title: Donald Crowhurst

text: On 13 October an experienced sailor, Lieutenant Commander Peter Eden, volunteered to accompany Crowhurst on his last leg from Cowes to Teignmouth. Crowhurst had fallen into the water several times while in Cowes, and as he and Eden climbed aboard "Teignmouth Electron", he once again ended up in the water after slipping on the outboard bracket on the stern of the rubber dinghy. Eden's description of his two days with Crowhurst provides the most expert independent assessment available for both boat and sailor before the start of the race. He recalls that the trimaran sailed immensely swiftly, but could get no closer to the wind than 60 degrees. The speed often reached 12 knots, but the vibrations encountered caused the screws on the Hasler self-steering gear to come loose. Eden said, "We had to keep leaning over the counter to do up the screws. It was a tricky and time consuming business. I told Crowhurst he should get the fixings welded if he wanted it to survive a longer trip!" Eden also commented that the Hasler worked superbly and the boat was "certainly nippy."


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: Eden reported that Crowhurst's sailing techniques were good, "But I felt his navigation was a mite slapdash. I prefer, even in the Channel, to know exactly where I am. He didn't take too much bother with it, merely jotting down figures on a few sheets of paper from time to time." After struggling against westerlies and having to tack out into the Channel twice, they arrived at 2.30 pm on 15 October, where an enthusiastic BBC film crew started filming Eden in the belief he was Crowhurst. There were 16 days to get ready before the race's deadline on 31 October.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: Crowhurst left from Teignmouth, Devon, on the last day permitted by the rules: 31 October 1968. He encountered immediate problems with his boat, his equipment, and his lack of open-ocean sailing skills and experience. In the first few weeks he was making less than half of his planned speed.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: According to his logs, he gave himself only 50/50 odds of surviving the ocean assuming that he was able to complete some of the boat's safety features before reaching the dangerous Southern Ocean. Crowhurst was thus faced with the choice of either quitting the race and facing financial ruin and humiliation or continuing to an almost certain death in his unseaworthy, disappointing boat.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: Over the course of November and December 1968, the hopelessness of his situation pushed him into an elaborate deception. He shut down his radio with a plan to loiter in the South Atlantic for several months while the other boats sailed the Southern Ocean, falsify his navigation logs, then slip back in for the return leg to England. As last-place finisher, he assumed his false logs would not receive the same scrutiny as those of the winner.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: Since leaving, Crowhurst had been deliberately ambiguous in his radio reports of his location. Starting on 6 December 1968, he continued reporting vague but false positions; rather than continuing to the Southern Ocean, he sailed erratically in the southern Atlantic Ocean and stopped once in South America to make repairs to his boat, in violation of the rules. A great deal of the voyage was spent in radio silence, while his supposed position was inferred by extrapolation based on his earlier reports. By early December, based on his false reports, he was being cheered worldwide as the likely winner of the fastest circumnavigation prize, though Francis Chichester privately expressed doubts about the plausibility of Crowhurst's progress.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: After rounding the tip of South America in early February, Moitessier had made a dramatic decision in March to drop out of the race and to sail on towards Tahiti. On 22 April 1969, Robin Knox-Johnston was the first to complete the race, leaving Crowhurst supposedly in the running against Tetley for second to finish, and possibly still able to beat Knox-Johnston's time, due to his later starting date. In reality, Tetley was far in the lead, having long ago passed within of Crowhurst's hiding place; but believing himself to be running neck-and neck with Crowhurst, Tetley pushed his failing boat, also a Piver trimaran, to breaking point, and had to abandon ship on 30 May.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: The pressure on Crowhurst had therefore increased, since he now looked certain to win the "elapsed time" race. If he appeared to have completed the fastest circumnavigation, his logbooks would be closely examined by experienced sailors, including the experienced and sceptical Chichester, and the deception would probably be exposed. It is also likely that he felt guilty about undermining Tetley's genuine circumnavigation so near its completion. He had by this time begun to make his way back as if he had rounded Cape Horn.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: Crowhurst ended radio transmissions on 29 June. The last logbook entry is dated 1 July. "Teignmouth Electron" was found adrift, unoccupied, on 10 July.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: Crowhurst's behaviour as recorded in his logs indicates a complex and troubled psychological state. His commitment to fabricating the voyage reports seems incomplete and self-defeating, as he reported unrealistically fast progress that was sure to arouse suspicion. By contrast, he spent many hours painstakingly constructing false log entries, often more difficult to complete than real entries due to the celestial navigation research required.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: The last several weeks of his log entries, once he was facing the real possibility of winning the prize, showed increasing irrationality. His biographers, Nicholas Tomalin and Ron Hall, believe that faced with a choice between two impossible situations—either admit his fraud and then face public shame and likely financial ruin, or return home to a fraudulent hero's reception, and then have to live with the guilt and possible subsequent unmasking—Crowhurst descended into a "classical paranoia", a "psychotic disorder in which deluded ideas are built into a complex, intricate structure." Others, including practising clinical psychologist Geoff Powter, who included a chapter devoted to Crowhurst in his book "Strange and Dangerous Dreams: The Fine Line Between Adventure and Madness", have postulated that Crowhurst may have suffered from undiagnosed bipolar disorder, which, accentuated by his eventual psychologically fraught situation, could account for his apparent alternation between "manic" and "depressed" episodes as evident from the later entries in his logbooks. On 24 June, he began to document these thoughts in a new set of writings in his second logbook, entitled "Philosophy". Although rambling and incoherent at times, he was attempting to set down, for the benefit of mankind, a "revelation" or new understanding that he believed he had discovered regarding the relationship between man and the universe. Life, as experienced by man, was a "game", overseen by "cosmic beings", apparently God (or several gods) and the Devil, who set the rules by which "the game" was played. However, man could, by an effort of will, become one such "second generation cosmic being" himself, and thereby withdraw from "the game" on his own terms if he so wished. He would then enter a world of "abstract intelligence" (the realm of gods) in which he would have no need for his body, or any of the other trappings of daily life. At one point he wrote that this "revelation" made him happy:


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: whereas at other points his writings documenting mental arguments—with himself, with Albert Einstein, or with God—reveal a tortured soul on the brink of self destruction. While suicide is not explicitly mentioned as an escape route, Tomalin and Hall believe that Crowhurst (whether or not he was admitting it to himself) was groping towards this eventuality with phrases such as "The quick are quick, and the dead are dead. That is the judgement of God. I could not have endured the terrible anguish and meaningless waiting, in fact.", as well as "Man is forced to certain conclusions by virtue of his mistakes."


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: He continued his writings for a week, eventually amounting to more than 25,000 words. At 10 a.m. on 1 July (by his own reckoning, since in his meditations he had omitted to wind his chronometer and had to subsequently re-start it), Crowhurst commenced what Tomalin and Hall believed to be his "final confession", also incorporating (in their view) a count of hours, minutes and seconds towards the time at which he had decided that he would end "the game" by committing suicide. His observations over the next 80 minutes are generally cryptic and/or incomplete, but include hints such as:


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: It is unclear from the spacing whether "11 20 40" was the time of his last entry, or whether it runs on from the preceding wording as his intended time for his ultimate action. Likewise, while the phrase "IT IS THE MERCY" is obscure, most commentators have accepted that it signifies his relief that, at last, he is leaving an unbearable situation.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: Tomalin and Hall conjecture that included in his last writings (not all reproduced above) were sentences that cover Crowhurst's internal debate over whether or not to leave the evidence of his actual, rather than faked, journey for posterity to see, and that he decided that the former was the better course; in the event, it was the "true" logbook that was left behind, and the "fake" one (if it ever existed) disappeared, along with the vessel's chronometer (its case was found empty), and Crowhurst himself. The disappearance of the vessel's chronometer (clock), apparently following Crowhurst's final diary entry, remains unexplained.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: Crowhurst's last log entry was on 1 July 1969; it is assumed that he then either fell or jumped overboard and drowned. The state of the boat gave no indication that it had been overrun by a rogue wave, or that any accident had occurred which might have caused Crowhurst to fall overboard. From his apparent state of mind as indicated by his most recent logbook entries and philosophical statements, it seems likely that he deliberately decided to take his own life, possibly in an effort to become a "second generation cosmic being" according to his belief (and thereupon have no further need for his earthly body), although the possibility that he met with some sort of accident, intending to return to continue writing in his logbook, cannot be completely dismissed. Three logbooks (two navigational logs and a radio log) and a large mass of other papers were left on his boat to communicate his philosophical ideas and to reveal his actual navigational course during the voyage. The boat was found with the mizzen sail up. Although his biographers, Tomalin and Hall, discounted the possibility that some sort of food poisoning contributed to his mental deterioration, they acknowledged that there is insufficient evidence to rule it, or several other hypotheses, out. They also acknowledged that other hypotheses could be constructed, involving further deception—such as that Crowhurst had perhaps faked his own death, and somehow survived—but that these were extremely unlikely.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: Clare Crowhurst, Donald's widow, strongly disputed the theory put forward by Tomalin and Hall regarding the circumstances of her husband's deception and demise, accusing them of mixing fiction with fact. In a letter to "The Times" published on 10 July 1970, she contended that there was no evidence that her husband had intended to write a fake logbook (none was in fact found), that his death could equally have been as the result of misadventure (such as an accident while climbing the mast, which a logbook entry showed that he intended to do before 30 June), and also that Tomalin believed that "all heroes are neurotics, and starting off with this theory, he has sought to prove it by the history of Donald from the earliest age until his death". Nevertheless, later commentators have agreed with Tomalin and Hall's general conclusions, that Crowhurst's long sojourn alone at sea, coupled with his being placed in an impossible dilemma, led to his eventual psychological breakdown and resulting probable suicide.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: "Teignmouth Electron" was found adrift and abandoned on 10 July 1969 by the RMV "Picardy", at latitude 33 degrees 11 minutes North and longitude 40 degrees 26 minutes West. News of Crowhurst's disappearance led to an air and sea search in the vicinity of the boat and its last estimated course. Examination of his recovered logbooks and papers revealed the attempt at deception, his mental breakdown and eventual presumed suicide. This was reported in the press at the end of July, creating a media sensation.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: Prior to the deception being revealed, Robin Knox-Johnston donated his £5,000 winnings for fastest circumnavigation to Donald Crowhurst's widow and children. Nigel Tetley was awarded a consolation prize and built a new trimaran.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: Teignmouth council considered a proposal to exhibit the boat, charging visitors 2/6d per head, with profits to go to Crowhurst's wife and four children.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: "Teignmouth Electron" was later taken to Jamaica and was sold several times, being re-purposed and re-fitted, first as a cruise boat in Montego Bay and later as a dive boat in the Cayman Islands, before being hauled out following a minor incident in 1983 but later damaged by a hurricane and never repaired. The boat still lies decaying on the southwest shore of Cayman Brac.


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: If Crowhurst had finished the race, his fake coordinates would undoubtedly have been exposed and he would have been treated as a fraud, in addition to being in probable financial ruin. From his surviving logbooks it is unclear whether his eventual presumed suicide was to avoid having to confront such a situation and/or to seek an "honourable" exit without disrespecting his family, or whether his final metaphysical ramblings, which could also be interpreted as evidence of mental instability, led to his abandoning the world and his body in search of a more spiritual objective. Either way, near-contemporary accounts of his actions were not particularly sympathetic. The 1970 book "The Strange Last Voyage of Donald Crowhurst" by two "Sunday Times" journalists is described as "largely unflattering" in a recent account. Some more recent commentators have viewed Crowhurst as a well-intentioned but tragic figure who became caught up in a situation that was initially of his own making but that he could not control. James Marsh, the director of the film "The Mercy", has said: "He made a pretty good go at sailing round the world. He stayed out in the ocean for the best part of seven months so all in all, he achieved much more than people ever thought he could, he just didn't achieve what his objective was. It was a case of over-reach, it was hubris and that is what caused the tragedy of his demise."


title: Donald Crowhurst

text: The Scottish band Trashcan Sinatras recorded a song about Crowhurst on their Wild Pendulum album. The title is “Waves (Sweep Away My Meloncholy), which was one of the final entries in the log books of Crowhurst’s ill-fated journey.


title: Falling into You

text: Falling into You is the fourth English-language and fourteenth studio album by Canadian singer Celine Dion, released on 11 March 1996 by Columbia/Epic Records. The follow-up to her commercially successful album "The Colour of My Love" (1993) and French-language "D'eux" (1995), "Falling into You" showed a further progression of Dion's music. Throughout the project she collaborated with Jim Steinman, who wrote and produced "It's All Coming Back to Me Now", among others. Several songs were produced by David Foster, including Diane Warren's "Because You Loved Me". In total, Dion worked on the album with fourteen producers and a variety of songwriters and musicians.


title: Falling into You

text: "Falling into You" won many awards around the world, including two Grammy awards for Album of the Year and Best Pop Album at the 39th annual ceremony, during which Dion performed live. In April 1997, she also won three World Music Awards for World's Best Selling Artist of the Year, World's Best Selling Pop Artist of the Year and World's Best Selling Canadian Artist of the Year. The album is on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200 list.


title: Falling into You

text: "Falling into You" became Dion's best-selling album and one of the best-selling albums in history, with sales of more than 32 million copies worldwide, including twelve million copies in the US, over two million in the United Kingdom, and over one million in Germany, France, Canada and Australia. In Europe, it has sold over nine million units. It topped the charts around the world, including number one in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Australia and many more. It became one of the best-selling albums of 1996 and 1997 in various countries and also one of the top-selling albums of the decade. It was certified Diamond, Multi-Platinum, Platinum and Gold around the world.


title: Falling into You

text: Five singles were released from the album in Europe, four in Australia, and three in North America. The major success came with the release of "Because You Loved Me", theme from "Up Close & Personal" (number one in the United States, Canada and Australia), "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" (number one in Canada, Belgium and number two in the US), and Eric Carmen's "All by Myself" (top ten in various countries, including number four in the US).


title: Falling into You

text: "Falling into You" presented Dion at the height of her popularity, and showed a further progression of her music. The album combines many elements: ornate orchestral frills and African chanting, and instruments like the violin, Spanish guitar, trombone, the cavaquinho, saxophone and supreme string arrangements, which created a new sound. The singles also encompassed a variety of musical styles. "Falling into You" (originally by Marie-Claire D'Ubaldo) and "River Deep, Mountain High" (Ike & Tina Turner cover) made prominent use of percussion instruments. "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" (originally by Pandora's Box) and "All by Myself" (Eric Carmen cover) kept their soft-rock atmosphere, but were combined with the classical sound of the piano.


title: Falling into You

text: The ballad, "Because You Loved Me", written by Diane Warren, served as the theme to the 1996 film "Up Close & Personal". The album also includes English adaptations of songs from "D'eux": "If That's What It Takes" ("Pour que tu m'aimes encore"), "I Don't Know" ("Je sais pas") and "Fly" ("Vole"). Outside North America, "Falling into You" also features a cover of Carole King's "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman". In Asia, the Japanese hit "To Love You More" was added as well. Additionally, the non-US editions of the album include "Your Light", written and produced by Aldo Nova and the Spanish/Latin America editions feature "Sola Otra Vez", a Spanish-language version of "All by Myself". Dion worked on "Falling into You" with many producers, mainly with Jim Steinman, David Foster, Ric Wake, Jean-Jacques Goldman and Humberto Gatica.


title: Falling into You

text: "Falling into You" divided music critics. "Billboard" editor Paul Verna gave it a positive review. He called it a deep album that will solidify Dion's reputation as one of the world's true pop divas. Verna highlighted the chart-topping "Because You Loved Me" and other hit-worthy moments on the album: a Meat Loaf-style epic "It's All Coming Back to Me Now", the laid back "Falling into You", bouncy pop "Make You Happy", sultry ballad "Seduces Me" (produced by Duran Duran producer, John Jones), and effervescent "Declaration of Love". Another critic from "Billboard" spoke positively about "Because You Loved Me" and "It's All Coming Back to Me Now", writing that "Because You Loved Me" is "rife with grand romance, larger-than-life production, and a climax that is best described as the musical equivalent to 4th of July fireworks". The same critic called "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" a ballad that pits Dion against the bombastic production of Jim Steinman, adding that "lesser talents might have been gobbled up by this melodramatic arrangements, but Dion rises to the occasion with a performance that soars above the instrumentation with deliciously theatrical flair".


title: Falling into You

text: A positive review also came from senior editor of AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, who gave "Falling into You" four stars out of five. Although he noted that the album is formulaic, Erlewine appreciated its well-executed, stylish, and catchy formula, accentuating Dion's natural vocal charm. He praised ballads like "Because You Loved Me" and mock epics like "It's All Coming Back to Me Now". He felt that Dion tackles dance-pop and love songs with grace and that effortless elegance saves the mediocre material on the album from being tedious. According to him, there are a couple of weak tracks on "Falling into You" but it is a remarkably well-crafted set of adult contemporary pop and Dion's best album. Chuck Eddy from "Entertainment Weekly" gave it a B in his review. Eddy wrote: "There's something compellingly eccentric about even the mushiest ballads on Celine Dion's new set "Falling into You", which features Spanish guitars, African chanting, and ornate orchestral frills. But only in her desolate cover of Eric Carmen's "All by Myself" and her brutal blues-mama dance "Declaration of Love" (which kicks like Bonnie Raitt and Wynonna only wish they could) does she truly crash through the glass ceiling of passion".


title: Falling into You

text: Mixed or negative reviews came from Elysa Gardner of the "Los Angeles Times", Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" and Dan Leroy of Yahoo! Music. Gardner gave the album two out of four stars and wrote that Dion "dabbles in more soulful and sophisticated textures, and at times her dilettantism pays off. But she often falls back on her characteristic platform of polite, predictable schmaltz". Holden wrote that the album is "crammed with formulaic romantic bombast. The melodrama peaks with two overblown Jim Steinman productions: "It's All Coming Back to Me Now", a romantic flashback replete with thunderclaps, and "River Deep, Mountain High", an anemic remake of a classic Phil Spector production". However, he praised "Because You Loved Me" (calling it this year's "Wind Beneath My Wings") and a remake of Carmen's 1976 hit, "All by Myself". Leroy said that "trying to out-emote Eric Carmen was almost crazy enough to work, and working with over-the-top Meat Loaf collaborator Jim Steinman seemed a sensible choice. But the results weren't much different than usual". "The Rolling Stone Album Guide" gave the album one and a half stars out of five.


title: Falling into You

text: 24/7 Wall St. ranked the album at #88 on their list of 100 Best Pop Albums of all time saying that this album proved that pop isn't just for teenagers.


title: Falling into You

text: "Elle Canada" discussed how "Falling into You" changed pop music forever saying: "the album helped shape genre trends of the era and cemented the enduring relevance of the heartfelt power ballad in a cynical musical landscape that still sneered at sentimentality. Dion, especially with "Falling into You", helped usher power ballads into the '90s. And her influence set the stage for the next generation of big vocalists such as Adele, Jennifer Hudson, Lady Gaga, and Ariana Grande".


title: Falling into You

text: "Reader's Digest Canada" included "Falling into You" as one of the 25 Greatest Canadian Albums of all time, placing it at number 22, calling it the "most complete summation of her gifts as an entertainer: stylish, catchy and unabashedly emotional".


title: Falling into You

text: In 2014, Richard Dunn recorded a video on his iPhone when he was trapped alone in the Las Vegas airport overnight which utilized one of the biggest songs from the album, the 1996 cover of Eric Carmen's "All by Myself" that immediately became a viral hit across the internet.


title: Falling into You

text: "Shock" listed Céline Dion as one of the most memorable music acts in the history of Olympic games. USA Today also listed "The Power of the Dream" at the Atlanta Olympic Games as the second best Olympic themesong ever. On 19 July 1996, for a TV audience of 3.5 billion viewers, Celine Dion sang "The Power of the Dream" during the Opening Ceremonies of the Atlanta Olympic Games. It was the ultimate triumph that made her arguably the most famous singer on the planet at that time.


title: Falling into You

text: In early 2022, the classic hit "Its All Coming Back To Me Now" saw a resurgence on TikTok. Superstars like Michael Buble, Mandy Moore, Amanda Holden, Jordin Sparks and Viola Davis among many others jumped on the trend.


title: Falling into You

text: "Falling into You" remains one of the best-selling albums of all time, with sales of more than 32 million copies worldwide, and became the best-selling album of 1996 globally.


title: Falling into You

text: In Canada, "Falling into You" became Dion's second number-one album, after "The Colour of My Love". It was certified Diamond in November 1996 and has sold 1.6 million copies. "Falling into You" was her second album awarded Diamond in Canada, after "The Colour of My Love". Dion's 1992 eponymous album was also certified Diamond but in 1998. "Falling into You" also topped the Quebec chart for fourteen weeks.


title: Falling into You

text: In the United States, "Falling into You" debuted at number two in March 1996, selling 193,000 copies. It reached number one on the "Billboard" 200 on the issue date 5 October 1996, in its twenty-eighth week, selling 132,000 copies. It stayed at number one for the next week, selling 130,500 copies. After falling to the third place a week later, the album returned to the number one spot on 26 October 1996, selling 136,000 copies, spending three non-consecutive weeks at number one on the chart. The best sales week for the album was on 4 January 1997 issue date with 370,000 copies sold, being the second best selling album of the week. With "Falling into You", Dion scored her first number-one album on the "Billboard" 200. It spent 61 weeks inside the top ten of the chart. "Falling into You" was the second best-selling album of 1996, with six million copies sold, the eighth best seller of 1997, with three million sold and the fifth best-selling album on the 1990s decade in the US with 10,224,282 copies sold. As of November 2019, "Falling into You" has sold 10,900,000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan, with an additional 987,000 units sold at BMG Music Club. SoundScan does not count albums sold through clubs like the BMG Music Service, which were significantly popular in the 1990s. It was certified Diamond by the RIAA in December 1997 and twelve-times Platinum in 2021, for shipments of over twelve million copies in the US.


title: Falling into You

text: In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number one and became Dion's second chart topper, after "The Colour of My Love". In January 1998, it was certified seven-times Platinum by the BPI for sales of 2.1 million copies. In France, "Falling into You" topped the chart for five non-consecutive weeks and became Dion's second number one, after "D'eux". It was certified Diamond by the SNEP and has sold 1.2 million units there. In Germany, the album peaked at number five and was certified five-times Gold by the BVMI for sales of 1.3 million copies. "Falling into You" was also awarded by the IFPI with nine-times Platinum Europe Award for sales of over nine million copies in Europe.


title: Falling into You

text: In Australia, it debuted at number one and spent four non-consecutive weeks at the top. It became Dion's second number-one album there, after "The Colour of My Love". "Falling into You" was certified thirteen-times Platinum by the ARIA and has sold one million copies in Australia. It also topped the charts in many other countries and was certified Diamond, Multi-Platinum, Platinum and Gold around the world. Additionally, "Falling into You" was the overall best seller at Hong-Kong's HMV stores. "Falling into You" has also sold over 17 million copies worldwide between March 1996 to December 1996 (9 months span).


title: Falling into You

text: Two songs were released in February 1996 to promote the album: "Falling into You" in Europe and Australia, and "Because You Loved Me" in North America, South America and Asia. In May 1996, "Because You Loved Me" was issued as the second single in Europe and Australia. "Falling into You" reached number one in Spain, number eight in Norway and number ten in the United Kingdom, and entered top forty on the charts in other countries. Much bigger success came with "Because You Loved Me", which peaked at number one in the United States, Canada and Australia. The song also reached top ten in many countries around the world, including number five in the UK. It was certified two-times Platinum in Australia, Platinum in the US and New Zealand, and Gold in the UK and Germany.


title: Falling into You

text: "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" was released as the second single in North America in July 1996. It topped the chart in Canada and peaked at number two in the US. In September 1996, "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" was issued as the third single in most European countries and in Australia. In France and Germany, it was released as the fourth single in early 1997. "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" reached number one in Belgium and peaked inside top ten in various countries, including number three in the UK. It was certified Platinum in the US and Gold in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.


title: Falling into You

text: "All by Myself" was issued as the third single in France and Germany in October 1996. In other European countries it was released as the fourth single in December 1996, after "It's All Coming Back to Me Now". "All by Myself" was also issued as the fourth single in Australia in February 1997 and third in North America in March 1997. It reached number four in the US and peaked inside top ten in several other countries, including number six in the UK. "All by Myself" was certified Gold in the US, and Silver in the UK and France. The fifth European single, "Call the Man" was released in June 1997 and reached number eight in Ireland and number eleven in the UK. It was a minor hit in few other countries.


title: Falling into You

text: The Asian editions of "Falling into You" included "To Love You More", a 1995 hit single which reached number one in Japan and has sold 1.3 million copies there. The editions of "Falling into You" released outside North America featured "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman", which was released in few countries as a promotional single from "" in November 1995. The Australian and Asian limited editions of "Falling into You" with bonus disc included "The Power of the Dream", a song performed by Dion during the 1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. "The Power of the Dream" was released as a single in Japan in August 1996. It reached number thirty there and was certified Gold. Additionally, three more promotional singles from "Falling into You" were released: "Dreamin' of You" in Mexico, "Make You Happy" in Brazil and "River Deep – Mountain High" in France.


title: Falling into You

text: Dion promoted her new album with the Falling Into You Around the World Tour. It started in Perth, Australia on 18 March 1996 and ended on 26 June 1997 in Zürich, Switzerland. Dion toured Australia in March 1996, Canada in May and June 1996, the United States between July and August 1996, Europe between September and November 1996, and Canada again in December 1996. In February 1997 she toured Asia, in March and April 1997 the US, in May 1997 Canada and in June 1997 Europe again. One of the concerts was recorded and released in selected countries on VHS. It was titled "Live in Memphis".


title: Falling into You

text: Dion also promoted "Falling into You" on various television shows. In the US, she performed "Because You Loved Me" on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", Blockbuster Entertainment Awards and "Live with Regis and Kathie Lee" in March 1996. Dion also sang it on the "Late Show with David Letterman" in April 1996 and "Good Morning America" and "The Oprah Winfrey Show" in May 1996. She performed her next US single, "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" in July 1996 and "The Rosie O'Donnell Show" in September 1996. On 19 July 1996, Dion sang "The Power of the Dream" at the opening ceremony of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.


title: Falling into You

text: In December 1996, she performed her third US single, "All by Myself" at the Billboard Music Awards and on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". Dion also sang it at the 39th Annual Grammy Awards on 26 February 1997. Additionally, she performed "Seduces Me" on "The Rosie O'Donnell Show" in January 1997 and "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" on the "Late Show with David Letterman" the next month. In March 1997, Dion sang "Because You Loved Me" and "Fly" on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". She also performed "Because You Loved Me" and "I Finally Found Someone" at the 69th Academy Awards on 24 March 1997.


title: Falling into You

text: The promotion in other countries included performance of "Falling into You" at the Sanremo Music Festival in Italy in March 1996, and "Because You Loved Me" on two Dutch television shows, "Vijf TV Show" and "Tros" in April 1996. The next month, Dion performed "Because You Loved Me" at the World Music Awards in Monte Carlo, Monaco and on the German television show "Verstehen Sie Spaß?", and "Falling into You" on the French television show "Dimanche Martin".


title: Falling into You

text: In November 1996, she sang "All by Myself" at the Bambi Awards in Germany. Dion also performed "All by Myself" and "River Deep, Mountain High" on "Taratata" in France the same month. In December 1996 she sang "All by Myself" on the French television show "Les Années Tubes". In March 1997, Dion performed "To Love You More" with Taro Hakase on violin at the Juno Awards. In April 1997, she sang "To Love You More" with Taro Hakase again on the Japanese television show, "Music Fair" and "Call the Man" at the World Music Awards in Monte Carlo, Monaco.


title: Falling into You

text: At the 39th Annual Grammy Awards, "Falling into You" won Grammy Award for Album of the Year and Best Pop Album. "Because You Loved Me" was nominated for Grammy Award for Record of the Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, Song of the Year and won Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. Thanks to "Falling into You", Dion won three World Music Awards in 1997 for World's Best Selling Artist of the Year, World's Best Selling Pop Artist of the Year and World's Best Selling Canadian Artist of the Year. She was also nominated for American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist and Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist in both 1997 and 1998, and won American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist in January 1998. At the Juno Awards of 1997, Dion won Juno Award for Female Vocalist of the Year and International Achievement Award. "Falling into You" won Juno Award for Best Selling Album (Foreign or Domestic) and was nominated for Album of the Year. "Because You Loved Me" was nominated for the Juno Award for Single of the Year.


title: Falling into You

text: Other awards won by Dion and "Falling into You" include: IRMA Award for Best International Female Artist Album, Bambi Award for Top International Pop Star of the Year, Amigo Award for Best International Female Artist, VH1 Award for Artist of the Year, NARM Best Seller Awards for Artist of the Year, Recording of the Year, Pop Recording of the Year and Alternative Recording of the Year. Félix Awards for Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success Outside Quebec and Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French in 1996 and again in 1997, Pop Corn Music Awards for Best Female Singer of the Year and Best Album of the Year, Malta Music Award for Best Selling International Artist, National TV 2 Award for Best International Female Artist, South African Music Award for Best Selling International Album, Coca-Cola Full Blast Music Award for Most Popular International Artist, FM Select Diamond Award for Top Female International Artist and International Achievement in Arts Award for Entertainer of the Year for Distinguished Achievement in Music. "To Love You More" added to the Asian editions of "Falling into You" won International Single Grand Prix at the Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1996.


title: Falling into You

text: Dion was also nominated for many Billboard Music Awards in 1996 and 1997, including Top Pop Artist, Top Billboard 200 Album Artist, Hot 100 Singles Artist, Hot Adult Contemporary Artist and Hot Adult Top 40 Artist. "Because You Loved Me" was nominated in the categories Hot 100 Singles, Hot 100 Singles Airplay, Hot Adult Contemporary Singles & Tracks and Hot Adult Top 40 Singles & Tracks, and "Falling into You" was nominated for Top Billboard 200 Album. She was nominated for Blockbuster Entertainment Awards in categories Favorite Female Artist - Pop and Favourite Song from a Movie ("Because You Loved Me"). At the 1997 BRIT Awards, Dion was nominated for Best International Female. She was nominated twice for Echo Awards for International Female Artist of the Year and Danish Music Awards for Best International Female Singer. Dion was also nominated for .


title: Falling into You

text: Additionally, "Because You Loved Me" was nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. It also won an ASCAP Film and Television Music Award for Most Performed Song from Motion Picture and ASCAP Pop Awards for Most Performed Song in 1997, 1998 and 1999. "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" won a BMI Pop Award for Song of the Year. Both "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" and "All by Myself" won BMI Pop Awards for Most Performed Songs. "The Power of the Dream", included on 2CD limited editions of "Falling into You", won a BMI Film & TV Award in the category Special Recognition: The Olympic Tribute Award and was nominated for Emmy Award for Outstanding Music and Lyrics.


title: Falling into You

text: The album contains 14 tracks on the US edition, 15 in Canada and 16 in other countries. Songs added outside the US include: "Your Light", "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman", "To Love You More" and "Sola Otra Vez".


title: Type 74

text: The is a main battle tank (MBT) of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF). It was built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries as a supplement to the earlier Type 61. It was based on the best features of a number of contemporary designs, placing it in the same class as the US M60 Patton or German Leopard 1. Like these designs, it mounts the Royal Ordnance L7 rifled 105 mm gun. The design did not enter widespread use until 1980, by which point other Western forces had introduced more capable designs.


title: Type 74

text: It was followed by the heavier Type 90. Both the Type 74 and Type 90 are supplemented and will be eventually replaced by the new-generation Type 10 tank.


title: Type 74

text: The JGSDF began studies on new tank designs with Mitsubishi in 1962, after the Type 61 had been shown to be outmatched by new Soviet tanks such as the T-62. Features from several designs were incorporated, including the controllable suspension of the US-German MBT-70 project, the hull of the Leopard 1, and a similar 105mm gun. The design included a rotating cupola for the commander, and a new autoloader for the main gun. Prior to the 1965 decision to design an entirely new tank, some technologies which would later be used in the STB-1 (first prototype) were already in development independently in Japan. The design was finalized in 1964 and various test rigs were built between 1964 and 1967.


title: Type 74

text: The first vessels had been designed to bear the 90mm M3 cannon, present in the Type 61, and ST-A1, revealing itself underpowered. Later in the development stage engineers opted to license the NATO standard Royal Ordnance L7 105mm cannon. Japan only produced the barrel under license, developing an indigenous mantlet, breech and recoil system. The full length of the cannon was 5,592 mm, for a total weight of 2,800 kg. Initially, the main gun only used APDS (Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot) and HEP (High Explosive Plastic) as its primary ammunition. Later it was modified to fire APFSDS (Armour-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot) and HEAT-MP (High-Explosive Anti-Tank Multi-Purpose) shells as well.


title: Type 74

text: The secondary armament consisted of a 12.7mm anti-aircraft machine gun (with 660 rounds) and a 7.62 co-axial machine gun (4500 rounds).


title: Type 74

text: The Type 74 tank is powered by the Mitsubishi 10ZF Model 21 10-cylinder two-stroke cycle diesel engine providing 750 hp (560 kW). At 19 hp/tonne, its power-to-weight ratio is similar to the French AMX-30. The maximum quoted road speed of the Type 74 is 53 km/h; however, speeds of at least 60 km/h have been achieved.


title: Type 74

text: Instead of composite armour (as used on the later Type 90 main battle tank), the Type 74 adopted welded steel plates for hull construction, with sloped armour extensively used to defeat armour-piercing shells and other kinetic energy penetrators. It has frontal hull armor of 80 mm with an effective armor thickness of up to 189 mm for the upper glacis and 139 mm for lower glacis. Side armor is 35 mm, while rear armor is 25 mm thick. The cast steel turret has an estimated 195 mm of armor. When compared to other second-generation MBTs, the Type 74 has more armour than a Leopard 1 (122mm and 140mm), but less than comparable Soviet vehicles such as the T-62 (174mm and 204mm).


title: Type 74

text: The first prototype, designated STB-1, was delivered in late 1968 and underwent a number of modifications until 1969. The autoloader proved too complex and expensive, and was removed, as was the remote-controlled anti-aircraft machine gun. The overall design of the turret was also changed, becoming longer. These changes resulted in the STB-3, which was delivered in 1971. The final prototype, designated STB-6, was delivered in 1973. Production finally started as the Type 74 in September 1975, with 225 being delivered by January 1980. Production ended in 1989, with total production running to 893 examples.


title: Type 74

text: In service, the tanks were updated with the addition of infra-red imagers rather than image intensifiers for the commander and gunner, and a laser rangefinder in the commander's cupola. The gunner's position included a digital fire control computer, fed range data from the commander's range finder. Rounds for the main gun were upgraded from HEP to APFSDS and HEAT-MP.


title: Type 74

text: The Type 74 was considered outdated even before it entered service. The Type 90 was to have replaced it outright, but with the end of the Cold War, these plans were scaled back. In 1993 four Type 74s were improved to the new Type 74 Kai (改) [Type 74 mod G (G型)] standard, adding a passive infrared camera and side skirts. The upgrade proved to be extremely expensive, and the program was abandoned.


title: Type 74

text: Starting in April 2019, the Ministry of Defense enacted the Medium-Term Development Defense Plan (31中期防), which involved the retirement of Type 74 main battle tanks in service, to be replaced by the newer Type 16 Maneuver Combat Vehicle.


title: Type 74

text: At the same time, official tank units based on the main land of Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku would be disbanded and replaced by new mobility-based combat units, in the form of a Rapid Deployment Regiment or Reconnaissance Combat Battalion, with the Infantry-based Divisions and Brigades to feature one of either. For each of the new units, they are to be equipped with a unit of Type 16 MCVs (1-2 Companies).


title: Type 74

text: Despite the plan being official as of 2019, the first tank units were disbanded throughout 2018, including the 4th Tank Battalion (4th Division), 8th Tank Battalion (8th Division), and 14th Tank Troop (14th Brigade). After the plan's enactment, 6th Tank Battalion of the 6th Division North Eastern Army was disbanded, and changes were made to existing tank formations, including at JGSDF Fuji School, to phase out numbers of Type 74 tanks in service. As of March 17, 2022, the disbandment of the 1st Division's 1st Tank Battalion of the Eastern Army has been the most recent change to the armored formation of the JGSDF.


title: Mount Apo

text: Mount Apo, also known locally as Apo Sandawa, is a large solfataric, dormant stratovolcano on the island of Mindanao, Philippines. With an elevation of above sea level, it is the highest-mountain in the Philippine Archipelago, Mindanao and 24th-highest peak of an island on Earth. Located between Davao City and Davao del Sur in the Davao Region, and Cotabato in Soccsksargen, Mount Apo is the most-prominent mountain in the Philippines. The peak overlooks from Davao City to the northeast, Digos to the southeast, and Kidapawan to the west. It is a protected area and a Natural Park of the Philippines.


title: Mount Apo

text: Mount Apo is a flat-topped, (above sea level) high stratovolcano with three peaks. It is the highest peak of the Philippines. The southwest peak has the highest elevation and is topped by a wide crater that contains a small lake.


title: Mount Apo

text: The volcanic history of Mount Apo is poorly known but eruptions have produced andesitic-to-dacitic lava. A line of solfataras extend from the southeast flank at an elevation of to the summit. Mount Apo is not known to have had historical eruptions, and was incorrectly attributed to be the source volcano of the 1641 eruption of Mount Melibengoy, also in Mindanao.


title: Mount Apo

text: The name of Mt. Apo comes from "Apo", a title of respect meaning "revered elder" in various languages of the surrounding Lumad tribes. It is the shortened form of the original Manobo and Kalagan name Apo Sandawa ("Elder Sandawa" or "Grandfather Sandawa"), the name of the spirit of the mountain. Apo Sandawa is also regarded as an ancestor spirit by the various Manobo and Kalagan tribes living in the foothills, including the Obo, Manobo Bagobo, Manobo Apao, Tagabawa, Matigsalug, Ata, Arumanen, Tinananen, Kulamanen, Tagakaulo and Kagan peoples. The mountain itself is considered sacred grounds. Various rituals to Apo Sandawa are conducted by the supreme "waylan" (shaman) known as the "diwata", who also serves as the medium for Apo Sandawa and the ancestor spirits of the Manobo and Kalagan tribes.


title: Mount Apo

text: On May 9, 1936, Mount Apo was declared a National Park with "Proclamation No. 59" by President Manuel L. Quezon followed by "Proclamation No. 35" of May 8, 1966, then "Proclamation No. 882" of September 24, 1996. On February 3, 2004, the approval of "Republic Act No. 9237" established Mount Apo as a protected area under the category of Natural Park with an area of ; with two peripheral areas of and as buffer zones, provided for its management and for other purposes.


title: Mount Apo

text: In 1987, the National Geographic Society based in Washington, DC in the United States, published a book entitled, ""Our World's Heritage"", where Mount Apo was noted as a 'site of World Heritage caliber'. The cover of the book also featured Mount Apo's iconic Philippine eagle, along with three other heritage sites which have already been designated as "UNESCO World Heritage Sites".


title: Mount Apo

text: The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) submitted Mount Apo on December 12, 2009, for inclusion in the UNESCO world heritage list. The mountain is considered by DENR as the center of endemism in Mindanao. It has one of the highest land-based biological diversity in terms of flora and fauna per unit area. It has three distinct forest formations, from lowland tropical rainforest, to mid-mountain forests, and finally to high mountain forests.


title: Mount Apo

text: A portion of the eastern slopes are also within the scope of the UNESCO Hydrology Environment Life and Policy (HELP) Network. The Davao HELP Network is focused on building collaboration among watershed stakeholders.


title: Mount Apo

text: In March 2015, it was taken out from the UNESCO List of Tentative Sites due to the dramatic changes (such as logging, intrusion of companies and urban and agricultural landscape, exploitation, and poaching, among others) it experienced which does not constitute the UNESCO documents that describes the park. Better conservation and a change in the content of documents was recommended by UNESCO.


title: Mount Apo

text: The climate at the summit of Mount Apo is alpine (Köppen "ETH") as its mean temperature does not exceed in any month. It falls under the Type IV climate under the modified corona's classification wherein rainfall is relatively distributed throughout the year. Mean monthly temperature ranges from a low during January to during April. Monthly relative humidity ranges from 78% during March and April and 82% during June and July. Minima reach in January and February.


title: Mount Apo

text: In late March–April 2016, due to the extreme effects of El Niño caused by climate change and global warming, massive patches of forest fires and bushfires appeared on the slopes of the mountain, causing hikers on the mountain to halt their ascent. Tourism in the region was threatened due to a massive haze engulfing the slopes of the mountain. The mountain later recovered after the government and local stakeholders initiated a holistic recovery plan for the entire natural park.


title: Mount Apo

text: The mountain is home to over 272 bird species, 111 of which are endemic to the area. It is also home to one of the world's largest eagles, the critically endangered Philippine eagle, which is the country's national bird.


title: Mount Apo

text: There are four major lakes in Mt. Apo. Popular of these are Lake Agco, used to be called "The Blue Lake" and Lake Venado, a well-known mountaineers camping site and a stopover towards the peak. Lake Macadac and Lake Jordan are found in the summit grassland.


title: Mount Apo

text: Mount Apo is a headwaters catchment area of several major river systems like Marbel River, Matingaw River, connecting with the Kabacan River, part of the Pulangi River, a major tributary of the Mindanao River, the Tudaya Falls, Sibulan River, and Digos River, which flows into Davao Gulf.


title: Mount Apo

text: Mt. Apo has 19 major rivers and 21 creeks draining its 8 major watersheds (PASAlist.1992). Out of the 19 major rivers, only two has studies as reported by SEA-BMB consultants for the Mt. Apo Geothermal Project Environmental Impact Assessment 1991. According to the report, there are two river ecosystems draining the geothermal site namely: (1) Marbel-Matingao river ecosystem- characterized by narrower river channels at highly elevated areas, much faster water flow, clearer water and rock boulder-rich water beds. The aquatic organisms in the area have expectedly lower biological productivity and species diversity. The report also concluded that this river ecosystem provides much less economic and commercial value for its biological production. The study identified 12 species of fish caught in the area; (2) Kabacan River- Pulangi River ecosystem- characterized by a much wider channels at flat areas, relatively much slower water flow, highly turbid waters and sandy mud river beds.


title: Mount Apo

text: The Tudaya Falls Davao del Sur, in Mindanao in the Philippines. At , it is the tallest waterfall in Mt. Apo Natural Park. This waterfall flows into the Sibulan River, which flows to the Davao Gulf.


title: Mount Apo

text: The grasslands are characterized by the dominance of Cogon grass ("Imperata cylindrica") and "Saccharum spontaneum". Other grasses and ferns also thrive, especially along banks of creeks, streams, and rivers and on steep slopes.


title: Mount Apo

text: Owned and operated by Energy Development Corporation (EDC) the power plants were commissioned in February 1997 (Mt. Apo 1) and June 1999 (Mt. Apo 2) respectively, under a build-operate owner contract arrangement. Located in Barangay Ilomavis, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato is the "Mindanao Geothermal Production Field" with a power output of 108.48 MW, currently the only power plant of its kind in Mindanao.


title: Mount Apo

text: The Philippine National Oil Company geothermal plant supplies electricity to Kidapawan and its neighboring provinces, its completion boosted the city's economy.


title: Mount Apo

text: The Tudaya Hydropower Plant, located near the foot of Mount Apo on the Davao side (Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur), is composed of two run-of-river type plants that will contribute to the energy needs of Mindanao by early 2014.


title: Mount Apo

text: The Sibulan Hydroelectric Power Plants have been generating 42.5 MW of clean and renewable energy for Davao since 2010. It is also composed of two run-of the river mini hydro power plants.


title: Mount Apo

text: Sibulan A was completed and commissioned on December 26, 2010. Local residents who are mainly engaged in abaca and fruit farming have since benefited from the use of of farm-to-market roads which were developed as access to the plants.


title: Mount Apo

text: At , Mount Apo is the highest mountain (peak) and volcano in the Philippines. It is one of the country's most popular hiking/climbing destinations.


title: Mount Apo

text: The first two attempts to reach Mt. Apo's summit ended in failure: that of Jose Oyanguren (1852) and Señor Real (1870). The first recorded successful expedition was led by Don Joaquin Rajal on October 10, 1880. Prior to the climb, Rajal had to secure the permission of the Bagobo chieftain, Datu Manig. It is said that the Datu demanded that human sacrifice be made to please the god Mandarangan. But the datu agreed to waive this demand, and the climb commenced on October 6, 1880, succeeding five days later. Since then, numerous expeditions followed. These and more are described in colorful narrations by Fr. Miguel Bernad, S.J.


title: Mount Apo

text: Several trails lead to the summit, coming from North Cotabato and Davao provinces. Arguably the easiest route to the Natural Park is through Kidapawan with an average hike taking 3–4 days roundtrip. In the classification system used by local popular mountaineering website PinoyMountaineer.com, the difficulty of the hike is 7 out of 9. Various sights along the trail include Lake Venado, the highest lake in the Philippines, the solfataras and the old crater near its summit.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: The Sikorsky MH-60T Jayhawk is a multi-mission, twin-engine, medium-range helicopter operated by the United States Coast Guard for search and rescue, law enforcement, military readiness and marine environmental protection missions. It was originally designated HH-60J before being upgraded and redesignated beginning in 2007.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: Chosen to replace the HH-3F Pelican, the MH-60T is a member of the Sikorsky S-70 family of helicopters and is based on the United States Navy's SH-60 Seahawk helicopter. Development began in September 1986, first flight was achieved on 8 August 1989, and the first HH-60J entered USCG service in June 1990. Production ended in 1996 after 42 helicopters were produced; three retired SH-60F Seahawks were also remanufactured to MH-60T specifications beginning in 2010. A total of 42 MH-60Ts are in service with the Coast Guard.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: Chosen to replace the HH-3F Pelican, the HH-60J was based on the United States Navy's SH-60 Seahawk and a member of the Sikorsky S-70 helicopter family. Compared to its predecessor, the HH-3F, the HH-60J is lighter, faster, and equipped with more sophisticated electronics and more powerful engines. The HH-60J was developed in conjunction with the U.S. Navy's HH-60H Rescue Hawk.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: Sikorsky began development in September 1986 and aircraft registration number 6001 achieved first flight on 8 August 1989. The first aircraft was delivered to the USCG for developmental testing in March, 1990 at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland. In March 1991, ATC Mobile, Alabama became the first USCG unit to fly the HH-60J, allowing instructor pilots to prepare for pilot training. Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City, North Carolina was the first USCG operational unit to fly the HH-60J. Sikorsky produced 42 HH-60Js with sequential registration numbers from 6001 through 6042. Sikorsky ended production in 1996 after completing the 42 units on contract. Subsequently, the Coast Guard has converted three ex-Navy SH-60F Seahawks into MH-60T Jayhawks (registration numbers 6043-6045) as attrition replacements.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: The USCG began converting its 42 HH-60Js to MH-60Ts in January 2007. This avionics and capabilities upgrade is part of the USCG's Integrated Deepwater System Program and will provide a glass cockpit, an enhanced electro-optic/infrared sensor system as well as a radar sensor system and airborne use of force capability. The airborne use of force package includes both weapons for firing warning and disabling shots and armor to protect the aircrew from small arms fire. The MH-60T upgrades were completed in February 2014.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: The normal cruising speed of the MH-60T is and the aircraft is capable of reaching for short durations. It can fly at for six to seven hours. With a fuel capacity of , the helicopter is designed to fly a crew of four up to offshore, hoist up to six additional people on board while remaining on-scene for up to 45 minutes and return to base while maintaining an adequate fuel reserve.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: The Jayhawk has a radar for search/weather that gives its nose a distinctive look. A forward looking infrared (FLIR) sensor turret can be mounted below its nose. It can carry three fuel tanks with two on the port side rack and one on the starboard side rack. The starboard side also carries a capacity rescue hoist mounted above the door. The hoist has of cable.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: It uses the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System as its primary long range navigational aid, using a Collins RCVR-3A radio to simultaneously receive information from four of the NAVSTAR system's 18 worldwide satellites. The helicopter is normally based on land but can be based on 270 foot medium endurance Coast Guard Cutters (WMEC) or 418 foot Legend-Class National Security Cutters (WMSL) .


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: The MH-60T is equipped with a 7.62 mm M240H medium machine gun and a .50 in Barrett M82 semi-automatic rifle for firing warning and disabling shots. These weapons also serve as defensive armament.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: In 1990, HH-60J Jayhawks began replacing HH-3F Pelican and CH-3E Sea King helicopters in service with the US Coast Guard. HH-60Js perform search and rescue missions, along with other missions such as maritime patrol and drug interdiction. Coast Guard cutters with their HH-60Js and other helicopters performed security and interdiction in the Persian Gulf in 1991 in support of Operation Desert Storm and also in 2003 for Operation Enduring Freedom.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: In January 2011, Juneau Mountain Rescue volunteers, working with the Alaska State Troopers and the Coast Guard, rescued an injured hiker on Ripikski Mountain, near Haines. A Coast Guard MH-60 Jayhawk helicopter, dispatched from Sitka, transported the hiker to Bartlett Regional Hospital in Juneau, Alaska.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: On 29 October 2012, Jayhawk number 6031 (70-1790) was used during the offshore rescue of the crew of HMS "Bounty" during Hurricane Sandy.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: Starting in 2009, Coast Guard Jayhawks have been tasked with a secondary mission of drug patrol/enforcement. These missions are usually conducted in cooperation with coast guard cutters.


title: Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk

text: In 2016, some Jayhawks were delivered in a yellow color scheme celebrating 100 years of Coast Guard aviation. The yellow color scheme represented colors used on certain Coast Guard and Navy helicopters in the 1940s and 1950s. The first of the operational aircraft in this color scheme was delivered to Air Station Astoria in Oregon on January 15, 2016. The Jayhawk along with the Eurocopter MH-65 Dolphin are the two helicopter types in the Coast Guard inventory.


title: I Know My First Name Is Steven

text: I Know My First Name Is Steven is a 1989 American television miniseries about kidnap victim Steven Stayner. The two-part miniseries was first broadcast by NBC on May 22 and 23, 1989. Screening rights were sold to a number of international television companies including the BBC, which screened the miniseries in mid-July of the following year; later still, it was released as a feature-length movie.


title: I Know My First Name Is Steven

text: It was nominated as Best Miniseries or Television Film at the 47th Golden Globe Awards and received four Emmy Award nominations.


title: I Know My First Name Is Steven

text: Steven Stayner, a seven-year-old boy, is kidnapped by Kenneth Parnell, with the help of his partner in crime, Irving Murphy. Parnell continues to molest and produce pornographic images of Steven for seven years.


title: I Know My First Name Is Steven

text: When Steven is 14, Parnell kidnaps a boy named Timmy. As a result, Steven builds up the courage to prevent Timmy from going through the same thing that he went through when he was Timmy's age. He brings Timmy to the police and confesses that he was the victim of a kidnapping by his "dad", Parnell.


title: I Know My First Name Is Steven

text: Steven later testifies in court on Timmy's behalf, and then later, in a hearing for the crimes Parnell committed against Steven. Parnell spends five years of a seven-year sentence in prison for the kidnapping and sexual abuse against Steven, while his accomplice Murphy spends less than two years in prison.


title: Permission to Dance

text: "Permission to Dance" is a song by South Korean boy band BTS. It was released through Big Hit Music and Sony Music on July 9, 2021, as a stand-alone single. The song was also included as part of the CD release of the group's previous single "Butter", and is the band's third English-language single. The song topped the charts in five countries and reached the top ten in ten other territories.


title: Permission to Dance

text: On May 21, 2021, BTS released their second English-language single "Butter" to critical and commercial success. The song was initially released digitally, as a cassette, and as a 7-inch vinyl. On June 15, BTS announced a CD release of "Butter" alongside the announcement for a new song. On June 27, Ed Sheeran revealed in an interview with "Most Requested Live" that he wrote a song for BTS, stating "I've actually worked with BTS on their last record, and I've just written a song for their new record". On July 1, the group revealed the tracklist for the CD release, announcing the song's title as "Permission to Dance". The song was released on July 9, 2021, alongside its instrumental.


title: Permission to Dance

text: "Permission to Dance" was written by Ed Sheeran, Johnny McDaid, Steve Mac and Jenna Andrews, with production being handled by Mac and Andrews alongside Stephen Kirk. Sheeran had previously co-written "Make It Right", from BTS's "" (2019). The song is performed in the key of E major with a tempo of 124 beats per minute in common time with BTS vocals range spanning from C♯ to t B. Big Hit initially described that the song "will make your heart beat to the rhythm of BTS's positive energy". The song has been described as an upbeat dance-pop song.


title: Permission to Dance

text: "Permission to Dance" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States, on the issue dated July 24, 2021, earning 15.9 million streams, 1.1 million radio airplay impressions, and selling 140,000 copies in its first week of release. The song replaced "Butter" from the top of the chart, marking the first time an artist had self-replaced themselves since Drake's "In My Feelings" replaced his own "Nice for What" in 2018. The song also became BTS' fifth number-one hit on the chart in ten months and two weeks, making them the artist with the fastest accumulation of five number-one singles since Michael Jackson did so in 1988. Additionally, it became their fourth single to debut atop the Hot 100, extending their record as the group with the most number-one single debuts (tied with Justin Bieber and Drake, but behind Ariana Grande, who has five). On the Digital Songs chart, "Permission to Dance" became BTS' eighth number-one, extending their record as the group with the most number-one hits on the chart. The song debuted atop the "Billboard" Hot Trending Songs, a chart powered by Twitter which tracks the most-discussed songs on the platform.


title: Permission to Dance

text: In September, Oricon reported that the single had crossed 100 million streams in Japan, becoming BTS' fifth song to do so. This made the band the second male artist to have five songs accumulate as many streams in the country—Official Hige Dandism holds the record with seven.


title: Permission to Dance

text: Big Hit released a teaser video, containing a brief excerpt of the song, that showed BTS dancing and having fun outside of a laundromat in the desert, on July 5 at 12AM KST. The official music video was released on July 9 and garnered 72.3 million views on its first day, becoming the sixth-most viewed YouTube video in the first 24 hours at the time.


title: Permission to Dance

text: Set in a post-pandemic world, the band members are seen dancing in multiple settings including a sunny locale, a laundromat, and a patio. The video's emphasis on service workers echoes the message of BTS's 2018 song "Anpanman," which was inspired by the Japanese picture book hero of the same name and was a promise by the members to give their all in improving the lives of fans; when they debuted their performance, they dressed in the uniforms of firefighters and construction workers, the everyday superheroes who do the same. Similar scenes can be seen in "Permission to Dance," which also features scenes of masked-up employees being welcomed back to work after a year away, a server dancing by herself in a deserted restaurant, a janitor dancing with a teacher in a deserted school hallway, and a mail carrier spotting one of those ubiquitous purple balloons while performing her job. The last 60 seconds of the music video are devoted to the team that works with BTS behind the scenes, and they include a large group of stylists, choreographers, makeup artists, and everyone else who contributes to the creation of music by dancing to the song's choreography with the members.


title: Permission to Dance

text: BTS and YouTube announced the Permission to Dance Challenge, which took place from July 23 to August 14, exclusively on YouTube Shorts. On September 10, BTS released a new version of the song's music video on the BANGTANTV YouTube Channel. Those who took part in the "Permission to Dance" YouTube Shorts Challenge appeared in the compilation video. On July 24, the group appeared on SBS evening news program, 8 News for a special interview with news anchor Kim Yong-tae. They also talked about the song on U.S radio stations Sach Zang Show and 102.7 KIIS FM.


title: Permission to Dance

text: BTS shared the first performance of "Permission to Dance," which premiered on the HYBE Label's official Youtube Channel on July 9 for their comeback special "A Butterful Getaway with BTS". The setlist also included "Butter" and "Spring Day". The single debuted on television for the first time on the July 13 episode of on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon". The septet performed it in the atrium of a shopping mall decorated with thousands of purple balloons as part of the band's "two-day takeover event" for the show. The band made their Radio 1 Live Lounge debut on July 27, performing three songs: "Permission to Dance", "Dynamite" and a cover of Puff Daddy and Faith Evans' 1997 hit "I'll Be Missing You". BTS also performed the song at the 76th United Nations General Assembly on Septembter 20. On September 26, the group gave a special performance of the song at the Global Citizen Live in Seoul. They performed on The Fact Music Awards on October 2. BTS performed the track on November 24, during their appearance on "The Late Late Show with James Corden", accompanied by a moving backdrop that included graffiti-covered walls, purple balloons, and flashing lights, marking their first in-person performance on the show since 2020.


title: Permission to Dance

text: In her 4-star review for NME, Rhian Daly wrote that "Permission to Dance" cemented BTS status as "kings of the feel-good summer smash." She described the song a "classic, uplifting pop" which results in an "undeniable surge of infectious energy."


title: Permission to Dance

text: Unlike with past singles, BTS did not attend any domestic television music programs to promote "Permission to Dance", but still won eight first-place trophies, and achieved a Triple Crown on "Inkigayo". The song also won the Melon Popularity Award for five consecutive weeks from July 19 to August 16, 2021.


title: Permission to Dance

text: At the 2021 Nickelodeon Meus Prêmios Nick held on September 28, "Permission to Dance" won the Challenge Hits of the Year award. In 2022, the song won Song of the Year – July at the 11th Gaon Chart Music Awards held on January 27, and Best 5 Songs by Streaming at the 36th Japan Gold Disc Awards in March. In April, it received a nomination for Top Selling Song at the Billboard Music Awards, but eventually lost to "Butter". Its music video was nominated for Best Choreography at the MTV Video Music Awards held in August, but lost to "Woman" by Doja Cat.


title: Pretenders (album)

text: Pretenders is the debut studio album by British-American band The Pretenders, released in 1979. A combination of rock and roll, punk and new wave music, this album made the band famous. The album features the singles "Stop Your Sobbing", "Kid" and "Brass in Pocket".


title: Pretenders (album)

text: Nick Lowe produced the Pretenders' first single, "Stop Your Sobbing", but decided not to work with them again as he thought the band was "not going anywhere". Chris Thomas took over on the subsequent recording sessions.


title: Pretenders (album)

text: "Pretenders" debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart in the week of its release and stayed there for four consecutive weeks. It also made the top 10 on the "Billboard" 200 and was certified platinum during 1982 by the RIAA.


title: Pretenders (album)

text: "Pretenders" was remastered and re-released in 2006 and included a bonus disc of demos, B-sides and live cuts, many previously unreleased. "Cuban Slide" and "Porcelain" originally appeared as B-sides to "Talk of the Town" and "Message of Love", while "Swinging London" and "Nervous But Shy" both appeared on the flip side of "Brass in Pocket". The Regents Park demo of "Stop Your Sobbing" was included initially as a flexi-single in the May 1981 edition of "Flexipop" magazine. The tracks "Message of Love", "Talk of the Town", "Porcelain" and "Cuban Slide" alongside a live version of the album's opening track, "Precious", were released on a follow-up EP entitled "Extended Play" soon after.


title: Pretenders (album)

text: "Pretenders" was also reissued in 2009 by Audio Fidelity as a limited-edition audiophile gold CD, using the original master tapes. However, this remaster suffered from unauthorized, heavy limiting supposedly applied "after" engineer Steve Hoffman's digital master was created and approved for CD manufacturing. The song "The Phone Call" is missing some of the telephone effects on this release because the effects were "flown in" after the master was completed for the song and, as a result, were not on the original master tape. There were no bonus tracks included.


title: Pretenders (album)

text: A shortened version of "Tequila" would be performed nearly 15 years later on the "Last of the Independents". "Sabre Dance" features Chrissie Hynde singing portions of "Stop Your Sobbing" over lengthy solos by James Honeyman-Scott and Martin Chambers' insistent drumming, making it a truly unique version.


title: Pretenders (album)

text: A cover version of "Brass in Pocket" and the master version of "Precious" are available as downloadable content for "Rock Band".


title: Pretenders (album)

text: Another deluxe edition of the album, curated by Hynde, was released on November 5, 2021 and features the original album remastered by Chris Thomas, alongside demos, rarities, and many live performances. These include BBC sessions on "The Kid Jensen Show", and performances at The Paris Theatre in London and Paradise Theater in Boston.


title: Pretenders (album)

text: In 1989, "Rolling Stone" ranked "Pretenders" the 20th best album of the 1980s. In 2012, "Slant Magazine" listed "Pretenders" at number 64 on its list of the best albums of the 1980s.


title: Pretenders (album)

text: "Pretenders" has been named one of the best albums of all time by VH1 (#52). In 2003, "Rolling Stone" ranked the album at number 155 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, with "Pretenders" maintaining the rating in the 2012 revised list, and moving up to number 152 on the 2020 revision. In 2020, "Rolling Stone" included the band's debut album in their "80 Greatest albums of 1980" list.


title: Gagan Biyani

text: Gagan Biyani (born May 30, 1987) is an Indian-American serial entrepreneur, marketer, and journalist. He was a co-founder of Udemy, an online education company, and was co-founder and CEO of Sprig, a food delivery company.


title: Gagan Biyani

text: Biyani attended University of California, Berkeley, and received a bachelor's degree in economics. He began his career working at Accenture before transitioning into technology entrepreneurship and journalism. As a journalist, he covered mobile applications and technology at TechCrunch. While there, he wrote a number of investigative journalism pieces, including one about a PR firm that was writing fake reviews on the App Store. He broke the story in TechCrunch. According to "The New York Times", the findings led to an FTC investigation and Biyani's findings were quoted by the FTC's official documents.


title: Gagan Biyani

text: In 2009, Biyani co-founded Udemy, one of the first MOOC platforms. Courses are offered across a breadth of categories, including business and entrepreneurship, academics, the arts, health and fitness, language, music, and technology. Most classes are in practical subjects such as Excel software or using an iPhone camera.


title: Gagan Biyani

text: At Udemy, Biyani focused mainly on marketing, instructor acquisition, investor relations, finance, business development, and public relations. As of 2018, the company claims to have over 24 million students and offer more than 80,000 courses from thousands of teachers. As of 2019, Alexa counts Udemy among top 500 most-visited websites.


title: Gagan Biyani

text: After Udemy, Biyani spent six months as a Growth Advisor at Lyft. He soon left Lyft in 2013 to begin on new ventures.


title: Gagan Biyani

text: Biyani founded the Growth Hackers Conference in 2013, which he co-founded with Erin Turner. The event was in San Francisco and featured a number of well-known growth hackers, including Chamath Palihapitiya, Sean Ellis, Keith Rabois, and others.


title: Gagan Biyani

text: While at Lyft, Gagan came up with the idea for Sprig. While speaking with friends, he came up with the idea to start a food delivery service. He left Lyft in 2013 to begin the venture into healthy home cooked food. He partnered with a number of chefs, including Nate Keller, a former Executive Chef at Google's headquarters, and Michelin-starred chef Kyle Connaughton, who served as culinary advisor.


title: Gagan Biyani

text: The concept for Sprig was to provide home cooked food via delivery. The startup claimed to allow users to order a “balanced meal”, which was prepared in Sprig's industrial kitchen and delivered in 15–20 minutes. Sprig's chef was Nate Keller, Google's former executive chef.


title: Gagan Biyani

text: In March 2014, Sprig raised $10 million in Series A funding from Greylock Partners with Battery Ventures and Accel participating. As part of the funding, Greylock partner Simon Rothman joined Sprig's board. A year later, the company announced it had raised $45 million via its Series B funding round.


title: Gagan Biyani

text: In 2016, Biyani and his co-founder Neeraj Berry were named by "Forbes" in its 30 Under 30 list for Consumer Tech entrepreneurs. Gagan was also part of the "Fast Company"'s Most Creative People list around the same time.


title: Gagan Biyani

text: Sprig raised a total of $57 million and had over 1,300 employees at its peak, but announced in late 2017 that it would no longer be operational. In his closing e-mail, Biyani cited challenges in the complexity of the operations as reasons for the closure. According to Biyani's Twitter story about Sprig, one of the causes of Sprig's failure was the rise of Uber Eats. According to TechCrunch, a number of other startups in the same industry also closed in 2017, including venture-backed SpoonRocket and Maple.


Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent ('hydrogen source'). It is used by all forms of cellular life.


title: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

text: NADPH is the reduced form of NADP. NADP differs from NAD by the presence of an additional phosphate group on the 2' position of the ribose ring that carries the adenine moiety. This extra phosphate is added by NAD kinase and removed by NADP phosphatase.


text: In general, NADP is synthesized before NADPH is. Such a reaction usually starts with NAD from either the de-novo or the salvage pathway, with NAD kinase adding the extra phosphate group. ADP-ribosyl cyclase allows for synthesis from nicotinamide in the salvage pathway, and NADP phosphatase can convert NADPH back to NADH to maintain a balance. Some forms of the NAD kinase, notably the one in mitochondria, can also accept NADH to turn it directly into NADPH. The prokaryotic pathway is less well understood, but with all the similar proteins the process should work in a similar way.


text: NADPH is produced from NADP. The major source of NADPH in animals and other non-photosynthetic organisms is the pentose phosphate pathway, by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in the first step. The pentose phosphate pathway also produces pentose, another important part of NAD(P)H, from glucose. Some bacteria also use G6PDH for the Entner–Doudoroff pathway, but NADPH production remains the same.


text: Ferredoxin-NADP reductase, present in all domains of life, is a major source of NADPH in photosynthetic organisms including plants and cyanobacteria. It appears in the last step of the electron chain of the light reactions of photosynthesis. It is used as reducing power for the biosynthetic reactions in the Calvin cycle to assimilate carbon dioxide and help turn the carbon dioxide into glucose. It has functions in accepting electrons in other non-photosynthetic pathways as well: it is needed in the reduction of nitrate into ammonia for plant assimilation in nitrogen cycle and in the production of oils.


text: There are several other lesser-known mechanisms of generating NADPH, all of which depend on the presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes. The key enzymes in these carbon-metabolism-related processes are NADP-linked isoforms of malic enzyme, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and glutamate dehydrogenase. In these reactions, NADP acts like NAD in other enzymes as an oxidizing agent. The isocitrate dehydrogenase mechanism appears to be the major source of NADPH in fat and possibly also liver cells. These processes are also found in bacteria. Bacteria can also use a NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase for the same purpose. Like the pentose phosphate pathway, these pathways are related to parts of glycolysis. Another carbon metabolism-related pathway involved in the generation of NADPH is the mitochondrial folate cycle, which uses principally serine as a source of one-carbon units to sustain nucleotide synhesis and redox homeostasis in mitochondria. Mitochondrial folate cycle has been recently suggested as the principal contributor to NADPH generation in mitochondria of cancer cells.


text: NADPH can also be generated through pathways unrelated to carbon metabolism. The ferredoxin reductase is such an example. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase transfers the hydrogen between NAD(P)H and NAD(P), and is found in eukaryotic mitochondria and many bacteria. There are versions that depend on a proton gradient to work and ones that do not. Some anaerobic organisms use NADP-linked hydrogenase, ripping a hydride from hydrogen gas to produce a proton and NADPH.


text: Like NADH, NADPH is fluorescent. NADPH in aqueous solution excited at the nicotinamide absorbance of ~335 nm (near UV) has a fluorescence emission which peaks at 445-460 nm (violet to blue). NADP has no appreciable fluorescence.


text: NADPH provides the reducing equivalents, usually hydrogen atoms, for biosynthetic reactions and the oxidation-reduction involved in protecting against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), allowing the regeneration of glutathione (GSH). NADPH is also used for anabolic pathways, such as cholesterol synthesis, steroid synthesis, ascorbic acid synthesis, xylitol synthesis, cytosolic fatty acid synthesis and microsomal fatty acid chain elongation.


text: The NADPH system is also responsible for generating free radicals in immune cells by NADPH oxidase. These radicals are used to destroy pathogens in a process termed the respiratory burst.


text: It is the source of reducing equivalents for cytochrome P450 hydroxylation of aromatic compounds, steroids, alcohols, and drugs.


text: NADH and NADPH are very stable in basic solutions, but NAD and NADP are degraded in basic solutions into a fluorescent product that can be used conveniently for quantitation. Conversely, NADPH and NADH are degraded by acidic solutions while NAD/NADP are fairly stable to acid.


text: In 2018 and 2019, the first two reports of enzymes that catalyze the removal of the 2' phosphate of NADP(H) in eukaryotes emerged. First the cytoplasmic protein MESH1 (), then the mitochondrial protein nocturnin were reported. Of note, the structures and NADPH binding of MESH1 (5VXA) and nocturnin (6NF0) are not related.


title: Moby Dick (whale)

text: Moby Dick is a sperm whale who is the main antagonist in Herman Melville's 1851 novel of the same name. Melville based the whale partially on a real albino whale of that period called Mocha Dick.


title: Moby Dick (whale)

text: Ishmael describes Moby Dick as having two prominent white areas around "a peculiar snow-white wrinkled forehead, and a high, pyramidical white hump", the rest of his body being of stripes and patches between white and gray. The animal's exact dimensions are never given, but the novel claims that the largest sperm whales can reach a length of (larger than any officially recorded sperm whale) and that Moby Dick is possibly the largest sperm whale that ever lived. Ahab tells the crew that the White Whale can be told because he has an unusual spout, a deformed jaw, three punctures in his right fluke and several harpoons embedded in his side from unsuccessful hunts. Yet Ishmael insists that what invested the whale with "natural terror" was that "unexampled, intelligent malignity" which he had shown in his assaults. When he fled before "exalting pursuers", giving every symptom of alarm, he would suddenly turn round and stave their boats to splinters or drive them back to their ship. What seemed the White Whale's "infernal aforethought of ferocity" that every dismembering or death that he caused was not wholly regarded as that of an "unintelligent agent". He bit off Ahab's leg, leaving Ahab to swear "wild vindictiveness" on him. Ishmael, however, is haunted by a "nameless horror" so "mystical and well nigh ineffable" that he could hardly express; it was "the whiteness of the whale that above all things appalled me".


title: Moby Dick (whale)

text: At the end of the novel, Moby Dick destroys the "Pequod". Ahab and the crew are drowned, with the exception of Ishmael. The novel does not say whether Moby Dick survives or not - although most of the novel's adaptations depict the whale's survival.


title: Moby Dick (whale)

text: Although attacks by whales on whalers were not at all common, there were instances, of which Melville was aware.


title: Moby Dick (whale)

text: One was the sinking of the Nantucket whaler "Essex" in 1820, after a large sperm whale rammed her 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the western coast of South America. First mate Owen Chase, one of eight survivors, recorded the events in his 1821 "Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale-Ship Essex".


title: Moby Dick (whale)

text: The other event was the alleged killing in the late 1830s of the albino sperm whale Mocha Dick, in the waters off the Chilean island of Mocha. Mocha Dick was rumored to have nineteen harpoons in his back from other whalers, and appeared to attack ships with premeditated ferocity. One of his battles with a whaler served as subject for an article by explorer Jeremiah N. Reynolds in the May 1839 issue of "The Knickerbocker or New-York Monthly Magazine". Melville was familiar with the article, which described:


title: Moby Dick (whale)

text: Mocha Dick had over 100 encounters with whalers in the decades between 1810 and the 1830s. He was described as being gigantic and covered in barnacles. Although he was the most famous, Mocha Dick was not the only white whale in the sea nor the only whale to attack hunters.


title: Moby Dick (whale)

text: While an accidental collision with a sperm whale at night accounted for sinking of the "Union" in 1807, it was not until August 1851 that the whaler "Ann Alexander", while hunting in the Pacific off the Galapagos Islands, became the second vessel since "Essex" to be attacked, holed and sunk by a whale. Melville remarked:


title: Moby Dick (whale)

text: Melville presents Moby Dick and his whiteness as a symbol of many things, among them God, nature, fate, evil, the ocean, and the very universe itself. Yet the symbolism of the White Whale is deliberately enigmatic, and its inscrutability is a deliberate challenge to the reader. Ishmael describes the whale's forehead as having wrinkles and scars on it that look like hieroglyphics. He muses on the difficulty of understanding what he saw:


title: Simon Oakland

text: Simon Oakland (August 28, 1915 – August 29, 1983) was an American actor of stage, screen, and television.


title: Simon Oakland

text: During his career, Oakland performed primarily on television, appearing in over 130 series and made-for-television movies between 1951 and 1983. His most notable big-screen roles were in "Psycho" (1960), "West Side Story" (1961), "The Sand Pebbles" (1966), "Bullitt" (1968), "The Hunting Party" (1971), and "Chato's Land" (1972).


title: Simon Oakland

text: Oakland was born in Brooklyn, New York, the eldest of the three sons of immigrant Jewish parents, Jacob Weiss and Ethel Oaklander, born in Romania and Tsarist Russia, respectively. His father was a plasterer and builder. While he later claimed in media interviews to have been born in 1922 (a date repeated in his "New York Times" obituary), Social Security and vital records indicate he was born Simon Weiss in 1915; his stage name was derived from his mother's maiden name, Oaklander.


title: Simon Oakland

text: He began his performing career as a musician (he was a violinist, an avocation he pursued during his entire career as an actor). Oakland began his acting career in the late 1940s. He enjoyed a series of Broadway hits, including "Light Up the Sky", "The Shrike", and "Inherit the Wind", and theater was one of his lasting passions. He was a concert violinist until the 1940s.


title: Simon Oakland

text: In 1955, Oakland made his film debut, albeit uncredited, as an Indiana state trooper in "The Desperate Hours". He next appeared in two films released in 1958: as Mavrayek in "The Brothers Karamazov" and as journalist Edward Montgomery in "I Want to Live!"


title: Simon Oakland

text: Oakland's notable performance in "I Want to Live!" led to his playing a long series of bullying tough-guy types, usually in positions of authority, but sometimes as villains, or as an admixture of both. He appeared in "Psycho" as the psychiatrist who, at the end of the film, explains Norman Bates's multiple personality disorder. He appeared in "West Side Story", "The Sand Pebbles", and "Bullitt". He made two guest appearances on CBS's "Perry Mason", both times as the murder victim. He also appeared in the syndicated crime drama, "Decoy", starring Beverly Garland. Oakland appeared once on the CBS Western "Dundee and the Culhane" and once on the series "Sheriff of Cochise".


title: Simon Oakland

text: He was a regular, as General Thomas Moore, on NBC's "Baa Baa Black Sheep", starring Robert Conrad. He also appeared in two episodes of the original "The Twilight Zone" TV series and in "The Outer Limits" as the alien birdman in "Second Chance". In 1974 and 1975, he was a series regular on "", playing newspaper editor Tony Vincenzo. (He had previously played the same character in the two made-for-television movies that served as the pilot for the series.)


title: Simon Oakland

text: During the 1970s, Oakland appeared in multiple episodes of "The Rockford Files", three times as blustery private detective Vern St. Cloud.


title: Simon Oakland

text: Oakland continued working up to the year of his death. His last credited acting appearance was in the episode "Living and Presumed Dead" on the CBS television series "Tucker's Witch". That episode aired three months before Oakland's death from colon cancer in Cathedral City, California, on August 29, 1983, the day after his 68th birthday.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Sex and drugs date back to ancient humans and have been interlocked throughout human history. Both legal and illegal, the consumption of drugs and their effects on the human body encompasses all aspects of sex, including desire, performance, pleasure, conception, gestation, and disease.


title: Sex and drugs

text: There are many different types of drugs that are commonly associated with their effects on sex, including alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, MDMA, GHB, amphetamines, opioids, antidepressants, and many others.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Drugs are frequently associated with reduced sexual inhibition, both when used voluntarily in social circumstances, and involuntarily, as in the case of some date rape drugs. Because the use of drugs, including alcohol, is commonly presented as an excuse for risky or socially unacceptable behavior, it is necessary to treat the idea of a direct causal relation between drug use and unsafe sex with caution. Drugs may provide a socially acceptable excuse for engaging in sexual behaviors in which people may want to engage but perhaps feel that they should not.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Some forms of sexual dysfunction such as erectile dysfunction can be treated with drugs. Because of their effects, erectile dysfunction drugs are sometimes used for recreational purposes. Many drugs, both legal and illegal, some sold online, have side effects that affect the user's sexual function. Many drugs can cause loss of libido as a side effect.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Since a partial cause of the refractory period is the inhibition of dopamine by an orgasm-induced secretion of prolactin, such potent dopamine receptor agonists as cabergoline may help achieve multiple orgasms as well as the retention of sexual arousal for longer periods of time.


title: Sex and drugs

text: According to some studies, up to 22.1% of teenagers abused substances during their most recent sexual experience.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Likewise, studies have shown adolescents who regularly abuse substances are more likely to initiate sexual activity at an earlier age, have a more significant number of sexual partners, and engage in unprotected sex more often.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Additionally, substance abuse has been linked to an increased risk of Sexually transmitted infection (STI).


title: Sex and drugs

text: Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance. Studies on Cannabis and sex have shown that THC has been linked to improved sexual desire and function. Specifically, in one study, 70 percent of users said marijuana was an aphrodisiac, and 81 percent said it improved their sexual pleasure and satisfaction.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Other research has found that long-term marijuana use lowers testosterone levels and other reproductive hormones, causing erectile dysfunction in males.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Alcohol inhibits neuronal excitability through acting on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Alcohol is often accessible in a number of social situations across many cultures and is frequently connected with uninhibited social activities. Alcohol has been shown in human research to have surprising effects on the human libido.


title: Sex and drugs

text: While some studies indicates that alcohol improves sexual behavior and desire, other research indicates that alcohol impairs sexual function.


title: Sex and drugs

text: The conditions under which the drinking occurs, laboratory research vs self-report studies from users, as well as the amounts of alcohol consumed, may all contribute to these controversial outcomes.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Laboratory studies have demonstrated that while low blood alcohol levels have no effect on or slightly enhance sexual arousal and responsiveness in men, elevated blood alcohol levels result in decreased erectile responsiveness, decreased arousal, and impaired ability to ejaculate. Other laboratory research, on the other hand, found no significant influence of either low or high blood alcohol levels on measures of arousal.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Even with mild alcohol use, women have decreased vaginal flow responses. In apparent contrast, women self-report heightened sexual desire and pleasure when they consume more alcohol and are more likely to engage in sexual activities with someone when intoxicated.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Heavy alcohol intake impairs sexual and reproductive function, erectile, and ejaculatory dysfunction in males, and sexual arousal, interest, and orgasm in women.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Alcohol and sex although alcohol may have varying impacts on sexual performance depending on the amount drank, it generally impairs sexual functioning and contributes to increased sexual risk taking.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Cocaine is a potent psycho-stimulant that boosts dopamine levels by inhibiting dopamine transporters. It has been often linked to enhanced libido and risk-taking behavior in humans.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Cocaine has been observed to increase sexual arousal or to trigger spontaneous erections and orgasms.


title: Sex and drugs

text: In contrast, other data has shown that persistent cocaine use impairs sexual desire and the capacity of both men and females to achieve orgasm.


title: Sex and drugs

text: MDMA or "ecstasy" originally gained popularity in the 1980s among college students. According to a survey conducted, 10% of college students at a big US institution reported using MDMA, with alcohol and marijuana being the most often used substances. MDMA users report increased enjoyment in physical contact and proximity rather than a sexual experience. MDMA has been shown to impair sexual performance, including erectile dysfunction and delayed orgasm, as well as to suppress sex desire.


title: Sex and drugs

text: 2C-B was first sold commercially in 5 mg pills as a purported aphrodisiac under the trade name "Erox", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle. While being primarily a psychedelic it is also a mild entactogen. 5-MeO-MiPT is another psychedelic that some users find to be euphoric and tactile in low to moderate doses of 4-8 milligrams.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Psychiatrists and doctors commonly prescribe different types of antidepressants to patients. SSRIs, SNRIs, and NDRIs are the most common types of antidepressants. Each has slightly different effects on sexual functioning, but generally, it has been found that antidepressants can delay/decrease orgasms and cause females to have breast enlargement.


title: Sex and drugs

text: The side effects on sexual functioning can impact mental health and quality of life. However, the decrease in depressive symptoms from antidepressants make it worth the sexual side effects for many people. They can be managed by changing the dose, switching drugs, or taking “antidotes”. Maca, a plant that grows in central Peru, aids with sexual dysfunction caused by antidepressant drugs for women. There are specific Maca products that can also increase sexual desire in men.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Opioids (also known as narcotics) such as morphine and heroin attach to opioid receptors in the brain. These substances have long been known to inhibit sexual behavior.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Similar to the effects of psycho-stimulants, both men and women who use heroin report engaging in high-risk sexual practices.


title: Sex and drugs

text: Subjects typically report having several sexual partners, using condoms seldom or not at all, and having a high frequency of STI diagnosis.