title: SEPTA

text: The Market-Frankford Line uses a class of cars known as M-4, as they, like the Broad Street B-IVs, represent the line's fourth generation of cars and were built from 1997 to 1999 by Adtranz. These cars use a broad gauge of , known as "Pennsylvania trolley gauge". In 2017, 90 cars had emergency welding to fix cracking steel beams. Then in 2020 all the cars, including the ones temporarily repaired in 2017, had to have more permanent welding to fix cracking steel beams.


title: SEPTA

text: The 112 vehicles used on the SEPTA Subway–Surface trolley lines (Routes 10, 11, 13, 34, and 36) were built by Kawasaki beginning in 1981 after a 1980 prototype was delivered and tested. Known as "K-cars", they use the Pennsylvania trolley gauge. Larger than the replaced PCC cars they are 50 feet long and capable of reaching a top speed of . They also were the first in North America to have unitized roof-mounted air conditioners and to have electronic control of switches at junctions. The city cars operate out of two depots, Elmwood and Callowhill.


title: SEPTA

text: The suburban trolley lines (Routes 101 and 102) use 29 Kawasaki-built vehicles similar to, but slightly larger than, the Subway–Surface trolleys. They use a slightly wider track gauge than the city lines – – but the same wheel gauge. Wheel profiles are different and different gear ratios provide higher speeds. Notably, they are double-ended, unlike the Subway-Surface trolleys, as these lines lack any loops to turn the vehicles at their suburban terminals. Unlike the city cars, which use traditional trolley pole power collectors, the suburban cars use pantographs and are capable of a top speed of .


title: SEPTA

text: SEPTA Route 15 (Girard Avenue Line) uses PCC cars. These cars were originally built in 1947 by the St. Louis Car Company and were rebuilt by Brookville (and renamed PCC II) for the line's reopening in 2003 to include air conditioning and a wheelchair lift. The Girard line has the same Pennsylvania trolley gauge as the Subway-Surface lines and operates out of Callowhill depot. Since 2020, these cars are once again being rebuilt by SEPTA and when scheduled to return in 2023, they will feature plastic seating.


title: SEPTA

text: SEPTA's regional rail services primarily use a fleet of "Silverliner" electric multiple unit cars. During rush-hour service they are supplemented by a small fleet of unpowered passenger cars, based on the "Comet" family of railcars, hauled by 15 Siemens ACS-64 electric locomotives.


title: SEPTA

text: The Norristown High Speed Line uses a unique class of 26 cars known as N-5s. They were delivered in 1993 by ABB after significant production difficulties and a change of assembly locations. These cars are powered by a nominally 600 volt top-contact third rail. They run on a standard gauge track. They are the first fleet of cars in North America to have Alternating Current (AC) traction motors. Additionally, they have running gear (trucks) incorporating design elements used on the Swedish High-Speed trains. Axle suspensions provide flexibility that allows axles to steer themselves around curves as small as 5 degrees. While the vehicles were designed for a top speed of , the signal system allows operations at up to .


title: SEPTA

text: The PATCO Speedline is a rapid transit line that runs from Center City Philadelphia to Camden, New Jersey and terminates in Lindenwold, New Jersey. At the 8th Street station, one can transfer to the Market–Frankford Line and Broad–Ridge Spur with an additional transfer fare. Paid transfers are also available at PATCO's 12th–13th Street station and 15th–16th Street station with SEPTA's Broad Street Line Walnut–Locust station. The PATCO Speedline crosses over the Delaware River via the Ben Franklin Bridge. It is owned by the Delaware River Port Authority.


title: SEPTA

text: In the western Philadelphia suburbs, Krapf's Transit runs regularly scheduled buses for the TMACC between Coatesville and Parkesburg and between West Chester, Pennsylvania West Chester and Oxford. Krapf's also provides contract services to SEPTA on route 204. They also operate a free express shuttle bus from Center City to the Navy Yard in South Philadelphia as well as a free shuttle bus loop within the Navy Yard itself.


title: SEPTA

text: In King of Prussia, the Greater Valley Forge Transportation Management Association runs a community shuttle, the Rambler, which connects with SEPTA at the King of Prussia Transit Center.


title: SEPTA

text: In the northwestern Philadelphia suburbs, Pottstown Area Rapid Transit (PART, formerly known as Pottstown Urban Transit) operates five bus routes within Pottstown Borough and the neighboring townships of Douglass, Limerick, Lower Pottsgrove, Upper Pottsgrove, and West Pottsgrove in Montgomery County and North Coventry Township in Chester County. PART and SEPTA have an agreement allowing transfers between PART service and SEPTA Route 93 buses in Pottstown.


title: SEPTA

text: NJ Transit runs buses from Philadelphia to New Jersey points. Many NJT buses stop at the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal, which is immediately north of Jefferson Station or at other locations in Center City Philadelphia. NJT also operates the River Line light rail line between Camden and Trenton, the Northeast Corridor Line between Trenton and New York, and the Atlantic City Line between 30th Street Station and Atlantic City. Both the Northeast Corridor Line and River Line connect with SEPTA's Regional Rail Trenton Line at the Trenton Transit Center. SEPTA Route 127 connects with NJT bus and rail services here also.


title: SEPTA

text: DART First State provides bus service in Delaware. This service connects with SEPTA's Wilmington/Newark Line Regional Rail service in Wilmington, Delaware, and Newark, Delaware. In 2007, SEPTA bus Route 306 began service, connecting the Great Valley Corporate Center and West Chester with the Brandywine Town Center; service between West Chester and Brandywine Town Center was discontinued in 2010 due to low ridership. In February 2009, SEPTA bus Route 113 commenced connecting bus service with DART at the Tri-State Mall, allowing service between Delaware County and the State of Delaware, and connecting with DART First State's #1 (now #13) and #61 bus at the Tri-State Mall.


title: SEPTA

text: Amtrak provides rail service between 30th Street Station and Lancaster, Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, and Chicago to the west, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. to the southwest, and New York, Boston, and Montreal to the northeast. SEPTA's Wilmington/Newark Line and Trenton Line run along Amtrak's Northeast Corridor, while SEPTA's Paoli/Thorndale Line runs along the far eastern leg of Amtrak's Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line and Keystone Corridor. All Regional Rail routes stop at 30th Street Station's upper platform. It is a short walk down a ramp to Amtrak's gates. Other shared Amtrak/Regional Rail stations include and on the Wilmington/Newark Line, , , , and on the Paoli/Thorndale Line, and Trenton on the Trenton Line. Amtrak also offers limited service from and , which are also on Trenton Line. Amtrak is faster than SEPTA, but significantly more expensive, particularly for services along the Northeast Corridor.


title: SEPTA

text: Greyhound and a variety of interregional bus operators, most of which are part of the Trailways system, stop at the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal. In addition to being adjacent to Jefferson Station, the terminal is one block from the Market–Frankford Line's station and various SEPTA bus routes. Major destinations served with one-seat rides to/from the terminal include Allentown, Pennsylvania Allentown, Atlantic City, Baltimore, Harrisburg, Newark (New Jersey), New York, Pittsburgh, Reading, Scranton, Washington and Wilmington. In addition, six NJ Transit bus routes (313, 315, 316, 317, 318, and 551) originate and terminate from this terminal.


title: SEPTA

text: SEPTA serves Philadelphia International Airport with local bus service and with the Airport Line from Center City.


title: SEPTA

text: SEPTA's 50-year history has often been a tumultuous one, a direct result of the agency being governed at the county level rather than the state one. "Railpace Newsmagazine" contributor Gerry Williams observed that SEPTA regularly staggers from crisis to crisis, with little support or oversight originating at the state level in Harrisburg. It has a long history of being at odds with the riding public and both county and state officials. SEPTA has engaged in more labor strikes than any other transit agency in the U.S., occurring in 1977, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1995, 1998, 2005, 2009, 2014, and 2016.


title: SEPTA

text: Williams commented that there is a notable lack of "any group... influential enough to bring shame on SEPTA," adding that SEPTA's chronic ills "merely reflect the broader problems of local provincialism and petty political squabbles which are so rampant within the (Delaware Valley) region." The five counties it serves regularly have various hidden agendas working in the background, often at cross purposes with one another than as a unified region, a problem that has resulted in many services being severed mid-route without regard to the affected counties. This factor is regularly influenced by the changing political winds at the state capital in Harrisburg.


title: SEPTA

text: SEPTA made improvements in the 21st century that helped reverse the downward trend. $191 million of funds made available from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 were utilized to make over 30 major improvements to the system, including renovations of the Spring Garden and Girard Avenue subway stations and building the first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) station at Fox Chase terminal in 2010. SEPTA also inaugurated a consolidated, multi-modal control center that helps manage all aspects of the system.


title: SEPTA

text: SEPTA was voted the best large transit agency in North America by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) in July 2012. The award was criticized by "Next City" columnist Diana Lind, stating that despite some outward appearances of improvement, SEPTA still largely operates under a cloud of non-transparency and continues to lack a system-wide expansion program for the future. This is most notable in the regional rail division, which suffered severe cutbacks in the 1980s and whose affected routes have been converted into rail trails, preventing a restoration of those services for the foreseeable future. When asked to produce data pertaining to SEPTA's repeated attempts to consolidate bus stops, Lind observed "the report on the project barely elaborates on the information. SEPTA’s trials deserve public attention and input. The public deserves the data—show us the average times before and after the pilot. Give reader surveys. Tell us why you haven’t tried another pilot on another bus line."


title: SEPTA

text: Between 2009 and 2013 SEPTA was criticised for its use of sex identification markers on the SEPTA-issued monthly transit passes, as some transgender and gender-queer people had experienced discrimination related to the markers. These markers, SEPTA said, were an anti-fraud measure designed to prevent people in the same household sharing a monthly pass. However, the lobby group SEPTA Riders Against Gender Exclusion (SEPTA R.A.G.E) said that the sex identification markers had resulted in harassment, violence, and discrimination for those who did not physically match the stated sex on the pass. The markers on the monthly passes were stopped in June 2013.


title: SEPTA

text: In October 2020, SEPTA trialled the use of lean benches instead of traditional seating at some of its stations. This was criticized by some as lean benches are widely considered to be hostile architecture, designed to stop homeless populations using the stations to sleep. SEPTA stated that the use of the lean benches was to encourage social distancing to prevent the spread the COVID-19. These trials concluded in September 2021 with the removal of the lean benches.


title: Shawshank State Prison

text: Shawshank State Prison is a fictional New England state prison in the state of Maine. It serves as the primary location in the novella "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption" by Stephen King, as well as its subsequent film adaptation. The prison has also been mentioned in several other works by King.


title: Shawshank State Prison

text: Shawshank State Prison first appeared in Stephen King's novella entitled "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption". The story was originally published in the 1982 short story collection "Different Seasons" alongside three other novellas, two of which also referenced the prison.


title: Shawshank State Prison

text: "The Shawshank Redemption", a motion picture based on the novella, was released in 1994. The actual building used for filming was the Ohio State Reformatory in Mansfield, Ohio.


title: Shawshank State Prison

text: Shawshank State Prison also appears in several episodes of the Hulu original series "Castle Rock". For the series, the showrunners used the West Virginia Penitentiary as the prison. “Part of the reason we chose the prison that we chose to shoot at was we loved the idea that there are houses literally in the shadow of the prison," said showrunner Sam Shaw. "It’s pretty different from the amazing prison in Ohio that they shot for the movie, which stands alone."


title: Shawshank State Prison

text: Apart from appearing in the "Castle Rock" TV series, Shawshank State Prison is also mentioned in two episodes of "Haven," and an episode of "Murder, She Wrote." References to the prison can also be found in works of King's son Joe Hill, including the novel "NOS4A2" and the 2019 comic "Basket Full of Heads".


title: Shawshank State Prison

text: The name "Shawshank" is often used in popular culture as a noun to reference a successful prison break. An example of this can be found in the twelfth episode of "The Flash"'s first season. The series features cast members from "The Shawshank Redemption", including Clancy Brown and William Sadler.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: Red Nose Day Actually is a 2017 British romantic comedy television short promotional film, following a dozen of the characters from, and acting as a sequel to, the 2003 feature film "Love Actually" as part of the fundraising event Red Nose Day 2017. "Love Actually" writer and director Richard Curtis returns alongside cast members Hugh Grant, Liam Neeson, Colin Firth, Andrew Lincoln, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Keira Knightley, Martine McCutcheon, Bill Nighy, Thomas Sangster, Lúcia Moniz, Olivia Olson, Marcus Brigstocke, and Rowan Atkinson.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: A slightly different version of the film, featuring Laura Linney reprising her role and Patrick Dempsey, was broadcast in the US on 25 May 2017.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: Juliet is watching television with her husband Peter. When the doorbell rings and she opens the door, Juliet finds Mark, who, similarly to 13 years ago, communicates with her by using cue cards, having her pretend to Peter, this time, that Mark is a fund raiser for Red Nose Day. They tell each other that they are very happy with their respective lives, and Mark presents his new wife, who is none other than British supermodel Kate Moss, whom, 13 years prior, he jokingly said he was going to marry. Mark's final card proposes that they see what happened to the rest of their friends.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: David, who has lost and recently regained his position as Prime Minister since the first film, dances in his official residence once again, even continuing in great pain after falling down the stairs. His wife and former employee Natalie amicably reprimands him, and offers to make him tea. Later in a public speech, he states that although times are harder for a lot of people now, he still believes that love and the good in people will win in the end.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: Billy Mack recently released a charity single, a cover of the 1983 ZZ Top song "Gimme All Your Lovin'". As the reporter interviewing him on radio tries to help him raise awareness for Red Nose Day, Billy openly admits to not caring about children (except for the ones that buy his discs) and that he only promotes the charity to, in truth, get free publicity for his upcoming autobiography, which he has admittedly neither written nor read. He then reveals with sadness that his manager Joe has died from a heart attack since the first film, before stating that the greatest sex he ever had was with one of the Kardashians, although he cannot decide which one.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: Among salesman Rufus's products are red noses in honour of Red Nose Day. When a child in line buys one and agrees to have it gift wrapped, Rufus proceeds with great delight to take an absurdly excessive amount of time doing so. The waiting line soon becomes so long that it blocks car traffic outside.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: Meanwhile, on their way to pick up their three children from school, Jamie and his wife Aurélia recall their first days together. Aurélia says in Portuguese that even though life makes it impossible to be completely happy, love sometimes makes you feel like you are. She then reveals to Jamie that she is pregnant with their fourth child, though he misunderstands her and believes she was telling him what was for dinner.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: Sitting on a bench, Daniel receives a surprise visit from his stepson Sam, who is now 26 and lives in New York City. When Daniel expresses concern because Sam had not been in touch, he is surprised to see Joanna, Sam's childhood crush 13 years ago who had left for America. She asks for Sam's hand, and Daniel, delighted, jokingly answers that he will think about it.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: The film then ends with footage showing various people and actions supported by Comic Relief, and some of the film's cast wearing red noses.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: Shooting began in February 2017, with the film being announced at the same time. The film was broadcast on BBC One as part of Red Nose Day on 24 March 2017. Among the returning cast are Hugh Grant, Keira Knightley, Colin Firth, Liam Neeson, Bill Nighy, Andrew Lincoln, Thomas Sangster, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Marcus Brigstocke and Rowan Atkinson were all confirmed to return. Actors who did not return included Emma Thompson, Martin Freeman, Joanna Page, Rodrigo Santoro, Gregor Fisher, and the late Alan Rickman. Emma Thompson chose not to do the sequel due to the recent passing of Rickman.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: An additional sequence with Laura Linney and Patrick Dempsey was shot after the UK airing, for the US broadcast on NBC on 25 May 2017. It features Linney's character, Sarah, answering her cell phone as if it were her brother calling as in the film, only to reveal the caller is Patrick Dempsey, who remarks that he loves the way she always answers her phone and that she is a wonderful wife, thus giving her character a decidedly happy ending.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: The US version also includes alternate versions of the two Rowan Atkinson scenes, set in the US. There are alternate exterior shots of the store he works in, which is now a Walgreens in Midtown Manhattan, replacing the unnamed suburban British store in the original. The US version has Walgreens signage and Red Nose Day banners with the US date, two months later than in the UK, behind Atkinson throughout his scenes. The young actor playing Atkinson's customer speaks slightly different dialogue, with an American accent this time, and Atkinson describes costs in dollars instead of pounds.


title: Red Nose Day Actually

text: The US version also replaces The Beach Boys' 1966 song "God Only Knows" over the opening shots with a cue from Craig Armstrong's score for the original film.


title: Lauren Lyle

text: Lauren Lyle (born 12 July) is a Scottish actress best known for her recurring role as Marsali MacKimmie Fraser in the Starz television drama "Outlander", and peace protester Jade Antoniak in the BBC drama "Vigil". Lyle plays the leading role of Detective Sergeant Karen Pirie in ITV's new crime thriller "Karen Pirie" released October 2022 on BritBox.


title: Lauren Lyle

text: Lyle was born in Glasgow, Scotland. After performing at the Edinburgh Fringe for Fourth Monkey, and on stage in London in The Crucible, she was accepted to the National Youth Theatre's rep program in 2015. The highly competitive program accepts approximately fifteen or sixteen actors under the age of twenty-five who work towards a series of plays performed on London's West End in the autumn of that year.


title: Lauren Lyle

text: Lyle’s first professional role was in 2014 when she starred in the critically acclaimed show The Crucible directed by Yael Farber at the Old Vic Theatre on the West End. Soon after she was cast in an episode of BBC comedy "Radges".


title: Lauren Lyle

text: In 2015, Lyle was accepted to the National Youth Theatre's rep program, performing in three plays during the season. She appeared as Catherine in "Wuthering Heights", Diane in "Consensual", and the Prince of Arragon in Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice.". Her first television appearance, on BBC Three's "BBC Comedy Feeds", saw Lyle appearing in a series four episode entitled "Radges".


title: Lauren Lyle

text: Long-running medical drama "Holby City" featured Lyle as Katherine Rice in the series eighteen episode "Who You Are" (2016). From there she featured in a three-episode stint, opposite Sean Bean, in the BBC's award winning drama "Broken". In 2017, Lyle debuted in the recurring role of Marsali MacKimmie Fraser in Starz's hit time travel drama "Outlander", based upon Diana Gabaldon's best-selling book series of the same name. Returning to her roots at the National Youth Theatre, Lyle appeared in the television documentary Stage Direction to discuss her experiences with the program. 2018 saw a return to films for Lyle. She starred in the film adaptation of Fiona Shaw's novel "Tell It to the Bees", opposite Anna Paquin and Holliday Grainger, and Lily Rose Thomas' debut short film "Girls Who Drink".


title: Lauren Lyle

text: In early 2020, Lyle began hosting the podcast "She's a Rec'". In each episode, she interviews a female guest about the "albums, films, books and female heroes" that have had the most influence in their lives. The next year would see Lyle appear in the BBC’s crime drama "Vigil". She portrayed Jade Antoniak, a peace protester and the girlfriend of Martin Compston’s character Craig Burke. The show, which is set on a ballistic missile submarine, gained over 10.2 million views in the first seven days making it the BBC’s most watched show of the year. In 2022 Lyle starred as investigator DS Pirie in ITV murder drama series "Karen Pirie" based upon author Val McDermid’s novel "The Distant Echo".


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Mankind vs. The Undertaker was a professional wrestling match between Mankind (Mick Foley) and The Undertaker (Mark Calaway) of the then-World Wrestling Federation (WWF), and took place inside a Hell in a Cell, a high steel cage structure with a roof. It was the third Hell in a Cell match in history, and took place at the King of the Ring pay-per-view on June 28, 1998, at the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Though the match had received little build in the way of storytelling before the event due to the unpredictability of the WWF's "Attitude Era", the two characters had an extensive backstory that motivated both performers heading into the match.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: The match would immediately set the standard for future Hell in a Cell matches, due to Foley taking two dangerous and highly influential bumps from the top of the cell in an attempt to surpass the previous Hell in a Cell in 1997; planned beforehand with veteran wrestler Terry Funk, the first came when The Undertaker threw Mankind through an announcer table positioned on the arena floor, but the second occurred unintentionally when The Undertaker performed a chokeslam on Mankind through the roof of the cell. The match was nearly stopped as a result of both incidents, but continued at the urging of Foley.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Foley received numerous legitimate injuries performing the stunts, and though the match had little impact on his career in the short-term, it took a severe physical toll on him in the long-term, and eventually became the match he is most remembered for following his retirement in 2000. The match received instant critical acclaim from the wrestling media and is widely regarded as a classic match in the careers of both wrestlers, as well as one of the greatest and most important Hell in a Cell matches and wrestling matches in general. The commentary duo of Jim Ross and Jerry Lawler also received praise, Ross in particular making some of his most famous calls during the match which have overlapped into popular culture.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Upon debuting with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in April 1996, Foley's character Mankind immediately began feuding with Calaway's character The Undertaker, and the pair would go on to wrestle a series of matches, beginning with their first PPV match at the King of the Ring PPV event in June, followed by the first ever Boiler Room Brawl at August's PPV event SummerSlam. During the match Paul Bearer (William Moody), The Undertaker's long time manager, turned on him by hitting him with an urn, allowing Mankind to apply the Mandible claw for the win. This twist allowed the rivalry to continue into October's PPV event, where the two competed in the titular Buried Alive match in the main event; The Undertaker won the match after a chokeslam into the open grave.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: At the following month's Survivor Series PPV event, The Undertaker returned to face Mankind, this time with Bearer hanging above the ring in a steel cage, with a stipulation that if The Undertaker won the match, he would be able to exact revenge on Bearer. The Undertaker won the match, but interference from The Executioner (Terry Gordy) enabled Bearer to escape. With no manager, The Undertaker was developed into a more human character, with a gothic and rebellious attitude, proclaiming himself to be "The Lord of Darkness". He would win the WWF Championship at WrestleMania 13 in March 1997, and the rivalry with Mankind would be briefly renewed when they competed for the championship at the PPV event in April, with The Undertaker ultimately retaining.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Commentator Jim Ross cites the feud, and Calaway's eagerness to work with Foley, as helping persuade Vince McMahon of the merits of Foley and the Mankind character; McMahon initially had no desire on bringing Foley into the WWF, describing his style as "degrading" and thought Foley himself lacked any talent, but eventually relented to pressure from Ross, who had personally known Foley from their time at rival promotion World Championship Wrestling (WCW). Foley had become famous for wrestling a violent and "hardcore" style, and in 1995 had been crowned "King of the Deathmatch" by Japanese promotion International Wrestling Association (IWA) at their Kawasaki Dream event, defeating Terry Funk in a tournament final, a match Foley has said he is the most proud of. In regards to Foley's risk taking, former WCW executive producer Eric Bischoff stated that, when Foley had worked for him in the early 1990s, he "wanted to become more physical and more violent, bloodier, and more over the top" and that he had a "bizarre dark side that he needed to explore and feed".


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: The first Hell in a Cell match took place at the WWF's PPV event in October 1997, and was between Shawn Michaels (Michael Hickenbottom) and The Undertaker. The Hell in a Cell match concept was the brainchild of Jim Cornette, and according to Hickenbottom was inspired by a 1983 match in Georgia Championship Wrestling between heated rivals Tommy Rich and Buzz Sawyer, known as the Last Battle of Atlanta. The match was designed to prevent interference from other wrestlers, as well as to allow for the match and the rivalry to reach a definitive conclusion, with the "cowardly" Shawn Michaels persona spending portions of the match trying to elude The Undertaker. The conclusion arrived when Kane (Glenn Jacobs), the storyline brother of The Undertaker, débuted by tearing down the cell door and costing The Undertaker the match. During the match, Hickenbottom performed a stunt where he dangled off the roof of the cell and crashed through the announce table, setting a "dangerous precedent". The match received widespread acclaim, including receiving a rating of five stars out of a possible five by professional wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer for his "Wrestling Observer Newsletter".


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: On the June 1, 1998, edition of "Raw is War", having spent months alternating between the characters of Dude Love and Cactus Jack, Foley would revert to the Mankind character, and formed an alliance with Kane. The pair would challenge The Undertaker and WWF champion Stone Cold Steve Austin to the second Hell in a Cell match on the June 15 episode of "Raw is War", with the match ending in a no contest. This set up the double main-event for the June PPV King of the Ring; Austin and Kane in a First Blood match for the championship, while The Undertaker and Mankind would be booked for a Hell in a Cell match. The event was scheduled to take place at the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, from Freedom, Pennsylvania, where Foley had trained to become a professional wrestler at Dominic DeNucci's wrestling school, bringing his career full circle.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: According to WWE producer Bruce Prichard, the original plan for the PPV was for Mankind to challenge Austin for his championship, before Vince McMahon changed the direction in an attempt to be unpredictable. Subsequently, the match had little promotion or storyline building. Calaway went into the match with a fractured ankle, but was adamant he would go through with the match and stunts as planned, later saying that it was of such great importance that he "had to do it". Foley credits head-writer Vince Russo for believing in the Mankind character, giving him confidence heading into the PPV.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Before the match, Foley and fellow wrestler Terry Funk were in Stamford, Connecticut to watch and discuss the previous year's Hell in a Cell, brainstorming ideas about how to try and top that match, with Funk saying "maybe you should let him throw you off the top of the cage".


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: When presented with the idea of throwing Foley off the top of the cage, Calaway was hesitant, going as far as to ask Foley, "Mick, do you want to die?" Writing in his autobiography "", Foley recalls being asked by Calaway about why he wanted to execute the plan, and his response being "I'm afraid this match is gonna stink. You can't walk, and, let's face it, I don't have any heat. We've got a heck of a legacy to live up to, and I don't want this match to ruin it. If we can start it out hot enough, we can make people think we had a hell of a match, even if we didn't". Ultimately, Calaway reluctantly agreed to perform the spot. Foley sold him on the idea by saying they could not only begin a match in a way nobody had ever done, they could then have a unique match.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Foley later admitted that he had lied to McMahon, firstly regarding climbing the cell earlier in the day to acclimatise with the situation, as well as about his comfort in performing the stunt, reasoning that had he already been on top of the cell, he "would have realized that getting thrown off was a terrible idea". In a 2018 interview with former wrestling announcer Sean Mooney, match referee Tim White said that although he knew some of the planned moments, he recalled feeling like he was "having a heart attack through the whole match", while commentator Jim Ross remembers hearing rumours backstage of Foley's plans, but dismissed them as absurd and unrealistic.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Mankind came out first and once he reached the cell, he threw a steel folding chair on top of the structure and began to climb to the top. The Undertaker then made his entrance, and followed Mankind by climbing to the top. Once on top of the cell, Foley considered aborting the planned stunt, but quickly changed his mind, later telling Ross he "wanted to create a moment" for the fans. The pair began exchanging punches and moved towards the edge of the cell. Then, in an "unbelievable moment", The Undertaker grabbed Mankind from behind and threw him from the top of the structure, propelling him through the air, sending him crashing through the Spanish commentators' table and landing on the concrete floor of the arena, which triggered Ross to famously shout, "Good God almighty! Good God almighty! They've killed him!" and "As God as my witness, he is broken in half!" Ross later said his reactions were real, and Calaway said he experienced an out-of-body experience in the moment, visualising himself watching Mankind fly off the cage. It was seen as extra surprising as stunts involving announce tables are usually telegraphed by a performer removing bulky CRT monitors to protect the recipient.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Mankind remained motionless underneath the broken table, while The Undertaker remained on top of the cell. Medical personnel came out to check on Foley, as did Funk and various others, including McMahon who broke kayfabe by looking legitimately worried about someone his Mr. McMahon character was supposed to dislike. Mankind was placed on a stretcher and began to be wheeled out of the arena. However, Mankind got up from the stretcher and fought off the officials, to climb again onto the top of the cell, with The Undertaker doing likewise. After a brief brawl, The Undertaker performed a chokeslam on Mankind which sent him through the panel of the chain-link cage. The steel chair would also fall through, hitting Mankind as it landed and knocking him unconscious; it was the first time in his career that he had been legitimately knocked out during a match. On commentary, Ross said "Good God... good God! Will somebody stop the damn match? Enough's enough!", while color commentator Jerry Lawler added, "That's it. He's dead".


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: According to both Foley, Calaway and Prichard, the second bump through the cell roof was completely unplanned, Calaway would later say that he thought Foley was legitimately dead following the second fall, and asked Funk to check if he was still alive, while Foley would describe Ross' commentary as "not part of a wrestling match, but a legitimate cry for my well-being". Foley later said that the only reason he survived the fall was because he did not take the chokeslam properly, as he had been too exhausted to lift his body weight in response to the chokehold. In his memoir "", Foley called it both the best and worst chokeslam he ever took, saying that despite its looks, he would have likely died if he had landed properly. Foley would later explain that the roof of the cell was supposed to sag sufficiently so that The Undertaker could kick Mankind through, allowing him to dangle by his feet and eventually fall in a rotation to land on his front. Years later, Calaway would note that just before executing the chokeslam, he had been standing with his left foot on the same panel that Mankind fell through, but decided to place it on the support bar the panel was attached to have more stability for lifting Mankind. Writing in his autobiography "More Than Just Hardcore", Funk wrote "watching from the back, I thought he was dead. I ran out here and looked down at him, still lying in the ring where he'd landed. His eyes weren't rolled back in his head, but they looked totally glazed over, like a dead fish's eyes". In 2021, McMahon told A&E that he was "freaked out" by the incidents.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Some time after getting up and being attended to again by medical personnel, television cameras showed a lingering shot of Mankind smiling through his bleeding mouth and lips, with a loose tooth hanging beneath his nose, the tooth having been knocked out due to being struck by the chair. At the urging of Foley, the match continued for a while longer, eventually reaching a conclusion with Mankind being chokeslammed by The Undertaker onto a pile of thumbtacks, followed by The Undertaker executing his finishing move, the Tombstone Piledriver, and pinning Mankind to end the match.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Foley received a "rarely seen" standing ovation for the match. In the main event of the PPV between Steve Austin and Kane, the cage would be lowered again when both The Undertaker and Mankind interfered, as Kane won the WWF championship. The fourth Hell in a Cell match took place on "Raw is War" two months later, a singles match between tag team champions Mankind and Kane, concluding their alliance, with the match featuring another bump through an announce table, this time with Mankind halfway up the side of the cage.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: In a 2020 interview with "Wrestling Inc", Foley recalled that there was no mention of the match on the following night's "Raw is War", as there was a belief that it was not a big moment due to the long history between the two wrestlers. Foley has said that although this match grew in legend, the reality was that his career remained "somewhat sluggish" for sometime afterwards until Foley further developed the Mankind character, and fans began to get behind him. Mankind would go on to become a three-time WWF Champion in the year following the match, and would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame on April 6, 2013, while The Undertaker would develop his 'undefeated WrestleMania streak' and win five more world championships before eventually retiring in 2020.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Foley suffered several injuries in the match: a concussion, a dislocated jaw and shoulder, bruised ribs, internal bleeding, puncture wounds, and several teeth knocked out. After considering retirement, believing wrestling had passed him by, the match made Foley change his approach to wrestling, concluding he could not continue taking such dangerous bumps, leading his Mankind character to become a more gentle one who would later form a tag-team with The Rock and use an anthropomorphic sock named "Mr. Socko".


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Backstage after the match, McMahon said to Foley, "You have no idea how much I appreciate what you have just done for this company, but I never want to see anything like that again." Foley recalled that, after the match and still feeling the effects of the concussion, he turned to Calaway and asked "Did I use the thumbtacks?". Calaway responded sternly "Look at your arm, Mick!", at which point Foley discovered a significant number of thumbtacks still lodged in his arm. Russo was also surprised at Foley's demeanour after the match, recalling him questioning Russo about the quality of the match and if it was good as the previous Hell in a Cell. Foley wrote in his first book that his wife Collette cried during a post-match phone conversation between the two, and this made Foley strongly consider retiring from wrestling, something that Foley did eventually do on a full-time basis in 2000. Fittingly, his last match as a full-time wrestler was also a Hell in a Cell match at No Way Out in February 2000; Foley decided to replicate his fall through the roof of the cell during the match and proper precautions were taken to ensure his safety performing the stunt.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Writing in his "Wrestling Observer Newsletter", wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer awarded the match four-and-a-half stars out of a possible five, saying he would never forget the performance of Foley. Meltzer said Foley had made himself an "all-time legend", and would forever be associated with Hell in a Cell in the same way Bret Hart would always be linked with the Montreal Screwjob, but questioned the future of wrestling if people tried to emulate or one-up the performance of Foley. Fellow wrestling journalist Wade Keller wrote in the "Pro Wrestling Torch" newsletter that Foley had taken the "two most incredible bumps" in wrestling history, and that it had been the decade's "most memorable match". He predicted that the match would become a "source of inspiration and jealousy" for other wrestlers, but that it had the potential to become an "infamous and regretful" match. John Powell of "Slam Wrestling" thought that Foley's stunt was reminiscent of one performed by Jimmy Snuka, an event Foley had witnessed live 15 years prior. He described Foley's performance in the match as "unparalleled, memorable", and the match as a whole as "classic". The match was voted "Pro Wrestling Illustrated"s Match of the Year for 1998.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Michael Landsberg called it "maybe the most famous match ever", while David Shoemaker heralded it as the pinnacle of Foley's career. A contemporary review on "411Mania" awarded the match four-and-a-quarter stars out of a possible five, describing it as "the epitome of a spectacle". Writing for the same website in 2002, Scott Keith gave a scathing review, criticising the lack of wrestling involved as well as the bumps themselves, and awarded the match one star, but also said it is a match worth viewing "to make your own judgment". In a review for the 20th anniversary of the match, John Pollock of "Post Wrestling" wrote that "it is hard to isolate one specific aspect" of the match, and said it turned Foley from a "cult favourite to a legend". "Inside Pulse" awarded the match four-stars out of a possible five, describing it as "one of the most memorable matches in the history of professional wrestling", while "Writebase" praised it as a match "without comparison on a grand stage".


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Both participants have said that the original Hell in a Cell match, between The Undertaker and Shawn Michaels at on October 5, 1997, was the superior of the two matches; in 2003, Calaway named the Badd Blood contest as his favorite match, while both Foley and Moody have called it the greatest Hell in a Cell match ever. In 2011, Foley's match was named as the number one "OMG!" incident in WWE history, and has been ranked highly amongst the greatest matches and top moments in the history of Hell in a Cell matches. It has been described as Jim Ross' most famous line of commentary, which Foley has categorized as being a part of popular culture, and was described by "Paste" magazine as commentary that "heightened your experience because he was articulating your surprise". The match has been included on several best-of WWE DVD releases, showcasing matches from the careers of both Foley and Calaway, as well as of the King of the Ring PPV and Hell in a Cell matches. Foley and Ross believe that, although there have been better wrestling matches within Hell in a Cell, it was "the most memorable" and almost impossible to exceed. To commemorate the 15th anniversary of the match, WWE conducted an oral history with Foley, Ross, and White, while Calaway was included for an updated 20th anniversary version.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Foley has been described as the MVP of Hell in a Cell matches, not only for his role in this match, but also for his last match as a full-time wrestler at No Way Out in February 2000; wrestling under his Cactus Jack persona, he competed for the WWF Championship against Triple H, with the match ending when Triple H backdropped through the cage and breaking the ring in a planned stunt. In 2018, Foley toured a one-man show titled "20 Years Of Hell", discussing the match in length to an audience, and later filmed a special for the WWE Network exactly 20 years after the match, but said that for years he disliked being known primarily for this match, as there were many other aspects of his career of which he was proud. Speaking with Ross for his podcast "The Ross Report" in 2018, Foley said that he was "proud to say that this match is something that I no longer run from" because of how brutal and important the match was, and also due to the "many memories it holds for people", and also believes it is "cathartic" to discuss. Foley believes it is the thing most wrestling fans remember him for, while several mainstream media outlets have also ranked it as being among the greatest moments and matches in both Foley's and Calaway's careers, as well as in wrestling history.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: Many future matches attempted to replicate some of the spots from the match at King of the Ring, most notably during a Hell in a Cell match at WrestleMania 32 in April 2016 also featuring The Undertaker, where his opponent Shane McMahon paid homage to Foley's first fall by performing a diving elbow from the top of cage, breaking the announce table when The Undertaker moved at the last moment; Michael Cole on commentary yelled "for the love of Mankind" in tribute to Foley. Although many fans regard the match as a classic, it has generated controversy as well. Critics charge that the falls in the match were so extreme and they set the bar for further bumps too high, that the inevitable attempts to equal or surpass them would be very dangerous for any wrestlers involved. Writing for "Cultaholic", wrestling author Justin Henry ranked the two bumps as being amongst the top three most brutal bumps in the history of Hell in a Cell, but recognised that attempts at similar bumps had petered out over the years. WWE continues to have Hell in a Cell matches on an annual pay-per-view of the same name, with the match stipulation losing its lustre because of this.


title: Mankind vs. The Undertaker

text: In 2019, Meltzer wrote that "with 20 years of perspective", the match was "a terrible thing because of all the stunt bumps it encouraged and how guys got into the business thinking they could get over by doing that stuff rather than wrestling". Meltzer also wrote that a New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) match of Kota Ibushi versus Tetsuya Naito at Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall was the modern successor, in terms of lacking safety for the wrestlers, but is "probably going to be copied and admired". Pollock argues that the match was a negative for both Foley and for professional wrestling as a whole. Foley acknowledged in 2014 while being interviewed about the Monday Night Wars that, had the match taken place today, WWE would have immediately stopped the match after the first fall off the top of the cage "and rightfully so". In his autobiography "", Foley wrote that he could not remember much of what happened, and he had to watch a tape of the match to write about it, and in 2020, Foley said he still suffers with injuries sustained in the match, particularly having to have false teeth replaced, and also suffers with chronic pain.


title: Yé-yé

text: Yé-yé () (yeyé in Spanish) was a style of pop music that emerged in Western-Southern Europe in the early 1960s. The French term ""yé-yé"" was derived from the English "yeah! yeah!", popularized by British beat music bands such as the Beatles. The style expanded worldwide as the result of the success of figures such as French singer-songwriters Sylvie Vartan, Serge Gainsbourg and Françoise Hardy. Yé-yé was a particular form of counterculture that derived most of its inspiration from British and American rock and roll. Additional stylistic elements of "yé-yé" song composition include baroque, exotica, pop, jazz and the French "chanson."


title: Yé-yé

text: The movement had its origins in the radio program (loosely translated as "hello mates" or "hello pals"), created by Jean Frydman and hosted by Daniel Filipacchi and Frank Ténot, which first aired in December 1959. The phrase ""Salut les copains"" dates back to the title of a 1957 song by Gilbert Bécaud and Pierre Delanoë, who themselves had little regard for the yé-yé music that the radio show typically featured. The program became an immediate success, and one of its sections, "L"e chouchou de la semaine"" ("This Week's Sweetheart"), became the starting point for most "yé-yé" singers. Any song that was presented as a "chouchou" went straight to the top places in the charts. The "Salut les copains" phenomenon continued with a magazine of the same name that was first published in 1962 in France, with German, Spanish, and Italian ("Ciao Amici") editions following shortly afterward.


title: Yé-yé

text: "Radios were practicing a real hype, much more than today. We, the singers, were much, much less numerous than today – and there were fewer radios. It was also the heyday of "Salut les copains", and the press played an extremely important role, it could promote beginners. I remember being on the front page of "Paris Match" very quickly, without being very well known or doing anything special for that; this would no longer be possible nowadays. In fact, in the 1960s, we saw the advent of the mass media. At the same time, fashion had assumed a considerable importance, which it had never before had. Singers like me became emblems of fashion, in addition to "chanson", which helped to maintain notoriety."


title: Yé-yé

text: Françoise Hardy performed on Mireille Hartuch's television show in February 1962 (a year before The Beatles recorded "She Loves You"), singing "", which began with "Yeah yeah yeah yeah". After she finished, Hartuch remarked on the "yé yé" lyrics and asked her what they meant. The term was popularised by Edgar Morin in a July 1963 article in .


title: Yé-yé

text: Yé-yé music was a mostly continental European phenomenon and usually featured young female singers. France Gall, for example, was only sixteen years of age when she released her first album and seventeen when she won the Eurovision Song Contest (for Luxembourg) singing


title: Yé-yé

text: the prototype bubblegum song "Poupée de cire, poupée de son". Another later hit by Gall included "Laisse tomber les filles", a cover version of which by April March called "Chick Habit" appeared in Quentin Tarantino's 2007 film "Death Proof".


title: Yé-yé

text: Yé-yé songs had innocent themes such as that of Françoise Hardy's "Tous les garçons et les filles" ("All the guys and girls my age know how it feels to be happy, but I am lonely. When will I know how it feels to have someone?").


title: Yé-yé

text: France had a large market for the consumption of French-language songs at the time. Unlike other European nations such as West Germany, the French were more willing to support artists from their own country, singing in their native tongue. Some of the early French artists who were dabbling in rock and roll and similar genres, such as Johnny Hallyday, admit that they were creating an imitation of English-language rock music. Yé-yé helped assimilate that music in a unique, French way, and with the popularity of "Salut les copains", the public began to see stars such as France Gall emerge.


title: Yé-yé

text: The singers were sexualized in a deliberately contrived naïve manner. Composer and singer/songwriter Serge Gainsbourg once called Gall the French Lolita and, wanting to exploit her innocence, composed for her the double-entendre song "Les sucettes" ("Lollipops"): "Annie loves lollipops, aniseed lollipops, when the sweet liquid runs down Annie's throat, she is in paradise." The lyrics of the song are blatantly phallic, and the music video essentially features a group of dancing penises.


title: Yé-yé

text: Sylvie Vartan married rock star Johnny Hallyday in 1965 and toured in America and Asia, but she remained a yé-yé at heart, and as late as 1968 she recorded the song "Jolie poupée" ("Pretty Doll"), about a girl who regrets having abandoned her doll after growing up.


title: Yé-yé

text: Sheila portrayed the image of a well-behaved young girl. Her first hit was "L'école est finie" ("School is over") in 1962.


title: Yé-yé

text: In 1967, teen yé-yé singer Jacqueline Taïeb won the Best Newcomer award in Cannes at the Midem awards for her hit single "7 heures du matin".


title: Yé-yé

text: Other significant girl singers of the era include teen TV star Christine Delaroche, Jocelyne, Zouzou, Evy, Cosette and Annie Philippe. Some girl groups emerged, such as Les Parisiennes, influenced by acts like the Shangri-Las.


title: Yé-yé

text: Although originating in France, the yé-yé movement extended over Western Europe. Italian singer Mina became her country's first female rock-and-roll singer in 1959. In the following few years, she moved to middle-of-the-road girl pop. After her scandalous relationship and pregnancy with a married actor in 1963, Mina developed her image into that of a grown-up "bad girl". An example of her style may be found in the lyrics of the song "Ta-ra-ta-ta": "The way you smoke, you are irresistible to me, you look like a real man." By contrast, her compatriot Rita Pavone cast the image of a typical teenage yé-yé girl; for example, the lyrics of her 1964 hit "Cuore" complained how love made the protagonist suffer.


title: Yé-yé

text: In Italy, the yé-yé wave ended around 1967, vanishing under the emergence of British blues rock, pop and psychedelia.


title: Yé-yé

text: Parisian-born singer Catherine Spaak had a massive success in Italy with a style very close to that of Françoise Hardy.


title: Yé-yé

text: Other significant Italian yé-yé girls include Mari Marabini, Carmen Villani, Anna Identici and the girl groups Le Amiche, Le Snobs and Sonia e le Sorelle.


title: Yé-yé

text: British singer Sandie Shaw recorded "Puppet on a String" in 1967 and won the Eurovision Song Contest 1967, the first for the United Kingdom.


title: Yé-yé

text: In Spain, yé-yé music was at first considered to be incompatible with Catholicism, in then Francoist Spain. However, this did not stop the yé-yé culture from spreading, although a bit later than in the rest of Europe; in 1968 Spanish yé-yé girl Massiel won the Eurovision song contest with "La, la, la", while the sweet, naïve-looking singer Karina enjoyed success as the Spanish yé-yé queen with her hits "En un mundo nuevo" and "El baúl de los recuerdos".


title: Yé-yé

text: In the 1965 film "Historias de la televisión", Concha Velasco's character, who competes against a yé-yé girl, sings "La chica ye-ye" ("The Yé-yé Girl").


title: Yé-yé

text: Yé-yé grew very popular in Japan and formed the origins of Shibuya-kei and Japanese idol music. Gall recorded a Japanese version of "Poupée de cire, poupée de son". The film "Cherchez l'idole", featuring Johnny Hallyday, has seen a Japanese DVD release. The yé-yé vocal group Les Surfs appear in the film performing their hit song "Ca n'a pas d'importance".


title: Yé-yé

text: At the end of the 1970s, there was a brief but successful yé-yé recurrence in France, spreading across the charts of Western Europe with electro-pop-influenced acts such as Plastic Bertrand, Lio and Elli et Jacno and,


title: Yé-yé

text: in a harder rock vein, Ici Paris and Les Calamités (a subgenre dubbed "Yé-yé punk" by Les Wampas leader Didier Wampas). Lio had a string of hits during 1980, the most famous of which was "Amoureux Solitaires". This new brand of yé-yé, although short-lived, echoed the synthesizer-driven sound that had surfaced recently with new wave music.


title: Yé-yé

text: Because female singers dominated the yé-yé scene, the movement is occasionally seen as a feminist statement, even though the songwriters behind the singers were men, and the songs often infantilized their singers (as previously discussed in this article). That said, in lieu of a desperate and codependent voice, a fun and flirtatious point of view was often depicted. Gall's 1966 song "Baby Pop," for example, adopts a playful attitude toward the traditional institution of marriage, singing "On your wedding night, it'll be too late to regret it."


title: Yé-yé

text: While the yé-yé movement was led by female singers, it was not an exclusively female movement. The yé-yé masterminds (such as Serge Gainsbourg, who wrote several hits for France Gall, Petula Clark and Brigitte Bardot, but was considerably older and came from a jazz background) were distinct from the actual yé-yé singers. Michel Polnareff, for example, played the tormented, hopeless lover in songs such as "Love Me Please Love Me", while Jacques Dutronc claimed to have seduced Santa Claus's daughter in "La Fille du Père Noël". Among the more popular male yé-yé singers was Claude François, notable for songs such as "Belles, Belles, Belles", a French-language adaptation of the Everly Brothers' and Eddie Hodges' "(Girls, Girls, Girls) Made to Love". In Portugal, the first yé-yé bands appeared in Coimbra in 1956, most notably Os Babies, led by José Cid. Other Portuguese bands followed afterward, including Os Conchas, Os Ekos, Os Sheiks, Os Celtas, Conjunto Académico João Paulo, Os Demónios Negros and singers such as Daniel Bacelar.


title: Yé-yé

text: The yé-yé movement maintains a particular prevalence in the music world because of its swinging, catchy rhythms and carefree lyrics. Unlike the confining strictures of society, yé-yé promoted a refreshing and invigorating newness and inevitably promoted a sort of sexual rebellion that greatly characterized the 1960s. Dalida's 1960 song "Itsi bitsi, petit bikini", previously recorded as "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polkadot Bikini" by Brian Hyland, perfectly illustrated yé-yé's newfound nonchalance and release from prudish subject matter. The song, "...which denotes a nonchalant and undisciplined listening," is about a girl afraid to reveal her bikini to fellow beachgoers, and it represents the shocking aspect of the lax attitude toward an increased sexuality, especially for women, as bikinis were previously considered scandalous. Similarly, yé-yé contributed to the creation a youth culture within a postwar France that expressed a certain playfulness and carefree perspective on life. Sociologist and philosopher Edgar Morin commented on the rise and popularity of yé-yé music and culture, "...seeing in yé-yé's frantic, syncopated rhythms simultaneously a commodified music...of adult consumption, and a festive, playful hedonism..." As it was for any postwar youth culture, yé-yé acted as a creative outlet that aided in defining an era as well as an identity for Europe, specifically France. The archetype of "la parisienne", exuding an exotic charm and magnetic appeal, was greatly defined by the influence of the numerous yé-yé girls within the scene and created an indelible mark in the worlds of both fashion and style. The "...escapist, ironic..." facets of yé-yé enticed thousands of listeners, promoting a gaiety and glamour that intertwined with the sexual freedom and modernity of the Swinging Sixties.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is a protocol used to synchronize clocks throughout a computer network. On a local area network, it achieves clock accuracy in the sub-microsecond range, making it suitable for measurement and control systems. PTP is employed to synchronize financial transactions, mobile phone tower transmissions, sub-sea acoustic arrays, and networks that require precise timing but lack access to satellite navigation signals.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: The first version of PTP, IEEE 1588-2002, was published in 2002. IEEE 1588-2008, also known as PTP Version 2 is not backward compatible with the 2002 version. IEEE 1588-2019 was published in November 2019 and includes backward-compatible improvements to the 2008 publication. IEEE 1588-2008 includes a "profile" concept defining PTP operating parameters and options. Several profiles have been defined for applications including telecommunications, electric power distribution and audiovisual. is an adaptation of PTP for use with Audio Video Bridging and Time-Sensitive Networking.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: According to John Eidson, who led the IEEE 1588-2002 standardization effort, "IEEE 1588 is designed to fill a niche not well served by either of the two dominant protocols, NTP and GPS. IEEE 1588 is designed for local systems requiring accuracies beyond those attainable using NTP. It is also designed for applications that cannot bear the cost of a GPS receiver at each node, or for which GPS signals are inaccessible."


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: PTP was originally defined in the IEEE 1588-2002 standard, officially entitled ""Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems"" and published in 2002. In 2008, IEEE 1588-2008 was released as a revised standard; also known as PTP version 2 (PTPv2), it improves accuracy, precision and robustness but is not backward compatible with the original 2002 version. IEEE 1588-2019 was published in November 2019, is informally known as "PTPv2.1" and includes backwards-compatible improvements to the 2008 publication.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: The IEEE 1588 standards describe a hierarchical master-slave architecture for clock distribution. Under this architecture, a time distribution system consists of one or more communication media (network segments), and one or more clocks. An "ordinary clock" is a device with a single network connection and is either the source of (master or leader) or destination for (slave or follower) a synchronization reference. A "boundary clock" has multiple network connections and can accurately synchronize one network segment to another. A synchronization "master" is selected for each of the network segments in the system. The root timing reference is called the "grandmaster". The grandmaster transmits synchronization information to the clocks residing on its network segment. The boundary clocks with a presence on that segment then relay accurate time to the other segments to which they are also connected.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: A simplified PTP system frequently consists of ordinary clocks connected to a single network, and no boundary clocks are used. A grandmaster is elected and all other clocks synchronize directly to it.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: IEEE 1588-2008 introduces a clock associated with network equipment used to convey PTP messages. The "transparent clock" modifies PTP messages as they pass through the device. Timestamps in the messages are corrected for time spent traversing the network equipment. This scheme improves distribution accuracy by compensating for delivery variability across the network.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: PTP typically uses the same epoch as Unix time (start of 1 January 1970). While the Unix time is based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and is subject to leap seconds, PTP is based on International Atomic Time (TAI). The PTP grandmaster communicates the current offset between UTC and TAI, so that UTC can be computed from the received PTP time.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: Synchronization and management of a PTP system is achieved through the exchange of messages across the communications medium. To this end, PTP uses the following message types.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: Messages are categorized as "event" and "general" messages. "Event" messages are time-critical in that accuracy in transmission and receipt timestamp accuracy directly affects clock distribution accuracy. "Sync", "Delay_Req", "Pdelay_Req" and "Pdelay_resp" are "event" messages. "General" messages are more conventional protocol data units in that the data in these messages is of importance to PTP, but their transmission and receipt timestamps are not. "Announce", "Follow_Up", "Delay_Resp", "Pdelay_Resp_Follow_Up", "Management" and "Signaling" messages are members of the "general" message class.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: PTP messages may use the User Datagram Protocol over Internet Protocol (UDP/IP) for transport. IEEE 1588-2002 uses only IPv4 transports, but this has been extended to include IPv6 in IEEE 1588-2008. In IEEE 1588-2002, all PTP messages are sent using multicast messaging, while IEEE 1588-2008 introduced an option for devices to negotiate unicast transmission on a port-by-port basis. Multicast transmissions use IP multicast addressing, for which multicast group addresses are defined for IPv4 and IPv6 (see table). Time-critical "event" messages (Sync, Delay_req, Pdelay_Req and Pdelay_Resp) are sent to port number 319. "General" messages (Announce, Follow_Up, Delay_Resp, Pdelay_Resp_Follow_Up, management and signaling) use port number 320.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: A domain is an interacting set of clocks that synchronize to one another using PTP. Clocks are assigned to a domain by virtue of the contents of the "Subdomain name" (IEEE 1588-2002) or the "domainNumber" (IEEE 1588-2008) fields in PTP messages they receive or generate. Domains allow multiple clock distribution systems to share the same communications medium.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: The "best master clock" (BMC) algorithm performs a distributed selection of the best candidate clock based on the following clock properties:


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: IEEE 1588-2008 uses a hierarchical selection algorithm based on the following properties, in the indicated order:


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: Clock properties are advertised in IEEE 1588-2002 "Sync" messages and in IEEE 1588-2008 "Announce" messages. The current clock master transmits this information at regular interval. A clock which considers itself a better master clock will transmit this information in order to invoke a change of master clock. Once the current master recognises the better clock, the current master stops transmitting "Sync" messages and associated clock properties ("Announce" messages in the case of IEEE 1588-2008) and the better clock takes over as master. The BMC algorithm only considers the self-declared quality of clocks and does not take network link quality into consideration.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: Through use of the BMC algorithm, PTP selects a master source of time for an IEEE 1588 domain and for each network segment in the domain.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: Clocks determine the offset between themselves and their master. Let the variable formula_1 represent physical time. For a given follower device, the offset formula_2 at time formula_1 is defined by:


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: where formula_5 represents the time measured by the follower clock at physical time formula_1, and formula_7 represents the time measured by the master clock at physical time formula_1.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: The master periodically broadcasts the current time as a message to the other clocks. Under IEEE 1588-2002 broadcasts are up to once per second. Under IEEE 1588-2008, up to 10 per second are permitted.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: Each broadcast begins at time formula_9 with a "Sync" message sent by the master to all the clocks in the domain. A clock receiving this message takes note of the local time formula_10 when this message is received.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: The master may subsequently send a multicast "Follow_Up" with accurate formula_9 timestamp. Not all masters have the ability to present an accurate timestamp in the "Sync" message. It is only after the transmission is complete that they are able to retrieve an accurate timestamp for the "Sync" transmission from their network hardware. Masters with this limitation use the "Follow_Up" message to convey formula_9. Masters with PTP capabilities built into their network hardware are able to present an accurate timestamp in the "Sync" message and do not need to send Follow_Up messages.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: In order to accurately synchronize to their master, clocks must individually determine the network transit time of the "Sync" messages. The transit time is determined indirectly by measuring round-trip time from each clock to its master. The clocks initiate an exchange with their master designed to measure the transit time formula_13. The exchange begins with a clock sending a "Delay_Req" message at time formula_14 to the master. The master receives and timestamps the "Delay_Req" at time formula_15 and responds with a "Delay_Resp" message. The master includes the timestamp formula_15 in the "Delay_Resp" message.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: If formula_13 is the transit time for the "Sync" message, and formula_22 is the constant offset between master and follower clocks, then


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: The clock now knows the offset formula_22 during this transaction and can correct itself by this amount to bring it into agreement with their master.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: One assumption is that this exchange of messages happens over a period of time so small that this offset can safely be considered constant over that period. Another assumption is that the transit time of a message going from the master to a follower is equal to the transit time of a message going from the follower to the master. Finally, it is assumed that both the master and follower can accurately measure the time they send or receive a message. The degree to which these assumptions hold true determines the accuracy of the clock at the follower device.


title: Precision Time Protocol

text: IEEE 1588-2008 standard lists the following set of features that implementations may choose to support:


title: Quercus robur

text: Quercus robur, commonly known as common oak, pedunculate oak, European oak or English oak, is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. It is a large tree, native to most of Europe west of the Caucasus. It is widely cultivated in temperate regions elsewhere and has escaped into the wild in scattered parts of China and North America.


title: Quercus robur

text: "Quercus robur" is a large deciduous tree, with circumference of grand oaks from to an exceptional . The Majesty Oak with a circumference of is the thickest tree in Great Britain. The Brureika (Bridal Oak) in Norway with a circumference of (2018) and the Kaive Oak in Latvia with a circumference of are among the thickest trees in Northern Europe. The largest historical oak was known as the Imperial Oak from Bosnia and Herzegovina. This specimen was recorded at 17.5 m in circumference at breast height and estimated at over 150 m³ in total volume. It collapsed in 1998. The species has lobed and nearly sessile (very short-stalked) leaves long. Flowering takes place in mid spring, and the fruit, called acorns, ripen by mid autumn. The acorns are long, pedunculate (having a peduncle or acorn-stalk, long) with one to four acorns on each peduncle.


title: Quercus robur

text: It is a long-lived tree, with a large wide spreading crown of rugged branches. While it may naturally live to an age of a few centuries, many of the oldest trees are pollarded or coppiced, both pruning techniques that extend the tree's potential lifespan, if not its health. Two individuals of notable longevity are the Stelmužė Oak in Lithuania and the Granit Oak in Bulgaria, which are believed to be more than 1500 years old, possibly making them the oldest oaks in Europe; another specimen, called the 'Kongeegen' ('Kings Oak'), estimated to be about 1,200 years old, grows in Jaegerspris, Denmark. Yet another can be found in Kvilleken, Sweden, that is over 1000 years old and around. Of maiden (not pollarded) specimens, one of the oldest is the great oak of Ivenack, Germany. Tree-ring research of this tree and other oaks nearby gives an estimated age of 700 to 800 years. Also the Bowthorpe Oak in Lincolnshire, England is estimated to be 1,000 years old, making it the oldest in the UK, although there is Knightwood Oak in the New Forest that is also said to be as old. The highest density of "Q. robur" with a circumference of and more is in Latvia.


title: Quercus robur

text: Grandinin/roburin E, castalagin/vescalagin, gallic acid, monogalloyl glucose (glucogallin) and valoneic acid dilactone, monogalloyl glucose, digalloyl glucose, trigalloyl glucose, rhamnose, quercitrin and ellagic acid are phenolic compounds found in "Q. robur". The heartwood contains triterpene saponins.


title: Quercus robur

text: "Quercus robur" (Latin "quercus", "oak" + "robur" "hardwood, oak wood, oak") is the type species of the genus (the species by which the oak genus "Quercus" is defined), and a member of the white oak section ("Quercus" section "Quercus"). The populations in Italy, southeast Europe, and Asia Minor and the Caucasus are sometimes treated as separate species, "Q. brutia" Tenore, "Q. pedunculiflora" K. Koch and "Q. haas" Kotschy respectively.


title: Quercus robur

text: A close relative is the sessile oak ("Q. petraea"), which shares much of its range. "Q. robur" is distinguished from "Q. petraea" by its leaves having only a very short stalk (petiole) long, and by its pedunculate (stalked) acorns. The two often hybridise in the wild, the hybrid being known as "Quercus × rosacea".


title: Quercus robur

text: "Quercus robur" should not be confused with "Q. rubra", the northern red oak, which is in the same subgenus as "Q. robur" but is included in a different section.


title: Quercus robur

text: "Quercus robur" is very tolerant to soil conditions and the continental climate but it prefers fertile and well-watered soils. Mature trees tolerate flooding.


title: Quercus robur

text: Within its native range, "Q. robur" is valued for its importance to insects and other wildlife. Numerous insects live on the leaves, buds, and in the acorns. "Q. robur" supports the highest biodiversity of insect herbivores of any British plant (>400 spp) and the quantity of caterpillar species increases with their age. Blue and great tits time their egg hatching to the leaves opening.


title: Quercus robur

text: The acorns form a valuable food resource for several small mammals and some birds, notably Eurasian jays "Garrulus glandarius". Jays were overwhelmingly the primary propagators of oaks before humans began planting them commercially (and still remain the principal propagators for wild oaks), because of their habit of taking acorns from the umbra of its parent tree and burying them undamaged elsewhere. Mammals, notably squirrels who tend to hoard acorns and other nuts, usually leave them too abused to grow in the action of moving or storing them.


title: Quercus robur

text: A number of cultivars are grown in gardens and parks and in arboreta and botanical gardens. The most common cultivar is "Quercus robur" 'Fastigiata', and is the exception among "Q. robur" cultivars that are generally smaller than the standard tree, growing to between and exhibit unusual leaf or crown shape characteristics.


title: Quercus robur

text: English oak is one of the most common park trees in south-eastern Australia, noted for its vigorous, luxuriant growth. In Australia, it grows very quickly to a tree of tall by up to broad, with a low-branching canopy. Its trunk and secondary branches are very thick and solid and covered with deep-fissured blackish-grey bark.


title: Quercus robur

text: Along with the naturally occurring "Q. × rosacea", several hybrids with other white oak species have also been produced in cultivation, including Turner's Oak "Q. × turneri", Heritage Oak "Q. × macdanielli", and Two Worlds Oak "Q. × bimundorum", the latter two developed by nurseries in the United States.


title: Quercus robur

text: "Quercus robur" is planted for forestry, and produces a long-lasting and durable heartwood, much in demand for interior and furniture work. The wood of "Q. robur" is identified by a close examination of a cross-section perpendicular to fibres. The wood is characterised by its distinct (often wide) dark and light brown growth rings. The earlywood displays a vast number of large vessels (around in diameter). There are rays of thin (about ) yellow or light brown lines running across the growth rings. The timber is around per cubic meter in density.


title: Quercus robur

text: In the Basque Country (Spain and France) the oak symbolises the traditional Basque liberties. This is based on the 'tree of Gernika', an ancient oak tree located in Gernika, below which since at least the 13th century the Lords of Biscay first, and afterwards their successors the Kings of Castile and the Kings of Spain solemnly swore to uphold the charter of Biscay, which secured widespread rights to the inhabitants of Biscay. Since the 14th century, the Juntas Generales (the parliament of Biscay) gathers in a building next to the oak tree, and symbolically passes its laws under the tree as well. Nowadays, the Lehendakari (Basque prime minister) swears his oath of office under the tree.


title: Quercus robur

text: The national coat of arms of Bulgaria includes two crossed oak branches with fruits – as shield (escutcheon) compartment.


title: Quercus robur

text: Oak leaves with acorns are depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 5 lipa coin, minted since 1993. The pedunculate oak of the Croatian region of Slavonia (considered a separate subspecies – "Slavonian oak") is a regional symbol of Slavonia and a national symbol of Croatia.


title: Quercus robur

text: In traditional Finnish culture, the oak is considered a holy tree. In Finnic mythology, the World tree, which supported the sky, was a great oak, which grew to block the movement of the sky, sunlight and moonlight, and had to be felled, releasing its magic, creating the Milky Way, which guides dead souls to the afterworld. The oak was also considered to have many magical properties, and it was used in traditional Finnish folk medicine as well.


title: Quercus robur

text: In 1746, all oak trees were legally classified as royal property (at the time Finland was a part of Sweden), and oaks had enjoyed legal protection already from the 17th century.


title: Quercus robur

text: The oak tree has had a symbolic value since Ancient times. Some oaks were considered sacred trees by the Gauls. The druids would cut down the mistletoe growing on them. Even after Christianization, oak trees were considered to protect as lightning would strike them rather than on nearby inhabitation. Such struck trees would often be turned into places of worship, like the Chêne chapelle. King Saint Louis has been represented rendering justice under an oak tree. During the French Revolution, oaks were often planted as trees of freedom (). One of such trees, an oak planted during the 1848 Revolution, survived the destruction of Oradour-sur-Glane by the Nazis. The branch of oak is part of the National emblem of France. After the announcement of General Charles de Gaulle's death, caricaturist Jacques Faizant represented him as a fallen oak.


title: Quercus robur

text: In Germany, the oak tree (regional known as "German Oak") is used as a typical object and symbol in romanticism. It can be found in several paintings of Caspar David Friedrich and in "Of the life of a Good-For-Nothing" written by Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff as a symbol of the state protecting every citizen. In those works the oak is shown in different situations, with leaves and flowers or dead without any of its previous beauty. Those conditions are mostly symbols for the conditions Germany is in or going through. Furthermore, the oak's stem is a symbol for Germany's strength and stability. Oak branches were displayed on the reverse of coins of the old Deutsche Mark currency (1 through 10 Pfennigs; the 50 Pfennigs coin showed a woman planting an oak seedling), and are now also displayed on the reverse of German-issue Euro currency coins (1 through 5 cents).


title: Quercus robur

text: In Ireland, at Birr Castle, a specimen over 400 years old has a girth of . It is known as the Carroll Oak, referring to the local Chieftains, Ely O'Carroll who ruled prior to Norman occupation.


title: Quercus robur

text: In Latvia oak is the national symbol. Many Latvian folk songs are about oak tree. Base of the coat of arms is decorated with the branches of an oak tree.


title: Quercus robur

text: In the Scandinavian countries, oaks were considered the "thunderstorm trees", which representing Thor, the god of thunder.


title: Quercus robur

text: In Serbia the oak is a national symbol, having been part of the historical coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, the historical coat of arms and flags of the Principality of Serbia, as well as the current traditional coat of arms and flag of Vojvodina. On the coat of arms, the oak branch at one side symbolized strength and longevity, while the olive branch at the other symbolized peace and fertility. On the socialist coat of arms, the golden oak branch was present next to a golden wreath of wheat. At troublesome times, when there were no churches, people prayed under oak trees where they would carve a cross, "zapis"; some of these oaks are over 600 years old and are considered sacred. The oak is used in the Serbian Christmas tradition of "Badnjak".


title: Quercus robur

text: In England, the English oak has assumed the status of a national emblem. This has its origins in the oak tree at Boscobel House, where the future King Charles II hid from his Parliamentarian pursuers in 1650 during the English Civil War; the tree has since been known as the Royal Oak. This event was celebrated nationally on 29 May as Oak Apple Day, which is continued to this day in some communities. 'The Royal Oak' is the third most popular pub name in Britain (with 541 counted in 2007) and has been the name of eight major Royal Navy warships. The naval associations are strengthened by the fact that oak was the main construction material for sailing warships. The Royal Navy was often described as 'The Wooden Walls of Old England' (a paraphrase of the Delphic Oracle) and the Navy’s official quick march is "Heart of Oak". In folklore, the Major Oak is where Robin Hood is purportedly to have taken shelter. Furthermore, the oak is the most common woodland tree in England. An oak tree has been depicted on the reverse of the pound coin (the 1987 and 1992 issues) and a sprig of oak leaves and acorns is the emblem of the National Trust.


title: Quercus robur

text: The genome of "Q. robur" has been completely sequenced (GenOak project); a first version was published in 2016. It comprises 12 chromosomes pairs, about  genes and 750 million bp. This is roughly a quarter of the size of the human genome, which has about 3 billion base pairs.


title: Give 'Em Enough Rope

text: Give 'Em Enough Rope is the second studio album by the English punk rock band the Clash. It was released on 10 November 1978 through CBS Records. It was their first album released in the United States, preceding the U.S. version of the self-titled album. The album was well received by critics and fans, peaking at number two in the United Kingdom Albums Chart, and number 128 in the "Billboard" 200. The album is tied with "Combat Rock" for being the highest charting album for the Clash in their native United Kingdom.


title: Give 'Em Enough Rope

text: The album marked the first album appearance of drummer Topper Headon, who joined the band shortly after the recording of their first album. Most of the tracks, as with the prior album, were written by guitarists Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, with the exception of "English Civil War" (a reworking of the traditional American folk song "When Johnny Comes Marching Home") and "Guns on the Roof", which is credited to all four band members, being Headon, Jones, Strummer, and bassist Paul Simonon.


title: Give 'Em Enough Rope

text: The album's cover art was designed by Gene Greif, the front of which was based on a postcard titled "End of the Trail", photographed by Adrian Atwater and featuring Wallace Irving Robertson. The cover of the first US pressings showed the band's name written in block capital letters. Subsequent U.S. pressings used a faux-oriental style font, which was then replaced with the more ornate faux-oriental style font used on the UK release. The original American issue of the album also retitled "All the Young Punks" as "That's No Way to Spend Your Youth". This was revised on later editions. "Tommy Gun" and "English Civil War" were released as the album's singles, either side of Christmas 1978. They entered the UK charts at numbers 19 and 25, respectively.


title: Give 'Em Enough Rope

text: Though the opening track of side two, "Guns on the Roof", is ostensibly about global terrorism, war and corruption, it was partly inspired by an incident that resulted in the Metropolitan Police's armed anti-terrorist squad raiding the Clash's Camden Market base. Paul Simonon and Topper Headon were arrested and charged with criminal damage (and later fined £750) for shooting racing pigeons with an air-gun from the roof of their rehearsal building.


title: Give 'Em Enough Rope

text: The band continued to include contemporary subjects in their lyrics on the album; "Tommy Gun" deals with Middle Eastern terrorism, specifically the hi-jacking of aircraft, while "Julie's Been Working for the Drug Squad" is a commentary on the infamous "Operation Julie" drug bust that saw the largest LSD production ring in the world, based in Wales, dismantled by an undercover police operation. The song also makes a reference to the Beatles' song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" in the opening line, "It's Lucy in the sky and all kinds of apple pie". "Drug-Stabbing Time" is strongly anti-drug and describes the paranoia of being caught despite the band's (specifically Mick Jones's) drug usage.


title: Give 'Em Enough Rope

text: "Safe European Home" describes Strummer's and Jones uneasy writing trip to Jamaica. Jones later commented on the trip by saying, "we went down to the docks and I think we only survived because they mistook us for sailors." The song also contains references of Jamaican culture and buildings like the Sheraton hotel in Kingston.


title: Give 'Em Enough Rope

text: During recording of the album, Joe Strummer's trademark Telecaster guitar needed to be taken in for repairs, so he played a hired semi-hollow Gibson ES-345 for most of the sessions. Sandy Pearlman, who produced the original album, was not a big fan of Joe Strummer's voice, to the point that he ensured the drums were mixed louder than the lead singer's vocals on the entire album.


title: Give 'Em Enough Rope

text: Other songs recorded during the sessions included the single "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais", as well as B-sides "Pressure Drop", "1-2 Crush on You" and "The Prisoner". Four more songs were recorded: "One Emotion", "Groovy Times", "Ooh Baby Ooh (It's Not Over)" (AKA "Rusted Chrome", later reworked and released as "Gates of the West") and "RAF 1810."


title: Give 'Em Enough Rope

text: In a contemporary review for "Rolling Stone", Greil Marcus hailed "Give 'Em Enough Rope" as a poised, unpretentious record of "straight English punk with a grip on the future" and "accessible hard rock" showcasing the Clash's unyielding, humorous "vision of public life": "The band's vision of a world strangling on its own contradictions hasn't changed, but their idea of their place in that world has." Robert Christgau wrote in "The Village Voice" that the album's pessimistic mood and a couple of bad songs or moments made it less listenable than the band's debut record, but concluded that most of the songs were "effective melodically as anything on "The Clash", and even the band's ruminations on the star as culture hero become more resonant as you hear them over and over again. This isn't among the greatest rock albums ever, but it is among the finest of the year." He named it the fourth best album of 1978 in his list for the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics in which "Give 'Em Enough Rope" also finished fourth. "Sounds" magazine named it the year's best record.


title: Give 'Em Enough Rope

text: In 1993, "Give 'Em Enough Rope" was named the 87th greatest album of all time in "NME" magazine. "Q" included the record in their "100 Best Punk Albums" list, and wrote in retrospect that it was "no more punk than Blondie" and "shined of quality", and "their drumming problems were over with the arrival of jazz-trained [Topper] Headon."


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: Agent Vinod is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language action spy film written and directed by Sriram Raghavan produced by Saif Ali Khan and Dinesh Vijan. The film borrows its name from the 1977 film of the same name, and stars Saif Ali Khan and Kareena Kapoor in the lead roles, while Ram Kapoor, Prem Chopra, Shahbaz Khan and Adil Hussain appeared in prominent roles. Ravi Kishan made a special appearance in the film.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the visuals, acting performances, action sequences, songs, cinematography and production values, but criticized the screenplay and writing.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: In the Dasht-E-maadar desert in kotha Afghanistan, inside a Taliban camp, ISI official Col. Huzefa is interrogating a captured man presumed to be a RAW agent. The man gives details of RAW's operations in Afghanistan in exchange for money and safe passage across the border. He betrays his colleague, Major Rajan, who has also infiltrated the camp. This is only a ruse, as both overpower their captors and fight their way out of the camp. Along the way, they rescue a girl called Farah.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: In New Delhi, Agent Vinod enters RAW headquarters to meet his boss Hassan Nawaz. Nawaz shows him Major Rajan's final message from Russia. Just as he completes his message, Rajan is killed by a man. Nawaz asks Vinod to find out what '242' is. Vinod travels to St. Petersburg, and enters a nightclub owned by infamous gangster Abu Nazer. He manages to capture and interrogate Nazer, who tells him a man called Freddie Khambatta is to smuggle the million to Morocco. Vinod is almost captured by Nazer's men, but manages to escape, killing Nazer in the process.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: Vinod boards a flight to Tangiers, Morocco. Freddie Khambatta turns out to be the flight steward. Vinod picks him up from the airport, only to assume his place. As Freddie, Vinod meets mafia boss David Kazan, who is accompanied by his personal (Pakistani) doctor, Ruby Mendes. Kazan suspects Vinod, and gets Ruby to administer him a truth serum. Vinod blurts out that he is a RAW agent and killed Abu Nazer. Kazan confronts Vinod when he regains consciousness, but Vinod manages to convince him he is Freddie Khambatta, and explains he had to kill Abu Nazer to protect the mission. He manages to hack Kazan's phone and find out that an MI6 agent is reaching Morocco the following day.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: In the meantime, Vinod gets closer to Ruby, and tries to find out what '242' is. Ruby is actually Iram Parveen Bilal, a British-Pakistani who is working undercover for the ISI. Vinod goes to meet the MI6 agent and finds him murdered in his room with strong pointers that the murder was committed by Ruby. He gets an invitation card from the murdered agent's room for a private auction. He learns that many international terrorist groups are converging at an antiques auction in Marakkesh to purchase '242'. Vinod brings Ruby to the auction, where Kazan is also present along with Jagadishwar Metla. Vinod spots an LTTE agent he had encountered previously, and from him, learns that '242' is actually the detonator for the nuclear device, disguised as an antique volume of Omar Khayyam's 'Rubaiyyat'. A bidding war ensues, and Kazan manages to secure the detonator.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: In Chaman, Baluchistan, the Chief of the ISI is murdered by Col. Huzefa, who is actually part of a group of rogue ISI colonels planning an attack on India. In Morocco, Kazan locks the detonator with a password, and hands it over to Colonel, who has arrived in Morocco. Iram runs into the real Freddie Khambatta, and finds out Vinod is a RAW agent. Managing to escape from men trying to kill them, both agree to work together to prevent the nuclear device from falling into the wrong hands. Ruby returns to Kazan's estate only to find it ransacked and Kazan shot dead by 'Colonel'. 'Colonel' captures Ruby and asks her to reveal the whereabouts of Agent Vinod. He plants a sniper next to the hotel where Agent Vinod is to rendezvous with Ruby. The sniper takes a shot at him but Vinod manages to escape and is admitted to a hospital. The assassin reaches the hospital in the guise of a doctor and tries to administer a venom injection to Vinod. Vinod spots the scorpion tattoo on the doctor's forearm and overpowers him, killing him. He then clears his way out of the hospital to find Iram.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: 'Colonel', who is now in possession of the detonator, has reached Riga, Latvia to acquire the bomb. He enlists Iram to seduce an airport security employee to get his ID card. Iram succeeds in doing so, and 'Colonel' provides the ID card to his man, who is to transport the bomb out of Latvia. Colonel also sets up a rigged bomb so that both the airport employee and Iram die in the blast. Vinod arrives and as he interrogates Iram, the blast occurs, giving Iram the realisation that she was being set up by the Colonel.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: Vinod and Iram join hands and try to capture the Colonel and the bomb. Iram tells Vinod that the Colonel has called for a meeting in Karachi with fugitive mafiosa Taimur Pasha, who may also be in on the plot. The Colonel gets the Rubaiyyat and tells his men to kill Vinod and Iram. However, Vinod manages to kill them all. Iram and Vinod reach Karachi, where they meet Farah, who is a dancer. With her help, they enter the wedding being attended by Pasha. There, they learn that Col. Huzefa and the don have agreed to smuggle the nuclear device from Karachi into India via the sea route. However, they are captured by Col. Huzefa, from whom they learn the target of the bomb is New Delhi. They manage to escape, and make it to New Delhi, where they try to find the location of the bomb. They find that the Colonel is staying with an ISI/Lashkar agent, who is an old professor. Iram finds the professor's map, which is of the bus route that Jimmy is taking with the armed bomb.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: Iram hurries to the exhibition where Colonel is hiding as a pilot. Iram runs into 'Colonel', and is shot, but points him out to Indian security forces, who kill him. Eventually, Vinod tracks down the bomb and takes the bomb up in a helicopter to detonate it as far away from the city as possible. Iram realises that David Kazan had set the password to the detonator and asks Vinod to try the name of Kazan's camel-"Zilleh". The bomb is defused but Iram dies of gunshot wounds. Later Vinod sees a recording, showing Metla planning the attack. Vinod accuses Metla and the Zeus group for murdering millions for making money at the global stock exchanges and starting a nuclear war in the sub-continent for geo-political reasons. Metla mocks Vinod, telling him world affairs are too complex for 'lowly police officers' to understand. However, Vinod is wearing a wire, and London cell of the Lashkar-e-Toiba are listening in. Realizing that they have been manipulated by Metla into almost starting a war with India, with the Pakistan government violently cracking down on them, the Lashkar sends a suicide bomber to assassinate Metla at a function in his honour. Metla is killed, but posthumously feted as a great philanthropist.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: On a beach in Cape Town, the beautiful Russian girl who first acquired the nuclear device is seen sunbathing. She looks up to find Agent Vinod smiling at her. It is apparent Vinod has moved on to his next mission.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: According to Raghavan, "Agent Vinod" is not a remake of the 1977 action film of the same name. In an interview with Bollywood Hungama, he described it as "a realistic film ... full of action pieces, thrills and characters." On 30 May 2010, the director reported that the film's shoot had officially begun in Mumbai. Filming later continued in Morocco and Latvia.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: A Pakistani film maker Iram Parveen Bilal, whom director Sriram Raghavan met at Indian Film Festival Los Angeles, in 2008 was the inspiration behind Kareena's character name. In the beginning of the movie, Agent Vinod mentioned the name of a mole working as a guard at the Taliban camp in Afghanistan as Mahendra Sandhu, which was a reference to the name of the actor who portrayed Agent Vinod in the 1977 film.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: The film's soundtrack has been composed by Pritam. The track "I'll Do the Talking Tonight" is a partial interpolation of the 1978 song "Rasputin", composed by German disco group Boney M which in turn, is interpolated uncredited from "Kâtibim", the original Ottoman folk song. According to IBN live, "Raabta" is the "most beautiful song" of the film. The version of "Raabta" used in the film is the "Night in a Motel" version and is incorrectly listed as being sung by Hamsika Iyer when in fact it was Aditi Singh Sharma who sung this song. Moreover, the song "Habibi Ya Nour El Ain" performed by Alabina, Ishtar was used in a scene background when Agent Vinod and Freddie Khambatta are seen walking out of Morocco Airport. However the song and artist are not credited. The version of "Dil Mera Muft Ka" used in the film is not available on the soundtrack. Also not available on the soundtrack is the title song seen in the film "Govind Bolo Gopal Bolo". Due to "popular demand" it was uploaded on YouTube by T-Series on 29 March 2012.


title: Agent Vinod (2012 film)

text: The film released on 23 March 2012. A few days before release, the film was banned by the Central Board of Film Censors of Pakistan for containing various controversial references to the Pakistani spy agency Inter-Services Intelligence.