarmusch's 1984 film "Stranger Than Paradise" the main characters smoke Chesterfields, at times discussing where they can purchase them.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In Quentin Tarantino's 1992 movie "Reservoir Dogs", Mr. White offers Mr. Pink a Chesterfield cigarette in an attempt to calm him. In another Tarantino-penned movie, 1993's "True Romance", Clarence Worley's father, Clifford, smokes a Chesterfield before his execution at the hands of Blue Lou Boyle's "consigliere," Vincenzo Coccotti.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In the 1994 film "The Shawshank Redemption", Red (Morgan Freeman) is seen giving a pack of Chesterfield cigarettes to Heywood (William Sadler) after losing the ""Fresh Fish"" bet. Heywood sniffs the cigarettes and says "Yes, Richmond, Virginia".


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In the Coen brothers' 2001 "The Man Who Wasn't There", a black and white neo-noir film set in 1949, the main character is an unfiltered Chesterfield chain smoker.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In the 2005 film "Memoirs of a Geisha", after Pumpkin has immersed herself in World War II American soldier culture, she tells Sayuri that she only smokes Chesterfields now.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In the 2007 film "Grindhouse", the actor Kurt Russell extracts a Chesterfield pack out of his pocket.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: In 2018, Norman Newlander (Alan Arkin) mentions smoking Chesterfield cigarettes when he was younger in Chuck Lorre's American comedy-drama series "The Kominsky Method" (Season One: Episode 6, ~11min).


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: The 1992 Jawbreaker song "Chesterfield King" refers to the cigarette twice. First, the singer shares a Chesterfield with a woman he meets in a parking lot. Later, at the end of the song, the singer gives a Chesterfield King to the woman he has been singing about.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Donald Fagen's 1982 album "The Nightfly" features a pack of Chesterfield Kings on the cover and the brand is also mentioned in the title song "The Nightfly" whereby the lyrics go: "I've got plenty of Java and Chesterfield kings..."


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: The closing track on Nickelback's major label debut Silver Side Up "Good Times Gone" references Chesterfield cigarettes in the first line, "Lost in on a Chesterfield..."


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Rod Serling, creator and host of the series "The Twilight Zone" (1959–1964), smoked and sometimes promoted Chesterfield during his brief appearances at the end of each episode.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Longtime college football coach Paul "Bear" Bryant smoked unfiltered Chesterfields, often two to three packs per day.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Lucille Ball was known to smoke Chesterfields. Because "I Love Lucy" was sponsored by Philip Morris, she was not supposed to be seen smoking any other brand of cigarette on set. She still smoked Chesterfields, but put them in a Philip Morris box.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: Popular big band leader Glenn Miller was sponsored by Chesterfield in the early 1940s. He was billed as Glenn Miller and his Chesterfield Orchestra. At one point during the partnership the music stands were designed to look like packs of Chesterfield cigarettes, and later was replaced by a blue banner with gold fringe that was embroidered with Glenn Miller and his Chesterfield Orchestra with two crossed cigarettes at the bottom, the top one having a red tip with emulated smoke rising from it.


title: Chesterfield (cigarette)

text: It was during the Chesterfield radio broadcasts on Sunday afternoons with Glenn Miller that the female trio The Andrew Sisters skyrocketed to fame.


title: Untouchables (album)

text: Untouchables is the fifth studio album by American nu metal band Korn. The album was officially released on June 11, 2002 and featured the Grammy-winning single "Here to Stay". "Untouchables" debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 with 495,991 copies sold during its first week, second only to Eminem's "The Eminem Show." The album received positive reviews from music critics. It was certified platinum on July 11, 2002, and has sold at least 1.4 million copies in the United States.


title: Untouchables (album)

text: Korn commenced writing "Untouchables" in early 2001. Tension between band members grew and, in an effort to lessen their tensions and distractions, they continued writing in Scottsdale, Arizona, in hope that the new landscape would inspire them in writing songs. They finished writing the album then went back to Los Angeles, California to begin recording. Hostility between band members was still there. During the tour, band members began to consider firing bassist Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu due to his drug abuse problem, but decided against it.


title: Untouchables (album)

text: "Untouchables" was recorded at Conway Studio, in Hollywood, California and The Village, in Los Angeles, California. The album was produced by Michael Beinhorn and recorded by Frank Filipetti. The album featured the same member line-up as their previous four studio albums. It is the first album recorded in 96 kHz digital sound. It was mixed by Andy Wallace and mastered by Howie Weinberg. On the album's release date, June 11, 2002, a single, "Here to Stay" was released by Sony Music Distribution. The album was re-released on November 12, 2002, as a last-ditch effort to rejuvenate album sales, which had fallen shortly after the album's first week on the "Billboard" 200. This limited edition features different artwork, and a bonus DVD, containing a live version of "Here to Stay", performance versions of the "Here to Stay" and "Thoughtless" music videos, and a live recording of "Got the Life".


title: Untouchables (album)

text: The band has revealed that the total recording costs of "Untouchables" were estimated at $3,000,000 due to recording/living expenses and keeping their 15-person crew on retainer for the nearly two years it took to finish the album. As part of the total cost were included five houses rented for $10,000 apiece for four months, when they moved to Phoenix. When they came to Los Angeles, they rented five houses for $10,000 apiece for four more months; and a house rented for $8,000 a week, when they went to Canada. Jonathan Davis commented in an interview with "Noisey":


title: Untouchables (album)

text: "We were coming off of "Issues", and we wanted to make an amazing record. That's when we hooked up with Michael Beinhorn, and Beinhorn's whole vision was to make an amazing sounding rock record that could never be made again. [...] I wanted to shoot a documentary about that record. We spent so much money, the drums alone we spent a whole month just getting drum sounds. There were 50 mics just on the drumset that they picked out and tested. [...] Usually I do my vocals and it takes me a month or two weeks, but just vocals it took me five, almost six months. With Beinhorn, sometimes I'd walk in and sing and he'd just say, "Go home, your voice ain't right." [...] It was the peak and pinnacle of everything in Korn. I still can't believe how much work went in on it. It was a lot."


title: Untouchables (album)

text: "Untouchables" sold over 434,000 copies in its first week, but did not surpass the sales from "The Eminem Show" by Eminem and came at number two on "Billboard". Davis blamed Internet piracy for the drop in sales compared to previous albums, since the album had leaked onto file-sharing websites with a different track order and song titles more than two months prior to its official release date.


title: Untouchables (album)

text: "Untouchables" received mostly positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, the album received a score of 80/100 based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". It remained their most critically acclaimed album for 17 years until the release of their 2019 album, "The Nothing", which currently sits at an 83/100.


title: Grant Goodeve

text: Grant Goodeve (born July 6, 1952) is an American actor and television host. He is best known for his role as David Bradford, the eldest son on ABC television's "Eight Is Enough" from 1977 to 1981; he sang the theme song for the show, as well. More recent work includes stints on the Home & Garden Television cable channel, and voice roles such as the Engineer in the multiplayer video game "Team Fortress 2", and Wolf O'Donnell in "".


title: Grant Goodeve

text: Goodeve was born in Middlebury, Connecticut, and moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1975. His sister is the writer Thyrza Nichols Goodeve.


title: Grant Goodeve

text: His earliest role was on a fifth-season episode of "Emergency!" After a February 1977 screen test, he signed on as a cast member of "Eight Is Enough", taking over a role played in the series' pilot episode by Mark Hamill.


title: Grant Goodeve

text: When "Eight Is Enough" ended in 1981, Goodeve appeared in guest roles in series such as "The Love Boat", "T. J. Hooker", "Dynasty", and "Fantasy Island", among others. In 1983, he played a role in the television pilot "The Night Watchman". In the summer of 1984, Goodeve hosted the syndicated program "Solid Gold Hits". In 1985–86, he played Michael James "Woody" Woodward on the ABC soap opera "One Life to Live". In 1984 he co-starred in the made-for-TV movie "Pigs vs. Freaks" (a.k.a. "Off Sides (Pigs vs. Freaks)"). He also made a number of appearances as a celebrity guest contestant on the "Pyramid" game shows in the late 1970s and 1980s.


title: Grant Goodeve

text: He reprised his "Eight Is Enough" role in two reunion movies during the late 1980s, and also appeared in several episodes of "Murder, She Wrote". As the 1990s came to a close, he made an appearance on The WB's hit series "7th Heaven" as Captain Jack Smith. In 2000, Goodeve appeared as the host of Word Pictures' production "Proving the Bible through Archeology".


title: Grant Goodeve

text: Goodeve moved to the Pacific Northwest in 1989 with his wife and three children. Soon after, he began appearing in the recurring role of Rick Pedersen, an ill-fated bush pilot, on the CBS series "Northern Exposure". He also began contributing to KING-TV's "Evening Magazine", and began hosting that station's travel show "Northwest Backroads" in 1998. As of 2014, Grant had hosted it for 16 years.


title: Grant Goodeve

text: From 2000 to 2004, he hosted "If Walls Could Talk" and "Homes of Our Heritage" on Home & Garden Television. He has worked as a voice actor for several video games, including the role of Wolf O'Donnell in "", the Engineer in "Team Fortress 2", and various voices for "F.E.A.R.". He also lent his singing voice to Bob Rivers' "Twisted Christmas" series of holiday CDs.


title: Grant Goodeve

text: He is active in his Presbyterian church in Seattle, engaging part-time in an itinerant music ministry in the region.


title: Grant Goodeve

text: In 2006, Goodeve appeared as George Bailey in Seattle's Taproot Theatre Company's production of " It's a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play". He returned to the Taproot stage in 2008's production of " The Christmas Foundling" as Old Jake.


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: Father's Day is a celebration honoring people's fathers and celebrating the fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. It was first proposed by Sonora Dodd of Spokane, Washington in 1909. It is currently celebrated in the United States annually on the third Sunday in June.


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: Father's Day was inaugurated in the United States in the early 20th century to complement Mother's Day in celebrating fathers, fathering, and fatherhood.


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: Father's Day was founded in Spokane, Washington at the YMCA in 1910 by Sonora Smart Dodd, who was born in Arkansas. Its first celebration was in the Spokane YMCA on June 19, 1910. Her father, the Civil War veteran William Jackson Smart, was a single parent who raised his six children there. After hearing a sermon about Anna Jarvis's Mother's Day at Central Methodist Episcopal Church in 1909, she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday honoring them. Although she initially suggested June 5, her father's birthday, the pastors of the Spokane Ministerial Alliance did not have enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday of June.


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: It did not have much success initially. In the 1920s, Dodd stopped promoting the celebration because she was studying in the Art Institute of Chicago, and it faded into relative obscurity, even in Spokane. In the 1930s Dodd returned to Spokane and started promoting the celebration again, raising awareness at a national level. She had the help of those trade groups that would benefit most from the holiday, for example the manufacturers of ties, tobacco pipes, and any traditional present to fathers. Since 1938 she had the help of the Father's Day Council, founded by the New York Associated Men's Wear Retailers to consolidate and systematize the commercial promotion. Americans resisted the holiday at first, perceiving it as just an attempt by merchants to replicate the commercial success of Mother's Day, and newspapers frequently featured cynical and sarcastic attacks and jokes. But the trade groups did not give up: they kept promoting it and even incorporated the jokes into their adverts, and they eventually succeeded. By the mid-1980s the Father's Council wrote that "(...) [Father's Day] has become a Second Christmas for all the men's gift-oriented industries."


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday was introduced in Congress in 1913. In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson went to Spokane to speak in a Father's Day celebration and wanted to make it official, but Congress resisted, fearing that it would become commercialized. US President Calvin Coolidge recommended in 1924 that the day be observed by the nation but stopped short of issuing a national proclamation. Two earlier attempts to formally recognize the holiday had been defeated by Congress. In 1957, Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith wrote a proposal accusing Congress of ignoring fathers for 40 years while honoring mothers, thus "[singling] out just one of our two parents". In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued the first presidential proclamation honoring fathers, designating the third Sunday in June as Father's Day. Six years later, the day was made a permanent national holiday when President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1972.


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: In addition to Father's Day, International Men's Day is celebrated in many countries on November 19 for men and boys who are not fathers.


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: A "Father's Day" service was held on July 5, 1908, in Fairmont, West Virginia, in the Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church South, now known as Central United Methodist Church. Grace Golden Clayton was mourning the loss of her father who died when, on December 6, 1907, the Monongah mining disaster in nearby Monongah killed 361 men, 250 of them fathers, leaving around a thousand fatherless children. Clayton suggested to her pastor Robert Thomas Webb that he should honor all those fathers. Clayton chose the Sunday nearest to the birthday of her father, Methodist minister Fletcher Golden.


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: Clayton's event did not have repercussions outside of Fairmont for several reasons, among them: the city was overwhelmed by other events, the celebration was never promoted outside of the town itself and no proclamation was made in the City Council. Also two events overshadowed this event: the celebration of Independence Day July 4, 1908, with 12,000 attendants and several shows including a hot air balloon event, which took over the headlines in the following days, and the death of a 16-year-old girl on July 4. The local church and Council were overwhelmed and they did not even think of promoting the event, and it was not celebrated again for many years. The original sermon was not reproduced in press and it was lost. Finally, Clayton was a quiet person, who never promoted the event or even talked to other persons about it.


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: Clayton also may have been inspired by Anna Jarvis' crusade to establish Mother's Day; two months prior, Jarvis had held a celebration for her dead mother in Grafton, West Virginia, a town about 15 miles (24 km) away from Fairmont.


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: In 1912, there was a Father's Day celebration in Vancouver, Washington, suggested by Methodist pastor J. J. Berringer of the Irvingtom Methodist Church. They believed mistakenly that they had been the first to celebrate such a day. They followed a 1911 suggestion by the "Portland Oregonian".


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: Harry C. Meek, member of Lions Clubs International, claimed that he had first the idea for Father's Day in 1915. Meek claimed that the third Sunday of June was chosen because it was his birthday (it would have been more natural to choose his father's birthday). The Lions Club has named him "Originator of Father's Day". Meek made many efforts to promote Father's Day and make it an official holiday.


title: Father's Day (United States)

text: In the United States, Dodd used the "Fathers' Day" spelling on her original petition for the holiday, but the spelling "Father's Day" was already used in 1913 when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress as the first attempt to establish the holiday, and it was still spelled the same way when its creator was commended in 2008 by the U.S. Congress.


title: Lady Madonna

text: "Lady Madonna" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written primarily by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney. In March 1968, it was released as a mono single, backed with "The Inner Light". The song was recorded on 3 and 6 February 1968 before the Beatles left for India, and its boogie-woogie style signalled a more conventional approach to writing and recording for the group following the psychedelic experimentation of the previous two years.


title: Lady Madonna

text: This single was the last release by the band on Parlophone in the United Kingdom, where it reached number 1 for the two weeks beginning 27 March, and Capitol Records in the United States, where it debuted at number 23 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for the week ending 23 March and reached number 4 from the week ending 20 April through the week ending 4 May. Subsequent releases, starting with "Hey Jude" in August 1968, were released on their own label, Apple Records, under EMI distribution, until the late 1970s, when Capitol and Parlophone re-released old material. The song's first album appearance in stereo was on the 1970 collection "Hey Jude".


title: Lady Madonna

text: In the description of musicologist Walter Everett, "Lady Madonna" is a "raucous rock and roll" song. As such, it heralded the Beatles' return to a more standard form of songwriting after their recent psychedelic productions, a back-to-basics approach that many other artists pursued throughout 1968. According to one of Paul McCartney's neighbours at his farm in Scotland, McCartney previewed the song on a piano during a visit he and Jane Asher made from London in early December 1967. Author Jonathan Gould views the timing as propitious, since the British music press in early 1968 "[began] to tout the idea of a 'rock-and-roll revival' as a corrective to the excesses of psychedelia".


title: Lady Madonna

text: McCartney based his piano part for the song on Humphrey Lyttelton's trad jazz rendition of "Bad Penny Blues", which was released on the Parlophone record label in 1956, soon after George Martin, the Beatles' producer, had taken over as head of the label.<ref name="Womack/CultureSonar"></ref> McCartney recalled: "'Lady Madonna' was me sitting down at the piano trying to write a bluesy boogie-woogie thing ... It reminded me of Fats Domino for some reason, so I started singing a Fats Domino impression. It took my other voice to a very odd place." Domino's 1956 hit "Blue Monday" conveys the plight of a working man through each day of the week, while "Lady Madonna" does the same from a female perspective.<ref name="Havers/uDiscover"></ref>


title: Lady Madonna

text: John Lennon helped write the lyrics, which give an account of an overworked, exhausted (possibly single) mother, facing a new problem each day of the week. McCartney explained the song by saying: "'Lady Madonna' started off as the Virgin Mary, then it was a working-class woman, of which obviously there's millions in Liverpool. There are a lot of Catholics in Liverpool because of the Irish connection." The lyrics include each day of the week except Saturday, which McCartney only noticed many years later: "I was writing the words out to learn it for an American TV show and I realised I missed out Saturday... So I figured it must have been a real night out." McCartney said his inspiration for the song came after seeing a photograph in "National Geographic" magazine of a woman breastfeeding, titled "Mountain Madonna".


title: Lady Madonna

text: Speaking later about "Lady Madonna", Lennon said, "Good piano lick, but the song never really went anywhere", adding: "Maybe I helped him on some of the lyrics, but I'm not proud of them either way." Author Howard Sounes identifies both a relevance to McCartney's Catholic upbringing, and an autobiographical quality that belies the song's upbeat melody and delivery. He writes: "the lyric is also tender and personal, evoking the image of Mary McCartney as midwife, tending mothers and their babies in Liverpool as she had during Paul's childhood. The phrase 'Lady Madonna' also has a clear Christian meaning, of course, conflating Paul's memory of his mother with the Virgin Mary in what is a boogie-woogie hymn."


title: Lady Madonna

text: The Beatles decided to record "Lady Madonna" for their first single of 1968. The release was intended to cover the group's absence while they attended a Transcendental Meditation course in India under the guidance of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. The sessions took place on 3 and 6 February at EMI Studios (subsequently Abbey Road Studios) in London.


title: Lady Madonna

text: Although the song was a return to the Beatles' musical roots, this aesthetic was not carried over to the band taping the basic track as an ensemble. McCartney first recorded his piano part, using EMI's "Mrs Mills" Steinway Vertegrand upright, accompanied by Ringo Starr playing a snare drum with brushes. Starr recalled that when recording the track the Beatles consulted Martin on how to re-create the sound that Lyttelton had achieved on "Bad Penny Blues". George Harrison and Lennon added the song's distorted guitar riffs, playing identical lines through the same amplifier; McCartney overdubbed bass guitar and Starr added more drums, played on a full drum kit. McCartney sang his lead vocal in a style that author Ian MacDonald terms Presleyesque, while Lennon, McCartney and Harrison contributed backing vocals, part of which consisted of the singers imitating brass instruments over the song's instrumental break. Music journalist John Harris highlights the significance of McCartney's "salute" to Elvis Presley, who would make his comeback later in 1968 with a return to his formative, rock 'n' roll style. Harris also identifies the influence of the Mills Brothers, whose act included the four singers mimicking brass instruments, in the Beatles' "scat harmonies" on "Lady Madonna". Early mixes of the song indicate that Mellotron and tambourine were cut from the completed track, along with extraneous vocals and dialogue that reveal the band in high spirits during the sessions.


title: Lady Madonna

text: The overdubbing session for the four-piece horn section took place on 6 February. The tenor saxophone solo on the track was played by British jazz musician and club owner Ronnie Scott. Harry Klein, who played baritone saxophone on the track, recalled that the session was organised at the last minute, while Bill Povey, the second tenor saxophonist, said that no music had been written out for the musicians to follow and McCartney offered them only vague instructions. The second baritone saxophone was played by Bill Jackman. In his book "Revolution in the Head", MacDonald writes that Scott's "audibly exasperated" solo was prompted by McCartney's "unprofessional" failure to provide the players with a proper horn arrangement.


title: Lady Madonna

text: The song's selection as the single's A-side came at the expense of Lennon's "Across the Universe", which Lennon also withdrew from contention as the B-side, since he was dissatisfied with the musical arrangement. As a result, Harrison gained his first Beatles B-side as a songwriter, with "The Inner Light", the backing track of which he had recorded with several Indian classical musicians in Bombay, in January.


title: Lady Madonna

text: The Beatles made two promotional films for "Lady Madonna", which were syndicated to television broadcasting companies. The material was shot on 11 February 1968 at EMI Studios and was distributed by NEMS Enterprises to US and UK TV stations. Tony Bramwell directed the two films.


title: Lady Madonna

text: Although the intention had been to show the Beatles miming to the single, the band decided they wanted to use the time to record a new song. The footage therefore consisted of the Beatles recording Lennon's "Hey Bulldog", which became the last of the four new songs they supplied United Artists for use in the "Yellow Submarine" animated film. Little attempt was made to marry up the footage of the Beatles' playing and singing with the audio of "Lady Madonna"; in the second of the two clips, Harrison is shown eating a plate of beans, while both clips show Starr listening to a playback and the Beatles playing alternative instruments from those heard on the song. The promos also included footage of McCartney at Chappell Studios in November 1967, from a session he produced for Cilla Black's single "Step Inside Love".


title: Lady Madonna

text: A new edit of this footage, together with footage from the band's July 1968 rehearsals of "Hey Jude", was assembled for "Lady Madonna"'s segment in "The Beatles Anthology" in 1995. In 1999, the material was re-edited by Apple to create a new clip for "Hey Bulldog", to help promote the reissue of the "Yellow Submarine" film.


title: Lady Madonna

text: In Britain, Parlophone issued "Lady Madonna" backed by "The Inner Light" on 15 March 1968, with the catalogue number R 5675. The single was released three days later in the United States, as Capitol 2138. One of the promo clips was aired by the BBC on the 14 March edition of "Top of the Pops" and then on Alan Freeman's "All Systems Freeman" the following day, and in the US on ABC-TV's "The Hollywood Palace" on 30 March. In Everett's description, the single was "at the forefront of a spring–summer 1968 rock-and-roll revival in the United Kingdom", which included UK-exclusive reissues of singles by Gene Vincent, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Buddy Holly and Little Richard.


title: Lady Madonna

text: Among contemporary reviews of the single, "Billboard" magazine described "Lady Madonna" as a "powerful blues rocker" while "Cash Box"s reviewer wrote: "Take one step back, the Beatles ease their progressive pace with this knocking rhythm side that features Ringo Starr in a rare vocal showing with hard-rock and kazoo orking and lyrics that view working class hardship with a pinch of salt." Chris Welch of "Melody Maker" expressed doubts about the song, saying: "Best bit is the piano intro, then you can have fun wondering why Paul['s singing] sounds like Ringo … then go out and buy another record." Welch concluded: "I can't really see this being a hit, not when there's competition from the likes of Four Jacks and a Jill and Kay Starr." "Time" magazine recognised the Beatles as the leaders of an "upsurge" of renewed interest in 1950s rock 'n' roll and said that the band had re-engaged with the "simple hard-driving style they left behind in Liverpool". Author Bernard Gendron, paraphrasing a contention of the "Time" writers – who he says were ahead of the US rock press in recognising this trend – writes that by preceding the Rolling Stones' "similarly retrospective 'Jumpin' Jack Flash'", "Lady Madonna" was possibly "the first single by an elite rock band to signal the 'return to roots'".


title: Lady Madonna

text: "Lady Madonna" topped the "Record Retailer" chart (subsequently adopted as the UK Singles Chart) for two weeks, although on the national chart compiled by "Melody Maker" it peaked at number 2. It was the first single by the Beatles not to make number 1 on "Melody Maker"s chart since the band's 1962 debut, "Love Me Do". In America, "Lady Madonna" peaked at number 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it the first Beatles single not to top that chart since "Eleanor Rigby" in 1966, and number 2 on the "Cash Box" Top 100. Ian MacDonald considers this relative lack of success to be significant, and he described the song as "a moderately entertaining let-down after the psychedelic heights of early 1967". In Jonathan Gould's opinion, the song is a "witty, powerful, yet willfully inconsequential track" with "all the makings of a classic Beatle B-side", whereas ideally the lead side of the single should have been a Lennon composition. Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" considers that, at this stage in their career, "the Beatles didn't need to push – they could have hit #1 with a tape of themselves blowing their noses", which, he suggests, "would have been catchier" than "Lady Madonna" and the band's previous single, "Hello, Goodbye". Music critic Tim Riley has similarly dismissed the song as a "trifle" and "something they could do with their left hand".


title: Lady Madonna

text: Writing in 1988, Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn described "Lady Madonna" as a "terrific" single that was "curiously overlooked today by those analysing the group's output". In his song review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger attributes its standing as one of the band's less-celebrated singles partly to its failure to match the chart success usually associated with the Beatles, but he considers it an "excellent song". He adds that the lyrics, in their implication of the protagonist as a prostitute, are "more intriguing than anything Fats Domino was likely to come up with", while the Beatles' imitation of brass instruments was done "effectively and wittily".<ref name="Unterberger/AM"></ref> Writing for "Mojo" in 2003, John Harris bemoaned that the song was overlooked as a key recording in the Beatles' development and "one of the foundation stones" for the late 1960s "roots-rock revival". He identified it as the precedent for the Rolling Stones' return to form on "Beggars Banquet", for Eric Clapton to exchange Cream's "virtuoso head-rock" for a musical path that resulted in the formation of Derek and the Dominos, and for Chuck Berry and Little Richard to assume "the rarified pedestals where the British Invasion groups had originally placed them". In 2010, "Rolling Stone" ranked "Lady Madonna" at number 86 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Beatles Songs".


title: Lady Madonna

text: The Beatles' version of "Lady Madonna" has appeared on the following compilation albums, released by Apple Records: "Hey Jude" (1970), "1967–1970" (1973), "20 Greatest Hits" (1982), "Past Masters, Volume Two" (1988), "Anthology 2" (1996; takes 3 and 4 of the song), "1" (2000) and "Love" (2006). The mix used in the 1968 single had obscured much of Ronnie Scott's saxophone; the versions subsequently issued on "Anthology 2" and "Love" feature a more prominent use of his solo, at the end of the song. In the BBC documentary "Timewatch", McCartney explained that Scott had not been impressed that his playing had been hidden behind the "imitation brass vocals" performed by McCartney, Lennon and Harrison, so McCartney had decided to fix it with the most recent mix. The "Love" version incorporates elements from "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?", "I Want You (She's So Heavy)", "Hey Bulldog" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps".


title: Lady Madonna

text: Having been averse to performing compositions from the Beatles era following the band's break-up in 1970, McCartney included "Lady Madonna" in the set list for his and Wings' 1975–76 world tour. He continued to feature the song on many of his subsequent tours. Live versions appear on the albums "Wings over America", "Paul Is Live", "Back in the U.S.", "Back in the World" and "Good Evening New York City". A variation of the song can be heard on his "Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road" DVD, where McCartney calls it "an old lady in new clothes".


title: Mary J. Blige discography

text: American singer Mary J. Blige began her career as a backing vocalist for Uptown Records in the early 1990s. In a career spanning more than thirty years, she has released 14 studio albums and 83 singles—including more than 20 as a featured artist. The “Queen of Hip-Hop Soul” has sold an estimated of over 100 million records worldwide, and over 20 million in the United States alone. Billboard ranked Blige as the 18th Greatest Billboard 200 Women of all time, the 45th Greatest Hot 100 Women of all time and 88th Greatest Artist of all time.


title: Mary J. Blige discography

text: In 2009, "Billboard" magazine ranked Blige as the most successful female R&B/hip-hop artist of the past 25 years. In March 2017, "Billboard" magazine ranked her 2006 song "Be Without You" as the most successful R&B/hip-hop song of all time, as it spent an unparalleled 75 weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, 15 of those weeks at number one. In 2011, VH1 ranked Blige as the 80th greatest artist of all time. Moreover, she was ranked 100th on the list of "100 Greatest Singers of All Time" by "Rolling Stone" magazine. In 2012, VH1 ranked Blige ninth among "The 100 Greatest Woman in Music" listing.


title: Mary J. Blige discography

text: Blige started her own musical career in 1992, releasing her multi-platinum-selling debut album, "What's the 411?" on MCA and Uptown Records. The album gave Blige her first "Billboard" 200 top ten album, and has since launched an additional 12 studio albums in the top ten on this chart. Among Blige's most popular songs to date are "Family Affair", "Real Love", "Not Gon' Cry" and "Be Without You". Blige has had four "Billboard" Hot 100 top-ten singles as a lead artist in the United States, and has had a total of sixteen top-forty charting singles in the United States. She has had forty-two singles charting on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making Blige one of the best-performing artists to date on the chart.


title: Callum McGregor

text: Callum William McGregor (born 14 June 1993) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Scottish Premiership club Celtic, which he captains, and the Scotland national team. He has previously played for Notts County on loan and has represented Scotland at every youth international stage and at senior level.


title: Callum McGregor

text: McGregor began his career with Scottish club Celtic, coming through the club's youth system alongside Dylan McGeouch who was a teammate in youth Victory Shield internationals at Under-16 level. He scored a hat-trick for Celtic in the 8–0 2012 Scottish Youth Cup Final victory over Queen of the South at Hampden Park.


title: Callum McGregor

text: McGregor appeared in four successive Scottish Youth Cup finals between 2010 and 2013, with the club winning all of them.


title: Callum McGregor

text: McGregor has spoken of the influence that the late Tommy Burns had on him as a young footballer, stating that Burns had always indicated his belief that McGregor would be the next successful product of Celtic's youth academy. McGregor particularly cites a conversation with Burns as a 13-year old as staying with him throughout his whole career, where he urged him to match his ability with the correct attitude and a desire to prove himself.


title: Callum McGregor

text: McGregor joined English League One club Notts County on a five-month loan in August 2013. Among his teammates that season was fellow loanee midfielder Jack Grealish, a future England international. He scored on his debut for the "Magpies" on 7 August, in a 3–2 win over Fleetwood Town at Meadow Lane in the first round of the League Cup. Following a man of the match appearance against Crewe Alexandra where McGregor netted two goals, Notts County boss Chris Kiwomya challenged McGregor to reach 10 goals for the season in his loan spell.


title: Callum McGregor

text: McGregor played the full match in a memorable League Cup encounter for the club, facing off against a Liverpool side which featured future Rangers manager Steven Gerrard, Raheem Sterling, and Daniel Sturridge, as well as being managed by his future Celtic manager, Brendan Rodgers. County fought back from two goals down to bring the game to extra time, going on to lose the game 4-2.


title: Callum McGregor

text: McGregor's loan expired at the start of January 2014, with his 12 goals in all competitions making him the current top scorer for Notts County at that stage. Kiwomya's successor, Shaun Derry, described his departure as causing a sense of disappointment in the squad.


title: Callum McGregor

text: Following the expiry of his loan in January, clubs such as Wolverhampton Wanderers were credited with an interest in McGregor. After missing three games while waiting for negotiations to conclude, it was confirmed on 24 January 2014 that McGregor's loan had been extended until the end of the season. McGregor was put straight to the Notts County squad for their game against Walsall and marked his return with a goal, a 25-yard free kick into the top left corner.


title: Callum McGregor

text: McGregor ended the season with 14 goals in all competitions and as the club's top goalscorer. Shaun Derry has since praised McGregor's attitude, describing him as "brilliant to work with", and felt that the club would not have avoided relegation that season had it not been for the efforts of McGregor and Grealish. McGregor credits the loan spell for allowing him to develop as a player and learn the game, and felt that being involved in a relegation battle where his teammate's livelihoods were on the line caused him to "grow up a bit".


title: Callum McGregor

text: McGregor made his first team debut for Celtic against KR Reykjavík on 15 July 2014 in a Champions League qualifier and he scored the only goal of the game. He also scored against Legia Warsaw and NK Maribor in subsequent qualifying rounds. He made his Scottish Premiership debut against St Johnstone on 13 August 2014 and scored a goal in a 3–0 victory for Celtic. On 29 August 2014, McGregor signed a new five-year contract with Celtic.


title: Callum McGregor

text: McGregor made his 100th appearance for the club in a 2–1 win at Dundee on 19 March 2017. He scored in two successive Old Firm victories against Rangers in the space of a week in April 2017. In the 2017 Scottish Cup Final, he started in his usual midfield position but played the majority of the match at left back after an injury to Kieran Tierney. His replacement in midfield, Tom Rogic, scored the winning goal for Celtic.


title: Callum McGregor

text: Having previously been on target in qualifying matches, on 31 October 2017 McGregor scored his first goal in the group stages of the Champions League, striking the equaliser at home to Bayern Munich (James Forrest providing the assist), although the German team responded to claim a 2–1 win. Celtic then dropped into the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League, in which McGregor scored the only goal in the first leg of the last-32 tie with Zenit St Petersburg. On 19 May 2018, McGregor scored the opening goal in the Scottish Cup final. This secured a second consecutive domestic treble for Celtic, the first time this had been done in Scottish football history.


title: Callum McGregor

text: McGregor signed a new contract with Celtic in December 2018, due to run until the end of the 2022–23 season. He made his 200th Celtic appearance against Hibernian at Easter Road in the same month. In May 2019, he was nominated for the season's PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year; the award was won by teammate James Forrest. However, McGregor beat Forrest to Celtic's club awards, winning both the official and the players' category accolades. He played more minutes than any other player in world football for club and country during 2018–19, as Celtic won a third consecutive treble.


title: Callum McGregor

text: His contribution during 2019–20 was equally important, starting all 30 matches of the curtailed Premiership campaign (being off the field for just 26 minutes in total), all four of the League Cup fixtures and four of the five Scottish Cup matches – including two that were delayed until the end of the calendar year – as a fourth treble was secured. Along with continental (14) and international appearances (6), he was again among Europe's most active footballers.


title: Callum McGregor

text: In 2020–21 the club lost control of all three trophies and did not win any of their matches against Rangers, with McGregor scoring an own goal in one visit to Ibrox Stadium and being sent off in the first half of another. His contribution in terms of minutes played remained very high, with 49 appearances for Celtic (4256 minutes, not including the aforementioned Scottish Cup matches although completed within the span of that season) and 14 for the national team (954 minutes) up to the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 finals.


title: Callum McGregor

text: On 19 July 2021, following former club captain Scott Brown's move to Aberdeen, McGregor was awarded the Celtic captaincy after making 326 appearances for the club, scoring 53 goals and winning 14 trophies – six league titles, four Scottish Cups and four League Cups. He became the 22nd captain of the club and described it as a "very proud day for myself, my family, everyone connected with myself". Celtic manager Ange Postecoglou described McGregor's appointment as "an easy decision but also the best decision", further stating "I think he’s a natural leader. He’s the kind of guy people gravitate towards. He drives things."


title: Callum McGregor

text: On 20 July 2021, in his first competitive appearance as club captain, McGregor was awarded Man of the Match in a 1–1 draw against FC Midtjylland in the UEFA Champions League Second qualifying round. McGregor opened the scoring in the return leg with a 25 yard volley, however Celtic lost 2-1 and were knocked out of the competition.


title: Callum McGregor

text: On 24 September 2021 McGregor signed a new five-year contract with Celtic, which is due to expire in the summer of 2026.


title: Callum McGregor

text: Making his debut in October 2013, McGregor made five appearances and scored one goal for the Scotland national under-21 football team. He was added to the full Scotland squad for the first time in August 2014, soon after he broke into the Celtic first team.


title: Callum McGregor

text: In October 2017, McGregor was once again included in the full squad for two 2018 World Cup qualifiers against Slovakia and Slovenia, but remained on the bench during both games. He made his debut a month later, starting in a friendly against the Netherlands. In late 2020 he scored in penalty shootouts against both Israel and Serbia as Scotland won the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League C playoffs and qualified for the UEFA Euro 2020 finals tournament (played in 2021; delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe), their first such achievement in 23 years. He scored his first international goal during the final group fixture of the tournament against Croatia.


title: Callum McGregor

text: In February 2016, McGregor was stopped by the police and charged with drunk driving, having already been convicted and banned for speeding the previous year; he was later disqualified for a year.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo! is the debut studio album by the American new wave band Devo. It was originally released in August 1978 on the Warner Bros. label (Virgin Records in Europe). Produced by Brian Eno, the album was recorded between October 1977 and February 1978, primarily in Cologne, West Germany.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: The album received somewhat mixed reviews from critics and peaked at No. 78 on the U.S. "Billboard" chart and No. 12 on the UK Albums Chart. Recent reviews of the album have been more uniformly positive and the album has been included on several retrospective "best of" lists from publications including "Rolling Stone", "Pitchfork", and "Spin".


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: On May 6, 2009, Devo performed the album live in its entirety for the first time as part of the Don't Look Back concert series curated by All Tomorrow's Parties. On September 16, 2009, Warner Bros. and Devo announced a re-release of "Q: Are We Not Men?" and "Freedom of Choice", with a tour performing both albums.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: Mark Mothersbaugh, Gerald Casale, and Bob Mothersbaugh wrote the album over three years between 1974 and 1977. "Jocko Homo" (written by Mark) was demoed in 1974 and was first played live on October 31, 1975. During this period, Devo were a quartet consisting of Mark Mothersbaugh, Gerald Casale, Bob Mothersbaugh, and Jim Mothersbaugh. In 1976, Alan Myers replaced Jim Mothersbaugh as the group's drummer, and Bob Casale re-joined as rhythm guitarist and additional keyboardist following a two-year absence. By February 1977, Devo were also performing "Shrivel Up" live as well as early versions of "Uncontrollable Urge," "Praying Hands," "Mongoloid," "Too Much Paranoias," and an over seven-minute version of "Jocko Homo." In March 1977, Devo released their first single, a self-produced version of "Mongoloid" / "Jocko Homo".


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: By May 19, 1977, the group had debuted all of the album's tracks live, and would continue to develop the material throughout the year.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: In 1977, David Bowie and Iggy Pop received a tape of Devo demo songs from the wife of Michael Aylward, guitarist in another Akron, Ohio, band, Tin Huey. Both Pop and Bowie, as well as Brian Eno and Robert Fripp, expressed interest in producing Devo's first release. In October 1977, Patrick Gleeson invited to record the tracks "Come Back Jonee" and "Shrivel-Up" at Different Fur Studios, in San Francisco, California. The following month, Devo returned to New York City and were introduced ahead of a show at Max's Kansas City by David Bowie, who told the audience that he planned to produce Devo's first album in Tokyo over the winter.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: Eventually, Eno was chosen to produce the album at Conny Plank's studio located near Cologne, Germany. The band were flown to Germany in February 1978. Bowie was busy with filming "Just a Gigolo" but helped Eno produce the record during weekends. Since Devo was without a record deal, Eno paid for the flights and studio cost for the band, confident that the band would be signed to a record contract. In return for his work on the album, Eno asked for a share of any subsequent deals. The earlier takes of "Come Back Jonee" and "Shrivel Up" had been overdubbed during these sessions.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: Gerald Casale was not present for the first day of recording, as he had missed the flight. With their bassist missing, the group spent the first day playing with Eno, Bowie, Holger Czukay and Dieter Moebius.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: The recording sessions were a source of frustration for Eno and Devo. Eno found the band unwilling to experiment or deviate from their early demonstrations of recorded songs. Devo later admitted that "we were overtly resistant to Eno's ideas. He made up synth parts and really cool sounds for almost every part of the album, but we used them on three or four songs." After conflicts arose between the group and Eno, David Bowie was brought in to remix the album.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: Outtakes from the album include: "Be Stiff", released as a non album single that same year; "Social Fools", released as the B-side to "Come Back Jonee"; and "Penetration in the Centrefold", released as the B-side to "The Day My Baby Gave Me a Surprize" in 1979.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: The cover was illustrated by Joe Heiner. It was based on an image of the famous professional golfer Juan "Chi-Chi" Rodríguez that had found on a golf strap. According to Casale, David Berman, Senior Vice President of business affairs at their record label, Warner Bros., decided that the image could not be used because "he was a golf fan and felt we were making fun of Chi Chi." The band offered to contact Rodriguez personally but had time constraints, due to the forthcoming production of their album. The manager of the company's art department, Rick Serini, recommended an artist who could airbrush and alter the face of the picture, while lead singer Mark Mothersbaugh offered a picture he'd procured from a local newspaper that morphed the faces of U.S. presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. These ideas were later morphed with the original "Chi Chi" Rodriguez image to create the cover art of the album.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: The band did eventually get Rodriguez's permission to use the original photograph. Since the "morphed" album sleeves were already in production by that time, Serini claimed it would cost the band $2,500 to halt production and reinstate the image intended originally by the band, which forced the band to keep the morphed version. According to Casale, "we were able to come out with something that by the corporate interference and misunderstanding of the business side of Warner Bros. Records, actually unwittingly produced something far more Devo than the original [image]." The original cover illustration, with Rodriguez's face intact, turned up on the picture sleeve for the band's third single, "Be Stiff".


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: The European version has completely different artwork and, like the American version's inner sleeve, had photographs taken from the music video for "Jocko Homo". The front cover of the European version depicts a man (Mark Mothersbaugh) wearing goggles, bow tie, and rubber gloves, while the back cover features heads (Gerald Casale, Jim Mothersbaugh, and Bob Mothersbaugh) with sunglasses under nylon stockings.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: Devo received offers to release "Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!" from Warner Bros., Island, Virgin and David Bowie's production company, Bewlay Brothers. Virgin obtained the rights to release the album in the United Kingdom, while Warner Bros. held the rights for North America. The album was originally planned for a spring 1978 release, but had to be delayed due to legal disputes between Warner and Virgin. It was eventually released by Warner in the United States on August 28, 1978, and by Virgin in the United Kingdom on September 1, 1978. Virgin also released a picture disc version of the album, illustrated with a still from the band's 1976 short film "The Truth About De-Evolution".


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: In North America, "Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!" peaked at No. 78 on the Billboard charts, while in the United Kingdom it entered the charts on September 16, 1978, and remained there for seven weeks, peaking at No. 12. "Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!" was also successful in Japan. The album went "silver" in the United Kingdom on January 15, 1979 and "gold" in the United States on .


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: The album's opening track, "Uncontrollable Urge", has been used in several films and television shows, including "The Wolf of Wall Street", "Fun with Dick and Jane", "Ridiculousness" (as a cover along with Mark Mothersbaugh and "yeahs" provided by Rob Dyrdek) and "Jackass".


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: Initial critical reaction to "Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!" was somewhat mixed. Tom Carson, writing in "Rolling Stone", claimed that "There's not an ounce of feeling anywhere, and the only commitment is to the distancing aesthetic of the put-on", and opined that "Devo lacks most of Eno's warmth and much of Bowie's flair for mechanized melodrama. For all its idiosyncrasies, the music here is utterly impersonal." Robert Christgau of "The Village Voice" reacted with muted praise, highlighting Devo's "catchy, comical, herky-jerky rock and roll" while concluding: "In small doses it's as good as novelty music ever gets, and there isn't a really bad cut on this album. But it leads nowhere." Nonetheless, it was voted one of the best albums of the year in "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop critics poll for 1978. In January 1980, "Trouser Press" also named it one of the best albums of 1978.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: Later reception of the album has been more uniformly positive. Steve Huey of the online music database AllMusic termed it "arguably Devo's strongest set of material" and "a seminal touchstone in the development of American new wave." "Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!" has scored on several "best of" lists, including "Spin"s list of the "50 Most Essential Punk Records" and "Pitchfork"s list of the 100 best albums of the 1970s. It was ranked number 447 in "Rolling Stone"s 2003 list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, climbing to number 442 in the 2012 update and shooting up to number 252 in the 2020 reboot of the list. It is also listed in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: To support the album, Devo undertook a lengthy world tour, lasting from October 1978 to June 1979. The look of the tour was largely based around the live act they'd been developing throughout the previous year, with the only differences being the increased budget allowing for higher quality costumes and a basic set, and a focus on the album's material, whilst teasing then unreleased songs for the next album.


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: The show would open with the band's 1976 short film "The Truth About De-Evolution", followed by their 1978 promo videos for "Satisfaction" and "Come Back Jonee". When the band arrived on stage, they performed two songs that were not on the album supporting the tour. Then Mark Mothersbaugh would get a modified electric guitar, which would only be used for the songs "Satisfaction" and "Too Much Paranoias."


title: Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!

text: As the show would continue, the group's signature yellow suits would be gradually torn, until "Jocko Homo," where Devo would strip down to black shorts and T shirts with knee and shoulder pads. During the intro to "Smart Patrol", the group donned orange helmets, which were shaken off during the next song, "Mr. DNA." The show was ultimately concluded with lead singer Mark Mothersbaugh becoming Booji Boy and singing two songs: "Red Eye" and "The Words Get Stuck in My Throat."


title: Sukhoi Su-30MKK

text: The Sukhoi Su-30MKK (NATO reporting name: Flanker-G) is a modification of the Sukhoi Su-30, incorporating advanced technology from the Sukhoi Su-35 variant. The Su-30MKK was developed by Sukhoi in 1997, as a result of a direct Request for tender between the Russian Federation and China. It is a heavy class, all-weather, long-range strike fighter, and like the Sukhoi Su-30, comparable to the American McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle. Su-30MK2 is a further improvement to Su-30MKK with upgraded avionics and maritime strike capabilities. The MKK and MK2 are currently operated by the People's Liberation Army Air Force, Indonesian Air Force, Vietnam People's Air Force, Venezuelan Air Force and the Ugandan Air Force.


title: Sukhoi Su-30MKK

text: The People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) leadership became concerned by the United States Air Force's (USAF) expanding defended-airspace-penetration and precision-strike capability during the 1990s. As defensive orientated tactics were dropped and more aggressive stances were adopted, the requirement for a heavy fighter with a large combat radius and a precision-guided munition employment capability was placed upon the political leadership of the People's Republic of China.


title: Sukhoi Su-30MKK

text: During a visit to the Russian Federation at the end of 1996, Chinese Premier Li Peng signed an agreement worth US$1.8 billion to purchase 38 advanced Multirole combat aircraft. Technical negotiations started right away.


title: Sukhoi Su-30MKK

text: Sukhoi saw enormous potential to meet China's requirement with its Su-30MK, while incorporating technology from the Su-27M, to develop a new fighter that preserved the type's iconic tall and thick Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer fins as fuel tanks for longer range. The type was to be designated as Su-30MKK ("Modernizirovannyi Kommercheskiy Kitayski" – Modernised Commercial for China).


title: Sukhoi Su-30MKK

text: Final details of the agreement were settled during the Zhuhai Air Show in 1998. The official agreement was signed in Russia by the Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji in March 1999. That same month, a "Bort 501 Blue" prototype made its first flight at the Zhukovsky Air Base.


title: Sukhoi Su-30MKK

text: In November 2000, "Bort 502 Blue" attended the Zhuhai Air Show and a month later the first batch of ten Su-30MKK was delivered. A second batch of 10 were delivered on 21 August 2001, with the third batch of 18 following in December.


title: Sukhoi Su-30MKK

text: In July 2001, Chinese President Jiang Zemin and his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, signed a deal for a further 38 aircraft.


title: Sukhoi Su-30MKK

text: In the year 2002, the two countries were negotiating on the purchase of the Su-30MK2 for the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF). The variant had a revised weapon control system for the Kh-31A air-to-surface missile. A contract for 24 aircraft to be built by KnAAPO was signed in early 2003. All were delivered in 2004.