title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty. Kallmann syndrome is a form of a group of conditions termed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. To distinguish it from other forms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, Kallmann syndrome has the additional symptom of a total lack of sense of smell (anosmia) or a reduced sense of smell. If left untreated, people will have poorly defined secondary sexual characteristics, show signs of hypogonadism, almost invariably are infertile and are at increased risk of developing osteoporosis. A range of other physical symptoms affecting the face, hands and skeletal system can also occur.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: The underlying cause is a failure in the correct production or activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus. This results in low levels of the sex hormones testosterone in males or oestrogen and progesterone in females. Diagnosis normally occurs during teenage years when puberty fails to start.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Lifelong treatment for both sexes is normally required. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the major form of treatment with the aim to replace the missing testosterone or oestrogen and progesterone. Specialised fertility treatments are also available.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: The condition is more commonly diagnosed in males than in females. A 2011 study of the Finnish population produced an estimated incidence of 1 in 48,000 people overall, with 1 in 30,000 for males and 1 in 125,000 for females. Kallmann syndrome was first described by name in a paper published in 1944 by Franz Josef Kallmann, a German-American geneticist. The link between anosmia and hypogonadism had already been noted by Spanish doctor Aureliano Maestre de San Juan in 1856.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: It is normally difficult to distinguish a case of Kallmann syndrome (KS)/hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) from a straightforward constitutional delay of puberty. However, if puberty has not started by either age 14 (girls) or 15 (boys) years and one or more of the non-reproductive features mentioned below is present, then a referral to reproductive endocrinologist might be advisable.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: The features of KS and other forms of HH can be split into two different categories; "reproductive" and "non-reproductive".


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: The exact genetic nature of each particular case of KS/HH will determine which, if any, of the non-reproductive features will occur. The severity of the symptoms will also vary from case to case. Even family members will not show the same range or severity of symptoms.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: KS/HH is most often present from birth but adult onset versions are found in both males and females. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis) functions normally at birth and well into adult life, giving normal puberty and normal reproductive function. The HPG axis then either fails totally or is reduced to a very low level of GnRH release in adult life with no obvious cause (e.g. a pituitary tumour). This will lead to a fall in testosterone or oestrogen levels and infertility.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea is seen in females where the HPG axis is suppressed in response to physical or psychological stress or malnutrition but is reversible with the removal of the stressor.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Some cases of KS/HH appear to reverse during adult life where the HPG axis resumes its normal function and GnRH, LH, and FSH levels return to normal levels. This occurs in an estimated 10 to 22% of people, primarily normosmic CHH cases rather than KS cases and only found in people who have undergone some form of testosterone replacement therapy. It is only normally discovered when testicular volume increases while on testosterone treatment alone and testosterone levels return to normal when treatment is stopped. This type of KS/HH rarely occurs in cases where males have had a history of un-descended testes.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Affected individuals with KS and other forms of HH are almost invariably born with normal sexual differentiation; i.e., they are physically male or female. This is due to the human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) produced by placenta at approximately 12 to 20 weeks gestation (pregnancy) which is normally unaffected by having KS or CHH.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: People with KS/HH lack the surge of GnRH, LH, and FSH that normally occurs between birth and six months of age. This surge is particularly important in infant boys as it helps with testicular descent into the scrotum. The surge of GnRH/LH/FSH in non KS/HH children gives detectable levels of testosterone in boys and oestrogen and progesterone in girls. The lack of this surge can sometimes be used as a diagnostic tool if KS/HH is suspected in a newborn boy, but is not normally distinct enough for diagnosis in girls.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: One possible side effect of having KS/CHH is the increased risk of developing secondary osteoporosis or osteopenia. Oestrogen (females) or testosterone (males) is essential for maintaining bone density. Deficiency in either testosterone or oestrogen can increase the rate of bone resorption while at the same time slowing down the rate of bone formation. Overall this can lead to weakened, fragile bones which have a higher tendency to fracture.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Even a short time with low oestrogen or testosterone, as in cases of delayed diagnosis of KS/CHH can lead to an increased risk of developing osteoporosis but other risk factors, such as smoking are involved so the risk of developing it will vary from person to person. Bone density scans are recommended to monitor the bone mineral density.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: The bone density scan is known as a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan (DEXA or DXA scan). It is a simple test, taking less than 15 minutes to perform. It involves taking a specialised X-ray picture of the spine and hips and measuring the bone mineral density and comparing the result to the average value for a young healthy adult in the general population.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Adequate calcium levels and, probably, more importantly, vitamin D levels are essential for healthy bone density. Some people with KS/CHH will have their levels checked and may be prescribed extra vitamin D tablets or injections to try to prevent the condition getting worse. The role of vitamin D for general overall health is under close scrutiny at the moment with some researchers claiming vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in many populations and can be linked to other diseases.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Some people with severe osteoporosis might be prescribed bisphosphonates to preserve bone mass, in addition to hormone replacement therapy.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: To date at least 25 different genes have been implicated in causing Kallmann syndrome or other forms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism through a disruption in the production or activity of GnRH (37). These genes involved cover all forms of inheritance and no one gene defect has been shown to be common to all cases which makes genetic testing and inheritance prediction difficult.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: The number of genes known to cause cases of KS/CHH is still increasing. In addition it is thought that some cases of KS/CHH are caused by two separate gene defects occurring at the same time.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Individual gene defects can be associated with specific symptoms which can help in identifying which genes to test for. Between 35 and 45% of cases of KS/CHH have an unknown genetic cause.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: The ANOS1 gene defect (previously known as KAL-1) was the first one discovered and the one most commonly tested for. It causes the x-linked form of Kallmann syndrome and is associated with the additional symptoms of anosmia, bimanual synkinesis and renal agenesis. This defect is thought to be responsible for between 5 and 10% of all Kallmann syndrome/CHH cases.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: The underlying cause of Kallmann syndrome or other forms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a failure in the correct action of the hypothalamic hormone GnRH. The term isolated GnRH deficiency (IGD) has increasingly been used to describe this group of conditions as it highlights the primary cause of these conditions and distinguishes them from other conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome or Turner syndrome which share some similar symptoms but have a different etiology. The term hypogonadism describes a low level of circulating sex hormones; testosterone in males and oestrogen and progesterone in females. Hypogonadism can occur through a number of different mechanisms. The use of the term hypogonadotropic relates to the fact that the hypogonadism found in HH is caused by a disruption in the production of the gonadotropin hormones normally released by the anterior pituitary gland known as luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Failure in GnRH activity can otherwise be due to the absence of the GnRH releasing neurons inside the hypothalamus. HH can occur as an isolated condition with just the LH and FSH production being affected or it can occur in combined pituitary deficiency conditions.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: In the first 10 weeks of normal embryonic development, the GnRH releasing neurons migrate from their original source in the nasal region and end up inside the hypothalamus. These neurons originate in an area of the developing head, the olfactory placode, that will give rise to the olfactory epithelium; they then pass through the cribriform plate, along with the fibres of the olfactory nerves, and into the rostral forebrain. From there they migrate to what will become the hypothalamus. Any problems with the development of the olfactory nerve fibres will prevent the progression of the GnRH releasing neurons towards the brain.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Diagnosing KS and other forms of CHH is complicated by the difficulties in distinguishing between a normal constitutional delay of puberty or a case of KS/CHH. The diagnosis is often one of exclusion found during the workup of delayed puberty.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: In males, the use of age appropriate levels of testosterone can help to distinguish between a case of KS/CHH from a case of delayed puberty. If no puberty is apparent, especially no testicular development, then a review by a reproductive endocrinologist may be appropriate. If puberty is not apparent by the age of 16 then the person should be referred for endocrinological review. Post natal diagnosis of KS/CHH before the age of 6 months is sometimes possible as the normal post natal hormonal surge of gonadotropins along with testosterone or oestrogen is absent in babies with KS/CHH. This lack of detectable hormones in the blood can be used as a diagnostic indicator, especially in male infants.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: In females, diagnosis is sometimes further delayed as other causes of amenorrhoea normally have to be investigated first before a case of KS/CHH is considered.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Diagnosis of KS/CHH normal involves a range of clinical, biochemical and radiological tests to exclude other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: For both males and females, the initial aim for treatment is the development of the secondary sexual characteristics normally seen at puberty. Once this has been achieved, continued hormone replacement therapy is required for both males and females to maintain sexual function, bone health, libido and general wellbeing. In males, testosterone replacement therapy is required for the maintenance of normal muscle mass.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Early treatment is sometimes required for male infants with suspected KS/CHH to correct undescended testes and micropenis if present with the use or surgery or gonadotropin or DHT treatment. Females with KS/CHH normally do not require any treatment before adolescence. Currently, no treatments exist for the lack of sense of smell, mirror movement of the hands or the absence of one kidney.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Treatment for both males and females with KS/CHH normally consists of one of three options which can be used for both hormone replacement therapy and/or fertility treatment.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: The method and dose of treatment will vary depending on the individual being treated. Initial treatment is normally made with lower doses in younger patients in order to develop the secondary sexual characteristics before adult doses are reached.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: For males with KS/CHH the types of testosterone delivery include daily patches, daily gel use, daily capsules, subcutaneous or intramuscular injections or six-monthly implants. Different formulations of testosterone are used to ensure both the anabolic and androgenic effects of testosterone are achieved. Nasal testosterone delivery methods have been developed but their use in KS/CHH treatment has not been formally evaluated.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Gonadotropin therapy, in the form of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injections, with or without the use of FSH, can also be used in male patients to induce secondary sexual characteristic development alongside possible fertility induction.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: For females, hormone replacement involves the use of oestrogen and progesterone. Firstly, oestrogen is used in tablet or gel form in order to maximise breast development, then a combination of oestrogen and progesterone is used. Cyclical progesterone is normally required to help keep the endometrium (lining of the uterus) healthy.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: In males, the monitoring of treatment normally requires the measurement of serum testosterone, inhibin B, haematocrit and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). If injections are used, trough levels are taken to ensure an adequate level of testosterone is achieved throughout the injection cycle.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: In females monitoring normally consists of measurement of oestrogen, FSH, LH, inhibin B and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH).


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Standard hormone replacement therapy will not normally induce fertility in either males or females, with no testicular growth in males. Early treatment as adolescents can help with psychological well-being of people with KS/CHH.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Gonadotropin therapy can be used in both male and female patients in order to achieve fertility for some people.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Pulsatile GnRH therapy can also be used to induce fertility, especially in females, but its use is limited to a few specialist treatment centres.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: In males with KS/CHH, infertility is primarily due to the lack of sperm production within the testes. Sperm production can be achieved through either the use of GnRH administered via a microinfusion pump or through the use of gonadotropin injections (hCG, FSH, hMG). The time taken to achieve adequate sperm production for natural conception will vary from person to person. If the pre-treatment testes are very small and there has been a history of undescended testes it might take longer to achieve sperm production. In these cases, assisted reproductive technology, such as sperm retrieval using testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), might be required.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: In females with KS/CHH, infertility is primarily due to the lack of maturation of eggs located within the ovaries. Ovulation induction can be achieved either with pulsatile GnRH therapy or alternatively with gonadotropin injections (hCG, FSH, hMG) given at set intervals to trigger the maturation and release of the egg for natural conception.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Reversal cases have been seen in both KS and normosmic CHH but appear to be less common in cases of KS (where the sense of smell is also affected). Reversal is not always permanent and the precise genetic causes are not yet fully understood.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: The epidemiology of Kallmann syndrome is not well understood. Individual studies include a 1986 report reviewing medical records in the Sardinian army which found a prevalence of 1 in 86,000 men and a 2011 report from Finland which found a prevalence of 1:30,000 for males and 1:125,000 for females.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Kallmann syndrome occurs about 4 times more often in males than females, but is only 2.5 times more common among males in familial cases.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Kallmann syndrome was first described by name in a paper published in 1944 by Franz Josef Kallmann, a German-American geneticist. The link between anosmia and hypogonadism had already been noted by the Spanish doctor Aureliano Maestre de San Juan in 1856. In the 1950s, De Morsier and Gauthier reported the partial or complete absence of the olfactory bulb in the brains of men with hypogonadism.


title: Kallmann syndrome

text: Kisspeptin is a protein that regulates the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus, which in turn regulates the release of LH and, to a lesser extent, FSH from the anterior pituitary gland. Kisspeptin and its associated receptor KISS1R are known to be involved in the regulation of puberty. Studies have shown there is potential for kisspeptin to be used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain cases of Kallmann syndrome and CHH.


title: Foreigner discography

text: The discography of Foreigner, a British-American rock band, consists of 9 studio albums, 7 live albums, 20 compilation albums, and 47 singles.


title: Foreigner discography

text: The band was formed in New York City in 1976 by veteran English musicians Mick Jones and Ian McDonald, and American vocalist Lou Gramm. Since then, Foreigner has released nine studio albums, seven of which have reached the top 30 of the "Billboard" 200 chart. "4" was the band's only chart-topper in the US, while "Agent Provocateur" was their only album to achieve the same feat on the UK Albums Chart. Overall, Foreigner's albums have sold more than 50 million copies worldwide, almost 40 million of them in the United States alone.


title: Foreigner discography

text: Among the 47 singles released by the band, 14 of them became top 20 hits in the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, including the number-one song "I Want to Know What Love Is" and the number-two "Waiting for a Girl Like You", which spent a record-setting 10 weeks at the number 2 position of the chart without ever reaching the top. Four of these singles were certified Gold by the RIAA for shipments of over a million copies, all of them which peaked within the top 3 ("Hot Blooded", "Double Vision", "Waiting for a Girl Like You" and "I Want to Know What Love Is"). Despite its British roots, the band achieved only moderate success in the UK Singles Chart, with only two of their songs, "Waiting for a Girl Like You" and "I Want to Know What Love Is", peaking within the top 20.


title: Foreigner discography

text: In 2014, Rhino released a boxed set of the band's seven albums recorded for Atlantic entitled "Foreigner: The Complete Atlantic Studios Albums 1977-1991". The first four albums that were expanded to include bonus tracks in 2002 were included in the set along with the remaining albums by the band. These were housed in cardboard replicas of the original vinyl sleeves.


title: Moisturizer

text: A moisturizer, or emollient, is a cosmetic preparation used for protecting, moisturizing, and lubricating the skin. These functions are normally performed by sebum produced by healthy skin. The word "emollient" is derived from the Latin verb "mollire", to soften.


title: Moisturizer

text: In the human body, water constantly evaporates from the deeper layers of the skin through an effect known as transepidermal water loss (TEWL). By regulating its water content, human skin naturally maintains a dry, easily shed surface as a barrier against pathogens, dirt, or damage, while protecting itself from drying out and becoming brittle and rigid. The ability to retain moisture depends on the lipid bilayer between the corneocytes.


title: Moisturizer

text: Moisturizers modify the rate of water loss, with active ingredients of moisturizers falling into one of two categories: occlusives and humectants.


title: Moisturizer

text: Occlusives form a coating on the surface of the skin, keeping moisture from escaping. The more occlusive the formulation, the greater the effect. Ointments are more occlusive than aqueous creams, which are more occlusive than lotion. Water loss through the skin is normally about 4–8 g/(m²⋅h). A layer of petrolatum applied to normal skin can reduce that loss by 50–75% for several hours. Oils naturally produced by the human body moisturize through this same mechanism.


title: Moisturizer

text: Humectants absorb water. They can absorb this water from the air and moisturize the skin when the humidity is greater than 70%, but more commonly they draw water from the dermis into the epidermis, making skin dryer. A study published in Skin Research and Technology in 2001 found no link between humectants and moisturizing effect. When used in practical applications, they are almost always combined with occlusives.


title: Moisturizer

text: Moisturizers often contain water, which acts as a temporary hydration agent as well as a way for the absorption of some components and evaporation of the moisturizer.


title: Moisturizer

text: There are many different types of moisturizers. Petrolatum is one of the most effective moisturizers, although it can be unpopular due to its oily consistency.


title: Moisturizer

text: Other popular moisturizers are cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, cocoa butter, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, lanolin, liquid paraffin, polyethylene glycols, shea butter, silicone oils, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol and castor oil, as well as other oils.


title: Moisturizer

text: Mineral oils and waxes are insensitive to oxidation or rancidity. For this reason, they have essentially replaced vegetable oils in emollients and topical medication.


title: Moisturizer

text: Moisturizer cosmetics may additionally contain antioxidants, ceramides, emulsifiers, fragrances, penetration enhancers, preservatives, and solvents. Some products are marketed as having anti-wrinkle and skin enhancement effects. Many plant and animal extracts have been claimed to impart skin benefits, with little scientific evidence.


title: Moisturizer

text: Moisturizers are used for the treatment of certain skin diseases, such as psoriasis, ichthyosis vulgaris, xerosis, and pruritus in atopic dermatitis. More often, they are bases or vehicles for topical medication, such as in Whitfield's ointment. They are often combined with humectants, such as salicylic acid and urea.


title: Moisturizer

text: Moisturizers are also widely used in sunscreens, antiperspirants, skin cleansers, shaving creams, aftershaves, and hair tonics.


title: Moisturizer

text: A Cochrane review noted that moisturizers show some beneficial effects in eczema. The same review did not find evidence that one moisturizer is better than another.


title: Moisturizer

text: Persistent moisturization to the skin from exposure to water may contribute to an allergic reaction or irritant contact dermatitis, and can result in penetration of foreign objects.


title: Moisturizer

text: Changes in the skin's normal ecological environment, in or on the skin, can also support the overgrowth of pathological organisms.


title: Moisturizer

text: Moisturizers containing some aromas or food additives may trigger an immune reaction or even cause users to develop new allergies.


title: Moisturizer

text: There is currently no regulation over use of the term "hypoallergenic", and even pediatric skin products with the label were found to still contain allergens.


title: Moisturizer

text: Those with eczema are especially vulnerable to an allergic reaction with lotions and creams, as their compromised skin barrier allows preservatives to bind with and activate immune cells.


title: Moisturizer

text: The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology released a warning in 2014 that natural lotion containing ingredients commonly found in food (such as goats milk, cow's milk, coconut milk, or oil) may introduce new allergies, and an allergic reaction when those foods are later consumed. A paper published in 2021 by researchers at St. George’s, University of London found that frequent skin moisturization in early life might promote the development of food allergy, even when skin conditions such as eczema are taken into account.


title: Moisturizer

text: Paraffin based skincare products and contaminated clothing can pose a serious fire hazard. Between 2010 and 2018, paraffin was linked to 50 fire incidents (49 of which were fatal) in the U.K. A West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service study found that clothing contaminated with cream containing only 21% paraffin, when set alight, was fully engulfed in flame in 3 seconds. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) released a warning in 2008 about the flammability of paraffin-based products. MHRA recommends that sheets of people using paraffin are changed regularly, and that people refrain from smoking or bringing open flames around patients using paraffin. MHRA also recommends that skin creams containing any paraffin have a flammability warning on the packaging.


title: On Liberty

text: On Liberty is a philosophical essay by the English philosopher John Stuart Mill. Published in 1859, it applies Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state. Mill suggests standards for the relationship between authority and liberty. He emphasizes the importance of individuality, which he considers prerequisite to the higher pleasures—the "summum bonum" of utilitarianism. Furthermore, Mill asserts that democratic ideals may result in the "tyranny of the majority". Among the standards proposed are Mill's three basic liberties of individuals, his three legitimate objections to government intervention, and his two maxims regarding the relationship of the individual to society.


title: On Liberty

text: "On Liberty" was a greatly influential and well-received work. Some classical liberals and libertarians have criticized it for its apparent discontinuity with "Utilitarianism", and vagueness in defining the arena within which individuals can contest government infringements on their personal freedom of action. The ideas presented in "On Liberty" have remained the basis of much political thought. It has remained in print since its initial publication. A copy of "On Liberty" is passed to the president of the British Liberal Democrats as a symbol of office.


title: On Liberty

text: Mill's marriage to Harriet Taylor Mill greatly influenced the concepts in "On Liberty", which was published shortly after she died.


title: On Liberty

text: According his autobiography, "On Liberty" was first conceived as a short essay in 1854. As the ideas developed, the essay was expanded, rewritten and "sedulously" corrected by Mill and his wife, Harriet Taylor Mill. After suffering a mental breakdown and eventually meeting and subsequently marrying Harriet, Mill changed many of his beliefs on moral life and women's rights. Mill states that "On Liberty" "was more directly and literally our joint production than anything else which bears my name."


title: On Liberty

text: The final draft was nearly complete when his wife died suddenly in 1858. Mill suggests that he made no alterations to the text at this point and that one of his first acts after her death was to publish it and to "consecrate it to her memory." The composition of this work was also indebted to the work of the German thinker Wilhelm von Humboldt, especially his essay "On the Limits of State Action". Finally published in 1859, "On Liberty" was one of Mill's two most influential books (the other being "Utilitarianism").


title: On Liberty

text: John Stuart Mill opens his essay by discussing the historical "struggle between authority and liberty," describing the tyranny of government, which, in his view, needs to be controlled by the liberty of the citizens. He divides this control of authority into two mechanisms: necessary rights belonging to citizens, and the "establishment of constitutional checks by which the consent of the community, or of a body of some sort, supposed to represent its interests, was made a necessary condition to some of the more important acts of the governing power." Because society was—in its early stages—subjected to such turbulent conditions (i.e. small population and constant war), it was forced to accept rule "by a master." However, as mankind progressed, it became conceivable for the people to rule themselves. Mill admits that this new form of society seemed immune to tyranny because "there was no fear of tyrannizing over self." Despite the high hopes of the Enlightenment, Mill argues that the democratic ideals were not as easily met as expected. First, even in democracy, the rulers were not always the same sort of people as the ruled. Second, there is a risk of a "tyranny of the majority" in which the many oppress the few who, according to democratic ideals, have just as much a right to pursue their legitimate ends.


title: On Liberty

text: In Mill's view, tyranny of the majority is worse than tyranny of government because it is not limited to a political function. Where one can be protected from a tyrant, it is much harder to be protected "against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling." The prevailing opinions within society will be the basis of all rules of conduct within society; thus there can be no safeguard in law against the tyranny of the majority. Mill's proof goes as follows: the majority opinion may not be the correct opinion. The only justification for a person's preference for a particular moral belief is that it is that person's preference. On a particular issue, people will align themselves either for or against that issue; the side of greatest volume will prevail, but is not necessarily correct. In conclusion to this analysis of past governments, Mill proposes a single standard for which a person's liberty may be restricted:


title: On Liberty

text: That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant... Over himself, over his body and mind, the individual is sovereign.


title: On Liberty

text: Mill clarifies that this standard is solely based on utility, not on natural rights. According to Mill, children and "barbarian" nations are benefited by limited freedom. Just despots, such as Charlemagne and Akbar the Great, were historically beneficial to people not yet fit to rule themselves.


title: On Liberty

text: J. S. Mill concludes the Introduction by discussing what he claimed were the three basic liberties in order of importance:


title: On Liberty

text: While Mill admits that these freedoms could—in certain situations—be pushed aside, he claims that in contemporary and civilised societies there is no justification for their removal.


title: On Liberty

text: In the second chapter, J. S. Mill attempts to prove his claim from the first chapter that opinions ought never to be suppressed. Looking to the consequences of suppressing opinions, he concludes that opinions ought never to be suppressed, stating, "Such prejudice, or oversight, when it [i.e. false belief] occurs, is altogether an evil; but it is one from which we cannot hope to be always exempt, and must be regarded as the price paid for an inestimable good." He claims that there are three sorts of beliefs that can be had—wholly false, partly true, and wholly true—all of which, according to Mill, benefit the common good:


title: On Liberty

text: Mill spends a large portion of the chapter discussing implications of and objections to the policy of never suppressing opinions. In doing so, Mill explains his opinion of Christian ethics, arguing that, while they are praiseworthy, they are incomplete on their own. Therefore, Mill concludes that suppression of opinion based on belief in infallible doctrine is dangerous. Among the other objections Mill answers is the objection that the truth will necessarily survive persecution and that society need only teach the grounds for truth, not the objections to it. Near the end of Chapter 2, Mill states that "unmeasured vituperation, enforced on the side of prevailing opinion, deters people from expressing contrary opinion, and from listening to those who express them."


title: On Liberty

text: In the third chapter, J. S. Mill points out the inherent value of individuality since individuality is "ex vi termini" (i.e. by definition) the thriving of the human person through the higher pleasures. He argues that a society ought to attempt to promote individuality as it is a prerequisite for creativity and diversity. With this in mind, Mill believes that conformity is dangerous. He states that he fears that Western civilization approaches this well-intentioned conformity to praiseworthy maxims characterized by the Chinese civilization. Therefore, Mill concludes that actions in themselves do not matter. Rather, the person behind the action and the action together are valuable. He writes:


title: On Liberty

text: In the fourth chapter, J. S. Mill explains a system in which a person can discern what aspects of life should be governed by the individual and which by society. Generally, he holds that a person should be left as free to pursue his own interests as long as this does not harm the interests of others. In such a situation, "society has jurisdiction over [the person's conduct]." He rejects the idea that this liberty is simply for the purpose of allowing selfish indifference. Rather, he argues that this liberal system will bring people to the good more effectively than physical or emotional coercion. This principle leads him to conclude that a person may, without fear of just punishment, do harm to himself through vice. Governments, he claims, should only punish a person for neglecting to fulfill a duty to others (or causing harm to others), not the vice that brought about the neglect.


title: On Liberty

text: J. S. Mill spends the rest of the chapter responding to objections to his maxim. He notes the objection that he contradicts himself in granting societal interference with youth because they are irrational but denying societal interference with certain adults though they act irrationally. Mill first responds by restating the claim that society ought to punish the harmful consequences of the irrational conduct, but not the irrational conduct itself which is a personal matter. Furthermore, he notes the societal obligation is not to ensure that each individual is moral throughout adulthood. Rather, he states that, by educating youth, society has the opportunity and duty to ensure that a generation, as a whole, is generally moral.


title: On Liberty

text: Where some may object that there is justification for certain religious prohibitions in a society dominated by that religion, he argues that members of the majority ought make rules that they would accept should they have been the minority. He states, "unless we are willing to adopt the logic of persecutors, and say that we may persecute others because we are right, and that they must not persecute us because they are wrong, we must beware of admitting a principle of which we should resent as a gross injustice the application to ourselves." In saying this, he references an earlier claim that morals and religion cannot be treated in the same light as mathematics because morals and religion are vastly more complex. Just as with living in a society which contains immoral people, Mill points out that agents who find another's conduct depraved do not have to socialise with the other, merely refrain from impeding their personal decisions. While Mill generally opposes the religiously motivated societal interference, he admits that it is conceivably permissible for religiously motivated laws to prohibit the use of what no religion obligates. For example, a Muslim state could feasibly prohibit pork. However, Mill still prefers a policy of society minding its own business.


title: On Liberty

text: This last chapter applies the principles laid out in the previous sections. He begins by summarising these principles:


title: On Liberty

text: Mill first applies these principles to the economy. He concludes that free markets are preferable to those controlled by governments. While it may seem, because "trade is a social act," that the government ought intervene in the economy, Mill argues that economies function best when left to their own devices. Therefore, government intervention, though theoretically permissible, would be counterproductive. Later, he attacks government-run economies as "despotic." He believes that if the government ran the economy, then all people would aspire to be part of a bureaucracy that had no incentive to further the interests of any but itself.


title: On Liberty

text: Next Mill investigates in what ways a person may try to prevent harm. He first admits that a person should not wait for injury to happen, but ought try to prevent it. Second, he states that agents must consider whether that which can cause injury can cause injury exclusively. He gives the example of selling poison. Poison can cause harm. However, he points out that poison can also be used for good. Therefore, selling poison is permissible. Yet, due to the risk entailed in selling poison or like products (e.g. alcohol), he sees no danger to liberty to require warning labels on the product. Again, Mill applies his principle. He considers the right course of action when an agent sees a person about to cross a condemned bridge without being aware of the risk. Mill states that because the agent presumably has interest in not crossing a dangerous bridge (i.e. if he knew the facts concerned with crossing the bridge, he would not desire to cross the bridge), it is permissible to forcibly stop the person from crossing the bridge. He qualifies the assertion stating that, if the means are available, it is better to warn the unaware person.


title: On Liberty

text: With regard to taxing to deter agents from buying dangerous products, he makes a distinction. He states that to tax solely to deter purchases is impermissible because prohibiting personal actions is impermissible and "[e]very increase of cost is a prohibition, to those whose means do not come up to the augmented price." However, because a government must tax to some extent in order to survive, it may choose to take its taxes from what it deems most dangerous.


title: On Liberty

text: Mill expands upon his principle of punishing the consequences rather than the personal action. He argues that a person who is empirically prone to act violently (i.e. harm society) from drunkenness (i.e. a personal act) should be uniquely restricted from the drinking. He further stipulates that repeat offenders should be punished more than first time offenders.


title: On Liberty

text: On the subject of fornication and gambling, Mill has no conclusive answer, stating, "[t]here are arguments on both sides." He suggests that while the actions might be "tolerated" in private, promoting the actions (i.e. being a pimp or keeping a gambling house) "should not be permitted." He reaches a similar conclusion with acts of indecency, concluding that public indecency is condemnable.


title: On Liberty

text: Mill continues by addressing the question of social interference in suicide. He states that the purpose of liberty is to allow a person to pursue their interest. Therefore, when a person intends to terminate their ability to have interests it is permissible for society to step in. In other words, a person does not have the freedom to surrender their freedom. To the question of divorce, Mill argues that marriages are one of the most important structures within society; however, if a couple mutually agrees to terminate their marriage, they are permitted to do so because society has no grounds to intervene in such a deeply personal contract.


title: On Liberty

text: Mill believes that government run education is an evil because it would destroy diversity of opinion for all people to be taught the curriculum developed by a few. The less evil version of state run schooling, according to Mill, is that which competes against other privately run schools. In contrast, Mill believes that governments ought to require and fund private education. He states that they should enforce mandatory education through minor fines and annual standardised testing that tested only uncontroversial fact. He goes on to emphasise the importance of a diverse education that teaches opposing views (e.g. Kant and Locke). He concludes by stating that it is legitimate for states to forbid marriages unless the couple can prove that they have "means of supporting a family" through education and other basic necessities.


title: On Liberty

text: "On Liberty" was enormously popular in the years following its publication. Thomas Hardy recalled later in life that undergraduates in the 1860s knew the book almost by heart. Criticisms of the book in the 19th century came chiefly from thinkers who felt that Mill's concept of liberty left the door open for barbarism, such as Thomas Carlyle, James Fitzjames Stephen and Matthew Arnold.


title: On Liberty

text: In more recent times, although "On Liberty" garnered adverse criticism, it has been largely received as an important classic of political thought for its ideas and accessibly lucid style. Denise Evans and Mary L. Onorato summarise the modern reception of "On Liberty", stating: "[c]ritics regard his essay "On Liberty" as a seminal work in the development of British liberalism. Enhanced by his powerful, lucid, and accessible prose style, Mill's writings on government, economics, and logic suggest a model for society that remains compelling and relevant." As one sign of the book's importance, a copy of "On Liberty" is the symbol of office for the president of the Liberal Democrat Party in England.


title: On Liberty

text: The historian Peter Marshall described "On Liberty" as "one of the great classics of libertarian thought", due to its exaltation of individual freedoms.


title: On Liberty

text: Mill makes it clear throughout "On Liberty" that he "regard[s] utility as the ultimate appeal on all ethical questions", a standard he inherited from his father, a follower of Jeremy Bentham. Though J. S. Mill claims that all of his principles on liberty appeal to the ultimate authority of utilitarianism, according to Nigel Warburton, much of the essay can seem divorced from his supposed final court of appeals. Mill seems to idealize liberty and rights at the cost of utility. For instance, Mill writes:


title: On Liberty

text: This claim seems to go against the principle of utilitarianism, that it is permissible that one should be harmed so that the majority could benefit.


title: On Liberty

text: Warburton argues that Mill is too optimistic about the outcome of free speech. Warburton suggests that there are situations in which it would cause more happiness to suppress truth than to permit it. For example, if a scientist discovered a comet about to kill the planet in a matter of weeks, it may cause more happiness to suppress the truth than to allow society to discover the impending danger.


title: On Liberty

text: While David Brink concedes that Mill's apparently categorical appeal to rights seems to contradict utilitarianism, he points out that Mill does not believe rights are truly categorical because Mill opposes unrestrained liberty (e.g. offensive public exposure).


title: On Liberty

text: Furthermore, David Brink tries to reconcile Mill's system of rights with utilitarianism in three ways:


title: On Liberty

text: Some thinkers have criticised Mill's writing for its apparent narrow or unclear focus in several areas. Mill makes clear that he only considers adults in his writing, failing to account for how irrational members of society, such as children, ought to be treated. Yet Mill's theory relies upon the proper upbringing of children. Plank has asserted that Mill fails to account for physical harm, solely concerning himself with spiritual wellbeing. He also argues that, while much of Mill's theory depends upon a distinction between private and public harm, Mill seems not to have provided a clear focus on or distinction between the private and public realms.


title: On Liberty

text: Nigel Warburton states that though Mill encourages religious tolerance, because he does not speak from the perspective of a specific religion, some claim that he does not account for what certain religious beliefs would entail when governing a society. Some religions believe that they have a God given duty to enforce religious norms. For them, it seems impossible for their religious beliefs to be wrong, i.e. the beliefs are infallible. Therefore, according to Warburton, Mill's principle of total freedom of speech may not apply.


title: On Liberty

text: The harm principle is central to the principles in "On Liberty". Nigel Warburton says that Mill appears unclear about what constitutes harm. Early in the book, he claims that simply being offensive does not constitute harm. Later, he writes that certain acts which are permissible and harmless in private are worthy of being prohibited in public. This seems to contradict his earlier claim that merely offensive acts do not warrant prohibition because, presumably, the only harm done by a public act which is harmless in private is that it is offensive.


title: On Liberty

text: Warburton notes that some people argue that morality is the basis of society, and that society is the basis of individual happiness. Therefore, if morality is undermined, so is individual happiness. Hence, since Mill claims that governments ought to protect the individual's ability to seek happiness, governments ought to intervene in the private realm to enforce moral codes.


title: On Liberty

text: Mill is clear that his concern for liberty does not extend to all individuals and all societies. He states that "Despotism is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians". Contemporary philosophers Domenico Losurdo and David Theo Goldberg have strongly criticised Mill as a racist and an apologist for colonialism. However, during his term as a Member of Parliament, he chaired the extraparliamentary Jamaica Committee, which for two years unsuccessfully sought the prosecution of Governor Eyre and his subordinates for military violence against Jamaican Blacks.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia (;  – 26 February 1970) was the only daughter and eldest child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. She was the first grandchild of Tsar Alexander III and the only biological niece of Tsar Nicholas II. Irina was married to the wealthiest man in Imperial Russia, Prince Felix Felixovich Yusupov. Her husband was one of the men who murdered Grigori Rasputin, "holy healer" to Irina's cousin, the hemophiliac Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, in 1916.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Before her marriage on , Irina, the eldest child and only daughter in a family of seven children, was considered one of the most elegant women in Imperial Russia. Her family had spent long periods living in the south of France beginning in about 1906 because of her father's political disagreements with the Tsar.Her father was also carrying on an affair with a woman in the south of France and often asked Xenia for a divorce, which she refused to grant him. Xenia enjoyed extramarital affairs as well. Irina's parents tried to hide their unhappy marriage from their seven children, and Irina, a shy and tongue-tied girl with deep blue eyes and dark hair, had a happy childhood. Irina was often called Irène, the French version of her name, or Irene, the English version. Her mother sometimes nicknamed her "Baby Rina." The Romanovs, heavily influenced by the French and English, spoke French better than Russian and often used the foreign versions of their first names to refer to each other.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Her husband-to-be, Felix Yusupov, was a man from a very wealthy family who enjoyed dressing in women's clothing and had sexual relationships with both men and women, scandalizing society, but he was also genuinely religious and willing to help others even when his own financial circumstances were reduced. At one point, in a fit of enthusiasm, he planned to give all his riches to the poor in imitation of his mentor, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna. "Felix's ideas are absolutely revolutionary," a disapproving Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna once said. He was persuaded not to do so by his mother, Zenaida, who said he had a duty to marry and continue the family line because he was her only surviving son. The future murderer of Rasputin also had a horror of the bloodshed and violence of war.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Felix, being bisexual, was not certain if he was "fit for marriage." Still, he was drawn to Irina and her icon-like beauty when he first encountered her. "One day when I was out riding I met a very beautiful girl accompanied by an elderly lady. Our eyes met and she made such an impression on me that I reined in my horse to gaze at her as she walked on," he wrote in his memoirs. One day in 1910, he was paid a visit by Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna and was happy to discover the girl he had seen on the riding trail was their only daughter, Irina. "This time I had plenty of time to admire the wondrous beauty of the girl who was eventually to become my wife and lifelong companion. She had beautiful features, clear-cut as a cameo, and looked very like her father." He renewed his acquaintance with Irina in 1913 and was even more drawn to her. "She was very shy and reserved, which added a certain mystery to her charm... Little by little, Irina became less timid. At first her eyes were more eloquent than her conversation but, as she became more expansive, I learned to admire the keenness of her intelligence and her sound judgment. I concealed nothing in my past life from her, and, far from being perturbed by what I told her, she showed great tolerance and comprehension." Yusupov wrote that Irina, perhaps because she had grown up with so many brothers, showed none of the artifice or lack of honesty that had put him off relations with other women.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Although Irina was understanding about Yusupov's wild past, her parents were not. When her parents and maternal grandmother Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna heard the rumours about Felix, they wanted to call off the wedding. Most of the stories that they heard had originated from Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia, Irina's first cousin once removed, who had been one of Felix's friends and, it has been speculated, might have been involved in a romantic relationship with Felix. Dmitri told Felix he was also interested in marrying Irina, but Irina said she preferred Felix. Felix was able to persuade Irina's reluctant family to relent and allow the ceremony to go forward.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: However, neither he nor Irina appeared to have objected to the morganatic terms of the marriage: "All members of the dynasty who married someone not of royal blood were obliged to sign a document renouncing their rights to the throne. Although Irina was very distant in the line of succession, she had to comply with this regulation before marrying me; but it did not seem to worry her very much." It was the society wedding of the year and the last such occasion in Russian society before World War I. Irina wore a 20th-century dress rather than the traditional court dress in which other Romanov brides had married, as she was a princess of the Imperial House, not a Grand Duchess. She wore a diamond and rock-crystal tiara that had been commissioned from Cartier and a lace veil that had belonged to Marie Antoinette. Guests at the wedding commented on what an attractive couple Felix and Irina made: "What an amazing couple–they were so attractive. What bearing! What breeding!" said one guest.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Irina was given away by her uncle, Nicholas II, and his wedding present to her was a bag of 29 uncut diamonds, ranging from three to seven carats. Irina and Felix also received a large assortment of precious gems from other wedding guests. They later managed to take many of these gems out of the country following the Russian Revolution of 1917 to use them to provide a living in exile.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: The Yusupovs were on their honeymoon in Europe and the Middle East when World War I broke out. They were briefly detained in Berlin after the outbreak of hostilities. Irina asked her first cousin, Crown Princess Cecilie of Prussia to intervene with her father-in-law, Kaiser Wilhelm II, who refused to permit them to leave, but offered them a choice of three country estates to live in for the duration of the war. Felix's father appealed to the Spanish ambassador and won permission for them to return to Russia via neutral Denmark to Finland and from there to Petrograd. Upon leaving they were belittled by the German people who called them "Russian pigs" and other names.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Felix converted a wing of his Moika Palace into a hospital for wounded soldiers but avoided entering military service himself by taking advantage of a law exempting only-sons from serving in the war. He entered the Cadet Corps and took an officer's training course but had no intention of joining a regiment. Irina's first cousin, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, to whom she had been close when they were girls, was disdainful of Felix: "Felix is a 'downright civilian,' dressed all in brown, walked to and fro about the room, searching in some bookcases with magazines and virtually doing nothing; an utterly unpleasant impression he makes—a man idling in such times," Olga wrote to her father, Tsar Nicholas II, on 5 March 1915 after paying a visit to the Yusupovs.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Felix and Irina's only daughter, Princess Irina Felixovna Yusupova, nicknamed "Bebé", was born on 21 March 1915. "I shall never forget my happiness when I heard the child's first cry," her father wrote. Irina liked her name and wanted to pass it on to her first child. Her mother Xenia was so worried over the delivery that Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna said it was almost like Xenia was giving birth instead of Irina.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Both Felix and Irina were aware of salacious rumors regarding Rasputin and his association with the worsening political situation that brought rioting, protests and violence. Yusupov and his co-conspirators, Vladimir Purishkevich and Dmitri Pavlovich, decided that Rasputin was destroying the country and must be killed. Felix started paying visits to Rasputin in an attempt to gain his trust. It has been speculated that Felix told the healer that he needed assistance to overcome his homosexual impulses and enjoy a satisfactory marriage to Irina or, alternatively, that it was Irina who needed Rasputin's "cure."


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: On the night of the murder, 16/17 December 1916, Rasputin was invited to Felix's apartment at the Moika Palace. He was told that Irina would be in residence and Rasputin would have an opportunity to meet her. Rasputin had often expressed interest in meeting the beautiful 21-year-old princess. Irina, however, was on a visit to the Crimea. Irina had been aware that Felix had talked about eliminating Rasputin and it was originally intended that she participate in the murder. "You too must take part in it," Felix wrote to her before the murder. "Dm(itri) Pavl(ovich) knows all about it and is helping. It will all take place in the middle of December, when Dm(itri) comes back." In late November 1916, Irina wrote to Felix: "Thanks for your insane letter. I didn't understand the half of it. I see that you're planning to do something wild. Please take care and do not get mixed up in any shady business. The dirtiest thing is that you have decided to do it all without me. I don't see how I can take part in it now, since it's all arranged... In a word, be careful. I see from your letter that you're in a state of wild enthusiasm and ready to climb a wall... I'll be in Petrograd on the 12th or 13th, so don't dare do anything without me, or else I won't come at all."


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Felix responded on 27 November 1916: "Your presence by the middle of December is essential. The plan I'm writing you about has been worked out in detail and is three-quarters done, and only the finale is left, and for that your arrival is awaited. It (the murder) is the only way of saving a situation that is almost hopeless... You will serve as the lure... Of course, not a word to anyone." A frightened Irina suddenly backed out of the plan on 3 December 1916: "I know that if I come, I shall certainly get sick... You don't know how things are with me. I want to cry all the time. My mood is terrible. I've never had one like it before... I don't know myself what's happening to me. Don't drag me to Petrograd. Come down here instead. Forgive me, my dear one, for writing such things to you. But I can't go on any more, I don't know what's the matter with me. Neurasthenia, I think. Don't be angry with me, please don't be angry. I love you terribly. I can't live without you. May the Lord protect you."


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Again, on 9 December 1916, she warned Felix, reporting a foreboding conversation she had had with their 21-month-old daughter: "Something unbelievable's been going on with Baby. A couple of nights ago she didn't sleep well and kept repeating, "War, nanny, war!" The next day she was asked, "War or peace?" And Baby answered, "War!" The next day I said, "Say, 'peace.' " And she looked right at me and answered, "War!" It's very strange."


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Irina's pleas were in vain. Her husband and his co-conspirators went forward with the plan without her. After the killing, Nicolas exiled both Yusupov and Dmitri Pavlovich. Felix was exiled to Rakitnoye, a remote country estate in the Rakityansky District that had been owned by the family since 1729. Dmitri was exiled to the Persian front with the army. Sixteen members of the family signed a letter asking the Tsar to reconsider his decision due to Dmitri's weak health, but Nicholas II refused to consider the petition. "Nobody has the right to kill on his own private judgment," wrote Nicholas II. "I know that there are many others besides Dmitri Pavlovich whose consciences give them no rest, because they are compromised. I am astonished that you should have applied to me." Irina's father, "Sandro", visited the couple at Rakitnoye in February 1917 and found their mood "buoyant, but militant."


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Felix still hoped that Nicholas and the Russian government would respond to Rasputin's death by taking steps to address the increasing political unrest. Felix refused to permit Irina to leave Rakitnoye to join her mother in Petrograd because he felt it was too dangerous. The Tsar abdicated on 2 March, OS, and he and his family were arrested by the Bolsheviks. They were eventually murdered at Yekaterinburg on 17 July 1918. His decision to exile Felix and Dmitri meant that they were among the few members of the Romanov family to escape execution during the Bolshevik Revolution that followed.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Following the abdication of the Tsar, the Yusupovs returned to the Moika Palace before going to Crimea. They later returned to the Palace to retrieve jewellery and two paintings by Rembrandt, the sale proceeds of which helped sustain the family in exile. In Crimea, the family boarded a British warship, , which took them from Yalta to Malta. Felix enjoyed boasting about killing Rasputin while he was on the ship. One of the British officers noted that Irina "appeared shy and retiring at first, but it was only necessary to take a little notice of her pretty, small daughter to break through her reserve and discover that she was also very charming and spoke fluent English". From there, they traveled to Italy and by train to Paris. In Italy, lacking a visa, Felix bribed the officials with diamonds. In Paris, they stayed a few days in Hôtel de Vendôme before they went on to London.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: In 1920, they returned to Paris and bought a house on the Rue Gutenberg in Boulogne-sur-Seine, where they lived most of their lives. Early in the year a disagreement between Dmitri Pavlovich and Felix brought to light Felix's feelings towards his role in the murder of Rasputin. "You talked about it, you almost boast about it, that you did it with your own hand" said a distraught Dmitri in a letter trying to end his friendship with Felix. In 1924,they founded a short-lived couture house called Irfé, which took its name from the first two letters of the names Irina and Felix. Irina modeled some of the dresses. Irfé was later relaunched by Olga Sorokina in 2008. The Yusupovs became renowned in the Russian "émigré" community for their financial generosity. This philanthropy and their continued high living and poor financial management extinguished what remained of the family fortune. Their daughter was largely raised (and spoiled) by her paternal grandparents until she was nine. Her unstable upbringing caused her to become "capricious," according to Felix. Felix and Irina, raised mainly by nannies themselves, were ill-suited to take on the day-to-day burdens of child-rearing. Irina's daughter adored her father but had a more distant relationship with her mother.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Later the family lived from the proceeds of a lawsuit they won against MGM for making a 1932 movie called "Rasputin and the Empress". The lecherous Rasputin seduces the Tsar's only niece, called "Princess Natasha", in the film. Irina was the Czar's only niece by blood, but not his only niece, as he had three nieces from his wife's siblings. In 1934, the Yusupovs won a large judgment against the movie studio. Felix also sued CBS in a New York court in 1965 for televising a play based upon the Rasputin killing. The claim was that some events were fictionalized, and under a New York statute, Felix's commercial rights in his story had been misappropriated. The last reported judicial opinion in the case was a ruling by New York's second highest court that the case could not be resolved upon briefs and affidavits but must go to trial. According to an obituary of CBS's lawyer, CBS eventually won the case.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Felix also wrote his memoirs and continued to be both celebrated and infamous as the man who murdered Rasputin. For the rest of his life, he was haunted by the killing and suffered from nightmares. However, he also had a reputation as a faith healer.


title: Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia

text: Irina and Felix, close to one another as they were distant from their daughter, enjoyed a happy and successful marriage for more than 50 years. When Felix died in 1967, Irina was stricken by grief and died three years later.


title: Sreekaram

text: Sreekaaram () is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language drama film directed by Kishor B and produced by 14 Reels Plus studio. Kishore wrote the script with dialogues by Sai Madhav Burra. The film stars Sharwanand and Priyanka Arul Mohan with Sai Kumar in a pivotal role.


title: Sreekaram

text: The film's production commenced in August 2019. It has music scored by Mickey J. Meyer with cinematography and editing by J. Yuvaraju and Marthand K. Venkatesh respectively. Initially scheduled to release on 24 April 2020, it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film is theatrically released on 11 March 2021 and opened to be positive reviews.


title: Sreekaram

text: Karthik is a happy-go youngster who is a software engineer. Since his father has many debts, he works in a software company and sends his father the money. Chaitra is in love with Karthik since their college days tries hard to woo him. But Karthik seems uninterested. She even comes with her mother to talk to Karthik for a love recommendation. Meanwhile, Karthik gets a promotion to become the manager in the US branch of his company and everyone was happy but as all his debts are over, Karthik decides to quit his job and become a farmer. When Chaitra asks Karthik to meet her father, he politely rejects saying though he likes her, he plans on being a farmer. This upsets Chaitra's dad and he forbids her to see Karthik. Karthik's father is not happy with his decision and avoids talking to him. Karthik later realizes that everyone in his village who works in the city were leading a very hard life. He calls all his villagers for a meeting and says to come back to the village again to start farming. At first, everyone disagrees with the idea and leaves but later a few villagers decide to do farming again. When they approach Karthik, he has an idea of "Ummadi Vyavasayam" (Collective farming in Telugu). They all like the idea and start getting all the supplies.


title: Sreekaram

text: Later, Chaitra comes back for Karthik and she also does farming as well. Ekambaram, zamindar of the village wants to steal all their lands and name their village, Ekambarapuram but Karthik spoils all of his plans. After they sell their first crop, Karthik wanted to use that money to help a fellow villager. Some of them didn't like the idea but reluctantly agree. Later, Ekambaram rumors to villagers that Karthik is using their lands for his own profit. Some of them believe him (Ekambaram) and build fences around their farm. Karthik's father who isn't at good terms with him, asks to sign on the land papers so that he could sell it for his daughter's marriage. Karthik disagrees and his father leaves the village and moves to the city away from Karthik. Meanwhile, a novel Corona virus causes a pandemic and all the roads are blocked,thus crops weren't sent to market. Then, Karthik gets an idea of an app called 'Sreekaram' where they sell crops to the buyers directly instead of supermarkets. The buyers could place the orders and they get sanitized goods delivered to their home.


title: Sreekaram

text: Later, Karthik discovers Ekambaram's plan and confronts him. After a talk, Ekambaram realizes his mistake and starts helping the villagers. Soon, all their crops are sold and the app becomes a big hit. Other villagers who left him earlier, return to the village and join them. Karthik's parents return home too. In the end, Karthik and Chaitra reunite as their parents meet at their sister's marriage.


title: Sreekaram

text: In October 2018, it was reported that Nani was approached for a project by 14 Reels Entertainment's Ram and Gopi Achanta. Directed by debutant filmmaker Kishore Reddy, the lead would play the role of a farmer. However, Sharwanand was confirmed for the role. Titled "Sreekaram", the film was launched formally with a puja ceremony on 30 June 2019 at the office of 14 Reels Plus with Sukumar clapping the first shot. The film was based of Kiran Abbavaram's short film of the same name.


title: Sreekaram

text: With Priyanka Arul Mohan was cast in a lead role in July 2019. Principal photography of the film was commenced in August 2019 in Hyderabad. Village portions were scheduled to be filmed near Anantapur and Tirupati in November 2019.


title: Sreekaram

text: The final leg of the film's shoot was scheduled in March 2020 at Hyderabad. However, the shoot was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India. The filming was resumed in October 2020 and completed a 20-day long schedule at Tirupati.


title: Sreekaram

text: The music for the film is composed by Mickey J. Meyer. On 5 November 2020, the makers released the promo of the first single titled as "Bhalegundi Baalaa", which had lyrics written by Penchal Das, also providing the male vocals of the song, while female vocals were rendered by Nutana Mohan. The full song was released by Lahari Music on 9 November 2020. On 7 January 2021, the makers unveiled the promo of the song "Sandalle Sandalle" which had lyrics written by Sanapati Bharadwaj Patrudu, and vocals by Anurag Kulkarni and Mohana Bhogaraju, and the full song was released the same day.


title: Sreekaram

text: The film was originally scheduled to release on the Sankranthi occasion, although in order to avoid clash with Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo & "Sarileru Neekevvaru", the makers postponed its release to summer. On 1 February 2020, the makers announced the release date as 24 April 2020. However, the release was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2020, the filmmakers entered discussions to release the film via over-the-top media services. The film was theatrically released on 11 March 2021. The film was dubbed and released in Tamil under the same title, "Sreekaram".


title: Sreekaram

text: Y. Sunitha Chowdhary of "The Hindu" called it a "Routine film on farming." She felt that well-intended film could have benefited from a better plot and screenplay. "The Times of India" critic Thadhagadh Pathi rated the film 3/5 and wrote: ""Sreekaram" is an honest attempt to shine light on the plight of the farmers in our country and to show the future generation how it can be a viable profession," however the reviewer added that film should have been more realistic in its approach.


title: Kaala Bhairava

text: Kaala Bhairava is an Indian playback singer and music director who works predominantly in Telugu cinema. He has sung songs in Tamil, Hindi and Kannada, in addition to Telugu. He was the composer of the films "Mathu Vadalara" and "Colour Photo", which received positive reviews and critical acclaim.


title: Kaala Bhairava

text: He garnered acclaim for his songs in "" (2017) and "Peniviti" from "Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava" (2018). He made his debut as a music director with "Mathu Vadalara" (2019) starring his younger brother Sri Simha.


title: Kaala Bhairava

text: His father, M. M. Keeravani, is a popular music composer while his brother Sri Simha is an actor. He is a relative of director S. S. Rajamouli.


Accession of Montenegro to the European Union is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.


title: Accession of Montenegro to the European Union

text: Shortly after voting for independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in a referendum in 2006, Montenegro began the process of accession to the European Union by agreeing to a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU, which officially came into force on 1 May 2010.


text: Montenegro officially applied to join the EU on 15 December 2008, and membership negotiations began on 29 June 2012. With all the negotiating chapters opened, the country enjoys a widespread support among EU members' officials, and accession of the country to the EU is considered possible by 2025.


text: Note: This section covers the relationship between Montenegro and the EU since Montenegro's potential candidate status was granted.


text: Montenegro was granted potential candidate status in December 2002, when it was still in a union with Serbia. The country's European Perspective was recognized by the EU in June of 2006 at the Thessaloniki Summit.


text: On 23 April 2009, the Council invited the European Commission to submit its opinion on the application. The Commission presented Montenegro with a questionnaire to assess its application on 22 July 2009. On 9 December 2009, Montenegro delivered its answers to the EC questionnaire. In 2010, the Commission issued a favourable opinion on Montenegro's application, identifying seven key priorities that would need to be addressed for negotiations to begin.


text: The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro started the process of Accession to the European Union in November 2005, when negotiations over a Stabilisation and Association Agreement began. Such agreements were concluded by the EU with states that have expressed a wish to become members. In exchange for commitments to political, economic, trade, or human rights reform in the country, it may be offered tariff-free access to some or all EU markets (industrial goods, agricultural products, etc.), and financial or technical assistance. In May 2006, Montenegro voted for independence in a referendum and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved. Serbia continued with the existing SAA negotiations, and separate negotiations were launched with Montenegro in September 2006. The Agreement was initialled on 15 March 2007, and officially signed on 15 October 2007. After all the 27 member-states of EU had ratified the SAA, it came into force on 1 May 2010.


text: Montenegro's population is overwhelmingly pro-EU, with 76.2% being in favour according to polling and only 9.8% against, in October 2009.


text: In December 2011, the Council agreed to launch the accession process, with negotiations beginning on 29 June 2012.


text: With all the negotiating chapters opened, the country enjoys a widespread support among EU members' officials, and accession of the country to the EU is considered possible by 2025. In its 2016 assessment of the accession progress, European Commission has identified Montenegro as having the highest level of preparation for membership among the negotiating states. Until 2020, Montenegro had received €507 million of developmental aid from the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, a funding mechanism for EU candidate countries.


text: Montenegro is experiencing ecological, judicial and crime-related problems that may hinder its bid. Montenegro signed an agreement with the Bulgarian government in December 2007 in which Bulgaria will assist Montenegro with its Euro-Atlantic and EU integration for the following three years. To work on these matters the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro has a special agency dedicated to accession to the EU, the Office for assistance to the Chief Negotiator. The goal of the office is to support the task of the Chief Negotiator for Montenegro's Accession to EU, Zorka Kordić. On 27 July 2010, the Parliament passed a non-discrimination law that includes sexual orientation and gender identity as prohibited grounds of discrimination. This was one of the requirements the country had to meet for EU membership.


text: There are currently thirty chapters opened, three chapters that have been provisionally closed, and two chapters in which there is nothing to adopt.


text: Montenegro has no currency of its own. As a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia following World War II, and later of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Montenegro used the Yugoslav dinar as its official currency. In November 1999, the government of Montenegro unilaterally designated the Deutsche Mark as its co-official currency with the dinar, and on 1 January 2001 the dinar officially ceased to be a legal tender in Montenegro. When the euro was introduced and the Deutsche Mark yielded in 2002, Montenegro followed suit and began using the euro as well, with no objection from the European Central Bank (ECB).


text: The European Commission and the ECB have since voiced their discontent over Montenegro's unilateral use of the euro on several occasions. A statement attached to their Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU read: "unilateral introduction of the euro was not compatible with the Treaty." The EU insists on the strict adherence to convergence criteria (such as spending at least 2 years in the ERMII system) which are not negotiable before euro adoption, but have not intervened to stop the unilateral adoption of the euro by Montenegro in 2002. The issue is expected to be resolved through the negotiations process. The ECB has stated that the implications of unilateral euro adoption "would be spelled out at the latest in the event of possible negotiations on EU accession."


text: Diplomats have suggested that it's unlikely Montenegro will be forced to withdraw the euro from circulation in their country. Radoje Žugić, Montenegro's Minister of Finance, has stated that "it would be extremely economically irrational to return to our own currency and then later to again go back to the euro." Instead, he hopes that Montenegro will be permitted to keep the euro and has promised "the government of Montenegro, will adopt some certain elements, which should fulfil the conditions for further use of the euro; such as adopting fiscal rules."


text: On 1 January 2008, the visa facilitation and readmission agreements between Montenegro and the EU entered into force. Montenegro was added to the list of visa exempt nationals on 19 December 2009, allowing their citizens to enter the Schengen Area, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania without a visa when traveling with biometric passports. Visa liberalisation process does not include travels to Ireland as this country operates its own respective visa regime outside of the Schengen Agreement.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Ryan Patrick Murphy (born November 9, 1965) is an American television writer, director, and producer. He has created and produced a number of television series including "Nip/Tuck" (2003–2010), "Glee" (2009–2015), "American Horror Story" (2011–present), "American Crime Story" (2016–present), "Pose" (2018–2021), "9-1-1" (2018–present), "" (2020–present), "Ratched" (2020–present), "American Horror Stories" (2021–present), and "" (2022).


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy also directed the 2006 film adaptation of Augusten Burroughs' memoir "Running with Scissors", the 2010 film adaptation of Elizabeth Gilbert's memoir "Eat, Pray, Love", the 2014 film adaptation of Larry Kramer's play "The Normal Heart", and the 2020 film adaptation of the musical "The Prom".


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy has received six Primetime Emmy Awards from 36 nominations, a Tony Award from two nominations, and two Grammy Award nominations. He has often been described as "the most powerful man" in modern television, and signed the largest development deal in television history with Netflix. Murphy is noted for having created a shift in inclusive storytelling that "brought marginalised characters to the masses".


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy was born on November 9, 1965, in Indianapolis, Indiana, where he was raised in a Catholic family. His ancestry includes Irish and Danish. He attended Catholic school from first through eighth grade, and graduated from Warren Central High School in Indianapolis. He has described his mother J. Andy Murphy as a "beauty queen who left it all to stay at home and take care of her two sons". She wrote five books and worked in communications for over 20 years before retiring. His father worked in the newspaper industry as a circulation director before he retired after 30 years.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: After coming out as gay aged 15, Murphy saw his first therapist, who found nothing wrong with him other than being "too precocious for his own good". During a 2012 interview on "Inside the Actors Studio", Murphy claimed that he secretly dated "a lot of football players" in high school. He performed with a choir as a child, which would later inform his work on "Glee".


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy attended Indiana University Bloomington, where he majored in journalism and was a member of the Singing Hoosiers vocal ensemble. He interned at "The Washington Post" in 1986 alongside reporter Kara Swisher. He was placed in the style section.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy started as a journalist working for "The Miami Herald", "Los Angeles Times", "New York Daily News", "Knoxville News Sentinel" and "Entertainment Weekly". He began scriptwriting in the late 1990s, when Steven Spielberg purchased his script "Why Can't I Be Audrey Hepburn?".


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy started his career in television with the teen comedy series "Popular", which he co-created with Gina Matthews. The series premiered on The WB on September 29, 1999 and ran for two seasons, ending in 2001. During the time, his production company Ryan Murphy Productions signed a deal with the Warners. He then created the FX drama series "Nip/Tuck", which premiered on July 18, 2003. In 2004, Murphy earned his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series. Murphy took the show's signature line, "Tell me what you don't like about yourself," from a plastic surgeon he met when he was a journalist researching an undercover story on plastic surgery in Beverly Hills. The series ended after six seasons in 2010.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: In 2006, Murphy wrote the screenplay for and directed the feature film "Running with Scissors". Based on the memoir by Augusten Burroughs, the movie version starred Annette Bening, Alec Baldwin and Brian Cox and, as the young Burroughs, Joseph Cross.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: On May 19, 2009, Murphy's musical comedy-drama series, "Glee", premiered on Fox. He co-created the series with Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan. In its early seasons, the show was critically lauded. Murphy won his first Primetime Emmy Award for directing the pilot episode. The series concluded in 2015 following its sixth season. Murphy was one of four executive producers on the reality television series "The Glee Project", which premiered on Oxygen on June 12, 2011. The show featured a group of contestants vying for the prize of a seven-episode arc on "Glee", with someone being eliminated each week, until the winner is chosen in the final episode. The show was renewed for a second season, which ended up being its last. Murphy was openly critical of several prominent bands for not releasing music for use in "Glee", for which he subsequently apologised.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: In 2010, Murphy directed Julia Roberts in an adaptation of Elizabeth Gilbert's memoir "Eat, Pray, Love". The film was a box office success but a critical failure, receiving harsh reviews criticizing its pacing and lack of credibility. To date, the film has grossed $204,482,125 worldwide.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy and Falchuk created the anthology series "American Horror Story", which premiered on FX on October 5, 2011. Most of the same cast have played different characters in different settings each subsequent season.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy and "Glee" co-executive producer Ali Adler created the half-hour comedy "The New Normal", which premiered on NBC on September 10, 2012. The series was based on Murphy's own experiences of having a child via surrogate, with the main characters, Bryan and David, named for Ryan and his husband. The series was ultimately cancelled after one season.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy next directed the 2014 television film adaptation of Larry Kramer's Broadway play "The Normal Heart", starring Mark Ruffalo, Roberts, Baldwin, Jonathan Groff, Matt Bomer and Jim Parsons. Murphy then collaborated with "The Normal Heart" executive producer Jason Blum to produce a metasequel to the cult-classic horror film "The Town That Dreaded Sundown". The film was the directorial debut of Alfonso Gomez-Rejon and was also released in 2014. In October 2014, FX greenlit a companion anthology series, "American Crime Story", which Murphy and Falchuk executive produce. The series premiered on February 2, 2016.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy, Falchuk and Brennan next co-created the comedy-horror series "Scream Queens", which premiered on Fox on September 22, 2015. The series was cancelled after two seasons.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy's next project, the drama anthology series "Feud", premiered on FX in 2017. The first season focused on the rivalry between Bette Davis and Joan Crawford on the set of their 1962 film "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?".


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: In 2018, Murphy co-created the police procedural drama "9-1-1" and also served as its director, writer and executive producer.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: With newcomer Steven Canals, a research assistant for Dustin Lance Black before his Master of Fine Arts at UCLA, Murphy and Falchuk launched a new series, "Pose", set in the Ball community in mid-1980s New York City. Murphy had wanted to adapt "Paris Is Burning" as a series and Canals had been writing a script while at graduate school centered on a young African American teen made homeless for being gay, who moved to New York with dreams of going to dance school and who became adopted by a House mother. Joining Canals, Murphy and Falchuk in the writing room were Our Lady J and Janet Mock, who Murphy also encouraged to direct an episode, making her the first trans woman of colour to do so, as well as the first trans woman of colour in a TV series writing room.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: The series premiered on FX on June 3, 2018, attracting critical acclaim. The first season boasted the largest cast of transgender actors ever for a scripted network series with over 50 transgender characters, all played by trans actors. On July 12, 2018, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season, which premiered in 2019.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: In May 2018, ahead of the premiere, Murphy announced that he would donate all of his profits from "Pose" to charitable organizations working with LGBTQ+ people, tweeting a different non-profit including Sylvia Rivera Law Project, Transgender Legal Defense & Education Fund, and Callen-Lorde Community Health Center telling "Variety" that: "The thing that struck me in talking to so many of them, was how much they've struggled, how under attack they feel, how many of them find it difficult getting healthcare, and finding jobs. I just decided I need to do more than just making a show for this community. I want to reach out and help this community."


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: In 2018, Netflix signed Murphy for a development deal with a compensation of $300 million over a period of five years.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: In September 2019, "The Politician" was released on Netflix to generally positive reviews. The series was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards and renewed for a second season due to be released in late 2020. Murphy then co-created the "9-1-1" spin-off series "", which premiered on Fox in January 2020.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: In May 2020, the period miniseries "Hollywood" was released to mixed reviews. Murphy served as co-creator, writer and director for the series. In June 2020, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the first LGBTQ Pride parade, "Queerty" named him among the fifty heroes "leading the nation toward equality, acceptance, and dignity for all people".


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy co-created, with Ian Brennan, "", the ten-part miniseries that premiered on Netflix in September 2022. The series took the #1 spot on Netflix in the first week of its release.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: In October 2015, Murphy received the Award of Inspiration from amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research for his contributions to TV and film as well as his work in the fight against AIDS.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: In 2017, Murphy launched the Half Initiative, which aims to make Hollywood more inclusive by creating equal opportunities for women and minorities behind the camera. Less than one year after launching Half, Ryan Murphy Television's director slate hired 60% women directors and 90% met its women and minority requirement. In conjunction with the hiring goals, the Initiative launched the Half-Director Mentorship Program in which every director on every Ryan Murphy Television production mentors emerging women and minority directors through pre-production and post-production along with offering a significant stipend for their commitment. Filmmaker Kristin Fairweather, the first recipient of a HALF award, described her experience in an interview with Screen Comment's Rudy Cecera.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy has also created and produced various unsuccessful television pilots. The WB sitcom pilot "St. Sass", starring Delta Burke and Heather Matarazzo, was not picked up. In 2008, Murphy wrote and directed the FX pilot "Pretty/Handsome", which also was not picked up. By April 2013, HBO had given a pilot order for Murphy's sexuality drama "Open", which began filming in late 2013. By September 2014, HBO had opted not to proceed to series.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy also had several films in development: "Dirty Tricks", a political comedy, "One Hit Wonders", a musical comedy, and a sequel to "The Normal Heart". In 2014, Murphy was developing a feature film of the life of reclusive heiress Huguette Clark, based on the best-selling book "Empty Mansions: The Mysterious Life of Huguette Clark and the Spending of a Great American Fortune". There has been no development on these films since their announcement.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: He attended Catholic school until eighth grade, and later graduated from Warren Central High School in Indianapolis. Murphy grew up in a Catholic household, but is “done with the Church", having left it; however he still occasionally goes to church. He serves on the National Advisory Board of Young Storytellers. He once owned a house designed by renowned mid-century modern architect Carl Maston.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: In an interview about his show "Pose", which is set in 1987, during the height of the initial AIDS crisis, Murphy described his concern about contracting HIV while at college, getting tested frequently even when celibate.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Murphy has been married to photographer David Miller since July 2012. They have three sons born via surrogacy.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: The Golden Globe Awards are awarded annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association recognizing excellence in film, both American and international, and American television. Murphy has won one award as a producer.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Murphy has been nominated for two awards as a producer.


title: Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)

text: Throughout Murphy's various film and television projects, he had worked with various actors and actresses repeatedly. This includes, Jessica Lange, Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Kathy Bates, Angela Bassett, Billy Porter, Darren Criss, and Andrew Rannells among many others.


title: Weekly Young Jump

text: "Young Jump" was launched in May 1979 as biweekly magazine and switched to a weekly release schedule in 1981. The "young" in its name denotes its target demographic as a "seinen" manga magazine, aimed at young adult men. In 2008, an offshoot issue similar to "Monthly Shōnen Jump" was released called "Monthly Young Jump"; the magazine was rebranded as "Miracle Jump" in 2011, and was suspended in 2017.


title: Weekly Young Jump

text: There are currently twenty-five manga titles being regularly serialized in "Weekly Young Jump". Out of twenty-five series, one series is serialized monthly and two series are on hiatus.


title: Weekly Young Jump

text: is a spin-off issue of "Weekly Young Jump", first published in January 2011. It includes one shots and "Weekly Young Jump" series' side stories, and a series that only serializes in "Miracle Jump". Initially, it was scheduled to release bimonthly until June 25, 2013. From April 15, 2014, it was changed into monthly releases, and the number of serialization has increased ever since.


title: Weekly Young Jump

text: is a spin-off issue of "Weekly Young Jump", first published on July, 2017. It includes one shots and "Weekly Young Jump" series' side stories.


title: Weekly Young Jump

text: Shueisha launched a spin-off magazine called Young Jump Battle in October 2019. It focuses on manga from the battle manga genre. The first issue will have five one-shots from Young Jump mangaka.


title: Ambrosia (fruit salad)

text: Ambrosia is an American variety of fruit salad originating in the Southern United States. Most ambrosia recipes contain canned (often sweetened) or fresh pineapple, canned mandarin orange slices or fresh orange sections, miniature marshmallows, and coconut. Other ingredients might include various fruits and nuts: maraschino cherries, bananas, strawberries, peeled grapes, or crushed pecans. Ambrosia can also include mayonnaise or dairy ingredients: whipped cream (or whipped topping), sour cream, cream cheese, pudding, yogurt, or cottage cheese.


title: Ambrosia (fruit salad)

text: The mixture of ingredients is refrigerated for a few hours or overnight before serving to allow the flavors to meld.


title: Ambrosia (fruit salad)

text: In New Zealand, ambrosia refers to a similar dish made with whipped cream, yoghurt, fresh, canned or frozen berries, and chocolate chips loosely combined into a pudding.


title: Paddle tennis

text: Paddle tennis (Rebranded as Pop Tennis in 2015) is a game adapted from tennis and played for over a century. Compared to tennis, the court is smaller and has no doubles lanes, and the net is lower. Paddle tennis is played with a solid paddle as opposed to a strung racquet, and a depressurized tennis ball is used.


title: Paddle tennis

text: The same court is used for both singles and doubles, with doubles being the dominant form of play. The smaller court size adds a strong emphasis and advantage to net play and creates a fast and reaction-based game. The game is gaining reputation and has spread out in Dubai and Egypt, where local leagues and tournaments are organized frequently.


title: Paddle tennis

text: Paddle tennis began in 1915, with its development by an Episcopal minister, Frank Peter Beal, in lower Manhattan. Wanting to create recreational activities for neighborhood children, he got the city's parks and recreation department to lay courts in Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village in 1915. The first tournament was held in 1922, and the United States Paddle Tennis Association (USPTA) was formed the following year. By 1941, paddle tennis was being played in almost 500 American cities.


title: Paddle tennis

text: Although Frank Peer Beal is known as the game's inventor, Murray Geller, a player in the 1940s and ‘50s, was instrumental in creating the modern game. Elected chairman of the USPTA rules committee, he wanted to make the game more appealing to adults and instituted features including an enlarged court and an underhanded serve.


title: Paddle tennis

text: Scott Freedman has won the World’s Men’s Singles Paddle Tennis Championships 19 times, the World Men’s Doubles Championships 16 times, and the World Mixed Doubles 14 times. He wrote a book titled "Paddle Tennis and Tennis: Anyone Can Play".


title: Paddle tennis

text: Platform tennis is a similar sport, which was invented in 1928 in Scarsdale, New York, USA by James Cogswell and Fessenden Blanchard. The primary difference from paddle tennis is that the platform tennis court is 6 feet shorter, fenced by taut chicken wire off which the ball can be played. Platform tennis uses a solid sponge rubber ball and overhead serving is permitted. Platform tennis is popular in the Northeastern and Midwestern U.S., since the raised court (the platform) can be heated for winter play.


title: Paddle tennis

text: Padel (not to be confused with "Paddle tennis") is also similar. Padel is typically played in doubles on an enclosed court about half the size of a tennis court. It is popular in Spain and Hispanic America.


title: Paddle tennis

text: Pickleball is a similar sport invented in 1965 on Bainbridge Island WA. It uses a similar size court and paddle, but uses a plastic "whiffle" ball.


title: Paddle tennis

text: Paddle tennis courts are constructed of the same materials as tennis courts, or can also be placed on hard beach sand. The court measures 50 feet (15.24m) baseline-to-baseline and 20 feet (6.09m) across, with the service line 3 feet (0.91m) in from the baseline. This creates a service box of 10x22 feet (3.04x6.70m). The net is placed at a height of 31 inches (0.78m). On the west coast, a restraint line is drawn 12 feet (3.66m) back parallel to the net. When in use, all players must keep both feet behind the restraint line until after the player receiving the serve has struck the ball. All paddle rules are similar to tennis. Paddle tennis second serves also have to be bounced at least once in the other opponents side.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: "I Was Made for Lovin' You" is a song by American hard rock band Kiss, originally released on their 1979 album, "Dynasty". It was released as the A-side of their first single from the album, with "Hard Times" as the B-side.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: The song has become a permanent staple in Kiss's live performances. The band's performance of the song at their in Melbourne, Australia, was accompanied by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, who wore Kiss-style makeup with their tuxedos.


title: I Was Made for Lovin' You

text: At first Desmond Child said, "Paul wanted to write a good disco song and I decided to help him with that. Paul started to write lyrics and chords then I played the song on the guitar and said 'OK, we'll do something to improve this and make it really a good song.