title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: 1958 was won by Briton Tony Brooks, driving a Vanwall, from his teammate Stirling Moss. The race was not run in 1959, but 1960 was to be one of the darkest weekends in the history of Formula One. Grand Prix racing had moved forward to a new kind of car design – new British independent teams such as Cooper and Lotus had pioneered the rear-mid-engined car, much like the Auto Union Grand Prix cars of the 1930s. These cars were considerably lighter, faster and easier to drive than their front-engined predecessors, and it became obvious that rear-mid-engined cars were the way to go in purpose-built automobile racing. But this new type of cars had not been driven at Spa before, so no one knew how they would perform there. The high-speed bends at Spa were now much faster with these new cars – and in those days, the cars or circuits for that matter had absolutely no safety features of any kind. The cylinder-shaped bodywork was made of very thin highly flammable magnesium or fibreglass, and the tube-frame chassis of that day offered little crash resistance (as opposed to a modern-day monocoque, pioneered by Lotus only a few years later). Cars were not crash-tested and lacked roll bars (made mandatory in 1961) and fire extinguishers. Although drivers did wear helmets, they were made of weak and lightweight material and not scientifically designed or tested. Drivers in those days did not wear seatbelts – they found it preferable to be thrown from a car that might be on fire to reduce the chance of injury or death.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: During practice, Stirling Moss, now driving a privately entered Lotus, had a wheel come off his car and he crashed heavily at the Burnenville right-hander. Moss, who was considered one of the best racing drivers in the world at the time, was thrown out of his car and landed unconscious in the middle of the track. The Englishman broke both legs, three vertebrae, several ribs and had many cuts and abrasions; he survived but did not race for most of that year. Briton Mike Taylor, also driving a Lotus, suffered a steering failure and crashed into trees next to the track near Stavelot. Taylor then was trapped in the car for some time with serious head and neck injuries. The accident ended his racing career; he later successfully sued Lotus founder Colin Chapman in British court for sale of faulty machinery. The race itself, however, was to be even more disastrous. On lap 17, Briton Chris Bristow, driving a Cooper, was fighting for sixth with Belgian Willy Mairesse. Bristow had never driven at Spa before, and was regarded as a brash and daring driver who had a reputation for being rather wild; the relatively inexperienced 22-year-old Englishman had been in many accidents during his short career. Mairesse was also known as an aggressive driver who had a win-at-all-costs mentality and was known to be difficult to pass, particularly on his home track- Bristow dueling with Mairesse on a very dangerous track he had never been to before meant that the young Englishman was in way over head at this circuit. Bristow and Mairesse touched wheels, and the Englishman lost control at Malmedy, overturned and crashed into an embankment on the right side of the track. The car rolled several times, Bristow was thrown from his car and was decapitated by some barbed-wire fencing next to the circuit, killing him instantly; his body partially landed on the track where it stayed for some time. Mairesse continued, but retired from the race later on with gearbox trouble. 5 laps later, 26-year-old Briton Alan Stacey, running in sixth place and driving a works Lotus, suffered a freak accident when he was hit in the face by a bird on the Masta straight not far from where Bristow had been killed. Stacey then lost control of his car at 140 mph (228 km/h) and it climbed up and flew off an embankment next to the track. After penetrating 10 feet of thick bushes, the car landed on a spot in a field some 25 feet lower than the track. On impact with the field, it then exploded and burst into flames, killing him. It was not known whether the impact broke his neck or if the fire burned him alive while unconscious. Australian Jack Brabham won the race, and British future great Jim Clark scored his first Formula One points by finishing 5th – but Clark, like a number of other drivers, developed an intense dislike for the circuit after he had to swerve at extreme speeds to avoid running over Bristow's headless body. It was the worst Formula One event in terms of fatalities until the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: 1961 saw Ferrari make use of their superior horsepower, and they romped home 1–2–3–4, with Phil Hill winning. 1962 saw Clark win his first race, going on to win the next three Belgian Grands Prix. 1963 was a rain-soaked race with Clark finishing 4.5 minutes in front of second-placed Bruce McLaren. 1966 featured cars built under new regulations with the engine capacity up to a maximum of 3 litres from 1.5 – engines had now twice as much horsepower as before. This year saw another rain-soaked race: on the first lap, as the field reached the far side of the circuit, a heavy rainstorm caused seven drivers to hydroplane off at Burnenville. Briton Jackie Stewart had a high speed accident at the Masta Kink, where he went through a woodcutter's hut, hit a telegraph pole, and dropped into a much lower part of the circuit where the car landed upside down. The BRM Stewart was driving had bent itself over his legs, so he could not get out by himself and the Scot ended up being stuck in his car for nearly 30 minutes. The fuel tanks, which were bags located inside the car that flanked the driver, had ruptured and were soaking him with flammable fuel, and he also had broken ribs and collarbone. Stewart's BRM teammate Graham Hill and Bob Bondurant, both of whom had gone off near Stewart, came to help. Because of the absence of safety precautions in those days, they had to borrow spanners from a nearby spectator, and the two drivers got Stewart out. There were other bad accidents on the circuit; some of the cars were hanging off 30-feet-high ledges. Stewart's crash at this race inspired his subsequent crusade for safety at racetracks. There was so much water on the track that the Climax engine in Clark's Lotus was flooded and failed. Briton John Surtees won the race in a Ferrari, followed by Austrian Jochen Rindt in a Cooper.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: 1967 saw American Dan Gurney in his Eagle win after Clark had mechanical problems – it was to be Eagle's only F1 victory. Briton Mike Parkes crashed heavily at 150 mph at Blanchimont after slipping on some oil that had dropped off of Jackie Stewart's BRM. After his car hit and climbed up an embankment, the works Ferrari driver was thrown out of his car, receiving serious leg and head injuries. He was in a coma for a week, and initially his legs were in danger of needing amputation. He survived, but never raced in Formula One again. 1968 saw a number of firsts: wings as an aerodynamic device were introduced for the first time in Formula One. The European constructors, particularly Colin Chapman and Mauro Forghieri, were influenced by American Jim Hall's Chaparral 2E and 2F sports cars' very large high strutted wings. New Zealander Chris Amon qualified his rear-wing equipped Ferrari on pole position by 4 seconds over Stewart in a Matra. Come race day, McLaren won their first ever victory as a constructor, with its founder Bruce McLaren winning – but the race saw yet another serious accident. Briton Brian Redman crashed his works Cooper heavily at high speed into a parked Ford Cortina road car at Burnenville, and the Cooper caught fire. He was seriously burned and also badly broke his right arm; he did not race for most of that year.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: The following season, safety issues came to a head. Average lap speeds were past 150 mph (240 km/h), but the circuit still had virtually no safety features and as a result the race over the years was becoming less and less popular with the drivers. The Grand Prix was scheduled for 8 June 1969 as part of that year's season. When Jackie Stewart visited the circuit on behalf of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association he demanded many improvements to safety barriers and road surfaces, in order to make the track safe for racing. When the track owners did not want to pay for the safety improvements, the British, French and Italian teams withdrew from the event, and it was cancelled in early April. The exclusion of the Belgian Grand Prix that year was not popular with the press, particularly British journalist Denis Jenkinson. One last race was held there in 1970 with barriers and a temporary chicane at the fast Malmedy corner installed at the circuit, but even this did not stop the cars still averaging over around the track. The race was won by Mexican Pedro Rodriguez in a BRM with New Zealander Chris Amon finishing 1.1 seconds behind in a March. But Spa was still too fast and too dangerous, and in 1971 the Belgian Grand Prix was cancelled, as the track was not up to mandatory FIA-mandated safety specs that year. The event was then eventually relocated.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: Following that decision, the Belgians decided to alternate their Grand Prix between Zolder in northern Belgium and a circuit at Nivelles-Baulers near Brussels. The first race at Nivelles in 1972 was won by Emerson Fittipaldi. Zolder hosted the race the following year and it was won by Jackie Stewart. Formula One returned to Nivelles in 1974. Once again the race was won by Fittipaldi, but the circuit was unpopular among the Formula One circus and after that event the organizers were unable to sustain a Grand Prix at Nivelles, and the track faded from the racing scene.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: The Belgian Grand Prix would be held at Zolder a further nine times. Niki Lauda scored back-to-back victories at the track in 1975 and 1976, and in 1977 Gunnar Nilsson scored his only F1 victory at Zolder. The following year Mario Andretti dominated the race for Lotus, driving the 79 in its debut race. In 1979, Jody Scheckter won the race in his Ferrari, and in 1980 Didier Pironi became a first time winner in his Ligier.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: The 1981 meeting was a chaotic event wrapped in the midst of the FISA–FOCA war and the poor conditions of the Zolder circuit, including its very narrow pitlane. During Friday practice, Osella mechanic Giovanni Amadeo was accidentally run over in the pitlane by Argentine Carlos Reutemann. He died of his injuries the day after the race. On race day, as a result of the poor conditions of Zolder and the accident on Friday, there was drivers' strike which caused the race to be started later than scheduled. Then, when the race started after yet another delay, there was a starting-grid accident involving an Arrows mechanic: Riccardo Patrese stalled his Arrows on the grid, so his mechanic Dave Luckett jumped onto the circuit to try and start Patrese's car; however, the organizers started the race and the whole field went into motion while Luckett was still on the road. Next, the other Arrows driver, Italian Siegfried Stohr, hit the back of Patrese's car, where Luckett was standing. Luckett was knocked unconscious and laid sprawled on the circuit. Then, when the field reached the pit straight again (by which time Luckett had been removed from the road, although the track still had Stohr's broken Arrows car on the circuit and the surface was littered with debris) a number of track marshals jumped onto the tarmac and frantically waved their arms to try to make the field stop while waving yellow flags instead of red flags. The cars went by at full racing speeds. When they came back again for the third lap they voluntarily stopped themselves. The race was restarted and was won by Reutemann. Luckett survived the incident, but neither Patrese nor Stohr started the second race.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: Gilles Villeneuve died during practice at Zolder in 1982 after a collision with West German Jochen Mass going into the fast Butte corner. Villeneuve's Ferrari flipped a number of times and the Canadian was thrown out of his car during the accident; he was severely injured and died during the night at a hospital near the circuit. John Watson won the race for McLaren.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: Spa-Francorchamps had been shortened to 4.3 mi (7 km) in 1979; the parts that went into and through the urban countryside that swept past towns and other obstructions had been cut out and replaced with a new series of corners right before the Les Combes left-hand corner, and the new track rejoined the old on the straight leading up to Blanchimont. The first race at the shortened Spa circuit was won by Frenchman Alain Prost, and the circuit was an immediate hit with drivers, teams and fans.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: The Belgian Grand Prix returned to Zolder in 1984 and this was the last F1 race held at the Flemish circuit with Italian Michele Alboreto taking victory in a Ferrari.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: 1985 saw the event postponed because of a new asphalt that had been laid down specifically to help the cars on the often rain-soaked Spa circuit. But to the embarrassment of the organizers, the weather was hot, and the track surface broke up so badly the drivers could not drive on it. The event was moved from its original date in early June to mid-September. When mid-September came around, Brazilian Ayrton Senna took his first of five Belgian Grands Prix in a wet/dry race, driving a Lotus. Nigel Mansell dominated the 1986 event, and he and Senna took each other out the following year when Mansell attempted to pass the Brazilian on the outside of a wide corner. Senna won the next four Belgian Grands Prix, the first two being rain-soaked events. The 1988 event was the first Belgian Grand Prix to be held in late August/early September instead of May or June (excluding the rescheduled 1985 event) and it has remained in this time frame ever since. The 1990 event had to be restarted twice after a multi-car accident at the La Source hairpin on the first start and then Paolo Barilla crashing at Eau Rouge on the second start. In 1992 German Michael Schumacher won his first of 91 Grand Prix victories in a Benetton, a year after making his Formula 1 debut at the circuit. Damon Hill won the 1993 event after battling with Senna and Schumacher.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: 1994 saw a chicane installed at the bottom of Eau Rouge in response to the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger at Imola that year. 1995 saw the chicane gone, and Schumacher won this and the next two Belgian Grand Prix. The 1998 event ran in torrential conditions. The race was originally stopped after an accident involving thirteen of the twenty-two runners at the first corner. After the restart, heavy rain caused low visibility, and Michael Schumacher ran into the back of David Coulthard, an event that angered Schumacher so much he stormed into the McLaren garage to confront Coulthard, claiming he had tried to kill him. Coulthard later admitted he had been at fault, due to his own inexperience. Only eight drivers were classified finishers (two of whom were five laps behind, one of whom was Coulthard) and Damon Hill secured a victory ahead of his teammate Ralf Schumacher to record the Jordan team's first Formula One win.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: Schumacher won his 52nd Grand Prix at Spa in 2001, surpassing Alain Prost's all-time record of 51 wins. Schumacher also won his seventh World Drivers' Championship title at Spa in 2004. There was no Belgian Grand Prix in 2003 because of the country's tobacco advertising laws. In 2006, the FIA announced the Belgian Grand Prix would not be on the calendar, since the local authorities would not be able to complete major repair work at Spa-Francorchamps before the September race. The Belgian Grand Prix returned in 2007, when Kimi Räikkönen took pole position and his third Belgian Grand Prix win in a row.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: In 2008, McLaren's Lewis Hamilton survived a frantic last two laps in a late shower of rain to win the race. Hamilton lost the lead to Ferrari's Kimi Räikkönen with an early spin but fought back in the closing laps to re-take the lead with two laps to go. On a soaking track, Hamilton passed Räikkönen, lost the lead again with a spin, re-took it and then saw Räikkönen crash. Ferrari's Felipe Massa took second leaving him eight points behind Hamilton. However, the stewards decided after the race to apply a 25-second penalty, considered a drive-through penalty under the regulations, for Hamilton's pass on Räikkönen after they had deemed that Hamilton had cut a corner in the Bus Stop chicane. This left Hamilton in third place behind Ferrari's Felipe Massa and BMW Sauber's Nick Heidfeld. The penalty cut Hamilton's lead over Massa to just two points with five races remaining. McLaren appealed the decision but were turned down as it is not permissible to appeal drive-through penalties. The stewards' decision was criticised by former world champion Niki Lauda calling it "completely wrong".


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: In 2009, Bernie Ecclestone said in an interview that he would like the Belgian Grand Prix to rotate with a Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, rather than the Nürburgring rotating with the Hockenheimring. This rotation never eventualised and the Belgian Grand Prix is contracted to be held through 2022.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: The 2021 race became particularly notable for becoming the shortest Formula One World Championship race in history and the only World Championship Grand Prix not to have any running under full green flag conditions in its duration with only two full completed laps completed behind the safety car before the race was red-flagged on lap 3 and not restarted due to adverse weather conditions with the race classification being counted back to the end of lap 1 with Max Verstappen classified first, George Russell second and Lewis Hamilton third, with half points being awarded. The controversy surrounding the awarding of points for this race led to Formula One and the FIA changing the points structure for shortened races ahead of the 2022 Formula One World Championship. The 2022 race was won by Verstappen from 14th, the second lowest position the race has been won from, after Michael Schumacher in 1995. The race's contract was extended to the 2023 season.


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: Michael Schumacher won the Belgian Grand Prix six times and Ayrton Senna won five times, including four consecutively from 1988 to 1991. Kimi Räikkönen, Lewis Hamilton and Jim Clark won four times (Clark also won four times in row in 1962–1965).


title: Belgian Grand Prix

text: "A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.


title: Block letters

text: Block letters (known as printscript, manuscript, print writing or ball and stick in academics) are a sans-serif (or "gothic") style of writing Latin script in which the letters are individual glyphs, with no joining.


title: Block letters

text: Elementary education in English-speaking countries typically introduces children to the literacy of handwriting using a method of block letters, which may later advance to cursive (joined) penmanship. The policy of teaching cursive in American elementary schools has varied over time, from strict endorsement such as the Palmer method in the early 20th century, to removal by Common Core in 2010, to being reinstated.


title: Block letters

text: On official forms, one is often asked to "please print". This is because cursive handwriting is harder to read, and the glyphs are joined so they do not fit neatly into separate boxes.


title: Block letters

text: Block letters may also be used as a synonym of block capitals, which means writing in all capital letters or in large and small capital letters, imitating the style of typeset capital letters. However, in at least one court case involving patents, the term "block letters" was found to include both upper and lower case.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Charles Arthur Russell Jr. (May 21, 1951 – April 4, 1992) was an American cellist, composer, producer, singer, and musician from Iowa, whose work spanned a disparate range of styles. After studying contemporary composition and Indian classical music in California, Russell relocated to New York City in the mid-1970s, where he became involved with both Lower Manhattan's avant-garde community and later the city's burgeoning disco scene. His eclectic work spanned many styles, and was often marked by his distinctive voice and adventurous production choices.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Russell worked as musical director of the New York avant-garde venue the Kitchen in 1974 and 1975. Later embracing dance music, he produced or co-produced several underground club hits under names such as Dinosaur L, Loose Joints, and Indian Ocean between 1978 and 1988, and he co-founded the label Sleeping Bag Records with Will Socolov in 1981. He amassed a large collection of unfinished recordings in the last two decades of his life owing to his perfectionism and difficulty completing full-length projects; the orchestral recording "Tower of Meaning" (1983) and vocal LP "World of Echo " (1986) were the only studio albums he issued under his name, in addition to the disco LP "24→24 Music" (1981) under his Dinosaur L alias. Over the course of his career, he collaborated with a wide variety of artists, including poet Allen Ginsberg, musicians such as Peter Gordon, Peter Zummo, and Talking Heads, and DJs such as Walter Gibbons, Nicky Siano, and Steve D'Aquisto.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Russell died from AIDS-related illnesses in 1992, still in relative obscurity and poverty. His profile rose in the 21st century owing to a series of musical releases (including collections of unreleased material) and biographical works. Several posthumous compilations of his music were released, including "The World of Arthur Russell" (2004) and "Calling Out of Context" (2004). The documentary "" was released in 2008.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Russell was born and raised in Oskaloosa, Iowa; his father was a former naval officer who eventually served as mayor of the town. As a child and adolescent, he studied the cello and piano and began to compose his own music. When he was 18 he moved to San Francisco, where he lived in a Buddhist commune led by Neville G. Pemchekov Warwick. After earning his high school equivalency, he studied North Indian classical music at the Ali Akbar College of Music and Western composition part-time at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music. He met Allen Ginsberg, with whom he began to work, accompanying him on the cello as a soloist or in groups while Ginsberg sang or read his poetry.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: In 1973, Russell moved to New York and enrolled in a formal degree program at the Manhattan School of Music, cross-registering in electronic music and linguistics classes at Columbia University. While studying at the conservatory, Russell repeatedly clashed with Pulitzer Prize-winning serialist composer and instructor Charles Wuorinen, who disparaged the composition "City Park" (a minimalist, non-narrative suite incorporating readings from the works of Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein) as "the most unattractive thing I've ever heard".


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Embittered by his experience, Russell briefly considered transferring to Dartmouth College at the behest of experimental composer Christian Wolff, whom he had sought out and befriended upon arriving in the Northeast. But after a chance meeting at a Wolff concert in Manhattan, he became close with Rhys Chatham, who arranged for Russell to succeed him as music director of The Kitchen, a downtown avant-garde performance space. As a result, he abandoned his studies and remained in New York. Russell and Chatham later briefly roomed together in a sixth-story walkup apartment at 437 East 12th Street in the East Village; Ginsberg (who maintained his primary residence in the building from 1975 to 1996 and helped Russell secure the apartment) supplied electricity to the impoverished composers through an extension cord. Russell resided in the apartment for the rest of his life. During his tenure at The Kitchen (from the autumn of 1974 to the summer of 1975), he greatly expanded the breadth and purview of the venue's offerings, crafting a program that "support[ed] other local and relatively low profile composers rather than... accentuat[ing] the work of composers who were beginning to acquire an international reputation." This approach elicited controversy when Russell booked Boston-based proto-punk band The Modern Lovers for an engagement at the venue, widely regarded as a leading bastion of minimalism. Russell's booking of Fluxus stalwart Henry Flynt's "punkabilly" ensemble Nova'billy, concluding his season as director, was likewise unsettling to the avant-garde establishment. According to biographer Tim Lawrence, "the decision to program the Modern Lovers and Talking Heads was Russell’s way of demonstrating that minimalism could be found outside of compositional music, as well as his belief that pop music could be arty, energetic and fun at the same time."


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: From 1975 to 1979, Russell was a member of The Flying Hearts, recorded by John Hammond, which consisted of Russell (keyboards/vocals), ex-Modern Lovers member Ernie Brooks (bass/vocals), Larry Saltzman (guitar), and David Van Tieghem (drums, vocals); a later incarnation in the 1980s included Joyce Bowden (vocals) and Jesse Chamberlain (drums). This ensemble was frequently augmented in live and studio performances by the likes of Chatham, David Byrne, Jon Gibson, Peter Gordon, Jerry Harrison, Garrett List (who succeeded Russell as musical director of The Kitchen), Andy Paley, Lenny Pickett and Peter Zummo. During the same period, various permutations of this ensemble, together with Glenn Iamaro, Bill Ruyle and Jon Sholle, performed & recorded excerpts from "Instrumentals", a 48-hour-long orchestral work that constituted Russell's first major work in the idiom. Selections from the "Instrumentals" sessions were eventually collected on an eponymously titled album, released by Belgian label Disques du Crepuscule in 1984. The collaboration among Russell (once again as a keyboardist), Brooks, and Chamberlain extended into The Necessaries, a power pop quartet fronted by guitarist Ed Tomney. Their lone 1981 album on Sire Records (initially released as "Big Sky" before being tweaked and re-released as "Event Horizon") featured few songwriting contributions from Russell, who abruptly left the band at the approach to the Holland Tunnel before an important concert in Washington, D.C.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: In 1976, Russell was in talks to join Talking Heads, who were a trio at the time. He recorded an acoustic version of the song "Psycho Killer" with the band, playing cello. He would also collaborate on arrangements for early Talking Heads songs. He stated that they became friends but he "ended up not joining the band. They were all from art school and were into looking severe and cool. I was never into that. I was from music school and I had long hair at the time."


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Around 1976, Russell became a habitue of New York's nascent underground disco scene, namely Nicky Siano's Gallery on Houston Street in SoHo. In a 2007 interview with "Wax Poetics" magazine, Siano downplayed the popular myth that Russell's interest in the genre solidified over the course of a single night, noting that "Louis [Aquilone, Siano's best friend and Russell's then-lover] was at the Gallery every single Saturday night. After spending a few Saturday nights without Louis, Arthur decided to come. After the third or fourth time there, he started to come without Louis". Though an eager dancer, Siano has described Russell's style as "strange... outrageous, weird... he was definitely a 'white-boy' dancer." By the time Russell was involved with Tom Lee in the 1980s, his nightlife activities had subsided to a large extent. "It wasn't like Arthur and I were in some gay disco world, getting dressed to go out to the club and dancing the night away," Lee has said. "We’d go to CBGB, we'd go to Max's Kansas City, we'd go to Tier 3 but we'd listen to the group and then go home. For him it was about the daily grind of actually playing music."


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: In 1977, trenchantly attracted to the minimalist rhythms of disco and funded by Siano's "Gallery war chest", Russell wrote and co-produced "Kiss Me Again" in collaboration with a diverse array of musicians—Flynt, Zummo, Byrne (on rhythm guitar) and Gloria Gaynor veterans Wilbur Bascomb (bass) and Alan Schwartzberg (drums)—under the moniker of Dinosaur L. The first disco single to be released by Sire Records, it was a fairly large club hit, reportedly selling "some ungodly amount, like two hundred thousand copies". Despite the modicum of commercial success and "ecstatic reaction" elicited by the record in the New York underground, according to Siano, "Ray Caviano [head of Warner/Sire's disco division] never really pushed it," and the record failed to cross over into the mainstream. The song's main hook was interpolated by Desmond Child (who was acquainted with Russell via Larry Salzman) on his minor 1979 hit "Our Love Is Insane," leading Russell to accuse the musician of infringement among his friends. Although the duo was signed to Sire to produce a follow-up single featuring Gerri Griffin of the Voices of East Harlem, the sessions stalled because of Siano's burgeoning drug habit (leading him to take temporary refuge in California) and Russell's myopic approach to recording.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: In 1980, Loose Joints (initially known as the Little All-Stars) was formed with Russell, onetime DJ Steve D'Aquisto, Columbia student and Russell confidante Steven Hall, three singers found on The Loft's dancefloor, miscellaneous other musicians, and the Ingram Brothers rhythm section (best known for later backing Patti LaBelle). With a stated ambition to create "the disco "White Album"", the group—under contract to leading underground disco label West End Records—recorded hours of music but only released three songs: "Is It All Over My Face", "Pop Your Funk" (in two disparate arrangements, including a no wave-influenced single edit), and "Tell You Today". D'Aquisto, a non-musician who favored such extemporaneous touches as off-key singing and the input of street buskers, repeatedly clashed with the perfectionist Russell throughout the sessions. Despite the acrimony, Hall felt that "[D'Aquisto] allowed shy Arthur to come out of his shell in the gayest sense. He also taught him how to let go in terms of slavishly and clairvoyantly searching for and then locking in the groove." The experimental recordings bemused many of downtown New York's disco cognoscenti, including West End head Mel Cheren and Loft proprietor David Mancuso, a predicament that led Larry Levan to remix "Is It All Over My Face" for club play; the ensuing track, based around a female vocal wiped from the original mix (and recorded on stolen studio time with Francois Kevorkian as an uncredited co-mixer) was an enduring staple of Levan's sets at the Paradise Garage and a formative influence on Chicago house, in addition to becoming a bona fide commercial hit in the New York area via airplay on WBLS.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: In 1981, Russell and entrepreneur Will Socolov (who partially financed the Loose Joints sessions) founded Sleeping Bag Records. Their first release was a recording of "24→24 Music", a controversial disco-influenced composition (with rhythmic shifts every 24 bars, hence the title) that had been commissioned by and first performed at The Kitchen in 1979. The first limited pressing of this record had a hand made silk-screened cover. Steven Hall later described its debut as "the best performance of Arthur's work that I ever attended... it was like really hot dance music and no one got it. The idea that Arthur would turn around and bring that [dance] music into their venue and present it as serious music was really very challenging to them, and very threatening to them." "Go Bang," originally released on this album but recorded three years earlier by an ensemble that included Zummo, Peter Gordon, academic/composer Julius Eastman, Bascomb, and John and Jimmy Ingram was remixed as a 12" single by Francois Kevorkian. Kevorkian's remix of "Go Bang" and Levan's remix of "In the Cornbelt" (another track from the "24→24" suite) were frequently played at the Paradise Garage.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Russell continued to release dance singles such as "Tell You Today" (4th and Broadway, 1983), an upbeat dance groove and Loose Joints holdover featuring the vocals of Joyce Bowden. Additional releases that followed included "Wax the Van" (Jump Street, 1987) and "I Need More" (Vinylmania, 1988), which paired Russell with erstwhile James Brown foil Lola Blank (then married to Bob Blank, Russell's preferred studio engineer); the Peter Zummo collaboration "School Bell/Treehouse" (Sleeping Bag, 1986); and "Let's Go Swimming" (Upside/Rough Trade, 1986), which anticipated later developments in tech house and was Russell's only dance single to be released under his own name. The latter two records were remixed by legendary 70s-era DJ Walter Gibbons, who had renounced his career for evangelical Christianity and was employed as a buyer at Rock and Soul Records in Midtown. Despite Gibbons's religious predilections, the two forged a dependable (if occasionally tempestuous) working relationship. Further Gibbons/Russell collaborations include "C-Thru" (a dance version of "See Through" on "World of Echo" that remained unreleased until 2010) and a remix of Russell's "Calling All Kids" (eventually released on the 2004 compilation "Calling out of Context").


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: At the same time, the album "Tower of Meaning (Chatham Square, 1983)" was released in a limited pressing on Philip Glass's private label. The recording was made up of incidental music intended to accompany director Robert Wilson's staging of "Medea", a partnership arranged by Glass. Although widely perceived as an important breakthrough for Russell in the compositional world, creative squabbling between the downtown luminaries culminated in Wilson barring the composer from attending rehearsals and eventually ousting Russell from the project altogether in favor of British composer Gavin Bryars. The "compelling and meditative recording", conducted by Julius Eastman, represents just a fragment of Russell's score, which includes voices along with its instrumentation.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: While Russell tangentially remained affiliated with the new music sphere in New York until his death, continuing to perform in solo and group configurations at The Kitchen and Experimental Intermedia Foundation, "Tower of Meaning" was his final orchestral effort.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: The rejection of Russell's "Corn" album (a suite of hip-hop-infused electropop including material later released on "Calling Out of Context") by Socolov in 1985, coupled with creative disagreements between the two over "Wax the Van", resulted in Russell divesting himself from Sleeping Bag Records shortly after the release of "Schoolbell/Treehouse" in 1986. According to Bob Blank in a followup to an Internet reposting of the (purportedly fallacious) 1986 article that detailed the subterfuge, Socolov "wanted to take the label to 'another level".


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: During the mid-1980s, Russell gave many performances, either accompanying himself on cello with a myriad of effects, or working with a small ensemble consisting of Steven Hall, Ernie Brooks, Peter Zummo, percussionist Mustafa Ahmed, and composer Elodie Lauten.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: September 1986 saw the release of "World of Echo" (Upside/Rough Trade, 1986). Heralded as "a magnum opus of sorts" by contemporary critics, it incorporated many of his ideas for pop, dance and classical music for both solo and cello format. The album was well-reviewed in Britain and included in Melody Maker's "Top Thirty Releases of 1986", but failed commercially.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Russell also collaborated with a number of choreographers, including John Bernd, Diane Madden, Alison Salzinger and Stephanie Woodard.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Shortly after the release of "World of Echo", Russell was diagnosed as HIV-positive. Though the disease caused throat cancer (forcing Russell to undergo chemotherapy), he remained prolific, working on voice-and-cello songs for an album to be released by Philip Glass's Point Music (some of which surfaced on the posthumous "Another Thought" in 1994) and an electronic pop album (influenced by the likes of 808 State and William Orbit and provisionally titled "1-800-Dinosaur") for Rough Trade Records. Much of the material intended for this project was included on 2004's "Calling Out of Context". Although Russell reportedly planned to submit the album in the summer of 1987, he continued tinkering with potential songs for another four years. According to Rough Trade founder Geoff Travis, "It was frustrating, but I knew he needed my support to keep financing his music."


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Russell died of AIDS-related illnesses on April 4, 1992, at the age of 40. In an April 28 column, Kyle Gann of "The Village Voice" wrote: "His recent performances had been so infrequent due to illness, his songs were so personal, that it seems as though he simply vanished into his music."


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Russell was prolific, but was also notorious for leaving songs unfinished and continually revising his music. Ernie Brooks said Russell "never arrived at a completed version of anything." Peter Gordon stated, "his quest wasn't really to do a finished product but more to do with exploring his different ways of working musically." He left behind more than 1,000 tapes when he died, 40 of them different mixes of one song. According to Russell archivist Steve Knutson, the musician's estate consists of around 800 reels of 2" and ¼" tape, "another few hundred cassettes, several dozen DAT tapes, hundreds and hundreds of pages of song lyrics and poetry".


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: As a young adult, Russell led a seemingly heterosexual lifestyle; at least two of these relationships (with Muriel Fujii in San Francisco and later Sydney Murray in New York) have been substantiated.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Although he briefly dated Allen Ginsberg in 1973, Russell did not identify as a gay man until becoming involved with hairdresser Louis Aquilone in 1976. After the relationship with Aquilone dissolved, Russell dated Donald Murk (who subsequently became Russell's manager) for several years. According to Steven Hall, the relationship was tempestuous, "with lots of threesomes and fighting and very dramatic emotional scenes". As this relationship drew to a close, Russell became acquainted with silkscreen operator Tom Lee; their friendship rapidly evolved into a domestic partnership.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Although Russell continued to see other men and women, their partnership endured until his death in 1992. Lee, who became a schoolteacher and continued to reside in the couple's rent-controlled East Village apartment until February 2011, is the executor of Russell's estate. Their relationship is detailed at length in Matt Wolf's "".


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Though never achieving great success during his lifetime, Russell has been acknowledged as an important influence on a variety of musical developments and artists in recent years. In 2004, "Stylus" described him as "criminally overlooked for far too long" and "a genius—never to be recognized in his own time, but to be enjoyed by generations to come." "PopMatters" noted "the contributions Russell made to the disparate genres of dance, disco, dub, and experimental music" and wrote that "his absolute fearlessness in lending his own unique style to even the most unlikely sound combinations is peerless." "Vice" noted that he "never settled on one genre of music [...] He made winsome country and hypersexual disco and delicate art pop," while drifting through the downtown rock and classical scenes of New York. "Bandcamp Daily" credited him with "spanning and shaping sounds as far afield as disco, minimalism, avant-garde, new wave, and folk-pop." "Pitchfork" called Russell "a changeling artist whose only parallel might be Miles Davis, constantly placing his individual sound in new contexts, constantly searching."


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Artists who have cited Russell as an influence include Dev Hynes and James Murphy. James Blake named his club night and record label after Russell's provisionally titled album "1-800-Dinosaur". Planningtorock covered Russell's song "Janine" on their album "W" in 2011, and former Everything But The Girl singer Tracey Thorn covered "Get Around to It" on her 2007 solo album "Out of the Woods". A tribute EP, "Four Songs by Arthur Russell", curated by Jens Lekman, was released in 2007 through Rough Trade Records. In 2014 the HIV/AIDS focused Red Hot Organization released a tribute triple LP compilation, "Master Mix: Red Hot + Arthur Russell", included artists Jose Gonzalez, Robyn, Hot Chip, Sufjan Stevens and Devendra Banhart among others. In 2015 Red Hot presented "Red Hot + Arthur Russell Live" featuring musicians and songs from the tribute at Brooklyn Academy of Music's Howard Gilman Opera House for two nights. In 2016, rapper Kanye West released a track entitled "30 Hours" which prominently samples Russell's "Answers Me." In 2018, American musician and composer Peter Broderick released the compilation album "Peter Broderick & Friends Play Arthur Russell" containing cover versions of songs written by Russell.


title: Arthur Russell (musician)

text: Filmmaker Matt Wolf completed a feature-length documentary on Russell called "." It premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 13, 2008. Tim Lawrence, an author and academic at the University of East London, has written a biography of Russell, entitled "Hold On to Your Dreams: Arthur Russell and the Downtown Music Scene", published in 2009. BBC Radio 4 broadcast a documentary "Arthur Russell: Vanished into Music" on September 27, 2016. The album "Tower of Meaning" was re-released in 2016 on Audika Records, while material of the album was performed live by the London Contemporary Orchestra in January 2017.


title: Tony Kaye (director)

text: Tony Kaye (born 8 July 1952) is an English director of films, music videos, advertisements, and documentaries. He is best known as the director of "American History X" (1998).


title: Tony Kaye (director)

text: He made his name as a director of television commercials with award-winning spots for British Rail InterCity ("Relax", 1988) and the Solid Fuel Advisory Council ("Furry Friends", 1988), as well as his 1993 advertisement for Dunlop Tyres ("Tested for the Unexpected") set to the sound of Venus in Furs by the Velvet Underground. By 1996 he had won 23 British Design and Art Direction (D&AD) awards, and in 2012 was jointly named "most awarded director" (co-equal with Frank Budgen) at the organisation's 50th anniversary.


title: Tony Kaye (director)

text: Kaye has also made several well-known music videos, including the video for "God's Gonna Cut You Down" by Johnny Cash, which won a Grammy Award, "Dani California" by Red Hot Chili Peppers, "What God Wants" by Roger Waters, and "Help Me" and "Runaway Train" by Soul Asylum. Kaye is a nine-time Grammy nominated music video director.


title: Tony Kaye (director)

text: His feature film debut was "American History X" (1998), a drama about racism starring Edward Norton and Edward Furlong. Kaye disowned the final cut of the film and unsuccessfully attempted to have his name removed from the credits. The film was critically lauded and Norton was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film. The battle over artistic control of the film, which has become part of Hollywood folklore, all but destroyed Kaye's career. He delivered his original cut on time and within budget – but when the producer, New Line Cinema, insisted on changes, the arguments began. The debate quickly escalated. Kaye spent $100,000 of his own money to take out 35 full-page ads in the Hollywood trade press denouncing Norton and the producer, using quotations from a variety of people from John Lennon to Abraham Lincoln. He attended a meeting at New Line to which (to ease negotiations) he brought a Catholic priest, a Jewish rabbi and a Tibetan monk. When the company offered him an additional eight weeks to re-cut the film, he said he had discovered a new vision and needed a year to remake it, and flew to the Caribbean to have the script rewritten by the Nobel Prize-winning poet Derek Walcott. Finally, when the Directors Guild refused to let him remove his name from the New Line version of the film, he demanded it to be credited to "Humpty Dumpty" instead, and filed a $200 million lawsuit when the company refused.


title: Tony Kaye (director)

text: Kaye's second feature, a documentary called "Lake of Fire", was about the abortion debate in the United States. It opened in Toronto in September 2006. The movie was shortlisted for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature (though it did not win a nomination), and was nominated for Best Documentary Film at the Independent Spirit Awards, the Chicago Film Critics Association Awards, and the Satellite Awards. "Lake of Fire" took Kaye 18 years to make.


title: Tony Kaye (director)

text: Kaye's third feature film was a crime drama titled "Black Water Transit" starring Laurence Fishburne, Karl Urban, Evan Ross, Brittany Snow, and Stephen Dorff. The film was shot in New Orleans during the summer of 2007. A rough cut was reportedly screened at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival but the film was never released to cinemas. the film is considered unfinished due to the production company's bankruptcy and the ensuing litigation.


title: Tony Kaye (director)

text: Kaye's fourth feature film, "Detachment" (2011), starring Adrien Brody, as well as featuring Kaye's daughter Betty, is a drama about teachers. It centers on Brody as a struggling substitute teacher in a failing New York public school. It premiered in April 2011 at the Tribeca Film Festival. The film screened and won awards at the following film festivals: Deauville American Film Festival, Woodstock film festival (Honorary Maverick Award for Kaye) Valenciennes International Festival of Action and Adventure Films in France, Tokyo International Film Festival, São Paulo International Film Festival, and Ramdam Film Festival in Tournai, Belgium.


title: Tony Kaye (director)

text: Kaye announced in early 2016 that he was set to direct Joe Vinciguerra's screenplay titled "Stranger Than the Wheel", starring Shia LaBeouf, and in 2018 he was reported to have signed on to direct "Honorable Men", a crime drama written by Gary DeVore. However, neither project has since come to fruition. Since 2020, he has announced several new projects in development: "African History Y" starring Djimon Hounsou; "Civil", a drama set amid the civil rights movement; and "Tremendum", a partially animated film inspired by conversations Kaye had with Marlon Brando. He is also set to direct dark comedy film "The Trainer" written by Vito Schnabel and Jeff Solomon.


title: Tony Kaye (director)

text: Kaye has been married twice. His first wife was a Romanian woman named Eugenia Volosinovici. They have two daughters. His second wife is Chinese-American artist Yan Lin Kaye. They have two daughters: Shanghai and Eema Emet Kaye.


title: Tony Kaye (director)

text: Kaye enjoys singing, songwriting and playing guitar. He is frequently found at various open mic nights around London, most notably Redrock Jam at Dublin Castle, Camden and Ant Henson's Open Mic London in Clerkenwell.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: Jayne Houdyshell (born September 25, 1953) is an American, Tony-winning actress known for her performances on stage and screen.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: Houdyshell made her Broadway debut in the 2005 production of "It's a Wonderful Life". The following year she earned her first Tony Award nomination for her role as Ann in the play "Well" in 2006. Since then she has received four more Tony Award nominations for her performances in the revival of Stephen Sondheim's musical "Follies" in 2012, the new play by Lucas Hnath "A Doll's House, Part 2" in 2017, and the revival of Meredith Willson's "The Music Man" in 2022. She won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the 2016 play "The Humans".


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: She is also known for her supporting film roles in Alexander Payne's science fiction comedy "Downsizing" (2017) and Greta Gerwig's period piece "Little Women", and for reprising her role in the 2021 film adaptation of "The Humans".


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: She has had recurring roles in various television series, including "Third Watch", "Law & Order", "", "", "Blue Bloods", and "The Good Fight". She currently stars as "Bunny Folger" on the hit Hulu comedy series "Only Murders in the Building", for which she was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: Raised in Topeka, Kansas, she is the youngest of four daughters born to Galen "Buzz" Houdyshell and Louella Taylor. She graduated from Topeka High School in 1971, and she went on to Emporia State University then on to graduate with honors from the Academy of Dramatic Art at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan in 1974.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: Since the mid-1970s, she has appeared in more than 200 plays at regional theaters throughout the United States, including the Meadow Brook Theater, Attic Theater, Missouri Repertory Theater, Asolo Repertory Theatre, Alabama Shakespeare Festival, Yale Repertory Theater, McCarter Theater, Delaware Theater Company, Wilma Theater, Syracuse Stage, Studio Arena, GeVa Theater, Actors Theater of Louisville, Steppenwolf Theater, American Conservatory Theater, Timber Lake Playhouse, Old Creamery Theatre, Totem Pole Playhouse, Peterborough Players, and others.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: Houdyshell reminisces that, after moving to Manhattan in 1980, “I was traveling all that 20 years...There was a community of actors who did that. We were itinerant actors who just continually moved around the country from theater to theater and job to job."


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: In New York, she is known for her role as "Ann Kron" in the Broadway production of "Well" by Lisa Kron. It was a role that garnered her a Tony Award nomination in 2006. She won a Theater World Award and an Obie Award, Outstanding Performance, for the Off-Broadway production of "Well", which ran in 2004 at the Public Theater.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: She received the 2005 Joseph Jefferson Award, Supporting Actress, Play for her performance in "The Pain and the Itch" for Steppenwolf Theatre Company and a 2005 Barrymore Award, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Play for her work in "The Clean House" at the Wilma Theater in Philadelphia.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: Houdyshell's Broadway credits include "Wicked", "Well", "Bye Bye Birdie", and "The Importance of Being Earnest". She played the role of "Hattie" in the 2011 revival of "Follies", and received a 2012 Tony Award nomination, Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance. Houdyshell played the Nurse in the 2013 Broadway revival of "Romeo and Juliet".


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: She appeared in "The Humans" as "Deirdre Blake", first in its Off-Broadway engagement at the Roundabout Theatre Company in September 2015 to December 2015, and then the Broadway production of the play which opened at the Helen Hayes Theatre on February 18, 2016. For "The Humans" she won the 2016 Tony Award, Featured Actress in a Play, the 2016 Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Ensemble Performance, and the Obie Award, Performance. She was also nominated for the 2016 Outer Critics Circle Award, Outstanding Actress in a Play.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: Houdyshell's other New York credits include "Harrison, TX: Three Plays by Horton Foote" at Primary Stages, "Coraline", "The New Century", at the Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater at Lincoln Center (2008); "The Receptionist" at the Manhattan Theater Club (2007); "Much Ado About Nothing" (Delacorte Theatre, 2004); "Fighting Words", and "The Pain and the Itch" at Playwrights Horizons (2009); "Attempts on Her Life" at Soho Rep; and "True Love" at the Zipper Theater (2001).


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: In April 2019, Houdyshell returned to Broadway as the Earl of Gloucester in the Sam Gold directed production of "King Lear", with Glenda Jackson in the title role.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: Houdyshell plays Eulalie Mackecknie Shinn in the 2022 revival of "The Music Man", starring Hugh Jackman and Sutton Foster.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: Houdyshell's television credits include appearances on "Third Watch", "Law & Order", "", "", "Blue Bloods", and "The Good Fight", and as Bunny Folger on "Only Murders in the Building".


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: She has appeared in numerous films, including "Changing Lanes" (2002) with Ben Affleck, "Maid in Manhattan" (2002) with Jennifer Lopez, "Garden State" (2004) with Zach Braff and Natalie Portman, "Trust the Man" (2006) with Julianne Moore, and "Everybody's Fine" (2009) with Robert DeNiro, Kate Beckinsale, Drew Barrymore, and Sam Rockwell. She also had a role in the 2010 film "The Bounty Hunter" with Jennifer Aniston and Gerard Butler


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: In 2010, she starred as the Stage Manager in the film "Morning Glory" opposite Harrison Ford, Diane Keaton, and Rachel McAdams.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: In 2015, she starred as Rose Offer on the NBC limited series "American Odyssey" opposite Anna Friel and Peter Facinelli.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: In 2017, she appeared in Alexander Payne's science fiction comedy feature "Downsizing" opposite Matt Damon.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: In 2019, she appeared as the housekeeper Hannah in Greta Gerwig's critically acclaimed and Oscar-nominated film adaptation of "Little Women" starring Saoirse Ronan, Emma Watson, Florence Pugh, Eliza Scanlen, Laura Dern, Timothée Chalamet, and Meryl Streep.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: In 2021, she reprised her Tony-winning role of Deidre Blake in "The Humans", the film adaptation of her Broadway play. The movie co-starred Richard Jenkins, Amy Schumer, Beanie Feldstein, Steven Yeun, and June Squibb. It had its world premiere at the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2021. The film was released by A24 on November 24, 2021, both in theaters and on Showtime.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: In 2021 and 2022, she played the memorable role of Bunny Folger on seasons 1 and 2 of the hit, Emmy-nominated Hulu series "Only Murders in the Building", opposite Steve Martin, Martin Short, and Selena Gomez.


title: Jayne Houdyshell

text: Her next movie "Causeway" is a psychological drama film directed by Lila Neugebauer and starring Jennifer Lawrence and Brian Tyree Henry. It had its world premiere at the 2022 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2022. It is scheduled to be released theatrically and on Apple TV+ on November 4, 2022.


title: Deborah Eisenberg

text: Deborah Eisenberg (born November 20, 1945) is an American short story writer, actress and teacher. She is a professor of writing at Columbia University.


title: Deborah Eisenberg

text: Eisenberg was born in Winnetka, Illinois. Her family is Jewish. She grew up in suburban Chicago, Illinois, and moved to New York City in the late 1960s.


title: Deborah Eisenberg

text: Eisenberg was an editorial assistant at "The New York Review of Books" in 1973. She taught at the University of Virginia from 1994 until 2011, when she accepted a teaching position at Columbia University's MFA writing program.


title: Deborah Eisenberg

text: Eisenberg has written five collections of stories: "Transactions in a Foreign Currency" (1986), "Under the 82nd Airborne" (1992), "All Around Atlantis" (1997), "Twilight of the Superheroes" (2006), and "Your Duck Is My Duck" (2018). Ben Marcus, reviewing "Twilight of the Superheroes" for "The New York Times Book Review", called Eisenberg "one of the most important fiction writers now at work. This work is great." Her first two-story collections were republished in one volume as "The Work (So Far) of Deborah Eisenberg" (1997). Her first four collections were subsequently reprinted in "The Collected Stories of Deborah Eisenberg" (2010).


title: Deborah Eisenberg

text: Eisenberg has also written a play, "Pastorale", which was produced at Second Stage in New York City in 1982. She has written for such magazines as "The New York Review of Books", "The New Yorker", and "The Yale Review". She is the credited screenwriter of the 2020 Steven Soderbergh film "Let Them All Talk", for which she wrote a 50-page treatment from which the actors largely improvised the dialogue.


title: Deborah Eisenberg

text: Eisenberg received the Rea Award for the Short Story in 2000, an award granted for significant contribution to the short story form. She has also received a Whiting Award and a Guggenheim Fellowship, both in 1987; and six O. Henry Awards, in 1986, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2006, and 2013.


title: Deborah Eisenberg

text: In 2007, Eisenberg was elected into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and in 2009 she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship. She won the 2011 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction for "The Collected Stories of Deborah Eisenberg".<ref name="2011 PEN/Faulkner Award finalists"></ref>


title: Deborah Eisenberg

text: In April 2015, in an exchange with American PEN's Executive Director Suzanne Nossel published in "The Intercept" by Glenn Greenwald, Eisenberg criticized PEN's decision to bestow its annual Freedom of Expression Courage Award to "Charlie Hebdo," calling the choice "an opportunistic exploitation of the horrible murders in Paris to justify and glorify offensive material expressing anti-Islamic and nationalistic sentiments already widely shared in the Western world." Writers Michael Moynihan, Ophelia Benson and Katha Pollitt criticized her for comparing "Charlie Hebdo" to the Nazi publication "Der Stürmer" while Jacob Siegel said she had put "dead cartoonists on trial".


title: Deborah Eisenberg

text: Joining Eisenberg in her protest of PEN's award ceremony were Peter Carey, Francine Prose, Teju Cole, Rachel Kushner and Taiye Selasi. In addition, 145 writers—including Junot Diaz, Lorrie Moore, Joyce Carol Oates and Michael Cunningham—signed a letter protesting PEN's decision. While calling the murders in the offices "sickening and tragic", the letter goes on to say, "PEN is not simply conveying support for freedom of expression but also valorizing selectively offensive material: material that intensifies the anti-Islamic, anti-Maghreb, anti-Arab sentiments already prevalent in the Western world."


title: Deborah Eisenberg

text: Her longtime companion is actor-writer Wallace Shawn. She was frequently referred to as "Debbie" in the film "My Dinner With Andre", in which she also appears as a dining patron in the restaurant near the beginning.


title: Condition number

text: In numerical analysis, the condition number of a function measures how much the output value of the function can change for a small change in the input argument. This is used to measure how sensitive a function is to changes or errors in the input, and how much error in the output results from an error in the input. Very frequently, one is solving the inverse problem: given formula_1 one is solving for "x," and thus the condition number of the (local) inverse must be used. In linear regression the condition number of the moment matrix can be used as a diagnostic for multicollinearity.


title: Condition number

text: The condition number is an application of the derivative, and is formally defined as the value of the asymptotic worst-case relative change in output for a relative change in input. The "function" is the solution of a problem and the "arguments" are the data in the problem. The condition number is frequently applied to questions in linear algebra, in which case the derivative is straightforward but the error could be in many different directions, and is thus computed from the geometry of the matrix. More generally, condition numbers can be defined for non-linear functions in several variables.


title: Condition number

text: A problem with a low condition number is said to be well-conditioned, while a problem with a high condition number is said to be ill-conditioned. In non-mathematical terms, an ill-conditioned problem is one where, for a small change in the inputs (the independent variables) there is a large change in the answer or dependent variable. This means that the correct solution/answer to the equation becomes hard to find. The condition number is a property of the problem. Paired with the problem are any number of algorithms that can be used to solve the problem, that is, to calculate the solution. Some algorithms have a property called "backward stability"; in general, a backward stable algorithm can be expected to accurately solve well-conditioned problems. Numerical analysis textbooks give formulas for the condition numbers of problems and identify known backward stable algorithms.


title: Condition number

text: As a rule of thumb, if the condition number formula_2, then you may lose up to formula_3 digits of accuracy on top of what would be lost to the numerical method due to loss of precision from arithmetic methods. However, the condition number does not give the exact value of the maximum inaccuracy that may occur in the algorithm. It generally just bounds it with an estimate (whose computed value depends on the choice of the norm to measure the inaccuracy).


title: Condition number

text: Given a problem formula_4 and an algorithm formula_5 with an input formula_6 and output formula_7 the "error" is formula_8 the "absolute" error is formula_9 and the "relative" error is formula_10


title: Condition number

text: "Ax" = "b" gives a bound on how inaccurate the solution "x" will be after approximation. Note that this is before the effects of round-off error are taken into account; conditioning is a property of the matrix, not the algorithm or floating-point accuracy of the computer used to solve the corresponding system. In particular, one should think of the condition number as being (very roughly) the rate at which the solution "x" will change with respect to a change in "b". Thus, if the condition number is large, even a small error in "b" may cause a large error in "x". On the other hand, if the condition number is small, then the error in "x" will not be much bigger than the error in "b".


title: Condition number

text: The condition number is defined more precisely to be the maximum ratio of the relative error in "x" to the relative error in "b".


title: Condition number

text: Let "e" be the error in "b". Assuming that "A" is a nonsingular matrix, the error in the solution "A""b" is "A""e". The ratio of the relative error in the solution to the relative error in "b" is


title: Condition number

text: The maximum value (for nonzero "b" and "e") is then seen to be the product of the two operator norms as follows:


title: Condition number

text: When the condition number is exactly one (which can only happen if "A" is a scalar multiple of a linear isometry), then a solution algorithm can find (in principle, meaning if the algorithm introduces no errors of its own) an approximation of the solution whose precision is no worse than that of the data.


title: Condition number

text: However, it does not mean that the algorithm will converge rapidly to this solution, just that it will not diverge arbitrarily because of inaccuracy on the source data (backward error), provided that the forward error introduced by the algorithm does not diverge as well because of accumulating intermediate rounding errors.


title: Condition number

text: The condition number may also be infinite, but this implies that the problem is ill-posed (does not possess a unique, well-defined solution for each choice of data; that is, the matrix is not invertible), and no algorithm can be expected to reliably find a solution.


title: Condition number

text: The definition of the condition number depends on the choice of norm, as can be illustrated by two examples.


title: Condition number

text: If formula_17 is the matrix norm induced by the (vector) Euclidean norm (sometimes known as the "L" norm and typically denoted as formula_18), then


title: Condition number

text: where formula_20 and formula_21 are maximal and minimal singular values of formula_22 respectively. Hence:


title: Condition number

text: The condition number with respect to "L" arises so often in numerical linear algebra that it is given a name, the condition number of a matrix.


title: Condition number

text: If formula_17 is the matrix norm induced by the formula_31 (vector) norm and formula_22 is lower triangular non-singular (i.e. formula_33 for all formula_34), then


title: Condition number

text: The condition number computed with this norm is generally larger than the condition number computed relative to the Euclidean norm, but it can be evaluated more easily (and this is often the only practicably computable condition number, when the problem to solve involves a "non-linear algebra", for example when approximating irrational and transcendental functions or numbers with numerical methods).


title: Condition number

text: If the condition number is not significantly larger than one, the matrix is well-conditioned, which means that its inverse can be computed with good accuracy. If the condition number is very large, then the matrix is said to be ill-conditioned. Practically, such a matrix is almost singular, and the computation of its inverse, or solution of a linear system of equations is prone to large numerical errors. A matrix that is not invertible has condition number equal to infinity.


title: Condition number

text: Condition numbers can also be defined for nonlinear functions, and can be computed using calculus. The condition number varies with the point; in some cases one can use the maximum (or supremum) condition number over the domain of the function or domain of the question as an overall condition number, while in other cases the condition number at a particular point is of more interest.


title: Condition number

text: The condition number of a differentiable function formula_4 in one variable as a function is formula_37. Evaluated at a point formula_6, this is


title: Condition number

text: Most elegantly, this can be understood as (the absolute value of) the ratio of the logarithmic derivative of formula_4, which is formula_41, and the logarithmic derivative of formula_6, which is formula_43, yielding a ratio of formula_44. This is because the logarithmic derivative is the infinitesimal rate of relative change in a function: it is the derivative formula_45 scaled by the value of formula_4. Note that if a function has a zero at a point, its condition number at the point is infinite, as infinitesimal changes in the input can change the output from zero to positive or negative, yielding a ratio with zero in the denominator, hence infinite relative change.


title: Condition number

text: More directly, given a small change formula_47 in formula_6, the relative change in formula_6 is formula_50, while the relative change in formula_51 is formula_52. Taking the ratio yields


title: Condition number

text: The last term is the difference quotient (the slope of the secant line), and taking the limit yields the derivative.


title: Condition number

text: Condition numbers of common elementary functions are particularly important in computing significant figures and can be computed immediately from the derivative; see significance arithmetic of transcendental functions. A few important ones are given below:


title: Condition number

text: Condition numbers can be defined for any function formula_4 mapping its data from some domain (e.g. an formula_55-tuple of real numbers formula_6) into some codomain (e.g. an formula_57-tuple of real numbers formula_51), where both the domain and codomain are Banach spaces. They express how sensitive that function is to small changes (or small errors) in its arguments. This is crucial in assessing the sensitivity and potential accuracy difficulties of numerous computational problems, for example, polynomial root finding or computing eigenvalues.


title: Condition number

text: The condition number of formula_4 at a point formula_6 (specifically, its relative condition number) is then defined to be the maximum ratio of the fractional change in formula_51 to any fractional change in formula_6, in the limit where the change formula_63 in formula_6 becomes infinitesimally small:


title: Condition number

text: where denotes the Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives of formula_4 at formula_6, and formula_72 is the induced norm on the matrix.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: The 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 2019, to elect the governor and lieutenant governor of Kentucky. The Democratic nominee, Kentucky Attorney General Andy Beshear, defeated Republican incumbent Matt Bevin by just over 5,000 votes, or 0.37%, making this the closest gubernatorial election in Kentucky since 1899 by total votes, and the closest ever by percentage. It was also the closest race of the 2019 gubernatorial election cycle.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: Beshear won by 0.37 percentage points, receiving 49.20% of the vote to Bevin's 48.83%. Bevin won 97 counties, while Beshear won 23 counties. Beshear also carried only two of the state's six congressional districts, but those districts were the state's two most urbanized, the Louisville-based 3rd and the Lexington-based 6th.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: Beshear won with overwhelming support in Louisville and Lexington, Kentucky's two main population hubs, and their suburbs, as well as major vote swings in the Republican-leaning Cincinnati suburbs and lackluster performance by Bevin in counties that had recently become Republican strongholds, particularly the coal country of Eastern Kentucky, where Beshear won multiple counties that overwhelmingly voted Republican in 2016, but were traditionally Democratic. Voter turnout was high across the state compared to past Kentucky elections, with a statewide turnout of about 42%. Fayette County (Lexington) saw a 20% increase in voter turnout, and Beshear received over twice as many votes in the county than the 2015 Democratic nominee for governor, Jack Conway. Unusually high turnout was seen as a major factor in Beshear's win.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: Beshear's win coincided with Democratic momentum nationwide in elections in 2017, 2018, and 2019, following the election of Donald Trump in 2016. However, Republicans won all other statewide offices in Kentucky, including the attorney general and secretary of state offices which Democrats held going into the election.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: Bevin conceded on November 14, after a recanvass took place that day that did not change the vote count. Libertarian John Hicks also qualified for the ballot and received 2% of the vote. Statewide turnout was just over 42%, much higher than for the 2015 gubernatorial election.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: Major-party primary elections occurred on May 21, 2019. Incumbent Republican Governor Matt Bevin was renominated by the Republican Party. Kentucky Attorney General Andy Beshear won the Democratic nomination with 37.9% of the vote in a three-way contest, in which due to his father he had the greatest name recognition.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: Bevin announced on January 25, 2019, that he would run for a second term, choosing State Senator Ralph Alvarado as his running mate over incumbent Lieutenant Governor Jenean Hampton. No Republican governor of Kentucky has ever been elected to more than one term, even after the state's constitutional prohibition of governors serving consecutive terms was repealed in 1992. The only Republican before Bevin to run for reelection, Ernie Fletcher, was defeated by Democrat Steve Beshear in 2007 (Steve Beshear is the father of Bevin's Democratic challenger, Andy). Bevin was the second Republican governor of Kentucky in the last 50 years. Andy Beshear was the first governor of Kentucky to be a direct relative of a former governor.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: Beshear had the support of 2020 Senate candidate Amy McGrath, his father and former governor Steve Beshear, former governor Paul Patton, and representative and primary challenger Rocky Adkins, all well-known Democrats in the state. Bevin had the support of President Donald Trump, who remained relatively popular in the state, particularly in rural areas. Trump and US Senator Rand Paul held a rally in support of Bevin and Republican Attorney General nominee Daniel Cameron the day before the election. Many considered the decisive factor in this election whether voters would vote based on local issues, as Bevin and his policies were deeply unpopular, or as a referendum on Trump, with whom Bevin closely aligned. The former would be more favorable for Democrats, the latter for Republicans.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: Beshear declared victory after the initial vote count, selecting J. Michael Brown to lead his transition team. Bevin refused to concede and requested a recanvassing of the vote, which took place on November 14. A recanvassing is a reprint of the voting receipts from each voting machine and is done to make sure county officials recorded vote totals correctly. It is not a recount, which the Kentucky State Constitution does not permit for gubernatorial races. The recanvass resulted in only one change, an additional vote for Independent candidate Blackii Effing Whyte, and Bevin conceded that day.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: The Libertarian Party of Kentucky is currently recognized as a "political organization" under state law, a status that grants the party ballot access, but denies it a state-operated primary. Libertarian candidates were nominated at the party's nominating convention, held in March 2019.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: Losing by a margin of less than 0.4 percentage points, Bevin did not immediately concede and requested a recanvass, or review of counted votes, which was held on November 14. According to the Kentucky state constitution, the swearing in of a Kentucky governor must be held on the fifth Tuesday following the election (December 10). While a recount law does exist in Kentucky, it does not permit recounts for gubernatorial elections. Should a candidate contest the election results, the state legislature would determine the winner after hearing a report from a randomly selected 11-member committee from the House (8) and Senate (3). This process, which is enforced through the Goebel Election Law, has only been used once, during the 1899 Kentucky gubernatorial election. Kentucky Senate President Robert Stivers and some other Republican members of the Kentucky state legislature expressed skepticism of Bevin's voter fraud claims and on November 7 urged Bevin to concede if the recanvass did not go in his favor. On November 11, U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, a Kentucky Republican, announced that "all indications are" Beshear would be the next governor. The recanvass did not result in any changes in the vote totals for either Beshear or Bevin, but found an additional vote for write-in candidate Blackii Effing Whyte.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: With the recanvass producing no change in his vote total, Bevin conceded the race on November 14. Beshear was sworn in as governor on December 10, 2019.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: Beshear won despite carrying only two of the state's six congressional districts, swamping Bevin in the 3rd and 6th districts, which encompass Kentucky's two urban centers, Louisville and Lexington, and their close-in suburbs. Bevin won the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th districts, which represent the more rural areas of the state.


title: 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election

text: Bevin carried 97 of Kentucky's 120 counties. However, Beshear swamped Bevin in urban areas. Beshear carried the state's two largest counties, Jefferson and Fayette–home to Louisville and Lexington, respectively–with over 60 percent of the vote. He also narrowly carried two of the three counties that make up the traditionally conservative Cincinnati suburbs, Kenton and Campbell.


The 2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania were held on November 8, 2022, to elect representatives for the seventeen seats in Pennsylvania (reduced from 18 in the redistricting cycle following the 2020 United States Census).


title: 2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

text: Pennsylvania's legislature enacted new district maps in January 2022, which were promptly vetoed by Governor Tom Wolf. The state supreme court took control of the process and selected a map in February 2022. After the court rejected several legal challenges in March, the new district boundaries were used in the May 2022 primary elections. Democrats won the majority of seats for the first time since 2008.


text: The 1st district is based in the northern suburbs of Philadelphia, including all of Bucks County and parts of Montgomery County. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting. It has an even PVI and voted for Joe Biden by 5 points in 2020. Republican Brian Fitzpatrick, who has represented the district since 2017, was re-elected with 56.6% of the vote in 2020. Fitzpatrick is running for re-election.


text: The 2nd district is based in central and northeastern Philadelphia. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting. It has a PVI of D+22 and voted for Joe Biden by 43 points in 2020. Democrat Brendan Boyle, who has represented the district since 2019, was re-elected with 72.5% of the vote in 2020.


text: The 3rd district is based in west and south Philadelphia. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting. It has a PVI of D+40, making it the second most democratic leaning district in the nation (behind NY-13), and voted for Joe Biden by 81 points. Democrat Dwight Evans, who has represented the district since 2019, was re-elected with 91.0% of the vote in 2020.


text: The 4th district is based in the western suburbs of Philadelphia, including most of Montgomery County and parts of Berks County. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting. It has a PVI of D+7 and voted for Joe Biden by 19 points in 2020. Democrat Madeleine Dean, who has represented the district since 2019, was re-elected with 59.5% of the vote in 2020. Dean is running for re-election.


text: The 5th district is based in the southwestern suburbs of Philadelphia, including all of Delaware County, parts of Montgomery County, and parts of south Philadelphia. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting. It has a PVI of D+14 and voted for Joe Biden by 32 points in 2020. Democrat Mary Gay Scanlon, who has represented the district since 2018, was re-elected with 64.7% of the vote in 2020. She is running for re-election.


text: The 6th district includes all of Chester County and the city of Reading in Berks County. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting. It has a PVI of D+5 and voted for Joe Biden by 15 points in 2020. Democrat Chrissy Houlahan, who has represented the district since 2019, was re-elected with 56.1% of the vote in 2020. Houlahan is running for re-election.


text: The 7th district is based in the Lehigh Valley, including all of Lehigh, Northampton, and Carbon counties and a small sliver of Monroe County. The district was modestly altered by redistricting, losing Stroudsburg in exchange for Carbon County. This made the district more conservative, with a PVI of R+2, but it voted for Joe Biden by 0.6 points in 2020. Democrat Susan Wild, a representative since 2018, was re-elected in 2020 with 52.1% of the vote. Wild is running for re-election.


text: The 8th district is based in Northeast Pennsylvania, specifically the Wyoming Valley and Pocono Mountains, including all of Lackawanna, Wayne, and Pike counties, and most of Luzerne and Monroe counties. The district added Stroudsburg in redistricting, making it slightly more liberal. It has a PVI of R+4 and voted for Donald Trump by 3 points in 2020. Democrat Matt Cartwright, who has represented the district since 2013, was re-elected with 51.8% of the vote in 2020. Cartwright is running for re-election.


text: The 9th district is based in North Central Pennsylvania east of the Appalachian Divide, including Williamsport, Bloomsburg, and Lebanon. The district kept most of its territory and added much of the now defunct 12th district in redistricting. It has a PVI of R+21 and voted for Donald Trump by 37 points in 2020. Republican Dan Meuser, who has represented the district since 2019, was re-elected with 66.3% of the vote in 2020. Meuser is running for re-election. Republican Fred Keller, who has represented the 12th district since 2019, was re-elected with 70.8% of the vote in 2020 and redistricted into the 15th district, but switched to run in the 9th district. However, on February 28, Keller announced that he would retire instead of go through a primary against Meuser.


text: The 10th district is based in the Harrisburg and York areas, including all of Dapuhin County, most of Cumberland County, and the northern half of York County. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting. It has a PVI of R+5 and voted for Donald Trump by 4 points in 2020. Republican Scott Perry, who has represented the district since 2013, was re-elected with 53.3% of the vote in 2020. Perry is running for re-election.


text: The 11th district is based in Pennsylvania Dutch Country, including all of Lancaster County and the southern half of York County. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting. It has a PVI of R+14 and voted for Donald Trump by 21 points in 2020. Republican Lloyd Smucker, who has represented the district since 2017, was re-elected with 63.1% of the vote in 2020. Smucker is running for re-election.


text: The 12th district is based in the city of Pittsburgh and its eastern and southern suburbs, including parts of Allegheny and Westmoreland counties. The district was numbered the 18th district before redistricting, with the old 12th district now eliminated. The district expanded into parts of Westmoreland County due to redistricting. It has a PVI of D+8 and voted for Joe Biden by 20 points in 2020. Democrat Mike Doyle has represented the district since 1995. He was re-elected with 69.3% of the vote in 2020. Doyle announced that he will not seek re-election in 2022.


text: The 13th district is based in South Central Pennsylvania, including Johnstown, Altoona, and Gettysburg. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting, though it did lose its territory in Somerset and Westmoreland counties in exchange for Johnstown. The district has a PVI of R+25 and voted for Donald Trump by 45 points in 2020. Republican John Joyce, who has represented the district since 2019, was re-elected in 2020 with 73.5% of the vote. Joyce is running for re-election.


text: The 14th district is based in Southwest Pennsylvania, including all of Washington, Greene, and Fayette counties, most of Indiana and Somerset counties, and parts of Westmoreland County. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting, though it did have to expand eastward to take in more population. It has a PVI of R+18 and voted for Donald Trump by 32 points in 2020. Republican Guy Reschenthaler, who has represented the district since 2019, was re-elected with 64.7% of the vote in 2020. Reschenthaler is running for re-election.


text: The 15th district is based in North Central Pennsylvania west of the Appalachian Divide, including State College, Lock Haven, and Bradford.The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting, though it did lose Johnstown in exchange for the parts of State College formerly in the 12th district. It has a PVI of R+20 and voted for Donald Trump by 37 points in 2020. Republican Glenn Thompson, who has represented the district since 2009, was re-elected with 73.5% of the vote in 2020.


text: The 16th district is based in Northwest Pennsylvania, including all of Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Lawrence, and Butler counties and parts of Venango County. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting. It has a PVI of R+13 and voted for Donald Trump by 21 points in 2020. Republican Mike Kelly, who has represented the district since 2011, was re-elected with 59.3% of the vote in 2020. He is running for re-election.


text: The 17th district is based in the western and northern suburbs of Pittsburgh, including parts of Allegheny County and all of Beaver County. The district was mostly unchanged by redistricting. It has an even PVI and voted for Joe Biden by 6 points in 2020. Democrat Conor Lamb, who represented the district since 2018, was re-elected in 2020 with 51.1% of the vote. He retired to run for the U.S. Senate in 2022.


title: Zastava Arms

text: Zastava Arms () is a Serbian manufacturer of firearms and artillery, based in Kragujevac, Serbia. It was founded in 1853 when it cast its first cannon. It is the leading producer of firearms in Serbia and is a large contributor to the local defense industry. Zastava Arms produces and exports a wide variety of products to over forty countries, including the popular Zastava M70, a Kalashnikov rifle.


title: Zastava Arms

text: The successful production of four four-pound cannons and two short howitzers on 27 October 1853 is date of foundation of Zastava Arms in Kragujevac. Between 1856 and 1860, the facilities in Kragujevac received many upgrades to its manufacturing system, eventually allowing the plant to produce weapons with full parts interchangeability. In 1878, one of the main priorities became the modernization of armaments. Serbian rifle „Piboduša“ Model 1870 Peabody became obsolete with their large 14,9mm caliber. After a research project and a competitive tender in 1879, a new model rifle was chosen as the replacement. The first domestic-made repeating rifle, a derivative of the Mauser Model 1871 bolt-action rifle, was designed in 1880 by Kosta Milovanović and was named "Mauzer Milovanović M. 1880", known as "Mauser-Koka" or "Koka's Rifle", after its designer. The weapon was first manufactured in Germany and was called the Mauser-Milovanović M1878/80, cal. 10,15mm.


title: Zastava Arms

text: In 1924 and 1925, the Ministry of the Interior signed contracts with FN Herstal, Belgium which allowed the production of M24 series bolt-action rifles chambered in 7.92×57mm Mauser. A factory for production of rifles and infantry ammunition was also built. The factory for production of infantry ammunition began production on 22 March 1928 and the factory for production of rifles and ammunition began operation on October 15 (the 75th anniversary of the first casting of cannons in Kragujevac). In 1930, the factory started the production of signal pistols 26 mm M 1929 on a Czechoslovakian license. In July 1936, the factory received a license from the Czechoslovakian Zbrojovka Brno to produce the light machinegun ZB vz. 26 7.9 mm M 1937.


title: Zastava Arms

text: Zastava Arms was heavily damaged during World War II. When Kragujevac was liberated on 21 October 1944, the weapons factory was repaired to working order within months and production began shortly after, with the 9mm M 1944 B2 submachine gun developed the same year. The next postwar production rifle was the 7.92×57mm Mauser Model 1948 based on the Model 24. The production of air rifles and sporting rifles on the basis of the M48 rifle started in 1953. In 1954, Zastava started the production of shotguns and small bore rifles, as well as the 7.9 mm M53 ¨Sarac¨ machine gun. Batch production of the 7.62×39mm PAP M59 semi-automatic rifle started in 1964. In the 1964, the factory started the development of an automatic rifle based on the Kalashnikov system, which was designated the M67 in 1967. On the basis of the M67 rifle, the factory developed an automatic rifle chambered in 7.62×39mm, which was named the Zastava M70 in the following year. The Yugoslav People's Army adopted the M70 assault rifle into its arsenal in 1970. Small arms derivatives of the M70 produced rifles chambered in Western bloc ammunition such as 7.62×51mm NATO and 5.56×45mm NATO were also produced. In 1988, the factory developed a compact pistol in 9 mm Parabellum, the M88.


title: Zastava Arms

text: In the 1980s, the plant for the M84, M86 in 7.62×54mmR and 12.7 NSV M87 machine guns began to operate. In July 1989, Zastava started the development of a double-action pistol in caliber 9mm PARA CZ 99. In 1992, the factory finished the development and testing and started batch production of the 7.62 mm M92 submachine gun, based on the M85 submachine gun. Using the Mauser mechanism, the factory developed a 12.7 mm long range rifle, the Black Arrow M93.


title: Zastava Arms

text: During the Yugoslav Wars of 1991 to 1995, the United Nations placed economic sanctions on the import and export of weapons from Yugoslavia. Production slowed as a result. In 1999, the factory was damaged by NATO bombing.


title: Zastava Arms

text: In 2005, a memorandum of understanding was signed with Remington Arms to export hunting and sporting guns to the United States, Canada and Mexico. From 2005 to 2014, Zastava Arms underwent restructuring.


title: Zastava Arms

text: In 2013, the Government of Serbia made a decision to convert debt of defense industry companies to state into shares in a company, with Zastava Arms owing the most at over 80 million euros in taxes. However, the realization of that decision has been postponed indefinitely, making Zastava Arms the most indebted defense industry company in Serbia.


title: Zastava Arms

text: The Government of Serbia invested 9.7 million euros in the factory's modernization in 2017, for the needs of defense industry.


title: Zastava Arms

text: In January 2019, the creation of Zastava Arms USA was announced, which would serve as "exclusive importer and distributor" of Zastava Arms products for the US market. As of June 2019, company's debt in taxes increased to 85 million euros, with total debt being at around 145 million euros.


title: Zastava Arms

text: Production of firearms in 2020 increased 20%, despite the COVID-19 pandemic. The deals made in 2020 were worth 95 million dollars, with buyers mostly from Asia, Africa and the United States.


title: New York-class battleship

text: The "New York" class was a pair of super-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy between 1911 and 1914. The two ships of the class, and , saw extensive service beginning in the occupation of Veracruz, World War I, and World War II.


title: New York-class battleship

text: Designed as a more heavily armed improvement over the previous , the "New York" class was the first battleship to feature the /45 caliber gun and the first americans super-dreadnought, but was one of the last battleship classes designed with a five-turret layout and coal for fuel. The class also suffered several deficiencies such as a lack of anti-aircraft weaponry and armor layout, which were addressed with the subsequent . Because of these deficiencies, both ships saw several extensive overhauls over the course of their careers which greatly changed their appearance.


title: New York-class battleship

text: Both "New York" and "Texas" entered service in 1914 and immediately served in the occupation of Veracruz, and service reinforcing the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet in the North Sea during World War I, during which time "New York" is believed to have sunk a U-boat in an accidental collision. Both ships undertook numerous training exercises and overhauls during the interwar era, and joined the Neutrality Patrol at the beginning of World War II. Outmoded by more advanced battleships in service, both ships served primarily as convoy escorts and naval artillery during the war. "New York" supported Operation Torch in North Africa, undertook convoy patrols and training in the Atlantic, and supported the Battle of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa. "Texas" supported Operation Torch, Operation Overlord, the bombardment of Cherbourg, Operation Dragoon and the battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Following the war, "New York" was used as a target ship in Operation Crossroads and sunk as a target in 1948, while "Texas" was converted into a museum ship, and was moored in San Jacinto State Park till being moved to a drydock in Galveston, Texas in August of 2022 for restoration operations.


title: New York-class battleship

text: The "New York" class was the fifth of 11 separate classes planned by the United States Navy between 1906 and 1919, a total of 29 battleships and 6 battlecruisers. Virtually the entire American battle line was being designed from pre-dreadnought experience and observation of foreign designs. The design of the "New York"-class battleship originated in the 1908 Newport Conference, which resulted in a new method for battleship design, with the General Board taking a more active role in the design process of ships, and the navy's Board on Construction would implement the design instead of creating it. While the "New York" class was mostly designed by the Board on Construction, lessons learned on the class allowed the General Board to take the lead on the following s.


title: New York-class battleship

text: The Newport Conference established a general consensus among leaders that US Navy ships should carry larger batteries in response to the increasing caliber of battleships in other countries, notably the BL 13.5 inch Mk V naval gun which had been introduced by the Royal Navy's , as well as the German Navy's shift from to guns. There was debate at the time as to whether the s, laid down in 1909, should carry heavier armament than the /45 caliber Mark 5 gun. Ultimately, on 30 March 1909, US Congress approved the construction of two "Design 601" battleships, also known as Battleship 1910 with six 12-inch turrets, which the General Board had selected over two 14-inch designs in 1909. These would become the . At the same time, the General Board began planning for the next class of ships, and on 21 April 1909 decided on two battleships with similar sizes, and after some debate about main guns approval of two battleships was granted on 24 June 1910. In 1911 the US Senate's Naval Affairs Committee suggested reducing the size of the ships as part of a $24,000,000 budget reduction, but Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer fought to keep the original design and the ships were not altered.


title: New York-class battleship

text: The class is generally referred to as the "New York" class, but it is also occasionally called the "Texas" class because "New York" was completed several months after her sister, "Texas".


title: New York-class battleship

text: As designed, the ships had a standard displacement of and a full-load displacement of . They were in length overall, at the waterline, and had a beam of and a draft of . The ships underwent significant changes and increases in armor and armament over their operational lives. Following her fourth and final refit in 1943, "New York" increased her displacement to standard and full-load. The final refit for "Texas" came in 1945, after which she displaced standard and at full load. As designed, the ships had a crew complement consisting of 1,042 officers and enlisted men. By 1945, "Texas" was carrying 1,723 officers and enlisted men with the addition of crews for additional weapons as well as a new complement of Marines.


title: New York-class battleship

text: The main battery of the class consisted of ten 14-inch/45 caliber guns, arrayed in five 2-gun turrets designated 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and able to elevate to 15 degrees. The class was the last to feature a turret mounted amidships. In 1910 the US Navy's Bureau of Ordnance had successfully designed and tested its 14-inch naval gun. The gun proved to have remarkable accuracy and uniformity of pattern. The "New York" class was the fifth class of US dreadnought battleship design created, and work had already started on the sixth design, the . By 1910 no US dreadnought type battleship had yet hit the water, as all were either at some stage of building or in design. Virtually the entire US Navy battle line was being designed by drawing on experience from pre-dreadnought designs or from observation of foreign battleship designs.