title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Hamlin started the 2019 season with his second Daytona 500 win after surviving a mass pile-up with 10 laps to go in the race. The win was about a month after the passing of J. D. Gibbs. Hamlin celebrated by performing a slow lap of honor instead of a burnout to preserve the car. He scored his second win of the season at Texas. At Martinsville, Hamlin collided with Logano on turn four, squeezing Logano into the outside wall and causing him to lose a tire and spin out two laps later. Hamlin finished fourth while Logano salvaged an eighth-place finish. After the race, Hamlin and Logano discussed the incident before Logano slapped Hamlin's right shoulder, sparking a fight between the two. NASCAR suspended Dave Nichols Jr., the No. 22 team's tire technician, for one race for pulling Hamlin down to the ground during the altercation. Hamlin would make the Championship 4 for the first time since 2014 as well as earn his fourth pole at Homestead after qualifying got canceled due to rain, but finished 10th in the race and fourth in the final standings.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Hamlin started the 2020 season by winning the 2020 Daytona 500, becoming only the fourth driver to win back-to-back Daytona 500s after Richard Petty, Cale Yarborough, and Sterling Marlin. Before the Las Vegas race, the team was docked 10 driver and owner points for an L1 level penalty during pre-race inspection. Following the 2020 Coca-Cola 600, crew chief Chris Gabehart, car chief Brandon Griffeth, and engineer Scott Simmons were suspended for four races after a tungsten ballast came loose and fell off the frame rail of the car during the start of the race. Hamlin once again made the Championship 4 and had a more competitive race for the championship than in the previous year, but still finished fourth in the race and final standings behind 3rd-place finisher Joey Logano, runner-up Brad Keselowski, and Champion Chase Elliott.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2021 Hamlin went winless during the regular season but stayed very consistent scoring 13 top fives and 17 top tens. He scored his first win of the season in the first playoff race at Darlington and then won again at Las Vegas. Hamlin made the final four for the third straight year but once again came up short finishing 3rd in points behind runner-up and teammate Martin Truex Jr and champion Kyle Larson.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Hamlin started the 2022 season with a 37th place finish at the 2022 Daytona 500. Aside from a win at Richmond, he struggled with finishes outside the top 10 during the first 11 races. On May 3, Gabehart was suspended for four races due to a tire and wheel loss at Dover. On May 29, Hamlin won the 2022 Coca-Cola 600 for his second win of the season. He won at Pocono, but was disqualified and the No. 11 team was served an L1 penalty after a post-race inspection revealed an alteration to the car's front fascia. It was revealed that the lower corners and wheel openings of the front fascia were wrapped with a layer of clear vinyl that was not removed prior to the application of the paint scheme wrap, resulting in a slight irregularity in the car's dimensions. Hamlin became the first NASCAR Cup Series winner to be disqualified since 1960, when Emanuel Zervakis was stripped of his win at Wilson Speedway for an oversized fuel tank. Hamlin was elimiated following the Round of 8 after finishing sixth at Martinsville.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Joe Gibbs Racing debuted at the 1992 Daytona 500 with second-generation driver Dale Jarrett driving the No. 18 Interstate Batteries-sponsored Chevrolet Lumina to a 36th-place finish after a crash. The team improved dramatically the next year when Jarrett won the Daytona 500 and finished a then career-high 4th in points. Jarrett won a race at Charlotte but he slipped to 16th in points in 1994 and moved to Robert Yates Racing's famed 28 car for 1995.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The team replaced Jarrett with Bobby Labonte, younger brother of Terry Labonte and 1993 Rookie of the Year runner-up. In 1995, Labonte won 3 races, sweeping both Michigan events and winning at Charlotte, finishing 10th in points. This would mark the beginning of a decade of success between Labonte, Joe Gibbs Racing, and Interstate Batteries. In 1996 the team struggled to win until the season finale at Atlanta and finished 11th in points. In 1997 the team had a similar year to the previous but managed to improve to 7th in points. Their lone win came at the season finale. The team improved in 1998 by winning races at Atlanta and Talladega en route to 6th place in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: 1999 was a breakout year for the No. 18 team. They scored 5 wins which came at Dover, Michigan, Atlanta and both races at Pocono. The team came just short of the championship and finished 2nd in points to Jarrett, once again at Atlanta. The team continued their success in the next season, winning the second race of the season at Rockingham. Labonte's next win was the Brickyard 400 at the famed Indianapolis Motor Speedway. His third win came at the Southern 500 at Darlington recovering from a hard practice crash and taking the lead on a late race pit stop to win the rain and darkness shortened event. His fourth and final win of the year came at Charlotte a month later. Labonte would hold the points lead for 25 consecutive races to win the 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series Championship.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The team faced disappointment in 2001 after high expectations following the championship season, winning only 2 races at Pocono and Atlanta and finishing 6th in points. 2002 was the team's worst year since Labonte joined the team, scoring only one win at Martinsville and finishing a disappointing 16th in points. The team rebounded in 2003 scoring 2 wins at Atlanta and Homestead to finish 8th in points. Even though the team made some progression in 2004, the team fired crew chief Michael "Fatback" McSwain midseason, with Brandon Thomas taking over for the rest of the year. The team went winless to finish 12th in points. Steve Addington, a Gibbs Busch Series crew chief, was named new crew chief for the 2005 season, but a rash of troubles, some caused by mechanical problems, continued to daunt the team. The high point of the year was the Coca-Cola 600 when he finished second to Jimmie Johnson by half a car length. Labonte finished 24th in the championship standings, and the team's regression led to his departure following the end of 2005. Bobby Labonte earned all 21 of his career Cup Series wins in the car, as well as the Winston Cup championship in 2000. He would depart for the 43 car of Petty Enterprises.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: After Labonte's departure, Gibbs announced that JGR Busch Series driver and former USAC standout J. J. Yeley would replace him in the No. 18 for 2006, joining fellow rookie teammate Denny Hamlin. Yeley had a dismal rookie season with only three top tens while failing to finish seven races, leading to 29th-place points finish. Yeley's sophomore campaign was only slightly better, earning a pole at Michigan and scoring three more top tens to finish 21st in points. Yeley moved to JGR-affiliated Hall of Fame Racing for 2008.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On August 14, 2007, it was announced that 22-year-old Kyle Busch had signed a contract to drive the number 18 with Joe Gibbs Racing through 2010, leaving Hendrick Motorsports' number 5 car after a successful but controversial tenure with the organization. Mars, Incorporated's M&M's brand was signed as the team's primary sponsor, leaving Robert Yates Racing, while longtime partner Interstate Batteries scaled down to be a secondary sponsor and six race primary sponsor. Joe Gibbs racing also left General Motors in favor of becoming Toyota's highest-profile team. Busch gave Toyota its first Cup win on March 9, 2008, leading a race-high 173 laps to win the Kobalt Tools 500 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. In his first year in the 18, Busch had brought the car back to its former glory, winning 7 additional races (Talladega, Darlington, Dover, Infineon, Daytona, Chicagoland, and Watkins Glen) and would finish tenth in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2009, Busch opened the season by winning his Gatorade Duel qualifying race but finished 41st in the race after a crash. He won the third race of the season from the pole at Las Vegas, and scored additional wins at Richmond and both Bristol races, but failed to qualify for the Chase by only 8 points. As a result, longtime JGR crew chief Steve Addington was fired near the end of the season and coincidentally went to crew chief for Kyle's brother Kurt Busch at Penske Racing. Dave Rogers, Busch's Nationwide Series crew chief, took over the pit box in 2010. The year produced 3 victories at Richmond, Dover, and Bristol, but more struggles in the final 10 races led to an 8th-place finish in the standings. 2011 was an up and down year for the 18 team. The team won at Bristol and Richmond early in the season, as well as the inaugural Cup race at Kentucky and the August race at Michigan. At Texas Motor Speedway in November, Busch was parked by NASCAR for the remainder of the race weekend after intentionally spinning out Ron Hornaday in the Truck Series race. Michael McDowell would replace Busch that weekend, finishing a dismal 33rd. Mars, Inc proceeded to pull its sponsorship for the final two races, with Interstate Batteries covering those races. Busch was relegated to twelfth in the final standings.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2012, Busch won the Budweiser Shootout to open the season and scored a single points-paying victory, the spring race at Richmond. He would miss making the Chase for the Sprint Cup by 3 points, but scored 7 top 5 and 8 top 10 finishes during the final ten races, finishing the year in 13th place and nearly 100 points ahead of 14th place Ryan Newman. In 2013, Busch won the second Budweiser Duel qualifying race, and won the pole at the spring Bristol race, finishing second. He also swept the spring Fontana and Texas race weekends, winning the Nationwide and Cup races, giving Joe Gibbs his first win at Fontana in Sprint Cup competition and first win for himself at Texas. He would win at Watkins Glen and Atlanta. Busch's four wins and career-high 22 top ten finishes would lead to a fourth-place finish in the championship, the highest of his career. In 2014, Busch earned a spot in the new Chase for the Sprint Cup with his early-season win at Fontana. Busch would be eliminated in the second round, after being swept up in a wreck at Talladega, and would finish tenth in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: For 2015, sponsor Mars, Inc. introduced a new green paint scheme to promote Crispy M&M's on the 18 car. After an injury to Kyle Busch in the season-opening Xfinity Series race, the No. 18 started the 2015 season with two-time Truck Series champion Matt Crafton making his Sprint Cup debut at the 2015 Daytona 500, finishing 18th. The next week, David Ragan was announced as interim driver, moving from his full-time ride at Front Row Motorsports. Ragan drove the car for nine races through Talladega and scored a single top-five finish at Martinsville, before moving to Michael Waltrip Racing. Development driver Erik Jones, who drove for Busch in the Truck Series, made his first series start at Kansas. Jones ran in the top ten for much of the race, before crashing on the front stretch and finishing 40th. After missing a total of 11 races, Busch returned to the car for the Sprint All-Star Race at Charlotte, receiving a waiver from NASCAR to be eligible for the Chase for the Sprint Cup provided he win a race and gain a top 30 position in the championship standings. At Sonoma in June, his fifth start of the year, Busch scored his first victory of the season. It was also the first time he and his brother Kurt Busch had finished first and second in any Cup Series event. Busch would then win three consecutive races – Kentucky, New Hampshire, and Indianapolis – with four total wins across a five-race span. The latter victory was also Busch's first Brickyard 400 victory, the first for manufacturer Toyota, and marked the first time a driver swept both the Cup and Xfinity races at Indianapolis. Busch would go on to make the 2015 Chase for the Sprint Cup. At the second Phoenix race, Busch would be one of the four drivers going to Homestead-Miami Speedway with an opportunity to win the Sprint Cup championship after the race was stopped by NASCAR due to rain. The following weekend at Homestead-Miami Speedway, Busch would go on to win the race as well as his first Sprint Cup title. He and brother Kurt join Bobby and Terry Labonte as the only brothers in NASCAR's top series to win championships. This was the 2nd championship for the No. 18 car. Busch ended the season with 5 wins, 12 top fives, and 16 top tens in only 25 starts. It was the first championship for manufacturer Toyota and fourth for team owner Joe Gibbs.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On May 13, 2016, JGR announced that Busch would drive the number 75 car at the All-Star race only, to celebrate M&Ms 75th anniversary.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2017, Busch was hampered by bad luck, especially at the beginning of the season as JGR was also having trouble finding speed. However, he picked up steam late in the season and won five races starting at the second Pocono race, a week after being wrecked while leading at Indianapolis. Busch made the Championship 4 again by winning at Martinsville and finished second to Martin Truex Jr. in both the Homestead race and the final standings.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2018, Busch had possibly his best season in the cup series, scoring eight wins including three in a row at Texas, Bristol, and Richmond. He also dominated the 2018 Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte, becoming the first driver to win all four stages. Busch's fifth win came at Chicagoland, where he used a bump and run to beat Kyle Larson on the last lap. His sixth win was the second Pocono race where he beat teammate Daniel Suárez on several late restarts. Busch also won the fall Richmond race to sweep the 2018 Richmond races. His last win was the penultimate race at Phoenix, which clinched his spot in the Championship 4. Unfortunately, at Homestead, his car was noticeably slower than his three competitors for the championship and he finished fourth in the race and the final standings.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Busch started the 2019 season by finishing second at the Daytona 500, behind teammate Denny Hamlin. He had consistent top-10 finishes at Atlanta and Las Vegas before scoring his first win of the season at Phoenix. Busch also won at California and Bristol to maintain his points lead. Following the 2019 Bojangles' Southern 500 at Darlington Raceway, Busch clinched his second consecutive Regular Season Championship. Busch also won the 2019 Ford Ecoboost 400 clinching his second Monster energy NASCAR Cup series title.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Busch started the 2020 season with a 34th place finish at the Daytona 500. Before the Las Vegas race, the team was docked 10 driver and owner points for an L1 level penalty during pre-race inspection. Busch finished the regular season winless, but stayed consistent enough to make the playoffs. A series of bad finishes at Talladega and the Charlotte Roval resulted in him being eliminated from the round of 8. Despite no longer being a championship factor, Busch won at Texas and finished the season eighth in points. Following the season, Xfinity Series crew chief Ben Beshore replaced Stevens, who was transferred to the No. 20 team driven by Christopher Bell.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: After only winning just one race in 2020, Busch opened the 2021 season by winning the Busch Clash on a last-lap pass. Ryan Blaney was leading and Chase Elliott was in second when the two collided on the front-stretch chicane which led to Busch passing both to win his second Busch Clash. He also scored two wins at Kansas and Pocono to make the playoffs. After crashing at the 2021 Cook Out Southern 500, a frustrated Busch ran over several safety cones and nearly hit some people on his way to the garage, landing him a $50,000 fine.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Busch started the 2022 season with a second place finish at the 2022 Busch Light Clash at The Coliseum, losing to Joey Logano after leading 65 of the exhibition race's 150 laps. He finished sixth at the 2022 Daytona 500. Busch won the Bristol dirt race after Tyler Reddick and Chase Briscoe collided with each other for the lead on the final lap. His run at Darlington ended abruptly when Brad Keselowski blew a tire and collided with him. Busch parked his car on pit road and walked off when its front suspension was too damaged for it to return to the garage. Busch finished second at Pocono, but was disqualified and the No. 18 team was served an L1 penalty after a post-race inspection revealed an alteration to the car's front fascia. It was revealed that the lower corners and wheel openings of the front fascia were wrapped with a layer of clear vinyl that was not removed prior to the application of the paint scheme wrap, resulting in a slight irregularity in the car's dimensions. At the Southern 500, Busch led a race-best 155 laps before his engine expired during the final caution, resulting in a 30th place finish. Busch was eliminated in the Round of 16 after another engine failure at the Bristol night race. On October 18, Beshore was suspended for four races for a loose wheel violation at Las Vegas.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: After JGR and Toyota failed to secure a replacement for Mars, it was reported that Busch would depart from the team and manufacturer after 15 seasons. On September 13, 2022, Busch announced that he had signed with Richard Childress Racing to drive the No. 8 in 2023, returning to Chevrolet for the first time since 2007, and brought Kyle Busch Motorsports with him.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On November 15, 2022, JGR announced that Busch's replacement would be Ty Gibbs, Joe's grandson and the son of the recently deceased Coy Gibbs. The defending NASCAR Xfinity Series Champion, Gibbs was widely suspected to be the replacement for Busch upon his eventual departure. The team announced his car would be numbered 54 for the 2023 season, the first time the team would not sport the number since 1991. The team indicated they did intend to use number 18 for their team in the future but would deviate for the 2023 season. Their reason for making this change is presently unconfirmed.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Before expanding to four full-time cars, JGR had occasionally fielded a fourth car for R&D or driver development purposes. Mike Bliss drove several races for JGR in 2003 & 2004 in a No. 80 car. In 2007, development driver Aric Almirola made his NEXTEL Cup debut in the No. 80 at Las Vegas with Joe Gibbs Driven sponsoring. Almirola started 31st and finished 40th after a crash. He was scheduled to drive at the All-Star Race and Coca-Cola 600, but he suffered a practice crash and the car was withdrawn from both races. He would leave the team later in the season for Ginn Racing and Dale Earnhardt, Inc.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2008, 18-year-old Joey Logano was scheduled to run several late-season races in preparation for running the full 2009 season. Logano drove the No. 02 (reverse of the 20), with an inverted Home Depot scheme of teammate Tony Stewart's. He was scheduled to make his Sprint Cup debut at Richmond International Raceway, but qualifying was rained out by Hurricane Hanna. The 02 attempted again at Loudon and at Atlanta, but qualifying was rained out in both races as well, leading Logano to make his debut in JGR-affiliated Hall of Fame Racing's No. 96 at Loudon and miss the Atlanta race. Logano made the race in his fourth attempt with Gibbs at Texas, starting 43rd and last and finishing 40th, several laps down.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2009 Farm Bureau Insurance, who had been banned from the Nationwide Series due to the Viceroy Rule, moved up to sponsor 6 Sprint Cup Series races for JGR, including 3 for the 02 car at Charlotte, Texas, and Homestead. David Gilliland was tabbed to drive the car in the three events, with a best finish of 25th at Charlotte. After the 2009 season, Farm Bureau Insurance announced they would not return for the 2010 season.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2013, Elliott Sadler was signed to drive the renumbered No. 81 (reverse of 18) for three races, with his former sponsor at Robert Yates Racing, Mars, Inc., promoting their new Alert Energy Caffeine Gum on the car. Sadler was scheduled to run at Kansas Speedway, Talladega Superspeedway and a third unannounced race. The deal was made in part to avoid conflict on the 18 car with Kyle Busch's sponsor Monster Energy. For Sadler, it was his first start in the Sprint Cup Series since the 2012 Daytona 500, and his first opportunity since he was forced to turn down a part-time deal at Michael Waltrip Racing that same year (ultimately taken by 2013 teammate Brian Vickers) by then-owner Richard Childress. At Kansas, he got out of the racing groove and wrecked in turn 3 on lap 85, relegating him to a 40th-place finish. He failed to qualify at Talladega after rain washed out qualifying and was set by owner points as the No. 81 was too low in points. After Alert Energy was pulled from the market, Doublemint sponsored the car at Talladega.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: After not running in 2014, the fourth car returned full-time in 2015 as the No. 19 with Carl Edwards driving. New partner Arris signed on to sponsor 17 races, while Stanley Black & Decker moved from Richard Petty Motorsports to sponsor 12 races. Comcast/Xfinity, Sport Clips, and Edwards' longtime sponsor Subway Restaurants also sponsored the car. Darian Grubb made his return to JGR as Edwards' crew chief. Before the Cup series season, Edwards and JGR were informed that because the No. 19 team was not formed until 2015, they were not eligible for one of the 36 charters NASCAR granted to teams who participated full-time in Cup. Joe Gibbs Racing managed to secure Edwards a spot in every race of the 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup season by purchasing a charter from the defunct Michael Waltrip Racing. Edwards won his first race with JGR at Charlotte in May. Starting third, he led a total of 25 laps, using fuel mileage strategy to take the victory. He also went on to win at Darlington Raceway and finished the season fifth in points. Edwards would go on to win three races in 2016 and would advance to the championship four. Near the end of the race, Joey Logano would make contact causing Edwards to spin and bring out the caution. He would finish fourth in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On January 11, 2017, Edwards announced that he was stepping away from NASCAR effective immediately, and it was announced that 2016 Xfinity Series champion Daniel Suárez would replace Edwards in the No. 19 car starting at the Daytona 500 in 2017.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Suárez finished 20th in points in his rookie season but lost rookie of the year to teammate Erik Jones. Suárez struggled throughout the 2018 season and finished 21st in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On November 7, 2018, it was announced that Martin Truex Jr. will replace Suárez in the No. 19 team. In addition, Truex's crew chief Cole Pearn from the defunct Furniture Row Racing will join the team in the 2019 season. Truex Jr. also brought in long-time sponsors Bass Pro Shops and Auto-Owners Insurance to the No. 19 team.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Unlike his new teammates, Truex's 2019 season started on a low when he was caught in "The Big One" at the Daytona 500, finishing 35th. He made five consecutive top-10 finishes and two top-20 finishes before winning his first short track race at Richmond. Truex also scored wins at Dover, Charlotte, and Sonoma. After the season-ending race at Homestead, Truex finished second to Kyle Busch in the 2019 standings.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On December 9, 2019, Pearn announced he parted ways with JGR to pursue opportunities outside the sport. Truex's 2020 season with new crew chief James Small yielded only one win at Martinsville. During the Playoffs, he was eliminated after the Round of 8 and finished seventh in the 2020 standings.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In the 2021 season, Truex scored three wins during the regular season at Phoenix Martinsville and Darlington. In the playoffs Truex scored his fourth win of the season at Richmond and would advance to the final four but in the season finale truex would finish second in the race and points to Kyle Larson.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Truex started the 2022 season with a 13th place finish at the 2022 Daytona 500. He was winless through the regular season, but he stayed consistent with three top-fives and 12 top-10 finishes. Consequently, Truex missed the playoffs after Austin Dillon won the August Daytona race.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Tony Stewart debuted the No. 20 The Home Depot Pontiac Grand Prix at the 1999 Daytona 500, qualifying on the outside pole. He won three races at Richmond, Phoenix, and Homestead, as well as the Winston Open and the NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors and finished fourth in points. 2000 was an up and down year for Stewart as he won six races, including both Dover races, Martinsville, New Hampshire, Michigan, and Homestead but only finished sixth in points. 2001 was another good year for Stewart, as he won the Budweiser Shootout, Richmond, Infineon, and Bristol and finished second in the overall standings.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: 2002 was a break-out year for Stewart with wins at Atlanta, Richmond, and Watkins Glen along with the Budweiser Shootout and the team won the 2002 points championship. With JGR switching to Chevrolet in 2003, Stewart won twice at Pocono and Charlotte and finished seventh in the points standings. The 2004 season saw Stewart score two wins and finish sixth in points in the first-ever chase.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Stewart won his second championship in 2005. After winning the Gatorade Duel, the team did not win again until Infineon and then they went on to win the Pepsi 400 at Daytona, followed by New Hampshire, Indianapolis, and Watkins Glen, and held the championship through the Chase.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: 2006 statistically was Stewart's worst season with JGR. After winning early at Martinsville, he suffered an injury at Charlotte and was replaced during Dover. He won the Pepsi 400 again at Daytona but missed the Chase. During the Chase, Stewart won three races at Kansas, Atlanta, and Texas and finished 11th in points. 2007 was another good year for him and the team. Though Stewart won both the Budweiser Shootout and Gatorade Duel, an early wreck smashed his Daytona 500 hopes. He and the team won three races though at Chicagoland, Indianapolis, and Watkins Glen and finished 6th in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Following the team's switch from Chevrolet to Toyota, Stewart's performance dwindled, earning ten top-fives and sixteen top-10s. Stewart's only win for this season was the 2008 AMP Energy 500 at Talladega. On June 9, 2008, Stewart was granted a release from his final year of his contract with Joe Gibbs Racing, ending a twelve-year relationship with the organization that included over 30 wins and two Cup Series Championships. Stewart moved to Haas CNC Racing, renamed Stewart-Haas Racing after he purchased a 50% ownership stake from founder Gene Haas, in part to return to longtime manufacturer Chevrolet.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On August 25, 2008, Joe Gibbs Racing announced that 18-year-old Joey Logano would replace Stewart as the driver of the No. 20 car for the 2009 season, after only making his NASCAR debut in May 2008 and running abbreviated Nationwide and Cup schedules. Longtime crew chief Greg Zipadelli remained with JGR for Logano's rookie season. Logano's first win came in the rain-shortened Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway after a fuel mileage gamble, becoming the youngest winner in Cup Series history. Logano beat former open-wheel drivers Max Papis and Scott Speed for the Rookie of the Year Award, with seven top-tens and a 20th-place points finish. Logano failed to win in 2010 and finished 16th in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2011, Logano again was winless and finished 24th in points. On October 13, 2011, Joe Gibbs Racing announced The Home Depot will become a co-primary sponsor for Logano's car with Dollar General. Dollar General sponsored 12 races while the other 22 continued to be sponsored by The Home Depot. Logano won his second career race at Pocono from the pole in the 2012 Pocono 400 after passing Mark Martin with three laps to go.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Beginning in 2013, the No. 20 car was taken over by Matt Kenseth, who left Roush Fenway Racing, as Logano moved to the No. 22 at Team Penske. The team had a resurgence, with Kenseth winning five races in the regular season (Las Vegas, Kansas, Darlington, Kentucky, and Bristol), and led the most laps at several other races (Daytona 500, Kansas, Richmond, and Talladega). Kenseth also won the first two races of the Chase at Chicagoland Speedway and New Hampshire Motor Speedway, bringing the team up to seven wins – which was more wins in a single season than the car had ever achieved with Stewart or Logano.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: It was announced in September 2014 that Stanley Black & Decker would leave Richard Petty Motorsports to sponsor JGR in the Cup Series for 2015. This move reunited Kenseth with the DeWalt brand for six races as a primary, and the entire season as an associate.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Kenseth won the Food City 500 in Support of Steve Byrnes And Stand Up To Cancer at Bristol in April, his first victory since 2013. On November 3, he was suspended for two races after intentionally wrecking Logano at Martinsville. Erik Jones was named the replacement driver for Kenseth in both of those races, with Jones finishing 12th and 19th in those races.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2016 Kenseth won twice at Dover and New Hampshire and finished 5th in points after he was wrecked while leading at Phoenix by Alex Bowman. Dollar General left the team at the end of the season.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On July 11, 2017, JGR announced that Jones would replace Kenseth in the No. 20 car in 2018. Like his JGR teammates, Kenseth was hampered by bad luck and lack of speed at the beginning of the year. He scored his final win with Joe Gibbs Racing at Phoenix in November after passing Chase Elliott late in the race.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2018, Jones claimed his first career Cup win at the Coke Zero Sugar 400 at Daytona and made it to the Playoffs until he was eliminated after the Bank of America Roval 400 at Charlotte. Jones finished the season 15th in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Jones started the 2019 season by finishing third at the Daytona 500, behind teammates Denny Hamlin and Kyle Busch. On September 2, 2019, Jones scored his second career Cup Series win at Darlington, securing him in the 2019 Playoffs. During the playoffs, Jones finished fourth at Richmond, but was disqualified when his car was discovered to have a rear wheel alignment issue during post-race inspection. He once again was eliminated after the Bank of America Roval at Charlotte due to a multi-car incident that punctured his radiator.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Jones kicked off 2020 by winning the Busch Clash; despite being involved in three accidents towards the end of the race, further wrecks among the field led to multiple overtime attempts. On the third overtime, Jones received a push from Hamlin on the final lap to win. On May 18, 2020, following the 2020 The Real Heroes 400 at Darlington, crew chief Chris Gayle was suspended for one race and fined 20,000 after it was discovered that two lug nuts were not safely secured during post-race inspection. Race engineer Seth Chavka was announced to take over Gayle's duties at the 2020 Toyota 500 at Darlington. Jones missed the Playoffs, went winless, and finished 17th in the final standings.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On August 6, 2020, it was confirmed that Erik Jones would not be returning to the No. 20 car in 2021. Four days later, Christopher Bell was announced as Jones' replacement. On February 21, 2021, Bell passed Joey Logano with two laps remaining at the Daytona Road Course and scored his first career victory with the team, the first time the No. 20 car returned to victory lane since the 2019 Bojangles' Southern 500 with Jones behind the wheel, 48 races ago. During the playoffs, Bell made it to the Round of 12, but struggled with a poor finish at Las Vegas, yet he rebounded with a fifth-place finish at Talladega. Following the Charlotte Roval race, he was eliminated from the Round of 8.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Bell started the 2022 season with a 34th place finish at the 2022 Daytona 500. He scored a win at New Hampshire to become the 14th different winner of the season. During the playoffs, Bell won at the Charlotte Roval to advance to the Round of 8. At Las Vegas, Bell got caught between a wreck involving Kyle Larson and Bubba Wallace, resulting in a 34th place finish. Bell won at Martinsville to make the Championship 4. He finished 10th at the Phoenix finale and a career-best third in the points standings.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The No. 11 team began racing in 2011. JGR signed 22-year-old Brian Scott (former driver of the No. 11 with Braun Racing) to a two-year contract, with Kevin Kidd announced as the crew chief, and Scott bringing sponsorship from his family-owned Shore Lodge. The new team was constantly hampered by bad luck during races, with 5 DNF's on the season. Scott earned a pole, two top 5s and seven top 10s, finishing 8th in points. For 2012, Dollar General expanded its sponsorship deal with JGR, sponsoring the No. 11 car for the full season. Despite showing speed, the team continued to struggle finishing races (7 DNF's), and had a best finish of 3rd at Dover, with Scott finishing 9th in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2013, Scott was replaced by veteran Elliott Sadler, who finished second in the championship standings in the two prior seasons. Sadler brought sponsorship from OneMain Financial with him from Richard Childress Racing. After winning four races in 2012, Sadler went winless in 2013, though he did score 20 top 10s en route to a fourth-place points finish. Sadler scored his first win for JGR at Talladega in 2014, leading a race high 40 laps. On October 31, 2014, it was announced that Sadler would depart for Roush Fenway Racing's Nationwide program, taking the OneMain sponsorship with him. The team's points and crew were moved to the No. 18 for the 2015 season, and the number was reassigned in 2016 to Kaulig Racing for Blake Koch.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The current 18 car came under JGR control when owner Joe Gibbs purchased the No. 44 Shell Oil-sponsored Pontiac from his Cup Series driver Bobby Labonte, who had been operating the team under his control. The team made its debut under the Gibbs banner at the 1998 NAPA Auto Parts 300 with then-IndyCar driver Tony Stewart driving. Stewart, he qualified 9th but finished 31st after a crash. At the next week at Rockingham Speedway, Stewart qualified on the pole, led 60 laps, and finished 2nd. Stewart ran a total of 22 races that year, with five top-five finishes and winning two pole positions. Labonte ran five races that year in that car in 1998, winning the Diamond Hill Plywood 200.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The team switched to No. 18 with sponsorship from MBNA for 1999. Labonte ran only one race before he suffered shoulder injuries in a qualifying crash at Darlington. Late in the year, Jason Leffler, like Stewart an accomplished open wheel racer, ran four races in the car that year, his best finish being a 20th at Memphis Motorsports Park.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Leffler ran the car full-time in 2000, winning a pole at Texas Motor Speedway, and posting three top-ten finishes. After that season, he left for the Cup Series with Chip Ganassi Racing, and Jeff Purvis took his place.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Purvis started strong and was seventh in points but was released after the GNC Live Well 250 because of sponsorship issues. Mike McLaughlin replaced him, finishing seventh in points that season.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: McLaughlin returned for 2002, and despite going winless in 2002, he moved up to fourth place in points. However, owner Joe Gibbs wanted his son Coy in a full-time ride, leaving McLaughlin without a ride.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In his rookie season, The now late Coy Gibbs drove the No. 18 full time in 2003. Gibbs had two Top 10 finishes and finished runner-up to David Stremme for Rookie of the Year.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The team scaled back to a part-time schedule for 2004. In November 2003, JGR signed highly touted USAC Champion J. J. Yeley to a multi-year contract, beginning his stock car career with eight ARCA Menards Series events and 10-12 Busch Series races in the 2004 season. The Home Depot's Vigoro Lawn and Garden Products would sponsor Yeley's efforts, making their BGN debut at Las Vegas in March. In his first race, Yeley qualified a strong seventh, but finished 23rd and two laps down. Yeley would end up running 17 races, garnering four Top 10 finishes and finishing fourth in Rookie of the Year standings behind future Cup drivers Kyle Busch, Clint Bowyer, and Paul Menard. Bobby Labonte ran two races with a best finish of 7th, while Denny Hamlin finished a strong sixth at the fall race at Darlington.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Yeley ran the car full-time in 2005, finishing in the top-ten twelve times and finishing 11th in points. Yeley continued to run full-time in 2006, finishing 5th in the points standings with three poles, nine Top 5s, 22 Top 10s, and 27 Top 15s. Yeley announced in Daytona that he would be driving in the No. 1 Miccosukee Gaming and Resorts-sponsored Chevrolet for Phoenix Racing in the 2007 NASCAR Busch Series.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In January 2007, former Brewco Motorsports development driver and ARCA standout Brad Coleman signed to drive the No. 18 car for 17 of the 35 races, with Carino's Italian Grill sponsoring his efforts. Kevin Conway was signed for eight races beginning at Bristol in March with Z-Line Designs sponsoring, while Tony Stewart and development driver Aric Almirola filled out the schedule with Goody's Headache Powder and ConAgra Foods sponsorships. Almirola put the car on the pole at the season opener at Daytona, and had a best finish of 4th at Charlotte. Coleman earned his first career Busch Series pole at Talladega, and had three Top 5s and five Top 10s. Without sponsorship for a full-time ride with JGR, Coleman returned to the renamed Baker Curb Racing following the season and signed a development contract with Hall of Fame Racing.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: For 2008, the No. 18 was piloted by the team of Denny Hamlin and Kyle Busch with sponsorship coming from Southern Farm Bureau, Interstate Batteries, and Z-Line Designs. Despite running a partial schedule, Busch won ten races in 2008, including eight in the No. 18, and would finish sixth in points while Hamlin scored a single victory in the No. 18 at Dover. 18-year-old JGR development driver Marc Davis made his one and only national series start for the team in October at Memphis Motorsports Park with DLP HDTV sponsoring.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2009, Kyle Busch went full time in the Nationwide Series, driving the No. 18 Z-Line Designs / NOS Toyota. Busch won 9 races and won the 2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series Title.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2010, Kyle Busch ran most of the races that were paired with Sprint Cup Series races, while Brad Coleman returned to run the stand-alone races. For 2011, Busch drove the No. 18 for a majority of the season, splitting the ride with Michael McDowell, who ran both Iowa races, Lucas Oil Raceway, and the road courses Road America and Circuit Gilles Villeneuve with sponsorship from Pizza Ranch. McDowell won the pole at Road America and dominated until late-race contact with another car. Drivers Kelly Bires, Drew Herring, and Joey Logano also took turns in the 18. Bires ran at Richmond and Chicago with International Comfort Products Corporation, Herring drove at the second Nashville race with Sport Clips, and Logano drove the 18 at Chicago, Dover, Kansas, and Phoenix. For 2012 the 18 would have a similar lineup, featuring Hamlin, Logano, Herring, McDowell, and Ryan Truex. Logano would take seven victories with the 18 team, handing the team the Nationwide Owners' Championship. For 2013, the 18 and 20 teams swapped. Matt Kenseth drove the 18 for 16 races with sponsorship from Reser's Fine Foods and GameStop. He won the July race at Daytona and the October race at Kansas. The 18 car did not run in 2014.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On August 19, 2014, JGR announced that Toyota Series and K&N Pro Series East driver Daniel Suárez would drive the No. 18 full-time in 2015 with a sponsorship from Arris, running for Rookie of the Year. Suárez had a strong rookie season, earning eight top fives, 18 top tens, and three poles to finish fifth in points and beat out Darrell Wallace Jr. for Rookie of the Year.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The team inherited the No. 54's points and equipment in 2016, fielding multiple drivers, starting with former JGR driver Bobby Labonte at Daytona. Kyle Busch drove a limited schedule, with former sponsor NOS Energy Drink (owned by Monster Beverage) funding both Busch and Labonte's efforts. Matt Tifft was scheduled to drive 13 races for the team, but was replaced for several races as he recovered from a removal of a tumor in his brain. Sam Hornish Jr. replaced Tifft for the June Xfinity race at Iowa, and won the race. David Ragan ran the July Xfinity race at Daytona, and won the pole, and was in contention for the win, but crashed on the final lap of the race. Road course specialist Owen Kelly ran the road course races at Mid-Ohio and Road America, and Dakoda Armstrong ran the July Xfinity race at Iowa. The 18 car won 12 races in 2016, 10 with Busch, 1 at Charlotte with Hamlin, and 1 with Hornish at Iowa.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: For 2017, multiple drivers again raced in the 18. Daniel Suárez drove 12 races beginning at Daytona in February with sponsorship from Juniper. Kyle Busch drove 10 races with sponsor NOS Energy Drink beginning at Atlanta in March, winning 5 races at Atlanta, Kentucky, Loudon, Watkins Glen, and Bristol. Kyle Busch Motorsports driver Christopher Bell made his Xfinity Series debut with the 18 team at Charlotte, finishing 4th. Bell would also drive the car at Road America, Kansas, Texas, and Phoenix. Bell won the race at Kansas after catching and passing teammate Erik Jones for his first career Xfinity Series win in his 5th start. Bell had sponsorship from SiriusXM at Charlotte, Toyotacare at Road America, JBL at Kansas, and Safelite at Texas and Phoenix. ARCA driver Kyle Benjamin drove the 18 with sponsorship from Reser's Fine Foods and Sport Clips at both Iowa races and Kentucky in September with a best finish of 2nd at the July Iowa race to teammate Ryan Preece. Regan Smith returned to the Xfinity series in a one-race deal in the 18 at Mid-Ohio with sponsorship from Interstate Batteries. Denny Hamlin also drove one race in the 18, running a throwback scheme at Darlington with Sport Clips sponsoring, Hamlin won the race. Ryan Preece drove the 18 car at Homestead with Safelite as the sponsor and finished 5th in preparation for an expanded 10 race schedule with the team in 2018.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2018 Preece ran 10 races, sharing the car with JGR’s cup series drivers Busch, Suárez, Hamlin, and Jones. Preece would go on to win at Bristol.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2019, Busch returned for seven races with Hamlin running the Darlington race. Jeffrey Earnhardt was signed to nine races while the rest of the schedule was filled out by development drivers Harrison Burton and Riley Herbst. On August 7, 2019, Earnhardt announced that he parted ways with sponsor and XCI affiliate iK9, as well as Joe Gibbs Racing. Jack Hawksworth would drive the car at Mid-Ohio.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: For 2020, Riley Herbst will be driving this car full-time. Dave Rogers will serve as crew chief. He qualified for the playoffs but was eliminated following the first round and ultimately finished 12th in the standings.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On November 12, 2020, it was confirmed that Daniel Hemric would replace Riley Herbst for the 2021 season. On September 25, 2021, it was confirmed that Hemric would not be returning to the team after the 2021 season, moving to Kaulig Racing's No. 11 in 2022 as the replacement for Justin Haley's Xfinity seat. Despite being winless during the regular season, Hemric used his consistency to advance to the Championship 4 at Phoenix where he finally won his first career Xfinity race as well as the Championship.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2022, JGR downsized to three teams including the No. 18, No. 19, and No. 54. Drivers such as Drew Dollar, Trevor Bayne, Ryan Truex, John Hunter Nemechek and Sammy Smith drove the No. 18. The No. 18 would go winless in 2022.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On December 6, 2022, Joe Gibbs Racing announced that development driver Sammy Smith would drive the No. 18 full time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series in 2023 with sponsorship from Pilot Flying J.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The No. 19 team was to make its debut at the 2004 Michigan race driven by Bobby Labonte and sponsored by Banquet Foods, however, qualifying was rained out and the team with no owner's points missed the race. The team finally made its first start in 2005 CarQuest Auto Parts 300. Labonte ran seven races that year, with three top-tens. With Labonte moving to Petty Enterprises, JGR development driver Aric Almirola ran the car in seven races in 2006. Tony Stewart also drove the car at select races in 2006, using his NEXTEL Cup crew when he raced. The No. 19 team was disbanded after the 2006 season.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The No. 19 car was returned for 2016 with Daniel Suárez and sponsor Arris moving from the 18 team, maintaining the same sponsor-number combination used by Carl Edwards in the Cup Series. Suárez got his first win at Michigan after a last lap pass to Kyle Busch. Suárez scored three victories and won the 2016 championship, becoming the first foreign-born driver to win a NASCAR National championship.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: It was announced that in 2017, Matt Tifft would drive full-time in the 19, with rookie crew chief Matt Beckham on the box. Tifft struggled to repeat the success of Suárez failing to win any races and finishing 7th in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On November 15, 2017, JGR announced that Brandon Jones would replace Tifft in the 19 in 2018. Tifft would move to Richard Childress Racing in a driver swap. Chris Gabehart was announced as his crew chief, moving from the No. 20 Xfinity team and replacing Matt Beckham. From 2018 to 2022, Jones score five wins and made the top-10 in the playoffs. On September 14, 2022, Jones announced he would leave JGR at the end of the 2022 season and move to the JR Motorsports No. 9 in 2023.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On December 8, 2022, Joe Gibbs Racing announced that the No. 19 car would run full time with a number of drivers, so far, Ryan Truex has been scheduled for 6 races in the car.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: After JGR purchased the team from Gary Bechtel in 2000, the team received sponsorship from Porter-Cable. Despite missing three races, driver Jeff Purvis had eleven Top 10s and one pole, finishing 11th in points. The team switched to No. 20 for 2001, and Mike McLaughlin was named the driver. Without a major sponsor, McLaughlin was able to win the Subway 300 and was sixth in points when Gibbs decided to shut down his team due to sponsorship problems. He moved to the No. 18 and finished seventh in points that year. Coy Gibbs ran five races in the No. 20 in 2002, with a sponsorship from ConAgra Foods. His best finish was a 14th at Kentucky Speedway.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: After he moved to the 18, Gibbs was replaced by Mike Bliss and Rockwell Automation came aboard as a sponsor. Bliss had fourteen Top 10s and finished 10th in points. In 2004, he pulled off a win at Lowe's Motor Speedway and had three poles.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2005, Denny Hamlin came aboard and posted eleven Top 10s and finished fifth points, the third-place finisher in rookie points. He ran the full schedule in the No. 20 in 2006, winning two races and finishing fourth in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2008, the No. 20 was shared by Hamlin, Kyle Busch, and Stewart for nine races before defending NASCAR Camping World East Series champion Joey Logano was named the driver of the 20 for the rest of the season's races except for Loudon (which Stewart won in the No. 20), Daytona (which Hamlin won in the No. 20), and Chicago (which Busch won in the No. 18). All four drivers of the No. 20 won races driving it in 2008. For 2009, 20-year-old Brad Coleman returned to JGR for a part-time schedule, sharing the ride with Logano and Hamlin. In 2010, Joey Logano, Denny Hamlin, and Matt DiBenedetto shared the No. 20 car, with Hamlin winning at Darlington and Logano winning at Kentucky and Kansas. For 2011, Logano returned to the No. 20 with sponsorships from GameStop and Sport Clips. Logano ran the first 10 races but picked up last-minute sponsorship from Harvest Investments to run Nashville. Due to a lack of sponsorship, the 20 was unable to run a full schedule for the owner's championship. In the 20, Logano grabbed his first superspeedway win at the July Daytona race with help from Kyle Busch. The 20 was also driven by Denny Hamlin at Las Vegas, Richmond, and Darlington, with Hamlin winning at Richmond. Drew Herring drove the 20 with Sport Clips at both Iowa races, where Herring won the pole for the May race, and Lucas Oil Raceway. Ryan Truex stepped into the 20 late in the season for six races, finishing second to Logano at Dover after dominating the race.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The 20 team returned in 2012 to run most of the season. Its primary driver lineup consisted of Logano, Hamlin, Truex, and JGR development driver Darrell Wallace Jr. Michael Waltrip Racing driver Clint Bowyer also drove the No. 20 at Daytona when Hamlin was sidelined from the race by back problems.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Starting in the 2013 season, 2003 Busch Series Champion Brian Vickers joined the team driving the 20 for the full season with sponsorship from Dollar General, in addition to a partial Sprint Cup Series schedule in Michael Waltrip Racing's 55 car. Dollar General had sponsored Vickers in the past with Braun Racing, and like teammate Elliott Sadler, Vickers was attempting to reclaim his career in the second-tier series. After 30 starts, Vickers was sidelined with a second incidence of blood clots, replaced by Denny Hamlin and Drew Herring in the final three races of the season. Though he went winless, Vickers scored 13 top 5s and 18 top 10s to finish 10th in points. He would leave for a full-time ride at MWR at the end of the year.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The 20 team continued to run full-time in 2014. Matt Kenseth drove the No. 20 in a total of 18 races, with GameStop sponsoring 10 races and Reser's Fine Foods sponsoring 7 races. Sam Hornish Jr. and Kenseth each ran 1 race and Kenny Habul 2 races with Habul's Sun Energy 1 sponsoring. Darrell Wallace Jr. ran at Talladega in the spring with ToyotaCare and Daytona in July with Coca-Cola "Share a Coke". Daniel Suárez made his debut at RIR, finishing 19th. Michael McDowell ran at both Iowa races with Pizza Ranch. Denny Hamlin returned to the 20 at Chicagoland in September with Sport Clips, finishing 32nd after a blown engine. Development driver Justin Boston, running the full ARCA schedule, made his debut in the 20 at Kentucky later in the month, with sponsor Zloop E-Recycling. Kenseth scored a win in the final race of the season at Homestead Miami Speedway, and the 20 would finish 9th in owners points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Erik Jones was scheduled to run a limited schedule in the No. 20 car in 2015, with Kenny Habul and SunEnergy1 also returning for the three road courses. Jones, whose schedule was expanded due to Kyle Busch's injury, scored his first Xfinity win in his 9th career start at Texas in April, leading a race-high 79 laps. Ross Kenseth, son of Sprint Cup Series champion Matt Kenseth, made his Xfinity Series debut at Chicagoland Speedway on June 20. David Ragan made a single start at Daytona in July with Interstate Batteries sponsorship. Kenny Wallace made his final career start in the 20 car at Iowa Speedway in August, with longtime sponsor U.S. Cellular. Wallace started seventh and finished 15th. Matt Tifft made his Xfinity Series debut at Kentucky in September, finishing 10th. Denny Hamlin drove a total of six races in the 20; two with SunEnergy 1 sponsorship, three with Hisense, and running a throwback scheme at Darlington in September with Sport Clips sponsoring. Hamlin scored three wins, all of which were from the pole starting position. Matt Kenseth ran five races with Reser's Fine Foods, scoring four-second-place finishes.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Erik Jones drove the car full-time in 2016, with Gamestop, Reser's, Hisense, Interstate Batteries and Dewalt as the sponsors.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Jones won 4 times but finished 4th in points after getting trapped behind the slow car of Cole Whitt on the last restart of the final race at Homestead.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2017, the 20 was driven by a variety of different drivers. Denny Hamlin, Erik Jones, Kyle Benjamin, Christopher Bell, Daniel Suarez, James Davison and Ryan Preece are among them. Jones drove the car for 18 races starting at Daytona, sweeping the Texas races as well as winning the Bristol spring race. Hamlin drove the car for 3 races and won at Michigan. Suárez drove the 20 for 2 races at Las Vegas and the Bristol fall race, finishing 3rd and 2nd respectively. Benjamin drove the car for 2 races at the spring Richmond race and the first Pocono race, winning the pole in the latter. Bell drove the 20 for 3 races starting at the June Iowa race, where Bell won stage one, led the most laps, but finished 16th after being collected in a crash between the lapped cars of Brennan Poole and Ryan Reed while leading. Ryan Preece drove the car at Loudon, the July Iowa race, and the September Kentucky race. Preece finished 2nd to his teammate Kyle Busch at Loudon. In his next race at Iowa, Preece led the most laps and won the race, then finished 4th at Kentucky. James Davison drove the 20 at Mid Ohio and Road America, leading the most laps at Road America before getting collected in a wreck.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: For 2018, Christopher Bell drove the 20 full-time, competing for Rookie of the Year honors. Jason Ratcliff was his crew chief, moving from the No. 20 cup series team. Bell won 7 races in 2018, breaking the record for a rookie in the series previously held by Greg Biffle and Kyle Busch. He made it to the championship 4 but had a tire go down at Homestead and finished 13th in the race and 4th among the championship contenders. He returned for the full 2019 season.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2020 and 2021, Harrison Burton drove for Joe Gibbs Racing full-time in their No. 20 Toyota, replacing Christopher Bell, who moved up to the NASCAR Cup Series while also competing for Rookie of the Year honors. Ben Beshore served as crew chief, moving from the No. 18 Xfinity Series team. During the 2020 season, Burton won his first four races at Fontana, Homestead, Texas, and Martinsville and finished eighth in the final standings. On July 15, 2021, it was announced that Burton would leave JGR to drive the Wood Brothers Racing No. 21 in the Cup Series for Wood Brothers in 2022. Despite not winning a race throughout 2021, Burton once again made the playoffs with his consistency and finished 8th in the final standings. Following the end of the 2022 season, JGR shut down the No. 20 team and downsized its Xfinity program to three teams: The Nos. 18, 19, and 54.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On December 8, 2022, it was announced that John Hunter Nemechek would bring the No. 20 back to the Xfinity Series on a full time basis.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2012, Kyle Busch fielded the No. 54 & After running the 54 for his team in 2012 with only one win (by his brother Kurt), Kyle Busch returned to JGR's strong Nationwide program with the No. 54 as a fourth JGR car, running 26 races and bringing sponsor Monster Energy with him. Parker Kligerman would take over the newly renumbered 77 for KBM. Busch didn't take long to get to victory lane. He won the pole, lead the most laps, and won the race in only the second race of the 2013 season at Phoenix International Raceway. He then scored victories at Bristol (4th race) and at Fontana (5th race). During the 2013 season, he won a total of 12 races. Joey Coulter, Owen Kelly, and Drew Herring also ran in the 54, which finished 2nd in the owner's championship to the Team Penske No. 22 by one point.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: For the 2014 season, Kyle Busch ran part-time the No. 54 car, running all Sprint Cup Series companion races except Talladega and Daytona in July. Former IRL champion Sam Hornish Jr., who was not re-signed by Team Penske after scoring a win and finishing 2nd in Nationwide points in 2013, ran 7 races to help compete for the owner's championship. At Iowa in May, Hornish won the Get To Know Newton 250, beating Ryan Blaney's 22 for his third career win. The 54 once again finished 2nd in owners points to the Penske 22.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2015, Kyle Busch suffered injuries during the season-opening race at Daytona. He broke his leg after hitting the inside wall that had no SAFER barrier installed. His replacements were announced to be Erik Jones (at least 3 races), Cup series teammate Denny Hamlin (5 races), and road course veteran Boris Said (7 races). Busch returned to the Xfinity Series at Michigan in June and scored his first win of the season. Jones scored a win the following race at Chicagoland, his second of the season.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: For the 2020 season Kyle Busch (5 races) and Denny Hamlin (1 race) will race in the No. 54 car (previously used in 2012-15).


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On January 27, 2021, it was confirmed that Ty Gibbs, Ty Dillon, Denny Hamlin, Kyle Busch, and Martin Truex Jr. would drive the 54 car in select races for the 2021 season. Ty Gibbs won in his series debut at the Daytona Road Course while Busch won by 11 seconds at COTA. Following Busch’s win, Gibbs won again the next week at Charlotte holding off Austin Cindric for the second time. In the series’ return to Nashville Superspeedway, Busch made history by winning his 100th race. On July 3, Busch battled back from adversity to win the Henry 180 at Road America.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Ty Gibbs returned to the No. 54 in 2022 on a full-time basis. He won at Las Vegas, Atlanta, and Richmond. At the Martinsville spring race on April 8, Gibbs finished eighth after Sam Mayer did a bump and run on him on the final lap. After the race, Gibbs attempted to spin Mayer out during the cool-down laps before both drivers engaged in a fistfight on pit road. In addition to this incident, Gibbs was fined 15,000 for hitting Mayer's car on pit road after the race. Gibbs scored his fourth win at Road America by passing Kyle Larson on the final lap. He claimed his fifth win of the season at Michigan. At Watkins Glen, Gibbs fiercely battled William Byron for the lead throughout most of the race until they both spun off-course during the final restart, resulting in Gibbs finishing 27th. At the Martinsville playoff race, Gibbs dumped Jones to the outside wall on the final overtime lap to win and make the Championship 4. After the race, he compared himself to Jesus in an interview on the SiriusXM NASCAR channel. Gibbs dominated at Phoenix to become the 2022 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: The No. 81 car made its debut in 2021 as the fifth JGR entry at Road America. It was driven by Ty Gibbs while Kyle Busch occupied Gibbs' usual No. 54.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: From 2000 to 2002, Joe Gibbs fielded trucks numbered 20 and 48 in the Craftsman Truck Series for his sons Coy and J.D. Gibbs, neither of whom are currently competitors in NASCAR. Coy ran 12 races in 2000, then the full 2001 and 2002 seasons, with 21 top 10s and 10th-place points finishes in the latter two seasons. J.D. only ran a total of 8 races over the three seasons, with no top 10 finishes.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: From 2004 to 2006, JGR drivers drove in the Truck Series for Chevrolet-affiliated Morgan-Dollar Motorsports, fielding Bobby Labonte, Tony Stewart, Denny Hamlin, J. J. Yeley, Jason Leffler, and Aric Almirola in select races. In 2006, JGR contracted Spears Motorsports to field Almirola in their 75 truck for his rookie Truck season. Almirola had three top 10s (compared to two top 10s in four starts the previous year), finishing 18th in points.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: From 2010 through 2022, JGR drivers competed in the Truck Series through Kyle Busch Motorsports, owned by Cup Series driver Kyle Busch. KBM used JGR-built engines in competition. The partnership ended following the 2022 season when Busch left the organization.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 1999, Joe Gibbs Racing fielded the No. 18 car for Jason Leffler for one race. Leffler finish 5th at Atlanta. In 2000, Leffler returned at Charlotte, he started 2nd and led one lap, however, he crashed with 55 of 67 laps completed.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: From 2004 to 2005, Joe Gibbs Racing partnered with Shaver Motorsports to field development drivers in the ARCA Racing Series. Denny Hamlin finished third in the 2004 season finale at Talladega. J. J. Yeley ran the 2005 season opener at Daytona, as part of his development deal with JGR. Aric Almirola ran the 2005 finale at Talladega.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2010 Joe Gibbs Racing entered the No. 18 at Michigan for Max Gresham which was also entered again as Brennan Poole due to Gresham having a contractual obligation for another team that day of the race although the team would later withdraw their entry from the race entirely.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On December 15, 2016, it was announced that JGR would field a car for Riley Herbst full-time in the 2017 season. Matt Tifft ran the season opener at Daytona due to Herbst not being eligible to compete in the race.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2019, Herbst drove the No. 18 for 8 races. Ty Gibbs drove for 11 races. He won at Gateway and Salem. Todd Gilliland drove for 1 race at Pocono.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2018, Drew Herring drove the No. 19 NOS Energy Drink/ORCA Coolers/Advance Auto Parts Toyota at the season finale at Kansas, winning the pole and finishing 8th.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2017, Riley Herbst was entered at the season opener in Daytona in the team's second car (No. 81), but he was ineligible to race. Herbst and Zane Smith were both ineligible to run the season opener at Daytona, though ARCA allowed both to participate in practice.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2022, JGR would bring back the No. 81 for Brandon Jones with sponsorship from Menards. He would win at Charlotte, Iowa and Watkins Glen and also compete in two other races.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Following the 2008 Chicagoland race, NASCAR made a regulation change specifically to Toyota, which mandated them to run a smaller restrictor plate to cut horsepower by an estimated 15 to from their engines. After the August 16, 2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series race at Michigan International Speedway, NASCAR used a dynamometer to test the horsepower of several cars from all competing manufacturers. While testing the two Joe Gibbs Racing cars, officials found that the throttle pedal on both cars had been manipulated using magnets a quarter-inch thick to prevent the accelerator from going 100 percent wide open. Joe Gibbs issued a statement saying "we will take full responsibility and accept any penalties NASCAR levied against us" and "we will also investigate internally how this incident took place and who was involved and make whatever decisions are necessary to ensure that this kind of situation never happens again." Seven crew members were suspended indefinitely and two drivers and the team were penalized 150 points apiece.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Additionally, JGR has been at the center of controversy regarding the closure of smaller teams who formed a technical alliance with them and TRD. Examples of this are the closure of Furniture Row Racing in 2018 and Leavine Family Racing in 2020.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: In 2008, Gibbs branched out into motorcycle racing, forming the JGRMX team competing in the AMA motocross and Supercross championships. The team is based in Huntersville, North Carolina and is managed by Gibbs' son, Coy Gibbs.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: On January 5, 2008 the Muscle Milk/Toyota/JGRMX Team made its racing debut in the first round of the 2008 Supercross Series in Anaheim, CA with riders Josh Hansen and Josh Summey. Josh Grant and Cody Cooper rode for the team in 2009, with Grant winning the opening round of Supercross at Anaheim. Grant and Justin Brayton rode for the team in 2010, and Davi Millsaps replaced Grant in 2011. James Stewart replaced Brayton in 2012, and won the Oakland and Daytona Supercrosses, while Millsaps finished second in points. On May 6, 2012, Stewart and the team officially parted ways.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: Grant and Brayton returned as the team's two riders in 2013 and were joined by Phil Nicoletti in 2014. Justin Barcia and Weston Peick replaced Grant and Brayton on the team in 2015, with Barcia winning two nationals (Budds Creek and RedBud). In 2017, the team switched from Yamaha to Suzuki and added a 250cc effort, with Nicoletti and Matt Bisceglia. For 2018, JGRMX/Autotrader/Yoshimura Suzuki became the official factory Suzuki program, with riders Peick and Justin Bogle (450) and 2017 250SX West Champion Justin Hill, Nicoletti, Jimmy Decotis, and Kyle Peters (250). Hill scored a win at San Diego while Bogle missed most of the season with injuries as Malcolm Stewart filled in for him. The 2019 team consists of two-time Supercross champion Chad Reed, Peick, Hill (450), Decotis, Peters, Alex Martin, Enzo Lopes (250). Peick suffered serious facial injuries in a crash at the Paris Supercross in October 2018.


title: Joe Gibbs Racing

text: It was reported on March 25, 2015, that J. D. Gibbs had begun treatment for symptoms impacting areas of brain function, including speech and processing issues. It was later announced on January 11, 2019, that J. D. Gibbs had died following complications of degenerative neurological disease. A memorial service was held on January 25, 2019.


title: Carolyn Franklin

text: Carolyn Ann Franklin (May 13, 1944 – April 25, 1988) was an American singer-songwriter. Besides her own musical success, Franklin was best known as the daughter of prominent Detroit preacher and civil rights activist C. L. Franklin and the younger sister of American singer/musician Aretha Franklin.


title: Carolyn Franklin

text: Franklin was born in Memphis, to Barbara (née Siggers) and Reverend C. L. Franklin. The youngest of the minister's six children, she moved to Buffalo, New York, shortly after her birth. Around 1946, the Franklin family settled in Detroit, where Carolyn would begin singing at her father's New Bethel Baptist Church.


title: Carolyn Franklin

text: Inspired by her sisters' successes in the secular music field in the early 1960s, Carolyn followed Erma and Aretha into a secular music career, first recording in 1963. Carolyn began recording for RCA Records in 1969 and remained with the label until retiring from the music industry in 1976. Like Erma's, Carolyn's modest success in the industry did not match Aretha's blockbuster breakthrough in the late 1960s. While struggling to release a hit, she began to work behind the scenes as a songwriter, mainly for sister Aretha's work. Aretha and Carolyn's bond led to several collaborations between the two, and Carolyn came up with several compositions that became classic hits, including "Ain't No Way", recorded in 1968. The ballad single was the B-side to Aretha's #1 R&B/Top Five Pop triumph, "(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone". The song was strong enough to hit the R&B Top 10 and also went Top 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Carolyn Franklin

text: Carolyn's next hit for her sister was the 1973 ballad "Angel", which also featured Carolyn and eldest sister Erma Franklin in background voices advising Aretha. Aretha mentioned her sister's name in the beginning of the song in a monologue, describing how Carolyn came up with the song. Another track Carolyn contributed was 1970's "Pullin'" with Jimmy Radcliffe. Carolyn also wrote songs for Franklin's 1970 album "Spirit in the Dark" and her failed 1975 platter, "You".


title: Carolyn Franklin

text: Franklin retired from the music industry in 1976, though she occasionally continued to sing with Aretha. Franklin appeared as one of Aretha's background singers in the 1980 movie "The Blues Brothers", and was a backing vocalist on Paul King's 1987 album "Joy".


title: Carolyn Franklin

text: Franklin died of metastatic breast cancer at Aretha's Scenic Court home in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, on April 25, 1988, and – like other deceased family members – is interred at Detroit's historic Woodlawn Cemetery on North Woodward Avenue.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Canadian syllabic writing, or simply syllabics, is a family of writing systems used in a number of Indigenous Canadian languages of the Algonquian, Inuit, and (formerly) Athabaskan language families. These languages had no formal writing system previously. They are valued for their distinctiveness from the Latin script and for the ease with which literacy can be achieved; indeed, by the late 19th century the Cree had achieved what may have been one of the highest rates of literacy in the world.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Syllabics are abugidas, where glyphs represent consonant-vowel pairs. They derive from the work of James Evans.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Canadian syllabics are currently used to write all of the Cree languages from Naskapi (spoken in Quebec) to the Rocky Mountains, including Eastern Cree, Woods Cree, Swampy Cree and Plains Cree. They are also used to write Inuktitut in the eastern Canadian Arctic; there they are co-official with the Latin script in the territory of Nunavut. They are used regionally for the other large Canadian Algonquian language, Ojibwe, as well as for Blackfoot, where they are obsolete. Among the Athabaskan languages further to the west, syllabics have been used at one point or another to write Dakelh (Carrier), Chipewyan, Slavey, Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib) and Dane-zaa (Beaver). Syllabics have occasionally been used in the United States by communities that straddle the border, but are principally a Canadian phenomenon.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Cree syllabics were created in a process that culminated in 1840 by James Evans, a missionary, probably in collaboration with Indigenous language experts. Evans formalized them for Swampy Cree and Ojibwe. Evans had been inspired by the success of Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary after encountering problems with Latin-based alphabets, and drew on his knowledge of Devanagari and shorthand. Canadian syllabics would in turn influence the Pollard script in China. Other missionaries were reluctant to use it, but it was rapidly indigenized and spread to new communities before missionaries arrived.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: A conflicting account is recorded in Cree oral traditions, asserting that the script originated from Cree culture before 1840 (see § Cree oral traditions). Per these traditions, syllabics were the invention of Calling Badger, a Cree man. Legend states that Badger had died and returned from the spirit world to share the knowledge of writing with his people. Some scholars write that these legends were created after 1840. Cree scholar Winona Stevenson explores the possibility that the inspiration for Cree syllabics may have originated from a near-death experience of mistanaskowêw (ᒥᐢᑕᓇᐢᑯᐍᐤ, Calling Badger – from mistanask ᒥᐢᑕᓇᐢᐠ 'badger' and -wêw ᐁᐧᐤ 'voice/call'), a Cree. Stevenson references Fine Day cited in Mandelbaum's "The Plains Cree" who states that he learned the syllabary from Strikes-him-on-the-back who learned it directly from mistanâskowêw.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: In 1827, Evans, a missionary from Kingston upon Hull, England, was placed in charge of the Wesleyan mission at Rice Lake, Ontario. Here, he began to learn the eastern Ojibwe language spoken in the area and was part of a committee to devise a Latin alphabet for it. By 1837, he had prepared the "Speller and Interpreter in English and Indian," but was unable to get its printing sanctioned by the British and Foreign Bible Society. At the time, many missionary societies were opposed to the development of native literacy in their own languages, believing that their situation would be bettered by linguistic assimilation into colonial society.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Evans continued to use his Ojibwe orthography in his work in Ontario. As was common at the time, the orthography called for hyphens between the syllables of words, giving written Ojibwe a partially syllabic structure. However, his students appear to have had conceptual difficulties using the same alphabet for two different languages with very different sounds, and Evans himself found this approach awkward. Furthermore, the Ojibwe language was polysynthetic but had few distinct syllables, meaning that most words had a large number of syllables; this made them quite long when written with the Latin script. He began to experiment with creating a more syllabic script that he thought might be less awkward for his students to use.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: In 1840, Evans was relocated to Norway House in northern Manitoba. Here he began learning the local Swampy Cree dialect. Like the closely related Ojibwe, it was full of long polysyllabic words.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: As an amateur linguist, Evans was acquainted with the Devanagari script used in British India; in Devanagari, each letter stands for a syllable, and is modified to represent the vowel of that syllable. Such a system, now called an abugida, readily lent itself to writing a language such as Swampy Cree, which had a simple syllable structure of only eight consonants and four long or short vowels. Evans was also familiar with British shorthand, presumably Samuel Taylor's "Universal Stenography," from his days as a merchant in England; and now he acquired familiarity with the newly published Pitman shorthand of 1837.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: The development of Cree syllabics was influenced by Evans' knowledge of Devanagari and Pitman. Devanagari provided the glyphs for the syllables. Pitman provided the glyphs for the final consonants, and also the idea of rotation and line weight to modify the syllables.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: In the original Evans script, there were ten syllabic forms: eight for the consonants "p", "t", "c", "k", "m", "n", "s", "y"; a ninth for vowel-initial syllables or vowels following one of the incidental consonants; and a tenth, which is no longer in use, for the consonant cluster "sp". There were four incidental consonants, "r", "l", "w", "h", which did not have syllabic forms. Except for "sp", these can all be traced to the cursive combining forms of the corresponding Devanagari "akshara;" the Devanagari combining form is somewhat abbreviated (the right-side stroke is dropped), and in handwriting the running horizontal line may be left off as well, as has been standardized in Gujarati. (The sequence "sp" appears to be a conflation of the shape of "s" with the angularity of "p", along the conceptual lines of the more contracted ligatures of Devanagari such as .)


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: The likeness is stronger if one allows the symbols to rotate to give a similar direction of writing for each vowel; for example, Devanagari "n" has the orientation of "ne" rather than of "na". The motivation for the change of orientation appears to have been to allow the pen to trace the same direction when writing syllables with the same vowels: The reflection class "ka", "ca", "ma", "sa", "ya" (that is, the consonants that are flipped to distinguish the front "i", "e" vowels) all follow an L-like path, whereas the rotation class "a", "pa", "ta", "na" (those rotated for the front vowels) all follow a C-like path. The orientation of Devanagari "g-" (for "k-"), "n-", "y-", and possibly "s-" had to be flipped for this to happen. ("Sp-" does not follow this generalization, reflecting its hybrid origin.)


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Because Cree consonants can be either voiced or voiceless, depending on their environment, each corresponds to two Devanagari letters, and Cree "ka"/"ga", for example, resembles Devanagari "g" rather than "k". The consonant "h", which only occurs as a final in syllabics, appears to derive from the Devanagari visarga, "ḥ", which also occurs only as a final, rather than from syllabic "ha".


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: It is possible that "-l" and "-r" were derived through rotation from one Devanagari glyph, in the spirit of Pitman, where "l" and "r" are related in this way, rather than from the two different glyphs suggested by the table.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: In contrast, the final consonants "p t c k m n s" and "y" (which Evans called "final i"), which are now only used for Western Cree, derive from Pitman shorthand. The linear glyphs ᑊ ᐟ ᐨ ᐠ "p t c k" are rotated 45° from Pitman ᐠ ᑊ ᐟ ᐨ "p t c k," but keep their relative orientations intact; the lunate glyphs ᒼ ᐣ ᐢ "m n s" are rotated 90° from Pitman ᐢ ᓑ ᐣ "m n s." The Cree "final i" was originally a dot, as was the diacritic for the vowel "i" in Pitman.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: The final "hk," however, is ᕽ, a small version of the Greek letter Χ "kh", chosen because Χ is a logogram for Christ.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: The use of rotation to change the vowel of a syllable is unique to Canadian syllabics, but had its antecedent in shorthand. Pitman used rotation to change place of articulation: plosives "p t ch k," nasals "m n," and fricatives "h s sh f th" were all related through rotation, as can be partially seen in the table of finals above.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Initially, Evans indicated vowel length with light versus heavy lines (the feature used to indicate voicing in Pitman); but this proved awkward in print, and by 1841 it was changed to broken lines for long vowels versus solid lines for short vowels. Later Evans introduced the current practice of writing a dot above the syllable to indicate vowel length.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: The local Cree community quickly took to this new writing system. Cree people began to use it to write messages on tree bark using burnt sticks, leaving messages out on hunting trails far from the mission. Evans believed that it was well adapted to Native Canadian languages, particularly the Algonquian languages with which he was familiar. He claimed that "with some slight alterations" it could be used to write "every language from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains."


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Evans attempted to secure a printing press and new type to publish materials in this writing system. Here, he began to face resistance from colonial and European authorities. The Hudson's Bay Company, which had a monopoly on foreign commerce in western Canada, refused to import a press for him, believing that native literacy was something to be discouraged. Evans, with immense difficulty, constructed his own press and type and began publishing in syllabics.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Evans left Canada in 1846 and died shortly thereafter. However, the ease and utility of syllabic writing ensured its continued survival, despite European resistance to supporting it. In 1849, David Anderson, the Anglican bishop of Rupert's Land, reported that "a few of the Indians [sic] can read by means of these syllabic characters; but if they had only been taught to read their own language in our letters, it would have been one step towards the acquisition of the English tongue." But syllabics had taken root among the Cree (indeed, their rate of literacy was greater than that of English and French Canadians), and in 1861, fifteen years after Evans had died, the British and Foreign Bible Society published a Bible in Cree syllabics. By then, both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were using and actively propagating syllabic writing.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Missionary work in the 1850s and 1860s spread syllabics to western Canadian Ojibwe dialects (Plains Ojibwe and Saulteaux), but it was not often used over the border by Ojibwe in the United States. Missionaries who had learned Evans' system spread it east across Ontario and into Quebec, reaching all Cree language areas as far east as the Naskapi. Attikamekw, Montagnais and Innu people in eastern Quebec and Labrador use Latin alphabets.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: In 1856, John Horden, an Anglican missionary at Moose Factory, Ontario, who adapted syllabics to the local James Bay Cree dialect, met a group of Inuit from the region of Grande Rivière de la Baleine in northern Quebec. They were very interested in adapting Cree syllabics to their language. He prepared a few based on their pronunciation of Inuktitut, but it quickly became obvious that the number of basic sounds and the simple model of the syllable in the Evans system was inadequate to the language. With the assistance of Edwin Arthur Watkins, he dramatically modified syllabics to reflect these needs.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: In 1876, the Anglican church hired Edmund Peck to work full-time in their mission at Great Whale River, teaching syllabics to the Inuit and translating materials into syllabics. His work across the Arctic is usually credited with the establishment of syllabics among the Inuit. With the support of both Anglican and Catholic missionary societies, by the beginning of the 20th century the Inuit were propagating syllabics themselves.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: In the 1880s, John William Tims, an Anglican missionary from Great Britain, invented a number of new forms to write the Blackfoot language.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: French Roman Catholic missionaries were the primary force for expanding syllabics to Athabaskan languages in the late 19th century. The Oblate missionary order was particularly active in using syllabics in missionary work. Oblate father Adrien-Gabriel Morice adapted syllabics to Dakelh, inventing a large number of new basic characters to support the radically more complicated phonetics of Athabaskan languages. Father Émile Petitot developed syllabic scripts for many of the Athabaskan languages of the Northwest Territories, including Slavey and Chipewyan.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Cree oral traditions state that the script was gifted to the Cree through the spirit world, rather than being invented by a missionary.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: A Wood Cree named Badger-call died and then became alive again. While he was dead he was given the characters of the syllabary and told that with them he could write Cree. Strike-him-on-the-back learned this writing from Badger-call. He made a feast and announced that he would teach it to anyone who wanted to learn. That is how I learned it. Badger-call also taught the writing to the missionaries. When the writing was given to Badger-call he was told 'They [the missionaries] will change the script and will say that the writing belongs to them. But only those who know Cree will be able to read it.' That is how we know that the writing does not belong to the whites, for it can be read only by those who know the Cree language.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Fine Day's grandson Wes Fineday gave the following account on CBC radio Morningside in two interviews in 1994 and 1998:


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Fineday the younger explained that Calling Badger came from the Stanley Mission area and lived ten to fifteen years before his grandfather's birth in 1846. On his way to a sacred society meeting one evening Calling Badger and two singers came upon a bright light and all three fell to the ground. Out of the light came a voice speaking Calling Badger's name. Soon after, Calling Badger fell ill and the people heard he had passed away. During his wake three days later, while preparing to roll him in buffalo robes for the funeral, the people discovered that his body was not stiff like a dead person's body should be. Against all customs and tradition the people agreed to the widow's request to let the body sit one more night. The next day Calling Badger's body was still not stiff so the old people began rubbing his back and chest. Soon his eyes opened and he told the people he had gone to the Fourth World, the spirit world, and there the spirits taught him many things. Calling Badger told the people of the things he was shown that prophesized events in the future, then he pulled out some pieces of birch bark with symbols on them. These symbols, he told the people, were to be used to write down the spirit languages, and for the Cree people to communicate among themselves. (Stevenson 20)


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: When asked whether the story was meant to be understood literally, Wes Fineday commented: "The sacred stories ... are not designed necessarily to provide answers but merely to begin to point out directions that can be taken. ... Understand that it is not the work of storytellers to bring answers to you. ... What we can do is we can tell you stories and if you listen to those stories in the sacred manner with an open heart, an open mind, open eyes and open ears, those stories will speak to you."


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: In December 1959, anthropologist Verne Dusenberry, while among the Plains Cree on the Rocky Boy reservation in Montana, was told a similar narrative by Raining Bird:


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: According to Raining Bird "the spirits came to one good man and gave him some songs. When he mastered them, they taught him how to make a type of ink and then showed him how to write on white birch bark." He also received many teachings about the spirits which he recorded in a birch bark book. When the one good man returned to his people he taught them how to read and write. "The Cree were very pleased with their new accomplishment, for by now the white men were in this country. The Cree knew that the white traders could read and write, so now they felt that they too were able to communicate among themselves just as well as did their white neighbors." (Stevenson 21)


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Linguist Chris Harvey believes that the syllabics were a collaboration between English missionaries and Indigenous Cree- and Ojibwe-language experts.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Canadian "syllabic" scripts are not syllabaries, in which every consonant–vowel sequence has a separate glyph, but abugidas, in which consonants are modified in order to indicate an associated vowel—in this case through a change in orientation (which is unique to Canadian syllabics). In Cree, for example, the consonant "p" has the shape of a chevron. In an upward orientation, ᐱ, it transcribes the syllable "pi". Inverted, so that it points downwards, ᐯ, it transcribes "pe". Pointing to the left, ᐸ, it is "pa," and to the right, ᐳ, "po". The consonant forms and the vowels so represented vary from language to language, but generally approximate their Cree origins.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Because the script is presented in syllabic charts and learned as a syllabary, it is often considered to be such. Indeed, computer fonts have separate coding points for each syllable (each orientation of each consonant), and the Unicode Consortium considers syllabics to be a "featural syllabary" along with such scripts as hangul, where each block represents a syllable, but consonants and vowels are indicated independently (in Cree syllabics, the consonant by the shape of a glyph, and the vowel by its orientation). This is unlike a true syllabary, where each combination of consonant and vowel has an independent form that is unrelated to other syllables with the same consonant or vowel.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: The original script, which was designed for Western Swampy Cree, had ten such letterforms: eight for syllables based on the consonants "p-", "t-", "c-", "k-", "m-", "n-", "s-", "y-" (pronounced /p, t, ts, k, m, n, s, j/), another for vowel-initial syllables, and finally a blended form, now obsolete, for the consonant cluster "sp-". In the 1840 version, all were written with a light line to show the vowel was short and a heavier line to show the vowel was long: ᑲ "ka", ᑲ "kâ"; however, in the 1841 version, a light line indicated minuscules ("lowercase") and a heavier line indicated majuscules ("uppercase"): ᑲ "ka", ᑲ "KA" or "Ka"; additionally in the 1841 version, an unbroken letterform indicated a short vowel, but for a long vowel, Evans notched the face of the type sorts, such that in print the letterform was broken. A handwritten variant using an overdot to indicate a long vowel is now used in printing as well: ᑕ "ta", ᑖ "tâ". One consonant, "w", had no letterform of its own but was indicated by a diacritic on another syllable; this is because it could combine with any of the consonants, as in ᑿ "kwa", as well as existing on its own, as in ᐘ "wa".


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: There were distinct letters for the nine consonants "-p", "-t", "-c", "-k", "-m", "-n", "-s", "-y", and "w" when they occurred at the end of a syllable. In addition, four "final" consonants had no syllabic forms: "-h", "-l", "-r", and the sequence "-hk". These were originally written midline, but are now superscripted. (The glyph for "-hk" represents the most common final sequence of the language, being a common grammatical ending in Cree, and was used for common "-nk" in Ojibwe.) The consonants "-l" and "-r" were marginal, only found in borrowings, baby talk, and the like. These, and "-h", could occur before vowels, but were written with the final shape regardless. ("-l" and "-r" are now written the size of full letters when they occur before vowels, as the finals were originally, or in some syllabics scripts have been replaced with full rotating syllabic forms; "-h" only occurs before a vowel in joined morphemes, in couple grammatical words, or in pedagogical materials to indicate the consonant value following it is fortis.)


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: The vowels fall into two sets, the back vowels "-a" and "-u," and the front vowels "-e" and "-i." Each set consists of a lower vowel, "-a" or "-e," and a higher vowel, "-u" or "-i." In all cases, back-vowel syllables are related through left-right reflection: that is, they are mirror images of each other. How they relate to front-vowel syllables depends on the graphic form of the consonants. These follow two patterns. Symmetrical, "vowel, p-, t-, sp-," are rotated 90 degrees (a quarter turn) counter-clockwise, while those that are asymmetrical top-to-bottom, "c-, k-, m-, n-, s-, y-," are rotated 180 degrees (a half turn). The lower front-vowel ("-e") syllables are derived this way from the low back-vowel ("a") syllables, and the high front-vowel ("-i") syllables are derived this way from the higher back-vowel ("-u") syllables.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: These forms are present in most syllabics scripts with sounds values that approach their Swampy Cree origins. For example, all scripts except the one for Blackfoot use the triangle for vowel-initial syllables.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: By 1841, when Evans cast the first movable type for syllabics, he found that he could not satisfactorily maintain the distinction between light and heavy typeface for short and long vowels. He instead filed across the raised lines of the type, leaving gaps in the printed letter for long vowels. This can be seen in early printings. Later still a dot diacritic, originally used for vowel length only in handwriting, was extended to print: Thus today ᐊ "a" contrasts with ᐋ "â," and ᒥ "mi" contrasts with ᒦ "mî". Although Cree "ê" only occurs long, the script made length distinctions for all four vowels. Not all writers then or now indicate length, or do not do so consistently; since there is no contrast, no one today writes "ê" as a long vowel.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Reflecting the shorthand principles on which it was based, syllabics may be written "plain", indicating only the basic consonant–vowel outline of speech, or "pointed", with diacritics for vowel length and the consonants and . Full phonemic pointing is rare. Syllabics may also be written without word division, as Devanagari once was, or with spaces or dots between words or prefixes.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: The only punctuation found in many texts is spacing between words and ᙮ for a full stop. Punctuation from the Latin script, including the period (.), may also be used. Due to the final "c" resembling a hyphen, a double hyphen is used as the Canadian Aboriginal syllabics hyphen.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: The full-sized characters, whether standing for consonant-vowel combinations or vowels alone, are usually called "syllables". They may be phonemic rather than morphophonemic syllables. That is, when one morpheme (word element) ends in a consonant and the next begins with a vowel, the intermediate consonant is written as a syllable with the following vowel. For example, the Plains Cree word "indoors" has as its first morpheme, and "āyi" as its second, but is written ᐲᐦᒑᔨᕽ


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: In other cases, a "syllable" may in fact represent only a consonant, again due to the underlying structure of the language. In Plains Cree, ᑖᓂᓯ "hello" or "how are you?" is written as if it had three syllables. Because the first syllable has the stress and the syllable that follows has a short , the vowel is dropped. As a result, the word is pronounced "tānsi" with only two syllables.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Syllabication is important to determining stress in Algonquian languages, and vice versa, so this ambiguity in syllabics is relatively important in Algonquian languages.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: The word "series" is used for either a set of syllables with the same vowel, or a set with the same initial consonant. Thus the n-series is the set of syllables that begin with "n," and the o-series is the set of syllables that have "o" as their vowel regardless of their initial consonant.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: A series of small raised letters are called "finals". They are usually placed after a syllable to indicate a final consonant, as the ᕽ "-hk" in ᔨᕽ above. However, the Cree consonant "h," which only has a final form, begins a small number of function words such as ᐦᐋᐤ "hāw." In such cases the "final" ᐦ represents an "initial" consonant and therefore precedes the syllable.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: The use of diacritics to write consonants is unusual in abugidas. However, it also occurs (independently) in the Lepcha script.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Finals are commonly employed in the extension of syllabics to languages it was not initially designed for. In some of the Athabaskan alphabets, finals have been extended to appear at mid height after a syllable, lowered after a syllable, and at mid height before a syllable. For example, Chipewyan and Slavey use the final ᐟ in the latter position to indicate the initial consonant "dl" ().


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: In Naskapi, a small raised letter based on "sa" is used for consonant clusters that begin with /s/: ᔌ ᔍ ᔎ and ᔏ The Cree languages the script was initially designed for had no such clusters.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: In Inuktitut, something similar is used not to indicate sequences, but to represent additional consonants, rather as the digraphs "ch, sh, th" were used to extend the Latin letters "c, s, t" to represent additional consonants in English. In Inuktitut, a raised "na-ga" is placed before the "g-" series, ᖏ ᖑ ᖓ, to form an "ng-" () series, and a raised "ra" (uvular ) is placed before syllables of the "k-" series, ᕿ ᖁ ᖃ, to form a uvular "q-" series.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Although the forms of these series have two parts, each is encoded into the Unicode standard as a single character.


title: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

text: Other marks placed above or beside the syllable are called "diacritics". These include the dot placed above a syllable to mark a long vowel, as in ᒦ "mî," and the dot placed at mid height after the syllable (in western Cree dialects) or before the syllable (in eastern Cree dialects) to indicate a medial "w," as in ᑿ "kwa." These are all encoded as single characters in Unicode.