title: Gustavo Cerati

text: Soda Stereo signed to Sony Music in 1984 and released their debut LP "Soda Stereo" that same year. "Nada Personal" ("Nothing Personal") followed in 1985 giving Soda Stereo their first hit with "Cuando pase el temblor" ("When The Earthquake Is Past"). Soda released "Signos" ("Signs") in 1986, "Doble Vida" ("Double Life") (produced by longtime David Bowie collaborator Carlos Alomar) in 1988, and "Canción Animal" ("Animal Song") in 1990. During the 1990s Soda Stereo released "Dynamo" in 1992, "Sueño Stereo" ("Stereo Dream") in 1995, and their final album "Comfort y Música Para Volar" ("Comfort and music to fly with") in 1997.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In 1992 Cerati recorded "Colores Santos" ("Holy Colors") with electronic musician Daniel Melero, a longtime Soda Stereo collaborator. 1993 saw the release of Cerati's first solo album "Amor Amarillo" ("Yellow Love"), which included the participation of Zeta Bosio and Cerati's wife at the time, the Chilean singer, actress, and model Cecilia Amenábar who sang and appeared in the video for the lead single "Te llevo para que me lleves" ("I'll take you so you can take me").


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In 1995 Gustavo Cerati teamed up with three Chilean musicians, Andrés Bucci, Guillermo Ugarte, and Christian Powditch, to form "Plan V". Plan V released two albums "Plan V" (1996), and "Plan Black V Dog" (1998), a collaboration with the British electronic music group The Black Dog. In 1999 Cerati formed the electronic duo Ocio with longtime Soda Stereo collaborator and trumpeter, Flavio Etcheto, releasing "Medida Universal".


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: Around this time Cerati participated in the album "Outlandos d'Americas: A Rock en Español Tribute to the Police" collaborating with Andy Summers of The Police and Vinnie Colaiuta (Frank Zappa, Sting), on a cover of The Police's "Bring on the Night," (Spanish: Traeme la Noche).


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: "Bocanada" ("Puff") was released in 1999 and was regarded as Gustavo Cerati's proper debut as a solo artist. It was recorded in Estudio CasaSubmarina (Cerati's home studio) in Buenos Aires. Cerati used an MPC to record many of the tracks. The 48-piece orchestra in "Verbo Carne" was recorded in Abbey Road Studios in London. The album was also mixed and mastered in London at Townhouse Studios. "Bocanada"' immediately reached gold status in Argentina and received many accolades in the Argentinian and Latin American press. The album was universally praised for its grandeur and its beauty and is still considered by critics and fans alike as Cerati's "magnum opus". The veteran Mexican rock critic David Cortés Arce had this to say about it, ""Bocanada" is a fundamental album in the history of Iberoamerican Rock, in general, in all of the Spanish speaking countries."


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In 2001 Cerati made his foray into film with the score for the movie "+Bien" (literally, "+Good." A better translation of the phrase as used in Argentina would be "Of course", "duh!"), in which he acted in as well. The film was an independent movie directed by Eduardo Capilla, and starred Ruth Infarinato, VJ for Latin MTV. Cerati's wife at the time, Cecilia Amenábar, also played a small role in the film. The soundtrack was nominated for an award in the category of best instrumental pop album at the 3rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In August 2001 Cerati held a private concert in the historic Avenida Theatre in Buenos Aires. He was accompanied by a 42 piece orchestra conducted by Alejandro Terán. The recording of the concert was released as "11 Episodios Sinfónicos" ("Eleven Symphonic Episodes") and consisted of seven arrangements of Soda Stereo classics and four of his solo songs played entirely by orchestra. Cerati took "11 Episodios Sinfónicos" on the road, playing Mexico City, Caracas, Santiago, and finishing it off with three shows at the Gran Rex theater in Buenos Aires. The CD was well received by critics and fans alike and a live DVD was eventually released.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In November 2002 Cerati released his third studio album "Siempre es Hoy" ("It's Always Today"). Cerati enlisted the help of producer/ engineer Sacha Triujeque and Antonio "Toy" Hernández of the Mexican Hip hop group Control Machete. The album was a departure from the slow tempo, Trip hop of "Bocanada" and "+Bien", and the dramatic orchestration of "11 Episodios Sinfónicos". The songs on the album varied from pop/rock to radio friendly electronic rock. The tour for "Siempre es Hoy" extended as far as New York and Chicago.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In 2003 Cerati released "Siempre es Hoy: Reversiones" ("It's Always Today: Re-versions") an album of remixes of "Siempre es Hoy" tracks from different Latin American Musicians and the German producer Wechsel Garland.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: Simultaneously, Cerati teamed up with longtime collaborator Flavio Etcheto, and Leandro Fresco to form the self-described "power laptop trio" Roken, which he played concurrently during the "Siempre es Hoy" tour. Roken's non-conventional approach focused on improvisation and writing songs in real time. They played in various festivals throughout Latin America as well as in underground clubs in the United States.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In 2004 "Canciones Elegidas 93-04" ("Selected Songs 93-04") a double album compilation of Cerati's solo work was released simultaneously in Spain and Argentina. The release was followed by a small tour of Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Spain.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: After working for much of 2005 on new material, Cerati released "Ahí Vamos" ("There We Go") in April 2006. Co-produced by longtime Soda Stereo collaborator Tweety González, "Ahí Vamos" marked Cerati's triumphant return to guitar rock. For the recording of "Ahí Vamos", Cerati was accompanied by longtime collaborators, Richard Coleman, Fernando Nalé, and many others. The album was mixed by Héctor Castillo, a prolific engineer whose credits include David Bowie, Lou Reed, and Aterciopelados, to name a few. The album was mastered by Howie Weinberg at Masterdisk in New York City. "Ahí Vamos" was lauded by fans and critics alike as a return to form for Cerati. The "Ahí Vamos" tour traveled through Latin America, the Caribbean, the United States (where he played in New York's Central Park), Spain, and on 12 October 2006, Cerati played London, England, for the first time in his career.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: The album was showered with accolades and awards, receiving eight Gardel (equivalent of a U.S. Grammy) nominations in Argentina and winning all but one of the nominations, a first for any Argentinian artist. In the Viña del Mar International Song Festival Cerati was awarded the top prizes, ""Antorcha de Oro"," (Gold Torch) and the ""Gaviota De Plata"" (Silver Seagull). It was the most nominated album during the 2006 Latin Grammy awards as well as the MTV Latino awards. Cerati won three Grammys, for best Rock Vocal, best Rock song, and one for best producer with his production work on Shakira's Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 (Oral Fixation, Vol. 1). "Ahí Vamos" also topped the "best of" lists in the Argentinian press and he was even awarded a prize by the City of Buenos Aires for his contribution to Argentinian culture. Cerati closed the "Ahí Vamos" tour with a massive open air show in Buenos Aires, held on the corner of Avenida Alcorta and Pampas. The free show was attended by 200,000 people.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: 2007 also saw the reunion of Soda Stereo. The subsequent comeback tour Me Verás Volver ("You will See Me Return") consisted of 22 concerts in nine countries: Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico the United States, Colombia, Panamá, Venezuela and Perú. The tour was attended by more than one million fans and broke attendance records in various cities.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In July 2007, Cerati participated in the Live Earth Festival in Hamburg Germany, alongside Shakira. Besides working with Shakira, Cerati contributed to, Argentinian producer, musician, and two-time Oscar winner, Gustavo Santaolla's album "Mar Dulce" ("Sweet Sea"). Cerati sang on "El Mareo" the second single on Santaolalla's "Mar Dulce" which was recorded at Electric Lady Studios in New York City. In 2008, Cerati released a DVD version of "Ahí Vamos" and performed in various festivals throughout Latin America alongside, Shakira, Fito Páez, and Gustavo Santaolalla.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In late 2008 Cerati recruited many of the same musicians who worked on "Ahí Vamos" to begin work on his new album. In March 2009, Cerati and his band traveled to Stratosphere Sound in New York City and Looking Glass studios to record tracks for "Fuerza Natural" ("Natural Force"). Notable contributors included Héctor Castillo, Session drummer Sterling Campbell whose resume includes David Bowie, Cyndi Lauper, and Duran Duran, Didi Gutman of Brazilian Girls, bassist and lap steel guitarists Byron Isaacs, and keyboardist Glenn Patscha.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: "Fuerza Natural" was a marked change from the riffing of Ahí Vamos and the electronics of "Bocanada" and "Siempre es Hoy". The collections of songs focused on a cleaner, more acoustic pop sound, as well as folk and Neo-psychedelia. Rolling Stone Argentina took notice of this, "pero es más folkie, más espacial y más acústico, con una legión de guitarras, mandolinas y dobros que levantan polvo sobre las programaciones" (English: but it is more folkie, more spatial and acoustic, with a legion of guitars, mandolins, and dobros that sprinkle dust on the sequencers). Similar observations were made by Mariano Prunes writing in AllMusic, "Fuerza Natural has a curious sequencing structure, as it seems to be organized in stylistic batches. It begins with a trio of bona fide Cerati hits in that suave, effortless manner that always suited him so well; it then switches to a surprising but rather unsuccessful bluesy/folksy diptych."


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: Regardless of the mixed reviews, "Fuerza Natural" entered the charts in Argentina, Mexico, and Chile at No. 1. It is the first Cerati album to be sold in digital format in Argentina through MusicPass as well as was iTunes. The album sold 40,000 copies in Argentina on its first week of release and 500,000 albums worldwide. In 2010 Cerati was awarded a Latin Grammy for "Best Rock Song."


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: The "Fuerza Natural" tour kicked off on 19 November in Monterrey Mexico. Cerati played Stadiums and large venues in Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Chile, The United States, Uruguay, Colombia and Venezuela, 21 shows in total. Cerati's final show was held in Caracas, Venezuela on 15 May 2010. Cerati suffered a stroke immediately after the show.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: Gustavo Cerati maintained a very low public profile and not much is known about his private life. Cerati's first wife was Belén Edwards, an Argentine designer whom he married in 1987 and divorced in 1989. In 1992 he married the Chilean model, actress, and singer Cecilia Amenábar. Their marriage lasted for ten years and they had two children Benito Cerati Amenábar, also a singer and musician, and Lisa Cerati Amenábar.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: After his divorce from Cecilia Amenábar, Cerati dated the Argentine model Deborah del Corral, ex-girlfriend of Soda Stereo drummer Charly Alberti in the 1990s. She also sang in Alberti's side project Plum.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In 2008 Cerati started dating the Argentine actress Leonora Balcarce. While they broke up in late 2009, she remained friendly with him and his family, visiting his bedside throughout his coma.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: Cerati maintained from 2004 until his last days a close acquaintance with the Uruguayan artist Jill Mulleady.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: Cerati met Argentinean model Chloe Bello during the summer of 2009, when she was 22 years old. Despite the age difference, the two of them became involved. Cerati invited Bello to attend the launch of Fuerza Natural in Mendoza and subsequently joined him on an international tour. Due to work obligations, Bello left his side before Cerati travelled to Caracas, where he suffered a stroke that led to a coma, complications from which eventually cost him his life four years later.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: After performing two shows in Medellín and Bogotá, Colombia, Cerati headed to Venezuela and performed one last show in Caracas on 15 May 2010. Cerati suffered a stroke just after putting an end to this performance. He developed the first symptoms of an unknown condition backstage. He was hospitalized in Centro Médico La Trinidad in Caracas under medical surveillance. Three days later, Cerati underwent surgery to relieve pressure on his brain due to the stroke he suffered.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: On 7 June 2010, Cerati was transferred to the FLENI Neurological Institute in Buenos Aires. Doctors immediately treated Cerati for a respiratory tract infection. The following day, doctors reported extensive brain damage due to the stroke. Cerati fell into a coma sometime before. He was maintained on life support hoping for a recovery. A month after the stroke, Claudio E. Pensa M.D., medical director of the FLENI Neurological Institute, issued a statement to the press stating that Cerati's medical condition remained unchanged and that he would only provide new information if changes were to occur. On 2 December 2010, a statement was issued by ALCLA Clinic's medical director stating that, neurologically, Cerati was reacting to thermal stimuli.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: On 14 May 2014, the family released a statement to commemorate the fourth anniversary of the stroke. It included a medical report by Gustavo Barbalace M.D. stating: "Mr. Gustavo Cerati remains hospitalized (...) without any serious complications, in good nutritional shape and without lesions due to immobility. Neurologically there's no significant changes and remains under mechanical respiratory aid."


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: After four years in a coma, Gustavo Cerati died from cardiac arrest on the morning of 4 September 2014 while on life support. Immediately after his death, Cerati's doctor stated to the media "Gustavo died with dignity without any pain, without any wounds." His body was buried at La Chacarita Cemetery in Buenos Aires.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: While performing at Rock in Rio Madrid on 5 June 2010, Colombian singer Shakira dedicated her song "Sale el Sol" to Cerati. It was her first live performance of the song which became the title track of her ninth studio album.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: During their U2 360° Tour, Irish rock band U2 paid tribute to Cerati during a concert in La Plata, Argentina, in March 2011. The tribute came during the intro to "Moment of Surrender". Bono said "We would like you to think about Gustavo Cerati. We send him our love and respect, and he will hear our voices tonight." The 60,000 fans attending the show at the Único Stadium gave him a standing ovation.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: Swedish rockers Roxette performed the intro of "De Música Ligera" before their song "Joyride" in one of their Travelling the World Tour shows in May 2012. The crowd sang the first verse of the song.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: British rock band Coldplay paid tribute to Cerati by performing "De Música Ligera" on the final concerts of their A Head Full of Dreams Tour in La Plata, Argentina, on 14 November 2017. One year before, singer Chris Martin had revealed that his favorite latin songs were "De Música Ligera" and "Agua de beber" by Vinicius de Moraes and Tom Jobim.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In 2015, Cerati was featured in various Argentine stamps. Also, a street in Buenos Aires was renamed in his honor.


title: Gustavo Cerati

text: In 2018, National Geographic Latin America created a two part documentary series on Gustavo Cerati Also, several murals of Cerati were painted in Buenos Aires.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: The Socialist Republic of Croatia (), or SR Croatia, was a constituent republic and federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. By its constitution, modern-day Croatia is its direct continuation.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: Along with five other Yugoslav republics, it was formed during World War II and became a socialist republic after the war. It had four full official names during its 48-year existence (see below). By territory and population, it was the second largest republic in Yugoslavia, after the Socialist Republic of Serbia.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: In 1990, the government dismantled the single-party system of government – installed by the League of Communists – and adopted a multi-party democracy. The newly elected government of Franjo Tuđman moved the republic towards independence, formally seceding from Yugoslavia in 1991 and thereby contributing to its dissolution.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: Croatia became part of the Yugoslav federation in 1943 after the Second Session of the AVNOJ and through the resolutions of the ZAVNOH, Croatia's wartime deliberative body. It was officially founded as the Federal State of Croatia () on May 9, 1944, at the 3rd session of the ZAVNOH. Yugoslavia was then called Democratic Federal Yugoslavia ("Demokratska Federativna Jugoslavija", DFJ), it was not a constitutionally socialist state, or even a republic, in anticipation of the conclusion of the war, when these issues were settled. On November 29, 1945, Democratic Federal Yugoslavia became the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia ("Federativna Narodna Republika Jugoslavija", FNRJ), a socialist People's Republic. Accordingly, the Federal State of Croatia became the People's Republic of Croatia ("Narodna Republika Hrvatska", "NR Hrvatska").


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: On April 7, 1963, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Yugoslavia (and therefore Croatia) gradually abandoned Stalinism after the Tito–Stalin split in 1948. In 1963 the People's Republic of Croatia also accordingly became the Socialist Republic of Croatia.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: On December 22, 1990, a new Constitution was adopted, under which the Socialist Republic of Croatia was simply renamed as the Republic of Croatia. It was under this constitution that Croatia became independent on June 25, 1991.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: In the first years of the war, the Yugoslav Partisans in Croatia did not have considerable support from Croats, with an exception of the Croats in the Croatian region of Dalmatia. The majority of partisans on the territory of Croatia were Croatian Serbs. However, in 1943 Croats started to join the partisans in larger numbers. In 1943, the number of Croat partisans in Croatia increased, so in 1944 they made up 61% of the partisans in the territory of Independent State of Croatia, while Serbs made up 28%; all other ethnicities made up the remaining 11%.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: On 13 June 1943 in Otočac, Lika, Croatian partisans founded the ZAVNOH (National Anti-Fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia), a legislative body of the future Croatian republic within Yugoslavia. Its first president was Vladimir Nazor. Croatian partisans had autonomy along with the Slovene and Macedonian partisans. However, on 1 March 1945 they were put under the command of the Supreme Command of the Yugoslav Army, thus losing their autonomy. Partisans of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina did not have such autonomy.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: Because of partisan victories and increased territory held by partisans, AVNOJ decided to hold the second session in Jajce at the end of November 1943. At that session, the Yugoslav communist leadership decided to reestablish Yugoslavia as federal state.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: On November 29, 1945, the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly held a session where it was decided that Croatia would be joined by five other republics in Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia. Not long after, the Communist Party started to prosecute those who opposed the communist one-party system. On January 30, 1946, the Constituent Assembly ratified the Constitution of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. Croatia was the last of the republics to make its own constitution, which was mostly the same as the federal and other republic constitutions. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Croatia was adopted by the Constituent Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia on January 18, 1947. In their constitutions, all republics were deprived of gaining independence.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: Republics had only formal autonomy; initially, communist Yugoslavia was a highly centralized state, based on the Soviet model. The Communist Party's officials were, at the same time, state officials, while the Party's Central Committee was "de jure", the highest organ of the party; however, main decisions were made by the Politburo. The governments of the republics were only part of the mechanism which executed the Politburo's decisions.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: In post-war Yugoslavia, communists had a struggle for power with the opposition that supported King Peter. Milan Grol was the leader of the opposition; as the leading figure of the opposition he opposed the idea of a federal state, denied the right for Montenegrins and Macedonians to have their republics, and held that an agreement between Tito and Ivan Šubašić guaranteed that the opposition needed to have half of the ministers in the new government. The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), part of the opposition, had divided into three branches: one supporting the "Ustaše", the other supporting the communists and the third supporting Vladko Maček. However, communists had the majority in parliament and control over the army, leaving the opposition without any real power. Šubašić had his own supporters within the HSS and he tried to unite the party once again, believing that, once united, it would be a major political factor in the country. The Croatian Republican Peasant Party, a party split from the HSS, wanted to enter the People's Front, a suprapolitical organization controlled by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Šubašić knew that this would put the HSS under control of the communists and ended the negotiations about unification.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: In the election campaign, the opposition parties wanted to unite with the Serbian Radical Party and other parties; however, communist activities, using various wiles, ruined their plan. On August 20, 1945, Grol resigned and accused the communists of breaking the Tito–Šubašić agreement. Šubašić himself was also soon forced to resign at the end of October as he also disassociated himself from Tito. Soon, the communists won the election. They even used the so-called "blind boxes" for voters who would not vote for them. They won an absolute majority in the parliament which enabled them to create their own form of Yugoslavia.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: The People's Republic of Croatia adopted its first Constitution in 1947. In 1953 followed "The Constitutional Law on the Basics of Social and Political Organization and on Republican Organs of Authority", actually a completely new constitution. The second (technically third) Constitution was adopted in 1963; it changed the name of the People's Republic of Croatia (NRH) into the Socialist Republic of Croatia (SRH). Major constitutional amendments were approved in 1971, and in 1974 followed a new Constitution of the SR Croatia which emphasized Croatian statehood as a constituent republic of the SFRY. All the constitutions and amendments were adopted by the Parliament of Croatia (). After the first multi-party parliamentary elections held in April 1990, the Parliament made various constitutional changes and dropped the prefix "socialist" from the official name, so the "Socialist Republic of Croatia" became simply the "Republic of Croatia" (RH). On 22 December 1990, the Parliament rejected the communist one-party system and adopted a liberal democracy through the Constitution of Croatia. It was under this Constitution that independence would be proclaimed on 25 June 1991 (after the Croatian independence referendum held on 19 May 1991).


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: According to the Art. 1.2 of the 1974 Croatian Constitution, the Socialist Republic of Croatia was defined as ""a national state of the Croatian people, the state of the Serbian people in Croatia and the state of other nationalities living in it"".


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: The first post-war head of state of the Socialist Republic of Croatia was Vladimir Nazor (actually President of the Presidium of the Parliament of the People's Republic of Croatia), who was, during the war, Chairman of the State Antifascist Council of the People's Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH), while the first head of government was Vladimir Bakarić. Ironically, even though communists promoted federalism, post-war Yugoslavia was strictly centralized. The main organ was the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia (from 1952 the League of Communists of Croatia) made of around ten persons. Its members were assigned to certain fields: one controlled the armed forces, another the development of the state, a third the economy etc. Ostensibly, the system of government was representative democracy: people would elect councillors and members of parliaments. However, the real power was in the hands of executive organs. Representative organs (the Parliament and various councils on local and district levels) only served to give legitimacy to their decisions. The party that ruled the SR Croatia was the branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the Communist Party of Croatia (KPH). Even though the party had a Croatian name, its membership was only 57% Croats, along with 43% Serb. The majority of members were peasants and the majority was half-educated.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: Soon after they gained power, the Communists started to persecute former officials of the Independent State of Croatia in order to compromise them to the general public. On 6 June 1946, the Supreme Court of the SR Croatia sentenced some of the leading officials of the NDH, including Slavko Kvaternik, Vladimir Košak, Miroslav Navratil, Ivan Perčević, Mehmed Alajbegović, Osman Kulenović and others. Communists also had a number of major and minor show trials in order to deal with the fascist regime of the NDH. Also, local leaders of the civic parties would often "disappear" without any witness. Communists not only cleansed the officials who were working for the NDH, but also those who supported the Croatian Peasant Party and the Catholic Church.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: The only major civic party in Croatia, the Croatian Republican Peasant Party, was active only a few years after the election, but as a satellite of the Communist Party. The clash with the civic anti-communist forces stimulated the Communist Party's centralism and authoritarianism.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: When he took power, Tito knew that the greatest threat to the development of communism in Yugoslavia was nationalism. Because of that, the communists would crush even the slightest form of nationalism by repression. The communists made the most effort to crush nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and tried to suppress the hatred between Croats, Serbs and Muslims, but even so, their greatest supporters in this process were local Serbs. Soon, the Serbs were overrepresented in the Croatian and Bosnian state and party leadership.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: In 1980, Josip Broz Tito died. Political and economic difficulties started to mount and the federal government began to crumble. The federal government realised that it was unable to service the interest on its loans and started negotiations with the IMF that continued for years. Public polemics in Croatia concerning the need to help poor and less developed regions became more frequent, as Croatia and Slovenia contributed about 60 percent of those funds. The debt crisis, together with soaring inflation, forced the federal government to introduce measures such as the foreign currency law for earnings of export firms. Ante Marković, a Bosnian Croat who was at the time the Croatian head of government, said that Croatia would lose around $800 million because of that law. Marković became the last head of government of Yugoslavia in 1989 and spent two years implementing various economic and political reforms. His government's efforts were initially successful, but ultimately they failed due to the incurable political instability of the SFRY.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: Ethnic tensions were on the increase and would result in the demise of Yugoslavia. The growing crisis in Kosovo, the nationalist memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the emergence of Slobodan Milošević as the leader of Serbia, and everything else that followed provoked a very negative reaction in Croatia. The fifty-year-old rift was starting to resurface, and the Croats increasingly began to show their own national feelings and express opposition towards the Belgrade regime.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: On October 17, 1989, the rock group "Prljavo kazalište" held a major concert before almost 250,000 people in the central Zagreb city square. In light of the changing political circumstances, their song "Mojoj majci" ("To my mother"), where the songwriter hailed the mother in the song as "the last rose of Croatia", was taken to heart by the fans on the location and many more elsewhere because of the expressed patriotism. On October 26, parliament declared All Saints Day (November 1) a public holiday.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: In January 1990, during the 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the delegation of Serbia led by Milošević insisted on replacing the 1974 constitutional policy that empowered the republics with a policy of "one person, one vote", which would benefit the majority Serb population. This caused first the Slovenian and then Croatian delegations (led by Milan Kučan and Ivica Račan, respectively) to leave the Congress in protest and marked a culmination in the rift of the ruling party.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: Ethnic Serbs, who constituted 12% of the population of Croatia, rejected the notion of separation from Yugoslavia. Serb politicians feared the loss of influence they previously had through their membership of the League of Communists in Croatia (that some Croats claimed was disproportionate). Memories from the Second World War were evoked by the rhetoric coming from the Belgrade administration. As Milošević and his clique rode the wave of Serbian nationalism across Yugoslavia, talking about battles to be fought for Serbdom, emerging Croatian leader Franjo Tuđman reciprocated with talk about making Croatia a nation state. The availability of mass media allowed for propaganda to be spread fast and spark jingoism and fear, creating a war climate.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: In March 1991, the Yugoslav People's Army met with the Presidency of Yugoslavia (an eight-member council composed of representatives from six republics and two autonomous provinces) in an attempt to get them to declare a state of emergency which would allow for the army to take control of the country. Serbian and Serb-dominated representatives (Montenegro, Vojvodina and Kosovo) already in agreement with the army, voted for the proposal, but as representatives of Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Bosnia voted against, the plot failed. The dying country had yet to see a few more Serb leadership's attempts to push the plan for centralizing the power in Belgrade, but because of resistance in all other republics, the crisis only deteriorated.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: The 1990 Croatian parliamentary election was held on April 22 and May 6, 1990. After the first multi-party elections, the creation of a constituent republic based on democratic institutions occurred.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: After the first free elections, in July 1990, the prefix "socialist" was dropped, and thereafter Croatia was named the Republic of Croatia.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: Franjo Tuđman was elected president and his government embarked on a path toward the independence of Croatia.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: The economy of the SFR Yugoslavia and thus of the Socialist Republic of Croatia was initially influenced by the Soviet Union. As the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was a member of the Communist International, Yugoslav communists thought that the Soviet way to socialism was the only option to create a socialist state. In the early years of the SFR Yugoslavia, Communist members suppressed critics towards the Soviet Union and harbored sympathies towards it.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: In the CPY, it was generally thought that state ownership and centralism were the only ways to avoid economic breakdown and that without the state ownership and administrative control it would be impossible to accumulate vast resources, material and human, for economic development. Since every undeveloped country needs vast resources in order to start developing, and Yugoslavia was among them, communists thought that this was the only way to save the economy of Yugoslavia. Also, their ideology included elimination of the private sector, as they thought that such an economic system was historically wasteful.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: The first process of nationalization started on 24 November 1944, when Yugoslav Partisans dispossessed their enemies of their assets. The first victims of the confiscation were occupiers and war criminals. However, not long after, the assets of 199,541 Germans, the whole German minority, including 68,781 ha of land, were confiscated as well. Until the end of the war, the state controlled 55% of industry, 70% of mining, 90% of ferrous metallurgy and 100% of the oil industry.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: In the SR Croatia, material damage and losses were high. In the war, the SR Croatia lost 298,000 people, 7.8% of its total population. Because of the 4-year partisan war, bombings, over-exploitation of raw materials and agricultural resources, and destruction of roads and industrial facilities, the state entered into economic chaos. The peasantry that supplied all the conflicted sides in the war was wasted and human losses were also high. The damage of industry in Yugoslavia was the worst in the whole of Europe, while the SR Croatia was among the most damaged republics of Yugoslavia, along with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The communist authority needed to do something in order to prevent hunger, disorder and chaos. Yugoslavia lacked qualified workers, so the economy's renewal was mostly based on mass volunteer work. The recruitment for volunteer work was conducted with propaganda about a better communist future, especially among members of Yugoslav partisans and youth. Another segment of these labourers were those who feared persecution, mainly opponents of the communist regime and Nazi collaborators. They entered volunteer labour in order to escape persecution. A third segment of the work force consisted of prisoners of war, who worked the hardest jobs.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: The distribution of food and material needed for industry depended on fast renewal of damaged roads. The Zagreb-Belgrade railway had been in reconstruction day and night, so the first train to travel this railway after the war, did it already at the end of June 1945. Mine fields were also being cleared.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: Even though relations between the Western countries and Yugoslavia were tense, significant help to the people of Yugoslavia came from the UNRRA, an American aid agency formed as a branch of the United Nations. They distributed food, clothes and shoes, which helped the communists avoid hunger. Between 1945 and 1946, the UNRRA deployed 2.5 million tons of goods, mostly food, worth US$415 million. This amount was equal to twice the imports of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1938, or 135% of its tax revenues. It is generally thought that UNRRA fed and clothed some 5 million people.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: At the same time as the persecution of political enemies, communist authorities conducted the Agrarian Reform, a reform made on 23 August 1945. This process included dispossession of wealthy citizens and peasants. Agrarian Reform changed the ownership relations of agricultural properties. Land that was above 35 acres was taken from its owners. Nearly half of taken lands were transformed to agricultural areas (state property), while the other half was given to poor peasants. This reform also included the colonization in the SR Croatia where people from the so-called depressed areas moved to areas from which the Volksdeutsche had been expelled. In the SR Croatia, colonization occurred in Slavonia, while colonists were the poor peasants, mostly Croatian and Bosnian Serbs. The confiscation of property was also conducted; people who were trading during the war were declared war profiteers and by this, the state gained factories, banks and large shops.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: The communists also introduced a new way of distribution of agricultural products. In order to supply the people who lived in towns and cities, they introduced the redemption of those products. The policy of distribution was based on the idea that the working segment of society should have an advantage in quantity and diversity of goods over the non-working, parasitic segment. This led to development of black markets and speculation.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: The next step in the implementation of the Agrarian Reform was nationalization of the large assets of the bourgeois segment of the population. On 28 April 1948, when small shops and the majority of crafts had been nationalized, the private sector in the SR Croatia was liquidated to the end; out of 5,395 private shops, only 5 remained active. This decision was a double-edged sword: while the poor segment of society was satisfied by it, the large majority of the population was resistant and ready to revolt. Just like in the Soviet Union, the state controlled the entire economy, while free trade was forbidden in favour of central planning. Because of this, the state started rational distribution of necessities for living, which were distributed among the population based on remittances, while consumers gained a certain amount of certificates each month for buying a certain amount of certain goods, including food, clothes and shoes.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: In the spring of 1949, the state introduced high taxes on private farmer's economies which farmers were unable to pay. This forced them to enter into the peasant labour unions, formed based on the Soviet kolhozes. In such a manner, the state introduced forced collectivization of villages. This collectivization soon disappointed the poor peasants who got their land for free in the process of dispossession of wealthy peasants. Even though the communists thought that collectivization would solve the problem with food, on the contrary, the collectivization created the so-called "Bread Crisis" in 1949. The process of dispossession in Yugoslavia lasted from the middle of 1945 until the end of 1949. It was the fastest process of dispossession, even compared to East European communist states.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: For this process, the state needed a large number of officials who were members of the Communist Party, receiving orders from the Politburo, thus leaving the Yugoslav republic without any power in the economy. The economy of one republic was depending on decisions made by the Politburo in Belgrade, thus Yugoslavia become a strictly centralized state. Moreover, the liquidation of the private sector, cleansing of the state apparatus and high officials and their replacement by half-educated partisans, drastic reduction of the gap between payments of ministers and workers (3:1), and emigration and deaths of the bourgeois class led to the disappearance of the middle class in the social structure, which had a negative effect on social life.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: Industrialization was the most significant process in the economic development of the SR Croatia, as communists promoted industrialization as the main factor in fast development. After the process of renewal, the process of industrialization and electrification started based on the Soviet model. The whole economy, the creation of a system and the formulation of the strategy of development in the Five-Year Plan, was in the charge of Andrija Hebrang. As President of the Economy Council and President of the Planning Commission, Hebrang was in charge of all ministries that dealt with the economy. Alongside Tito, Edvard Kardelj and Aleksandar Ranković, he was the most influential person in Yugoslavia. As a chief of the whole economy, Hebrang finished his Five-Year Plan in winter 1946–47 which was approved by the government in spring 1947. Because of the lack of knowledge, the Plan copied the Soviet model. The factories which were built faster were factories that were in the sector of heavy and military industry, of which the most known in SR Croatia were "Rade Končar" and "Prvomajska".


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: In the Five-Year Plan, Hebrang wanted to increase the industrial production by five times and agricultural production by 1.5 times, increase the GDP per capita by 1.8 times and the national revenues by 1.8 times. The plan also included the increase of qualified workers, from 350,000 to 750,000. For the SR Croatia, it was decided that its industrial production needed to be increased by 452%. The fast development in industry required a high number of workers, so from 461,000 workers in 1945, in 1949 there were 1,990,000 workers. On 17 January 1947, Kardelj stated to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia that Yugoslavia would be industrially stronger than Austria and Czechoslovakia. Both Kardelj and Bakarić advocated development of light industry, instead of Hebrang's idea for industry that would serve agriculture. The Five-Year Plan was indeed exaggerated; this plan did not have qualified personnel, market (placement) and capital; even so, the state continued with its implementation.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: All across the country, the state built the sites, and all projects of industrialization and electrification were made with propaganda that the population would have lower poverty and unemployment. The unemployment was indeed reduced, however, new employees were not educated for their jobs, so many objects were built slowly and many of them were not built at all. Following the current views of the Communist Party, the role of leading the economy was given to the directorate-generals, as a link between the ministries and the Party's leadership. By their implementation, the state gained even greater control over the economy. The companies had their legal person; however, they did not have operational autonomy, since they were, as state organs, under state control.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: The majority of residents were Roman Catholics and approximately 12% of the population were Orthodox Christians of the Serbian Patriarchy, with a small number of other religions. Due to strained relationships between the Holy See and communist Yugoslav officials, no new Catholic bishops were appointed in the People's Republic of Croatia until 1960. This left the dioceses of Križevci, Đakovo-Osijek, Zadar, Šibenik, Split-Makarska, Dubrovnik, Rijeka and Poreč-Pula without bishops for several years. From the mid-1950s, there were only four seated bishops in Croatia in three dioceses: Aloysius Stepinac, Franjo Salis-Seewiss, Mihovil Pušić, and Josip Srebrnič.


title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: Many priests accused of collaboration with the Ustaše and Axis during World War II were arrested after the end of World War II amid conflicts between the Catholic Church and the Allied Powers, including the Archbishop of Zagreb, Aloysius Stepinac. Aloysius Stepinac was arrested on 16 September 1946. He was sentenced to sixteen years' imprisonment, but, in December 1951, he was released to house arrest at his home in Krašić near Jastrebarsko, where he died in 1960. Stepinac was made a cardinal in 1953 by Pope Pious XII.


title: Ajagajantharam

text: Ajagajantharam is a 2021 Indian Malayalam-language action thriller film directed by Tinu Pappachan and written by Kichu Tellus and Vineeth Vishwam. Antony Varghese, Kichu Tellus, Arjun Ashokan and Sabumon Abdul Samad are. The film is produced by Emmanuel Joseph and Ajith Thalapilliy and the music composed by Justin Varghese. The film was scheduled to release on 26 February 2021, but postponed due the second wave of COVID-19 shutdowns. The film was released worldwide on 23 December 2021 and was a blockbuster, emerging as the Christmas winner against the movies Meow and Kunjeldho.


title: Ajagajantharam

text: The village of Aranjali is celebrating its annual temple festival, where most of the youth and middle-aged villagers are consumed by alcohol, substances and ego. Lali, who supplies elephants for festivals comes with an elephant for the first time in Aranjali and is a bit uninhibited and carries on himself with high ego. When an unemployed youth of the village tries to be a bit brash and bumptious with him, Lali kicks him to the ground for being in his face for long. This incident triggers a chain of events involving the mahout's group, unemployed village youths, notorious criminals, drama troop and some trouble-loving villagers which end-up starting a full scale mayhem to the place.


title: Ajagajantharam

text: Both Antony and Tinu had earlier collaborated in the latter's debut directorial "Swathanthryam Ardharathriyil", which was a thriller. The film is produced by Emmanuel Joseph and Ajith Thalapilliy and the music composed by Justin Varghese. The title for the film is given by Lijo Jose Pellissery. "Ajagajantharam" has been written by Kichu Tellus and Vineeth Vishwam. Jinto George is the cinematographer while Shameer Muhammad is the editor. Arjun Kallingal is the still photographer.


title: Ajagajantharam

text: Initially the film was originally scheduled to released in theatres on 26 February 2021, but was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic in India. The film fixed its release date as May 28, 2021, but again got postponed. The film was scheduled to be released by the eve of Dusshera (12 October 2021), but got postponed yet again. The film was planned to be released on 3 December 2021


title: Ajagajantharam

text: "The New Indian Express" gave a rating of 3.5 on 5 and wrote "Ajagajantharam is, to put it simply, a riotous display of unchecked aggression and unbridled chaos. It doesn’t require one to feel emotionally attached to any particular character. We are only required to be invested in the mayhem caused by a bunch of man-children with brittle egos. But, if one were to pick a side to root for, regardless of your disagreement with the way he generally conducts himself, it has to be Antony Varghese’s character whose name I can’t recall right now because this is that film where you remember the faces more than the names. Nothing wrong with that."


title: Anti-pattern

text: An anti-pattern in software engineering, project management, and business processes is a common response to a recurring problem that is usually ineffective and risks being highly counterproductive. The term, coined in 1995 by computer programmer Andrew Koenig, was inspired by the book "Design Patterns" (which highlights a number of design patterns in software development that its authors considered to be highly reliable and effective) and first published in his article in the "Journal of Object-Oriented Programming".


title: Anti-pattern

text: A further paper in 1996 presented by Michael Ackroyd at the Object World West Conference also documented anti-patterns.


title: Anti-pattern

text: It was, however, the 1998 book "AntiPatterns" that both popularized the idea and extended its scope beyond the field of software design to include software architecture and project management.


title: Anti-pattern

text: Other authors have extended it further since to encompass environmental/organizational/cultural anti-patterns.


title: Anti-pattern

text: According to the authors of "Design Patterns", there are two key elements to an anti-pattern that distinguish it from a bad habit, bad practice, or bad idea:


title: Anti-pattern

text: A guide to what is commonly used is a "rule-of-three" similar to that for patterns: to be an anti-pattern it must have been witnessed occurring at least three times.


title: Anti-pattern

text: Documenting anti-patterns can be an effective way to analyze a problem space and to capture expert knowledge.


title: Anti-pattern

text: While some anti-pattern descriptions merely document the adverse consequences of the pattern, good anti-pattern documentation also provides an alternative, or a means to ameliorate the anti-pattern.


title: Anti-pattern

text: In software engineering, anti-patterns include the big ball of mud (lack of) design; the God Class (where a single class handles all control in a program rather than control being distributed across multiple classes); and Poltergeists (ephemeral controller classes that only exist to invoke other methods on classes).


title: Anti-pattern

text: This indicates a software system that lacks a perceivable architecture. Although undesirable from a software engineering point of view, such systems are common in practice due to business pressures, developer turnover and code entropy.


title: Anti-pattern

text: The term was popularized in Brian Foote and Joseph Yoder's 1997 paper of the same name, which defines the term:


title: Anti-pattern

text: Foote and Yoder have credited Brian Marick as the originator of the 'big ball of mud' term for this sort of architecture.


title: Anti-pattern

text: Project management anti-patterns included in the "Antipatterns" book include Blowhard Jamboree (an excess of industry pundits), analysis paralysis, Viewgraph Engineering (too much time spent making presentations and not enough on the actual software), Death by Planning (similarly, too much planning), Fear of Success (irrational fears near to project completion), The Corncob (difficulties with people), Intellectual Violence (intimidation through use of jargon or arcane technology), Irrational Management (bad management habits), Smoke and Mirrors (excessive use of demos and prototypes by salespeople), Throw It Over the Wall (forcing fad software engineering practices onto developers without buy-in), Fire Drill (long periods of monotony punctuated by short crises), The Feud (conflicts between managers), and e-mail Is Dangerous (situations resulting from ill-advised e-mail messages).


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Martin Edward Schottenheimer (; September 23, 1943 – February 8, 2021) was an American football linebacker and coach who served as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL) from 1984 to 2006. He was the head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs for 10 seasons, the Cleveland Browns and the San Diego Chargers for five each, and the Washington Redskins for one. Eighth in career wins at 205 and seventh in regular season wins at 200, Schottenheimer has the most wins of an NFL head coach to not win a championship. After coaching in the NFL, he won a 2011 championship in his one season with the Virginia Destroyers of the United Football League (UFL). He was inducted to the Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Fame in 2010.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Schottenheimer's tenure as an NFL head coach was marked by consistent regular season success and postseason struggles. In his 21 seasons, he reached the playoffs 13 times and had only two losing records. He also was named NFL Coach of the Year with the Chargers in 2004 for leading a team that went 4–12 the previous year to a 12–4 record. However, Schottenheimer won only five of his 18 postseason games and never advanced beyond the conference championship round of the playoffs. Schottenheimer concluded his NFL career with a .613 regular season winning percentage, but a .278 playoff winning percentage, which is the only losing playoff record for an NFL coach with 200 wins. He is the only eligible NFL coach with 200 regular season wins who has not been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: He attended high school at Fort Cherry High School in McDonald, Pennsylvania. He went to the University of Pittsburgh and played college football for the Pitt Panthers from 1962 to 1964, earning second-team All-American honors as a senior. Schottenheimer, a linebacker, was selected in the fourth round of the 1965 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Colts and in the seventh round of the 1965 American Football League draft by the Buffalo Bills. He signed with the Bills and spent the next four seasons with Buffalo, including as a backup on the Bills' 1965 AFL Championship squad. Schottenheimer earned an AFL All-Star selection as part of that year's format change naming the entire Bills squad as All-Stars. Schottenheimer was still with the team during the 1969 preseason and intercepted two passes in a game against the Houston Oilers.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Some time between the 1969 preseason and regular season, Schottenheimer was sent to the Boston Patriots and spent the next two seasons with the Patriots. He was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers in July 1971 for Mike Haggerty. He was traded again to the Colts before the beginning of the 1971 season for an undisclosed draft pick.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Schottenheimer retired from football in 1971 and spent the next several years working in the real estate industry. He came out of retirement in 1974 to sign with the Portland Storm of the World Football League as a player-coach. He injured his shoulder prior to the start of the season, but stayed on with the Storm as their linebackers coach.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Schottenheimer's professional coaching career began in 1974 when he became linebackers coach for the Portland Storm of the World Football League. In 1975, he was hired as a linebackers coach for the NFL's New York Giants and in 1977 became defensive coordinator. Schottenheimer spent 1978 and 1979 as the linebackers coach for the NFL's Detroit Lions.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: In 1980, he was hired as the defensive coordinator for the Cleveland Browns. On October 22, 1984, Schottenheimer replaced Sam Rutigliano as Browns head coach, after an October 7 game against the New England Patriots that bore an eerie resemblance to Cleveland's 1980 playoff loss to the Raiders, known as Red Right 88. The Browns were down 17–16 in the fourth quarter, and lost on an interception in New England's end zone as time expired. Chants of "Goodbye Sam" rang out from the stands after the New England game. Browns' owner Art Modell called the play-calling "inexcusable" and fired Rutigliano two weeks later. The 1–7 Browns then went 4–4 under Schottenheimer to finish the season with a 5–11 record.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: The selection of University of Miami quarterback Bernie Kosar in 1985's supplemental draft ushered in a new, largely successful era for Cleveland. With Schottenheimer, Kosar and a cast of talented players on offense and defense, the team reached greater heights than Rutigliano and former quarterback Brian Sipe ever did. Though they became consistent playoff contenders in this era, the Browns did not reach the Super Bowl, falling one win short three times in the late 1980s.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: While not stellar, the Browns' record won first place in a weak AFC Central in 1985, and the team looked poised to shock the heavily favored Miami Dolphins in a divisional playoff game on January 4, 1986. Cleveland surged to a 21–3 halftime lead, and it took a spirited second-half comeback by Dan Marino and the Dolphins to win it 24–21 and end the Browns' season. Despite the loss, many people expected Cleveland to be back the following year. "The Browns' days, the good days, are here and ahead of us", radio personality Pete Franklin said.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Despite a tumultuous off season, 1986 marked Cleveland's entry into the ranks of the NFL's elite as Kosar's play improved and the defensive unit came together. Kosar threw for 3,854 yards to a corps of receivers that included Brian Brennan, Ozzie Newsome and rookie Webster Slaughter. On defense, cornerbacks Frank Minnifield and Hanford Dixon emerged as one of the NFL's premier pass-defending duos. After a slow start, the Browns rose to the top of the divisional standings, twice beating the Pittsburgh Steelers and ending a 16-game losing streak at Three Rivers Stadium. A 12–4 record earned Cleveland home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. The Browns' first opponents in the 1986 playoffs were the New York Jets. Kicker Mark Moseley made a field goal and won the game for the Browns 23–20. It was the team's first playoff victory in 17 years. The following week, the Browns matched up against the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship game in Cleveland. Denver got out to an early lead, but Cleveland tied the game and then went ahead 20–13 in the fourth quarter. After the ensuing kickoff, the Broncos were pinned at their own 2-yard line with 5:32 remaining. Denver quarterback John Elway then engineered a 98-yard drive for a touchdown with the cold, whipping wind in his face. "The Drive", as the series came to be known, tied the score and sent the game into overtime. Cleveland received the ball first in the sudden-death period but was stopped by the Denver defense. On Denver's first possession, Elway again led the Broncos on a long drive ending with a Rich Karlis field goal that sailed just inside the left upright and won the game. The drive that tied the game has since come to be seen as one of the best in playoff history, and is remembered by Cleveland fans as a historic meltdown.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Although downtrodden by 1986's playoff defeat, Cleveland continued to win the following season. The Browns finished with a 10–5 record in 1987 and won the AFC Central for the third year in a row. In the divisional playoff round, the Browns faced the Indianapolis Colts and won 38–21. The win set up a rematch with the Broncos in the AFC Championship in Denver. The Broncos held a 21–3 lead at halftime, but a pair of rushing touchdowns and another by receiver Reggie Langhorne brought Cleveland to within seven points. Cleveland scored again in the fourth quarter, but the Broncos went ahead again by seven points on a touchdown with four minutes left. After Denver's kickoff, Kosar and the offense reached the Broncos' eight-yard line with 1:12 remaining. Kosar handed the ball to Earnest Byner on a second down. Byner ran left and broke inside with a clear path to the end zone, but was stripped by Denver's Jeremiah Castille just before crossing the goal line. The Broncos ran down the clock before intentionally taking a safety and winning 38–33. "The Fumble" quickly entered the lexicon of the Browns' modern-era disappointment, just as The Drive had a year before.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: The 1988 season was marred by injuries to the Browns' quarterbacks. But despite the rotating cast of quarterbacks, Cleveland managed to finish with a 10–6 record and made the playoffs as a wild-card team. Cleveland met the Houston Oilers in the wild-card playoff round at home, and soon found themselves attempting to win with third-string quarterback Mike Pagel after an injury to second stringer Don Strock. Pagel put up a valiant effort, but the team lost the game 24–23. Four days after the Oilers loss, Schottenheimer and Modell announced that the coach would leave the team by mutual consent. Modell felt hiring an offensive coordinator was necessary to keep pace with the Oilers and the Bengals, a pair of divisional opponents then on the rise, but Schottenheimer said it "became evident that some of the differences we had, we weren't going to be able to resolve." Modell also wanted Schottenheimer's brother Kurt, who was the defensive coordinator, reassigned.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Schottenheimer remained with the Browns until 1988, amassing a 44–27 (.620) regular-season record and a 2–4 (.333) mark in the playoffs, including four playoff appearances, three AFC Central Division titles, and two trips to the AFC Championship Game (both against the Denver Broncos).


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Kansas City Chiefs' general manager Carl Peterson named Schottenheimer head coach on January 24, 1989.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: In 1990, Schottenheimer's Chiefs got out of the starting gate quickly, winning three of their first four games. The club then struggled, splitting its next six contests. In an inspiring Veterans Day performance against Seattle, the Seahawks miraculously won, 17–16. That loss brought on the furious stretch run which saw the club record victories in six of its last seven outings. The Chiefs clinched their first post-season berth since 1986 with a 24–21 win at San Diego and finished the year at 11–5, marking the franchise's best finish since 1969. The Chiefs suffered a heart-breaking, 17–16 loss at Miami on January 5, 1991, in an AFC wild card game.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: A 27–21 victory against the Los Angeles Raiders in the 1991 regular season finale gave the Chiefs the right to host the Raiders just six days later in the inaugural post-season game in Arrowhead's history, and the Chiefs' first home playoff game in 20 years. Thanks to six Los Angeles turnovers, the Chiefs registered their first post-season victory since Super Bowl IV with a 10–6 win in an AFC Wild Card Game on December 28. The following week, the Chiefs lost a 37–14 decision at Buffalo on January 5, 1992, in an AFC Divisional Playoff match-up as the Buffalo Bills' dynamic offense proved to be too much for the Chiefs.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: The Chiefs got off to a 3–1 start in 1992, but was faced with a 4–4 record at the season's midpoint. Despite four consecutive victories, the club's post-season hopes still came down to the season's final contest. Owning a 9–6 record and needing one more victory to secure a playoff berth, the Chiefs defense tallied three touchdowns, as Kansas City claimed a 42–20 win against Denver to finish the season at 10–6. Despite the big win against the Denver Broncos, the Chiefs made a quick exit from the playoffs as quarterback Dave Krieg was sacked 7 times in a 17–0 AFC Wild Card loss against the San Diego Chargers on January 2, 1993.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: The Chiefs spent the 1993 off-season installing the "West Coast offense" under the direction of new offensive coordinator Paul Hackett, who at one time served as quarterbacks coach to Joe Montana in San Francisco. On April 20, the Chiefs traded for Joe Montana, who directed the 49ers to four Super Bowl victories in the previous decade. On June 9, the club signed unrestricted free agent running back Marcus Allen, who had spent 11 seasons playing against the Chiefs as a member of the rival Raiders. Montana and Allen made their debuts in a 27–3 win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on September 5, marking Montana's first Opening Day appearance since 1990. Before taking the field in a Sunday night contest at Minnesota on December 26, the team learned it had clinched its first AFC West title since 1971 thanks to a Raiders loss earlier in the day. The team finished the season with an 11–5 regular season record, marking the club's fourth consecutive year with a double-digit victory tally.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Kansas City got its first true taste of "Montana Magic" as the Hall of Fame passer engineered a brilliant comeback in a 27–24 overtime win in an AFC Wild Card thriller against the Pittsburgh Steelers on January 8, 1994. Next, the Chiefs traveled to the Astrodome to face the red-hot Houston Oilers, who had won 11 straight games to conclude the regular season. The heavily favored Oilers opened up a 13–7 lead in the fourth quarter, but once again, Montana conjured a comeback, guiding the club to a 28–20 victory. The Chiefs playoff journey ended as the club made its initial AFC Championship Game appearance against the Buffalo Bills on January 23. Montana was knocked out of the contest early in the second half as Buffalo claimed its record fourth straight AFC title by a score of 30–13.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: After starting the 1994 season 3–0, the Chiefs dropped back-to-back games before snapping an 11-game losing streak against Denver at Mile High Stadium on October 17 in a memorable Monday night contest. The Chiefs found themselves at 8–7 faced with a do-or-die regular season finale against the Raiders. At 9–7, Kansas City qualified for the playoffs for a fifth straight season. However, the Chiefs made a rapid departure from the playoffs in Montana's final professional contest at Miami on New Year's Eve. Montana and Dolphins' quarterback Dan Marino conducted a masterful first-half duel that ended deadlocked at 17–17, but Miami eventually prevailed by a 27–17 count.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Montana announced his retirement from football after 16 years in the NFL on April 18, 1995 and Steve Bono was promoted to the starting job. Immediately, the media predicted much gloom and doom for the 1995 Chiefs under Bono, leading Schottenheimer to quip during training camp that his club had been picked "sixth in a five-team division". Led by Bono, who merited a Pro Bowl berth, Kansas City posted an NFL-best 13–3 record with unblemished 8–0 marks in the AFC West and at Arrowhead. The Chiefs led the NFL in rushing offense (138.9 ypg), scoring defense (15.1 ppg) and turnover ratio (+12). A 24–3 win at Arizona on October 1 featured a surreal, 76-yard TD run on a bootleg by Bono as the Chiefs initiated a seven-game winning streak, the franchise's longest since 1969. Kansas City clinched a division title with a 29–23 victory at Oakland on December 3 en route to a franchise-best 13–3 regular season record and a team-record sixth consecutive postseason berth. The Chiefs were represented by seven players in the Pro Bowl, more than any other AFC team. In the playoffs, the Chiefs dropped an AFC Divisional Playoff Game against the underdog Indianapolis Colts on January 7, a blustery afternoon with the temperature at 11 degrees and a wind chill of −9. Three interceptions and three missed field goals from placekicker Lin Elliot contributed to the 10–7 loss at Arrowhead.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Kansas City entered the 1996 campaign with essentially the same lineup as the club boasted in 1995 and were featured on the cover of "Sports Illustrated" along with Green Bay as pre-season Super Bowl favorites. The club started the season with a 4–0 record for the first time in team history, but the season's lofty expectations came crashing down as the squad lost three of its next four games. A three-game winning streak, including a victory over the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers, put the club back in post-season contention at 8–3. Needing just one more win to qualify for the playoffs, the Chiefs dropped their next two games: a 24–19 loss against Indianapolis and a 20–9 loss to the Bills. The Chiefs finished with a 9–7 record, missing the postseason for the first time since 1989 after the AFC's final Wild Card spot went to the Jacksonville Jaguars, who won a tiebreaker with Kansas City.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Kansas City dramatically retooled its roster in 1997, beginning with the signing of free agent quarterback Elvis Grbac on March 17. In addition to Grbac, the Chiefs lineup featured 11 new starters. All the new faces quickly formed a cohesive unit as the Chiefs posted a 13–3 record, an 8–0 Arrowhead record and their second AFC West title in three years. The Chiefs led the NFL in scoring defense, allowing a mere 14.5 points per game. The 232 total points permitted by the Chiefs in 1997 were the lowest tally ever allowed in a 16-game season in team history. Kansas City also broke a 63-year-old mark owned by the 1934 Detroit Lions by not permitting a second-half TD in 10 consecutive games. Grbac returned for the regular season finale against New Orleans Saints on December 21 as the squad finished the year with six consecutive victories, a first in team history. The Chiefs' 13–3 record gave them home field advantage throughout the AFC Playoffs. However, their playoff run was short-lived, as Kansas City lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos 14–10 in the Divisional round.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: The following year, with Elvis Grbac back at the helm, the Chiefs fell to 7–9 in 1998. Marty Schottenheimer took much of the blame for his failed attempts in the playoffs and conservative style of coaching ("Martyball"), and resigned following the 1998 season.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Schottenheimer spent a total of 10 seasons as head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs, from 1989 to 1998 recording a 101–58–1 regular season record (.634) and had three division titles, seven playoff appearances, and a trip to the AFC Championship game in 1993, losing to the Buffalo Bills.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: From 1999 to 2000, Schottenheimer worked as a football analyst for ESPN, where he sometimes criticized Washington Redskins owner Daniel Snyder for being a meddlesome owner. In a surprise to many observers, Schottenheimer was hired as head coach of the Redskins in 2001. Schottenheimer's Redskins became the first-team in NFL history to win five consecutive games immediately after losing its first five games. One of the Redskins' losses was a 45–13 loss to Schottenheimer's former team, the Chiefs. The Redskins won eight of their final eleven games to narrowly miss the postseason, matching the 8–8 record from the team's previous year, but moving up in the NFC East. Despite this, Snyder controversially fired Schottenheimer on January 13, 2002, after one season to make room for former University of Florida head football coach Steve Spurrier. The team would regress under Spurrier, dropping to losing records during his two seasons at the helm.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: The San Diego Chargers hired Schottenheimer in 2002 following consecutive last-place finishes in the AFC West under Mike Riley. Scottenheimer's success didn't come immediately, as the team posted a 4–12 record in 2003, thereby receiving the first overall pick in the 2004 NFL Draft. Projected first overall pick Eli Manning also refused to play for the Chargers, although the team drafted him as part of a trade deal with the New York Giants to receive quarterback Philip Rivers, who had impressed Scottenheimer, in addition to three further draft picks.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Despite the slow start, Schottenheimer experienced his greatest regular season successes in San Diego. Following the 4–12 season, Schottenheimer led the Chargers to a 12–4 record and AFC West title in 2004, earning him NFL Coach of the Year honors. The season was the Chargers' first winning record and playoff berth since 1995 and their first division title since 1994. In 2006, Schottenheimer led the Chargers to a franchise-best 14–2 record, also his best regular season record and the league's best record that year. This regular season dominance, aided by the MVP season of running back LaDainian Tomlinson, secured top seeding for San Diego in the postseason.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: However, both playoff runs would end in upsets during the Chargers' opener. In the Wild Card round of the , the Chargers fell to the underdog New York Jets in overtime 20–17. Although the Chargers managed to rally back from a 17–7 deficit to force overtime, San Diego placekicker Nate Kaeding missed a field goal that would have won the game, leading to the Jets winning off a Doug Brien field goal. The 24–21 defeat to the New England Patriots in proved to be even more devastating after the Chargers committed two critical miscues that caused them to surrender their 21–13 lead in the fourth quarter. While still winning by eight points, Chargers safety Marlon McCree caught a potential-game sealing interception on a Patriots' fourth down, but fumbled after attempting to return his interception. The Patriots recovered the fumble to obtain a new set of downs that led to them tying the game and taking the lead on their next drive. A final Chargers drive put them in position to force overtime off a field goal, but Kaeding missed the 53-yard attempt to secure the Patriots' victory. These two losses brought Schottenheimer's playoff record to 5–13.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Three days after the loss to New England, Chargers president Dean Spanos announced that Schottenheimer would return for the final year of his contract, but the coach declined a one-year extension for 2008 worth $4.5 million. However, despite the earlier announcement and the 14–2 season, Schottenheimer was abruptly fired by San Diego on February 12, 2007. Spanos cited the recent changes to Schottenheimer's coaching staff and the "dysfunction" between the coach and general manager A.J. Smith. The former rationale from Spanos was based on offensive coordinator Cam Cameron and defensive coordinator Wade Phillips leaving for head coaching positions, while tight ends coach Rob Chudzinski and linebackers coach Greg Manusky departed for coordinator roles. Schottenheimer found it unfair to be blamed for the coaching turnover, noting that assistants cannot be blocked from interviewing for head coach positions.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: According to Jim Trotter of the "San Diego Union Tribune", Schottenheimer's insisting that his brother Kurt replace Phillips further strained the relationship between Spanos and Schottenheimer. Spanos had always been against the idea of allowing relatives to be on the same coaching staff, but had acquiesced to his son Brian, being the Chargers' quarterbacks coach. Schottenheimer even went as far to book a flight to San Diego for his brother, against Spanos' wishes. This act of defiance increased the gap between Spanos and Schottenheimer.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Schottenheimer was still owed $4 million for the final year of his contract, as the firing was "without cause". Schottenheimer was replaced as San Diego head coach by Norv Turner. Following the Chargers' 1–3 start the next season, fans at Qualcomm Stadium voiced their displeasure with the firing by chanting Schottenheimer's name. Schottenheimer posted a 47–33 (.588) regular season record for the Chargers and was the franchise's most recent head coach to leave with a winning record until Anthony Lynn in 2020. He is also the Chargers' last head coach to post a winning record while based in San Diego.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: In March 2011, the Virginia Destroyers hired Schottenheimer to be their first head coach and general manager, at the age of 67. In order to lure Schottenheimer to the Destroyers, league majority owner William Hambrecht personally guaranteed he would pay Schottenheimer's $1.1 million salary for the eight-game season. He led the Destroyers to a 4–1 record in the shortened 2011 regular season, earning a playoff berth with home-field advantage in his first season. Schottenheimer's efforts earned him the 2011 United Football League Coach of the Year award. His starting running back, Dominic Rhodes, was also named the MVP of the 2011 UFL season.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: On October 21, 2011, the Virginia Destroyers derailed the two-time defending UFL Champion Las Vegas Locomotives 17–3 in the 2011 UFL Championship Game at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex. It was Schottenheimer's first championship as a coach.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Schottenheimer abruptly resigned from the Destroyers shortly before the 2012 season, citing discomfort over unspecified issues facing the team that season and the failure of the team to meet also-unspecified conditions for his return. Schottenheimer later sued Hambrecht after not receiving any of the money he was owed. He received a settlement of approximately $800,000 in the lawsuit.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: During his head coaching tenure, Schottenheimer's coaching strategy became known as "Martyball". It emphasized a strong running game, a passing game that limited turnovers, and an aggressive defense. A conservative style, it was criticized for its blandness and it prevented Schottenheimer from winning big games, because he consistently played not to lose. While Schottenheimer's teams won eight division titles and made the playoffs 13 times in his 21 seasons, they never reached the Super Bowl. His three AFC Championship Game appearances all ended in defeat and after losing his third AFC Championship, Schottenheimer's final five playoff runs resulted in first-round exits for his teams.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Schottenheimer's tenure as an NFL head coach concluded with 205 career wins and 200 regular season wins, both which are the most of a head coach to not reach or win an NFL championship. He is the only NFL head coach with at least 200 regular season wins to have a losing playoff record, not win a championship, and not be inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. At the time of his retirement, he ranked fifth in regular season wins, behind only Hall of Fame coaches Don Shula, George Halas, Tom Landry, and Curly Lambeau. Schottenheimer currently ranks seventh in regular season wins and eighth in career wins.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Despite the postseason struggles of Schottenheimer's teams, a 2013 NFL.com article found that the regular season success and stability he brought was lost with his departures; teams that previously employed him would go on to hire a combined 17 full-time coaches and all had losing records at the time of the article. Fellow NFL coach and former Schottenheimer assistant Herm Edwards said that his playoff record "probably detracts [from his legacy] in the minds of some people, but I know it doesn't in the minds of people who have coached against him."


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: At Bill Cowher’s Hall of Fame induction in 2021, Cowher said of Schottenheimer’s legacy and impact on the NFL: "He was a master motivator, a stickler for detail and for him, it all started with preparation. This man has not only influenced the game, but he’s influenced anybody who has ever played for him, coached with him or coached against him, and I speak on behalf of many: Thank you coach, you did so much for so many, for so long. One day you will be in the Hall of Fame."


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Many of Marty Schottenheimer's former assistant coaches have gone on to become NFL head coaches themselves. The list is as follows:


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Some of Schottenheimer's former assistants have even fielded successful, winning teams on a regular basis. Additionally, other head coaches are connected to Schottenheimer through his former assistants.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Four of Schottenheimer's former assistants have reached and won the Super Bowl as NFL head coaches: Bill Cowher, Tony Dungy, Mike McCarthy and Bruce Arians. It should be noted, however, that the four aforementioned head coaches won their Super Bowl titles by implementing offensive strategies that could, by and large, be considered more aggressive than Schottenheimer's "Martyball" strategy.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Bill Cowher coached the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1992 to 2006. Like Schottenheimer, Cowher built his offenses around a strong running game. For many years, he was able to do so thanks to the power running style of his Pro Football Hall of Fame running back, Jerome Bettis. However, Cowher was able to get consistent, and often strong, performances in the passing game from his quarterbacks (Neil O'Donnell, Kordell Stewart, Tommy Maddox and Ben Roethlisberger). Cowher's teams also made good use of trick plays on offense. A trick play helped the Steelers win Super Bowl XL against the Seattle Seahawks. In the fourth quarter, Pittsburgh wide receiver Antwaan Randle El, who was originally a quarterback at Indiana University, threw a 43-yard touchdown pass to fellow Steelers wide receiver Hines Ward. This play would prove to be the game-winning score, as Cowher's Steelers beat the Seahawks 21–10, giving him his first Super Bowl title. In 2020, Cowher earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: When Tony Dungy was the head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1996 to 2001, he implemented a conservative, ball-control offense based primarily around running the ball and short, high-percentage passes. However, when Dungy coached the Indianapolis Colts from 2002 to 2008, he was more willing to base his offense on an aggressive, more robust passing game. This was largely possible due to the impressive passing skills of Dungy's Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Peyton Manning. Another important factor was that the Colts' offensive coordinator, Tom Moore, was a man that Dungy already knew and trusted. Dungy is credited for turning both the Buccaneers and Colts into Super Bowl contenders as a head coach. He made ten straight trips to the NFL Playoffs (1999–2001 in Tampa Bay, and 2002–2008 in Indianapolis). In Super Bowl XLI, Dungy's Colts defeated the Chicago Bears 29–17, and he became the first black head coach to win the Super Bowl, against another black head coach (and Dungy's former mentee), Lovie Smith. In 2016, Dungy earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Mike McCarthy coached the Green Bay Packers from 2006 to 2018, and ran a variation of the West Coast offense during his time as Packers head coach. He was able to field a potent passing attack with two superstar quarterbacks; first with Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Brett Favre (2006–2007), and then with Aaron Rodgers (2008–2018). McCarthy guided the Packers to a 31–25 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV, with Rodgers being named the game's MVP. Under McCarthy's watch, the Packers were perennial playoff contenders, and Rodgers blossomed into one of the NFL's best quarterbacks, winning multiple NFL MVP awards along the way.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Bruce Arians, who is another member of Schottenheimer's coaching tree, is well known for his motto, "No risk it, no biscuit," which encourages all his players to play aggressively. Additionally, Arians is noted for his work with quarterbacks. He served as quarterbacks coach for the Indianapolis Colts from 1998 to 2000, mentoring Peyton Manning. From 2004 to 2011, Arians was an offensive assistant for the Pittsburgh Steelers, working for both Bill Cowher and Cowher's successor, Mike Tomlin. Arians served as wide receivers coach from 2004 to 2006, and then as offensive coordinator from 2007 to 2011. With his help, the Steelers won Super Bowl XL and Super Bowl XLIII. During this time, Arians tutored and developed Ben Roethlisberger. In 2012, Arians came back to the Indianapolis Colts. He was named the team's interim head coach when Chuck Pagano, the team's regular head coach, was being treated for leukemia. As the Colts' acting head coach for 12 weeks, Arians guided Indianapolis to a 9–3 record and helped the team get back to the NFL Playoffs. He also became the first ever interim head coach to be named NFL Coach of the Year for his efforts. From 2013 to 2017, Arians served as the head coach of the Arizona Cardinals. He turned the Cardinals into a legitimate playoff contender while also getting productive seasons from his star quarterback Carson Palmer. In 2019, after spending the previous year as an analyst for the NFL on CBS, Arians became the head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, leading them to a 7–9 record. The following year, however, proved to be a triumphant year for him as coach. With the help of legendary quarterback Tom Brady, Arians led the Buccaneers to victory in Super Bowl LV. The Buccaneers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs, 31–9, and Arians became the oldest head coach to win a Super Bowl.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: Schottenheimer married his wife, Pat, in 1968. They lived on Lake Norman in North Carolina and had two children, a daughter, Kristen and a son, Brian, who has also served as an NFL coach.


title: Marty Schottenheimer

text: In 2011, Schottenheimer was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. By the time the diagnosis was announced publicly in 2016, it had progressed slowly and he still maintained much of his memory and function, with him about to begin experimental treatment to slow the progression of the disease even further. In December 2018, Schottenheimer was still able to travel and made a brief pre-recorded speech supporting Chiefs head coach Andy Reid after Reid surpassed him in coaching wins. On February 3, 2021, his family announced he had been put into hospice care the previous Saturday. He died five days later on February 8, 2021, in Charlotte, North Carolina at the age of 77.


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: Marvin Alvin Clark (. 1852 October 30, 1926) was an American man who under mysterious circumstances while en route to visit his daughter in Portland, Oregon during the Halloween weekend, 1926. Clark's case has the distinction of being the oldest active missing person case in the United States.


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: On October 30, 1926, Clark departed his home in Tigard, Oregon to meet his daughter in downtown Portland. He never arrived to meet his daughter, and none of his family made contact with him that day. Some witnesses claimed to have seen Clark at a bus terminal in Portland that day, dressed in a dark suit and slacks. Over a week later, on November 9, Clark's wife Mary received a postcard from Bellingham, Washington, apparently sent from her husband. Several witnesses in the area claimed to have seen him there between November 2 and November 3.


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: In 1986, a John Doe was discovered in a wooded area between Portland and Tigard; these remains were estimated to have been between 35 and 55 years old at the time of death, and several mementos from the late-19th and early-20th centuries were discovered along with the body, leading detectives to suspect the remains were Clark's. Reports of this potential connection made national headlines in 2011. However, in 2018, it was determined through DNA testing that these remains were not those of Clark. As of 2022, Clark's whereabouts remain unknown.


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: According to U.S. census records, Marvin Clark was born circa 1852 in Marion County, Iowa. Both of Clark's parents were from New York. Clark moved to Oregon with his wife, Mary, as early as 1910; according to the 1910 U.S. Census, he resided in the community of Holbrook. Clark was at one time the town marshal of Linton, a district that would later become part of Portland.


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: On October 30, 1926, Clark left his home in Tigard around 1 p.m. to visit his daughter, Mrs Sidney McDougall, who was a resident and manager of the Hereford Hotel at 735 Hoyt Street in Northwest Portland. The initial report of Clark's disappearance on November 6, 1926 by "The Morning Oregonian" stated that he had embarked to Portland by stagecoach, though a report published the following week said he had traveled by bus.


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: According to sightings, Clark had been seen at the terminal on Yamhill Street in downtown Portland, dressed in a dark suit and slacks. This was the last reported sighting of him. According to the newspaper reports, Clark suffered from paralysis and could not properly use his right arm; he also walked with a limp, a distinction that police hoped would help elicit sightings of him. His daughter offered a $100 reward for information leading to his discovery.


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: On November 9, "The Bellingham Herald", a newspaper in Bellingham, Washington, reported that Clark's wife, Mary, had received a "disconnected" postcard reportedly written by her husband that was postmarked in Bellingham, and that there had been witnesses who saw Clark at two hotels in the area on November 2 and 3. The news article read: "The letter indicated that the aged man's mind is wandering as it was badly jumbled despite the fact that Clark is highly educated, being a graduate of two universities."


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: In 1986, nearly sixty years after Clark's disappearance, loggers discovered a nearly complete human skeleton in the woods between Tigard and Portland. Although no identification could be found with the body, an 1888 Liberty Head nickel, a 1919 penny, a pocket watch, leather shoes, and a Fraternal Order of Eagles pocket knife and four tokens with the inscription "D&P" were found near the body. A .38 revolver and a spent shell were also found near the remains. A pair of wire-rimmed glasses were also discovered. Upon an autopsy of the John Doe, the state medical examiner Dr. Karen Gunson observed a bullet hole in the man's skull, and effectively ruled the death a suicide. The estimated age of the John Doe was 35 to 55 years old.


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: Several days after the discovery, Clark's granddaughter, Dorothy Willoughby, came forward, suspecting the John Doe may have been her missing grandfather, but a positive identification could not be made at the time. Willoughby died in 1991.


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: In 2011, Dr. Niki Vance of the Oregon state medical examiner's office revisited Clark's missing person file, and forensic pathologists were able to retrieve sufficient DNA from the skeletal remains of the John Doe, which had remained in storage since its 1986 discovery. In a 2014 article published by "The Oregonian", it was stated that the medical examiners were unable to locate maternal descendants of Clark in order to make a positive identification. "They're looking for a maternal link," said Vance. "Someone on his mother's side, and following that lineage to shore it up. There's an association there but it's not strong at this point."


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: In 2018, KOIN-TV reported that Pam Knowles, a great-great-granddaughter of Clark, provided DNA samples along with her son to determine whether or not the remains of the John Doe were in fact Clark's. These DNA samples were sent to the University of North Texas for comparison, whereupon it was determined that the remains were not those of Clark. As of 2018, the identity of the John Doe's remains is unknown. The DNA samples provided by Knowles and her son remain on file with the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System database for potential future comparison.


title: Disappearance of Marvin Clark

text: Rian Hakla, a Multnomah County police officer, stated: "If at any point in the future bones are sent in and it's Marvin, we will get a positive identification. And who's to say he won't get found by a hunter or a landscaper or developer or something like that happens. So, there's a chance he could be found."


title: Zinda (film)

text: Zinda (English: "Alive") is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language neo-noir action thriller film starring Sanjay Dutt, John Abraham, Lara Dutta and Celina Jaitly. The film was directed by Sanjay Gupta and also wrote the film along with Suresh Nair. Vishal–Shekhar composed the film's thematic music, and background music composed by Sanjoy Chowdhury. It was released in India on 13 January 2006.


title: Zinda (film)

text: "Zinda" has been identified as an unauthorised remake of the South Korean film "Oldboy" (an official adaptation of the Japanese manga "Old Boy"). Show East, the producers of "Oldboy", who had already sold the remake rights to DreamWorks in 2004, initially expressed legal concerns but no legal action was taken as the studio had shut down.


title: Zinda (film)

text: Software engineer Balajeet "Bala" Roy (Sanjay Dutt), is happily married to Nisha Roy (Celina Jaitly), with whom he is going to have a baby. But before Nisha let Bala know about her pregnancy, he is captured by unseen assailants and imprisoned in a cell, After one year, Bala gets a visit from Nisha to find out that she was brutally murdered. Bala is kept in total isolation for 14 years without knowing who imprisoned him and why. While in captivity, he practices martial arts which he learns after watching it on the television, with the intention of using it against the people who captured him. He is finally released, again without explanation, and sets out for revenge.


title: Zinda (film)

text: He befriends a Bangkok taxi driver named Jenny (Lara Dutta), who helps him track his kidnappers. Bala tracks down the restaurant that served him food during his entire captivity and follows a delivery moped to his captors. Bala discovers that he was held in a private prison where people can pay to have others incarcerated. Bala tortures the owner Wong Foo (Rajendranath Zutshi) for answers by plucking out his teeth with a claw hammer; he then finds out he was imprisoned for "talking too much", and fights his way out of the building. Bala is injured during the fight, but a mysterious hooded man saves him and takes him to a taxi. The hooded man turns out to be Rohit Chopra (John Abraham). Soon Wong Foo kidnaps Jenny and tortures her. He threatens to remove Bala's teeth with his own clawhammer but is interrupted by Rohit. Bala takes refuge with Jenny, and they have sex. Bala is informed that his daughter is alive. Bala's friend Joy (Mahesh Manjrekar) is killed, and Bala learns that his kidnapper is none other than Rohit.


title: Zinda (film)

text: Rohit reveals his reason for kidnapping Bala. They went to high school together, where Bala had lusted after Rohit's elder sister Reema (Alisha Baig). After Reema rejected him, Bala spreads a false rumour that she was a whore. She became the laughing stock of their school and committed suicide by setting herself on fire. Rohit blamed Bala for her death and engineered his imprisonment as revenge. Rohit tells Bala that he killed Nisha, and sent his daughter, who is now 14, to a brothel. Bala beats Rohit up and knocks him off of a balcony, but grabs his hand and pleads with him to tell him where his daughter is. Defiantly, Rohit lets go of Bala's hand and falls to his death. Bala then kills Rohit's goons and Wong Foo. In the end, Bala learns that his daughter is safe; and Rohit had lied to him about selling her to a brothel to torment him. He finds her sitting on a riverbank, and goes to meet her. He happily lives with his daughter.


title: Zinda (film)

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics, although John Abraham and Sanjay Dutt were singled out for praise.


title: Zinda (film)

text: Bollywood Mantra praised the film saying, ""Zinda" is a film that appears to be the darkest movie ever by Sanjay Gupta. A hard-hitting flick shot in Bangkok, it tells you a story never told before on the Indian screen. And to make Sanjay Gupta's imagination come alive, who else but Sanjay Dutt is roped in to play the lead role. One of the most challenging roles ever by the deadly Dutt, it is sure to haunt you long after the screening is over".


title: Zinda (film)

text: Narbir Gosal of PlanetBollywood.com gave the film a rating of 7.5/10, praising the performances by Sanjay Dutt and John Abraham, while criticising the fact that much of the dialogue and story was copied from "Oldboy".


title: Zinda (film)

text: Futuremovies.com gave the film 6/10 and said, "Technically and style-wise "Zinda" is flawless", and praised Dutt's performance, saying "it is probably the pinnacle of his career".


title: Zinda (film)

text: Subhash K Jha gave it 2.5/5 and stated that "the film belongs to Sanjay Dutt... If the adventure-action genre in Hindi cinema needed a wake-up call, this is it".


title: Zinda (film)

text: Nikhil Kumar of Apunkachoice.com gave the film 0.5/5 stars, saying "Sanjay Gupta's movie "Zinda" works primarily because of its gripping, although unoriginal, story and a noteworthy acting performance by its frontman Sanjay Dutt".


title: Zinda (film)

text: At a November 2005 press conference, representatives of Show East, the production company that released "Oldboy", expressed concern "Zinda" was similar to their film, and said they were investigating the similarities. They noted that at the time, they did not have the final version of "Zinda" available to compare "Oldboy" with. They stated that if they found there was "strong similarity between the two [films]", they would be contacting their lawyers."


title: Zinda (film)

text: "The Hindu" reviewer Sudhish Kamath and Planet Bollywood reviewer Narbir Gosal both note in their reviews of "Zinda" that they found the two films to be very similar in terms of plot, as well as in the depiction of specific scenes.


title: Maribeth Monroe

text: Maribeth Monroe (born March 25, 1978) is an American actress, writer and comedian. She is known for portraying Alice Murphy on Comedy Central's sitcom "Workaholics", Mindy St. Claire on NBC's sitcom,"The Good Place", and Christina Wheeler on CBS' sitcom "Bob Hearts Abishola". She has also appeared in the films "The Back-up Plan" (2010), "Keeping Up with the Joneses" (2016), "Downsizing" (2017), and "" (2017).


title: Maribeth Monroe

text: Monroe performed at The Second City, both on the Chicago and Detroit stages. In Chicago, she appeared in the 2004 revue "Red Scare", directed by Mick Napier, where the character "Sassy Gay Friend" originated, and she would later appear as Desdemona in one of the character's online incarnations.