title: Battlestar Galactica (miniseries)

text: In 2002, Universal Pictures (the legal rights holder to "Battlestar Galactica"), instead opted for a remake rather than a sequel. David Eick approached Ronald D. Moore about a new four-hour "Battlestar Galactica" miniseries for Universal. Moore developed the miniseries with Eick, writing the scripts and updating the old series, also developing a backstory that could work for a regular weekly series, should the miniseries be successful. At the same time, Moore was approached by HBO about running a new television series, "Carnivàle". While Moore worked on the first year of "Carnivàle", Eick ran the day-to-day production of the "Battlestar Galactica" miniseries in Canada. "Battlestar Galactica" aired in 2003 and became the highest-rated miniseries on cable that year, and the best ratings that year for any show on Sci-Fi. After "Carnivàle" reached the end of its first season and the Sci-Fi Channel ordered a thirteen-episode weekly series of "Battlestar Galactica", Moore left "Carnivàle" to assume a full-time executive producer role on "Battlestar Galactica".


title: Battlestar Galactica (miniseries)

text: The special effects of the miniseries were created by Zoic Studios, who previously worked on the "Firefly" television series. In the opening minutes of Part 1, as the character of Laura Roslin sits in her doctor's office, a Firefly class ship is seen flying above the city. However, the ship does not appear in the Season 2 episode "Epiphanies" in which Roslin reflects on her wait in the doctor's office.


title: Battlestar Galactica (miniseries)

text: The regular series also contains effects by Atmosphere Studios, Enigma Animation Productions and the production's own effects team. Executive producer Ronald D. Moore said the outer space battles were created and rendered to look like a Discovery Channel crew was actually shooting footage. Filming took place in Vancouver, British Columbia.


title: Battlestar Galactica (miniseries)

text: Brian Lowry of "Variety" wrote: "Battlestar Galactica" takes a while to find its directional heading and build up steam, but once it does, this proves to be a surprisingly engrossing odyssey."


title: Battlestar Galactica (miniseries)

text: Ned Martel of "The New York Times" wrote: "The project might all be an exploitative departure from the "Battlestar Galactica" brand name, but it's hard not to like where the spacemen (and spacewomen) are going."


title: Battlestar Galactica (miniseries)

text: In 2005, Tor Books published "Battlestar Galactica" (the miniseries), by Jeffrey A. Carver—a novelization of the 2003 miniseries. The book incorporates deleted scenes and gives background information not seen on screen.


title: Billabong

text: Billabong ( ) is an Australian term for an oxbow lake, an isolated pond left behind after a river changes course. Billabongs are usually formed when the path of a creek or river changes, leaving the former branch with a dead end. As a result of the arid Australian climate in which these "dead rivers" are often found, billabongs fill with water seasonally but can be dry for a greater part of the year.


title: Billabong

text: The etymology of the word "billabong" is disputed. The word is most likely derived from the Wiradjuri term "bilabaŋ", which means "a watercourse that runs only after rain". It is derived from "bila", meaning "river", It may have been combined with "bong" or "bung", meaning "dead". One source, however, claims that the term is of Scottish Gaelic origin.


title: Billabong

text: Billabongs were significant because they held water longer than parts of rivers; it was important for people to identify and name these areas.


title: Billabong

text: Both Aboriginal Australians and European artists use billabongs as subject matter in painting. For example, Aboriginal painter Tjyllyungoo (Lance Chad) has a watercolour entitled "Trees at a billabong".


title: 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system

text: The Tri-Service aircraft designation system is a unified system introduced in 1962 by the United States Department of Defense for designating all U.S. military aircraft. Previously, the U.S. armed services used separate nomenclature systems.


text: Under the tri-service designation system, officially introduced on 18 September 1962, almost all aircraft receive a unified designation, whether they are operated by the United States Air Force (USAF), United States Navy (USN), United States Marine Corps (USMC), United States Army, or United States Coast Guard (USCG). Experimental aircraft operated by manufacturers or by NASA are also often assigned designations from the X-series of the tri-service system.


text: The 1962 system was based on the one used by the USAF between 1948 and 1962, which was in turn based on the type, model, series USAAS/USAAC/USAAF system used from 1924 to 1948. The 1962 system has been modified and updated since introduction.


text: The Tri-Service system was first enacted on 6 July 1962 by the DoD Directive 4505.6 "Designating, Redesignating, and Naming Military Aircraft" and was implemented via Air Force Regulation (AFR) 66-11, Army Regulation (AR) 700-26, Bureau of Weapons Instruction (BUWEPSINST) 13100.7 on 18 September 1962. Anecdotally, the Tri-Service system was partly brought about due to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara's confusion and frustration with the different designation systems the Navy and Air Force used at the time which resulted in the F-4H and F-110 both being used to refer to, essentially, the same aircraft. The Tri-Service aircraft designation system was presented alongside the 1963 rocket and guided missile designation system in Air Force Regulation (AFR) 82-1/Army Regulation (AR) 70-50/Naval Material Command Instruction (NAVMATINST) 8800.4A (published 27 March 1974) and the two systems have been concurrently presented and maintained in joint publications since.


text: The most recent changes were mandated by Joint Regulation 4120.15E Designating and Naming Military Aerospace Vehicles and were implemented via Air Force Instruction (AFI) 16-401, Army Regulation (AR) 70-50, Naval Air Systems Command Instruction (NAVAIRINST) 13100.16 on 3 November 2020. The list of military aircraft was maintained via 4120.15-L Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles until its transition to data.af.mil on 31 August 2018.


text: Of these components, only the "Basic Mission", "Design Number" and "Series Letter" are mandatory. In the case of special vehicles a "Vehicle Type" symbol must also be included. The U.S. Air Force characterizes this designation system as "MDS", while the Navy, and Marine Corps refer to it as "Type/Model/Series" (T/M/S).


text: These optional prefixes are attached to aircraft not conducting normal operations, such as research, testing and development. The prefixes are:


text: A temporary special test means the aircraft is intended to return to normal service after the tests are completed, while permanent special test aircraft are not. The Planning code is no longer used but was meant to designate aircraft "on the drawing board". For example, using this system an airframe such as the F-13 could have initially been designated as ZF-13 during the design phase, possibly XF-13 if experimental testing was required before building a prototype, the YF-13; the final production model would simply be designated F-13 (with the first production variant being the F-13A). Continuing the example, some F-13s during their service life may have been used for testing modifications or researching new designs and designated JF-13 or NF-13; finally after many years of service, the airframe would be permanently grounded due to safety or economic reasons as GF-13.


text: Aircraft which are modified after manufacture or even built for a different mission to the standard airframe of a particular design are assigned a modified mission code. They are:


text: The multi-mission and utility missions could be considered the same thing; however they are applied to multipurpose aircraft conducting certain categories of mission. M-aircraft conduct combat or special operations while U-aircraft conduct combat support missions, such as transport (e.g., UH-60) and electronic warfare (e.g., MC-12). Historically, the vast majority of U.S. Coast Guard air assets included the H-code (e.g., HH-60 Jayhawk or HC-130 Hercules). In the 21st century, the Coast Guard has used the multi-mission designation for their armed rescue helicopters (MH-60 Jayhawk or MH-65 Dolphin).


text: All aircraft are to be assigned a basic mission code. In some cases, the basic mission code is replaced by one of the modified mission codes when it is more suitable (e.g., M in MH-53J Pave Low III). The defined codes are:


text: The rise of the multirole fighter in the decades since the system was introduced has created some confusion about the difference between attack and fighter aircraft. According to the current designation system, an attack aircraft ("A") is designed primarily for air-to-surface missions (also known as "attack missions"), while a fighter category "F" incorporates not only aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air warfare, but also multipurpose aircraft designed also for attack missions. The Air Force has even assigned the "F" designation to attack-only aircraft, such as the F-111 Aardvark and F-117 Nighthawk.


text: The only "A" designated aircraft currently in the U.S. Air Force is the A-10 Thunderbolt II. The last front line "A" designated in the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps was the A-6 Intruder, with the only strictly "A" designated fixed-wing aircraft remaining is the A-29 Super Tucano leased under the "Imminent Fury" program.


text: When the new mission codes were implemented, the numerical series were restarted, causing some redesignated naval aircraft and subsequent new designs to overlap disused USAAC/USAAF designations.


text: Of these code series, no normal aircraft have been assigned a "K" or "R" basic mission code in a manner conforming to the system.


text: The vehicle type element is used to designate the type of aerospace craft. Aircraft not in one of the following categories (most fixed-wing aircraft) are not required to carry a type designator. The type categories are:


text: A UAV control segment is not an aircraft, it is the ground control equipment used to command a UAV. Only in recent years has an aircraft been designated as a spaceplane, the proposed MS-1A.


text: According to the designation system, aircraft of a particular vehicle type or basic mission (for manned, fixed-wing, powered aircraft) were to be numbered consecutively. Numbers were not to be assigned to avoid confusion with other letter sequences or to conform with manufacturers' model numbers. Recently this rule has been ignored, and aircraft have received a design number equal to the model number (e.g., KC-767A) or have kept the design number when they are transferred from one series to another (e.g., the X-35 became the F-35).


text: Different versions of the same basic aircraft type are to be delineated using a single letter suffix beginning with "A" and increasing sequentially (skipping "I" and "O" to avoid confusion with the numbers "1" and "0"). It is not clear how much modification is required to merit a new series letter, e.g., the F-16C production run has varied extensively over time. The modification of an aircraft to carry out a new mission does not necessarily require a new suffix (e.g., F-111Cs modified for reconnaissance are designated RF-111C), but often a new letter is assigned (e.g., the UH-60As modified for Search and Rescue missions are designated HH-60G).


text: Some series letters have been skipped to forestall confusion with pre-1962 naval designations; for instance, there was no "H" version of the F-4 Phantom II because the aircraft type was previously designated F4H.


text: Since the 1962 system was introduced there have been several instances of non-systematic aircraft designations and skipping of design numbers.


text: The most common changes are to use a number from another series, or some other choice, rather than the next available number (117, 767, 71). Another is to change the order of the letters or use new acronym based letters (e.g. SR) rather than existing ones. Non-systematic designations are both official and correct, since the DOD has final authority to approve such designations.


text: The design number "13" has been skipped in many mission and vehicle series for its association with superstition. Some numbers were skipped when a number was requested and/or assigned to a project but the aircraft was never built.


text: From 1939, a 2-letter manufacturer's code was added to designations to easily identify the manufacturer and the production plant. For example, F-15E-50-MC, the "MC" being the code for the McDonnell Douglas plant at St. Louis, Missouri.


text: In 1941 block numbers were added to designations to show minor equipment variations between production blocks. The block number appears in the designation between the model suffix and manufacturers code (for example F-100D-85-NH). Initially they incremented in numerical order −1, −2, −3 but this was changed to −1, −5, −10, −15 in increments of five. The gaps in the block numbers could be used for post-delivery modifications, for example a F-100D-85-NH could be modified in the field to F-100D-86-NH. Not all types have used block numbers.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: Pedro Guilherme Abreu dos Santos (born 20 June 1997), better known as Pedro, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Flamengo and the Brazil national team.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: He began his career with Fluminense, playing 93 total games and scoring 31 goals. In 2019, he signed for Fiorentina for €11 million, but after playing rarely in Serie A he returned to Brazil with Flamengo, initially on loan before a permanent transfer. He has won several honours with Flamengo, including the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A in 2020 and two Campeonato Carioca titles.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: Born in Rio de Janeiro, Pedro began his career at the age of eight in the youth ranks of Flamengo, who released him at the age of 14. He spent two years at Duquecaxiense and had a brief spell at Artsul before moving to Flamengo's rivals Fluminense.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: He made his professional debut on 10 March 2016 in a 2–0 win over Criciúma in the Primeira Liga, starting the match in what was his only appearance as Fluminense won the tournament. On 26 June that year he played his first game in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, replacing Richarlison for the final seven minutes of a 2–1 win over rivals Flamengo, and made two more substitute appearances over the season.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: On 24 January 2017, substitute Pedro scored his first professional goal in a 3–2 win over Criciúma in the Primeira Liga opener, and he added two more in ten games as they came runners-up to Flamengo in the Campeonato Carioca. On 21 September, he scored the crucial away goal in a 2–1 loss away to LDU Quito in the second leg of the round of 16 in the Copa Sudamericana, sending "Flu" through.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: Pedro became a regular in the 2018 Campeonato Carioca season, top scoring with seven goals in 13 games, earning him a place in the Team of the Tournament. On 25 March, he opened a 3–0 win over Botafogo at the Maracanã Stadium to win the Taça Rio.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: In the summer of 2018, Pedro attracted offers from other clubs, with Fluminense rejecting an €8.5 million offer from Bordeaux and a €15 million bid by Mexico's Monterrey. Despite a knee injury, he was Fluminense's top scorer of the league season with 10 goals in 19 games, and 19 in 40 games over the whole year; he was named Best Newcomer at the "Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão".


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: On 2 September 2019, Pedro joined Italian club Fiorentina on a five-year contract. The transfer fee was €11 million, of which €8 million went to Fluminense for 30% out of their 50% share in his economic rights, and the other €3 million was paid to Artsul, a third-party owner who owned the other 50%.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: Pedro made his debut in Serie A on 3 November in a 1–1 home draw with Parma, replacing Kevin-Prince Boateng for the final five minutes. He played only 59 minutes in Italy.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: On 23 January 2020, Pedro returned to Rio de Janeiro, joining Flamengo on loan for the rest of the year, for a fee of €1 million with the option to purchase. He made his debut on 4 February in the state championship, replacing Giorgian de Arrascaeta in the 65th minute away to Resende and scoring the equaliser in a 3–1 win eight minutes later. He helped his side to a 3–1 aggregate final win over Fluminense in July, scoring the opening goal.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: In the national league season, Pedro scored his first goals on 2 September 2020 with two in a 5–3 win at Bahia. With 13 goals, he was 7th top scorer in the league, which his team won. He was unused as the team won the Supercopa do Brasil against Athletico Paranaense, but scored from the bench in a 5–2 aggregate win over Independiente del Valle in the Recopa Sudamericana.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: On 9 December 2020, Pedro signed a contract with Flamengo lasting until 2025, for a fee of €15 million. The fee was paid in instalments, with Fluminense and Artsul also receiving. Towards the end of the following year's state league, he scored all of the goals in a 3–0 win at Volta Redonda on 1 May.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: Pedro was called up by coach Tite for the Brazil national team in August 2018, for friendlies against the United States and El Salvador. However, he withdrew through injury and was replaced by his former clubmate Richarlison. On 13 November 2020, he made his debut in a 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Venezuela, which Brazil won 1–0.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: On 17 June 2021, Pedro was named in the Brazil squad for the 2020 Summer Olympics. However, he withdrew from the squad on 2 July after Flamengo declined to release him for the tournament, and was replaced again by Richarlison.


title: Pedro (footballer, born 1997)

text: Pedro scored his first senior international goal on 27 September 2022, in a 5–1 win over Tunisia. On 7 November, he was named in the squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: Hugh Ramapolo Masekela (4 April 1939 – 23 January 2018) was a South African trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, singer and composer who was described as "the father of South African jazz". Masekela was known for his jazz compositions and for writing well-known anti-apartheid songs such as "Soweto Blues" and "Bring Him Back Home". He also had a number-one US pop hit in 1968 with his version of "Grazing in the Grass".


title: Hugh Masekela

text: Hugh Ramapolo Masekela was born in the township of KwaGuqa in Witbank (now called Emalahleni), South Africa, to Thomas Selena Masekela, who was a health inspector and sculptor and his wife, Pauline Bowers Masekela, a social worker. His younger sister Barbara Masekela is a poet, educator and ANC activist. As a child, he began singing and playing piano and was largely raised by his grandmother, who ran an illegal bar for miners. At the age of 14, after seeing the 1950 film "Young Man with a Horn" (in which Kirk Douglas plays a character modelled on American jazz cornetist Bix Beiderbecke), Masekela took up playing the trumpet. His first trumpet was bought for him from a local music store by Archbishop Trevor Huddleston, the anti-apartheid chaplain at St. Peter's Secondary School now known as St. Martin's School (Rosettenville).


title: Hugh Masekela

text: Huddleston asked the leader of the then Johannesburg "Native" Municipal Brass Band, Uncle Sauda, to teach Masekela the rudiments of trumpet playing. Masekela quickly mastered the instrument. Soon, some of his schoolmates also became interested in playing instruments, leading to the formation of the Huddleston Jazz Band, South Africa's first youth orchestra. When Louis Armstrong heard of this band from his friend Huddleston he sent one of his own trumpets as a gift for Hugh. By 1956, after leading other ensembles, Masekela joined Alfred Herbert's African Jazz Revue.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: From 1954, Masekela played music that closely reflected his life experience. The agony, conflict, and exploitation faced by South Africa during the 1950s and 1960s inspired and influenced him to make music and also spread political change. He was an artist who in his music vividly portrayed the struggles and sorrows, as well as the joys and passions of his country. His music protested about apartheid, slavery, government; the hardships individuals were living. Masekela reached a large population that also felt oppressed due to the country's situation.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: Following a Manhattan Brothers tour of South Africa in 1958, Masekela wound up in the orchestra of the musical "King Kong", written by Todd Matshikiza. "King Kong" was South Africa's first blockbuster theatrical success, touring the country for a sold-out year with Miriam Makeba and the Manhattan Brothers' Nathan Mdledle in the lead. The musical later went to London's West End for two years.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: At the end of 1959, Dollar Brand (later known as Abdullah Ibrahim), Kippie Moeketsi, Makhaya Ntshoko, Jonas Gwangwa, Johnny Gertze and Hugh formed the Jazz Epistles, the first African jazz group to record an LP. They performed to record-breaking audiences in Johannesburg and Cape Town through late 1959 to early 1960.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: Following the 21 March 1960 Sharpeville massacre—where 69 protestors were shot dead in Sharpeville, and the South African government banned gatherings of ten or more people—and the increased brutality of the Apartheid state, Masekela left the country. He was helped by Trevor Huddleston and international friends such as Yehudi Menuhin and John Dankworth, who got him admitted into London's Guildhall School of Music in 1960. During that period, Masekela visited the United States, where he was befriended by Harry Belafonte. After securing a scholarship back in London, Masekela moved to the United States to attend the Manhattan School of Music in New York, where he studied classical trumpet from 1960 to 1964. In 1964, Miriam Makeba and Masekela were married, divorcing two years later.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: He had hits in the US with the pop jazz tunes "Up, Up and Away" (1967) and the number-one smash "Grazing in the Grass" (1968), which sold four million copies. He also appeared at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, and was subsequently featured in the film "Monterey Pop" by D. A. Pennebaker and mentioned in the song "Monterey" by Eric Burdon & the Animals. In 1974, Masekela and friend Stewart Levine organised the Zaire 74 music festival in Kinshasa set around the Rumble in the Jungle boxing match.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: He played primarily in jazz ensembles, with guest appearances on recordings by the Byrds ("So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star" and "Lady Friend") and Paul Simon ("Further to Fly"). In 1984, Masekela released the album "Techno Bush"; from that album, a single entitled "Don't Go Lose It Baby" peaked at number two for two weeks on the dance charts. In 1987, he had a hit single with "Bring Him Back Home". The song became enormously popular, and turned into an unofficial anthem of the anti-apartheid movement and an anthem for the movement to free Nelson Mandela.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: A renewed interest in his African roots led Masekela to collaborate with West and Central African musicians, and finally to reconnect with Southern African players when he set up with the help of Jive Records a mobile studio in Botswana, just over the South African border, from 1980 to 1984. Here he re-absorbed and re-used mbaqanga strains, a style he continued to use following his return to South Africa in the early 1990s.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: In 1985 Masekela founded the Botswana International School of Music (BISM), which held its first workshop in Gaborone in that year. The event, still in existence, continues as the annual Botswana Music Camp, giving local musicians of all ages and from all backgrounds the opportunity to play and perform together. Masekela taught the jazz course at the first workshop, and performed at the final concert.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: Also in the 1980s, Masekela toured with Paul Simon in support of Simon's album "Graceland", which featured other South African artists such as Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Miriam Makeba, Ray Phiri, and other elements of the band Kalahari, which was co-founded by guitarist Banjo Mosele and which backed Masekela in the 1980s. As well as recording with Kalahari, he also collaborated in the musical development for the Broadway play "Sarafina!", which premiered in 1988.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: In 2003, he was featured in the documentary film "". In 2004, he released his autobiography, "Still Grazing: The Musical Journey of Hugh Masekela", co-authored with journalist D. Michael Cheers, which detailed Masekela's struggles against apartheid in his homeland, as well as his personal struggles with alcoholism from the late 1970s to the 1990s. In this period, he migrated, in his personal recording career, to mbaqanga, jazz/funk, and the blending of South African sounds, through two albums he recorded with Herb Alpert, and solo recordings, "Techno-Bush" (recorded in his studio in Botswana), "Tomorrow" (featuring the anthem "Bring Him Back Home"), "Uptownship" (a lush-sounding ode to American R&B), "Beatin' Aroun de Bush", "Sixty", "Time", and "Revival". His song "Soweto Blues", sung by his former wife, Miriam Makeba, is a blues/jazz piece that mourns the carnage of the Soweto riots in 1976. He also provided interpretations of songs composed by Jorge Ben, Antônio Carlos Jobim, Caiphus Semenya, Jonas Gwangwa, Dorothy Masuka, and Fela Kuti.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: In 2006 Masekela was described by Michael A. Gomez, professor of history and Middle Eastern and Islamic studies at New York University as "the father of African jazz."


title: Hugh Masekela

text: In 2009, Masekela released the album "Phola" (meaning "to get well, to heal"), his second recording for 4 Quarters Entertainment/Times Square Records. It includes some songs he wrote in the 1980s but never completed, as well as a reinterpretation of "The Joke of Life (Brinca de Vivre)", which he recorded in the mid-1980s. From October 2007, he was a board member of the Woyome Foundation for Africa.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: In 2010, Masekela was featured, with his son Selema Masekela, in a series of videos on ESPN. The series, called "Umlando – Through My Father's Eyes", was aired in 10 parts during ESPN's coverage of the FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The series focused on Hugh's and Selema's travels through South Africa. Hugh brought his son to the places he grew up. It was Selema's first trip to his father's homeland.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: On 3 December 2013, Masekela guested with the Dave Matthews Band in Johannesburg, South Africa. He joined Rashawn Ross on trumpet for "Proudest Monkey" and "Grazing in the Grass".


title: Hugh Masekela

text: In 2016, at Emperors Palace, Johannesburg, Masekela and Abdullah Ibrahim performed together for the first time in 60 years, reuniting the Jazz Epistles in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the historic 16 June 1976 youth demonstrations.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: Masekela was involved in several social initiatives, and served as a director on the board of the Lunchbox Fund, a non-profit organization that provides a daily meal to students of township schools in Soweto.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: From 1964 to 1966 Masekela was married to singer and activist Miriam Makeba. He had subsequent marriages to Chris Calloway (daughter of Cab Calloway), Jabu Mbatha, and Elinam Cofie. During the last few years of his life, he lived with the dancer Nomsa Manaka. He was the father of American television host Sal Masekela. Poet, educator, and activist Barbara Masekela is his younger sister. He was also the biological uncle of rapper and musician Earl Sweatshirt.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: Masekela was honoured with a Google Doodle on 4 April 2019, which would have been his 80th birthday. The Doodle depicts Masekela, dressed in colourful shirt, playing a flugelhorn in front of a banner.


title: Hugh Masekela

text: Masekela was nominated for a Grammy Award three times, including a nomination for Best World Music Album for his 2012 album "Jabulani", one for Best Musical Cast Show Album for "Sarafina! The Music Of Liberation" (1989) and one for Best Contemporary Pop Performance for the song "Grazing in the Grass" (1968).


title: Lake Eyre

text: Lake Eyre ( ), officially known as Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre, is an endorheic lake in east-central Far North South Australia, some north of Adelaide. The shallow lake is the depocentre of the vast endorheic Lake Eyre basin, and contains the lowest natural point in Australia at approximately below sea level (AHD), and on the rare occasions that it fills completely, is the largest lake in Australia covering an area up to . When the lake is full, it has the same salinity level as seawater, but becomes hypersaline as the lake dries up and the water evaporates.


title: Lake Eyre

text: The lake was named in honour of Edward John Eyre, the first European to see it in 1840. The lake's official name was changed in December 2012 to combine the name "Lake Eyre" with the Aboriginal name, Kati Thanda. The native title over the lake and surrounding region is held by the Arabana people.


title: Lake Eyre

text: Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre is in the deserts of central Australia, in northern South Australia. The Lake Eyre Basin is a large endorheic system surrounding the lakebed, the lowest part of which is filled with the characteristic salt pan caused by the seasonal expansion and subsequent evaporation of the trapped waters. Even in the dry season, there is usually some water remaining in Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre, normally collecting in over 200 smaller sub-lakes within its margins. The lake was formed by aeolian processes after tectonic upwarping occurred to the south subsequent to the end of the Pleistocene epoch.


title: Lake Eyre

text: During the rainy season, rivers from the north-east part of the Lake Eyre Basin—in outback (south-west and central) Queensland—flow towards the lake through the Channel Country. The amount of water from the monsoon determines whether water will reach the lake and, if it does, how deep the lake will get. The average rainfall in the area of the lake is per year.


title: Lake Eyre

text: The altitude usually attributed to Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre refers to the deepest parts of the lake floor, in Belt Bay and the Madigan Gulf. The shoreline lies at . The lake is the area of maximum deposition of sediment in the Lake Eyre Basin.


title: Lake Eyre

text: Lake Eyre is divided into two sections which are joined by the Goyder Channel. These are known as Lake Eyre North, which is in length and wide, and Lake Eyre South, which measures . The salt crusts are thickest—up to —in the southern Belt Bay, Jackboot Bay and Madigan Gulf sub-basins of Lake Eyre North.


title: Lake Eyre

text: Since 1883, proposals have been made to flood Lake Eyre with seawater brought to the basin via a canal or pipeline. The purpose was, in part, to increase evaporation and thereby increase rainfall in the region downwind of an enlarged Lake Eyre. The added rainfall has been modelled as small. Due to the basin's low elevation below sea level and the region's high annual evaporation rate (between ), such schemes have generally been considered impractical, as it is likely that accumulation of salt deposits would rapidly block the engineered channel. At a rate of evaporation per day, a viaduct flowing a would supply enough water to create a sea. If brine water were not sent back to the ocean, it would precipitate of salt every year.


title: Lake Eyre

text: The salinity in the lake increases as the salt crust dissolves over a period of six months of a major flood, resulting in a massive fish kill. When over deep, the lake is no saltier than the sea, but salinity increases as the water evaporates, with saturation occurring at about a depth. The lake takes on a pink hue when saturated, due to the presence of beta-carotene pigment caused by the alga "Dunaliella salina".


title: Lake Eyre

text: "Wangkangurru ("also known as "Arabana/Wangkangurru, Wangganguru, Wanggangurru, Wongkangurru)" is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Wangkangurru country. It is closely related to Arabana language of South Australia. The Wangkangurru language region was traditionally in the South Australian-Queensland border region taking in Birdsville and extending south towards Innamincka and Kati Thanda, including the local government areas of the Shire of Diamantina as well as the Outback Communities Authority of South Australia"."


title: Lake Eyre

text: Typically a flood occurs every three years, a flood every decade, and a fill or near fill a few times a century. The water in the lake soon evaporates, with a minor or medium flood drying by the end of the following summer. Most of the water entering the lakes arrives via Warburton River.


title: Lake Eyre

text: In strong La Niña years, the lake can fill. Since 1885, this has occurred in 1886–1887, 1889–1890, 1916–1917, 1950, 1955, 1974–1977, and 1999–2001, with the highest flood of in 1974. Local rain can also fill Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre to , as occurred in 1984 and 1989. Torrential rain in January 2007 took about six weeks to reach the lake but only placed a small amount of water into it.


title: Lake Eyre

text: When recently flooded, the lake is almost fresh, and native freshwater fish, including bony bream ("Nematolosa erebi"), the Lake Eyre Basin sub-species of golden perch ("Macquaria ambigua") and various small hardyhead species ("Craterocephalus" spp.) can survive in it.


title: Lake Eyre

text: The 2009 Lake Eyre flood peaked at deep in late May, which is a quarter of its maximum recorded depth of . of water crossed the Queensland–South Australian border with most of it coming from massive floods in the Georgina River. However, owing to the very low rainfall in the lower reaches of these rivers (contrasting with heavy rainfall in the upper catchments), the greater proportion soaked into the desert or evaporated en route to the lake, leaving less than in the lake, which covered an area of , or 12% of the total. As the flood did not start filling the lake's deepest point (Belt Bay) until late March, little bird life appeared, preferring instead to nest in the upper reaches of the Lake Eyre Basin, north of Birdsville, where large lakes appeared in January as a result of monsoonal rain.


title: Lake Eyre

text: The high rainfall in summer 2010 sent flood water into the Diamantina, Georgina and Cooper Creek catchments of the Lake Eyre basin, with the Cooper Creek reaching the lake for the first time since 1990. The higher rainfall prompted many different birds to migrate back to the area for breeding.


title: Lake Eyre

text: Heavy local rain in early March 2011 in the Stuart Creek and Warriner catchments filled Lake Eyre South, with Lake Eyre North about 75 per cent covered with water firstly from the Neales and Macumba Rivers, and later from the Warburton River.


title: Lake Eyre

text: In late 2015, water began flowing into Lake Eyre following heavy rain in the north-east of the state.


title: Lake Eyre

text: In late March 2019, floodwaters began arriving as a result of torrential rains in northern Queensland in January. In the past, the water had taken anywhere from three to 10 months to reach the lake, but this time it arrived in two. The first flooding would be closely followed by another surge, following rains produced by Cyclone Trevor. Traditional owners and graziers agree that it is essential that the river run its course and should not be harvested during floods, as any interference in the natural systems could damage the ecosystem.


title: Lake Eyre

text: The Lake Eyre Yacht Club is a dedicated group of sailors who sail on the lake's floods, including recent trips in 1997, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2009. A number of trailer sailers sailed on Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre in 1975, 1976, and 1984, when the flood depth reached . In July 2010 The Yacht Club held its first regatta since 1976 and its first on Lake Killamperpunna, a freshwater lake on Cooper Creek. The Cooper had reached Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre for the first time since 1990. It is estimated that these waters reach Lake Eyre roughly 8 years in 100.


title: Lake Eyre

text: When the lake is full, a notable phenomenon is that around midday the surface can often become very flat. The surface then reflects the sky in a way that leaves both the horizon and water surface virtually impossible to see. The commodore of the Lake Eyre Yacht Club has stated that sailing during this time has the appearance of sailing in the sky.


title: Lake Eyre

text: Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre has been a site for various land speed record attempts on its salt flats, similar to those found in the Bonneville Salt Flats, especially those by Donald Campbell with the Bluebird-Proteus CN7.


title: Lake Eyre

text: Birds such as pelicans and banded stilts are drawn to a filled lake from southern coastal regions of Australia, and from as far afield as Papua New Guinea. During the 1989–1990 flood, it was estimated that 200,000 pelicans, 80% of Australia's total population, came to feed & roost at Lake Eyre. Scientists are presently unable to determine how such birds appear able to detect the filling of the lake, even when hundreds or thousands of kilometres away from the basin.


title: Lake Eyre

text: The extent of the lake is covered by two protected areas declared by the Government of South Australia - the Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park and the Elliot Price Conservation Park.


title: Lake Eyre

text: Lake Eyre is on the list of wetlands of national importance known as A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia.


title: Lake Eyre

text: Lake Eyre has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) known as the Lake Eyre Important Bird Area, because, when flooded, it supports major breeding events of the Banded stilt and Australian pelican, as well as over 1% of the world populations of Red-necked avocets, Sharp-tailed sandpipers, Red-necked stints, Silver gulls and Caspian terns.


title: Patriarchs (Bible)

text: The patriarchs ( "Avot", singular "Av") of the Bible, when narrowly defined, are Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac's son Jacob, also named Israel, the ancestor of the Israelites. These three figures are referred to collectively as the patriarchs, and the period in which they lived is known as the patriarchal age.


title: Patriarchs (Bible)

text: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam hold that the patriarchs, along with their primary wives, known as the matriarchs (Sarah, Rebekah and Leah) are entombed at the Cave of the Patriarchs, a site held holy by the three religions. Rachel, Jacob's other wife, is said to be buried separately at what is known as Rachel's Tomb, near Bethlehem, at the site where she is believed to have died in childbirth.


title: Patriarchs (Bible)

text: More widely, the term patriarchs can be used to refer to the twenty male ancestor-figures between Adam and Abraham. The first ten of these are called the antediluvian patriarchs, because they came before the Flood.


title: Patriarchs (Bible)

text: The patriarchs of the Bible, when narrowly defined, are Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac's son Jacob, also named Israel, the ancestor of the Israelites. These three figures are referred to collectively as the patriarchs, and the period in which they lived is known as the patriarchal age. They play significant roles in Hebrew scripture during and following their lifetimes. They are used as a significant marker by God in revelations and promises, and continue to play important roles in the Abrahamic faiths. Judaism, Christianity and Islam hold that the patriarchs, along with their primary wives, known as the matriarchs – Sarah (wife of Abraham), Rebekah (wife of Isaac) and Leah (one of the wives of Jacob) – are entombed at the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron, a site held holy by the three religions. Rachel is said to be buried separately at what is known as Rachel's Tomb, near Bethlehem, at the site where she is believed to have died in childbirth.


title: Patriarchs (Bible)

text: Adam 930 years, Seth 912, Enos 905, Kenan 910, Mahalalel 895, Jared 962, Enoch 365 (did not die, but was taken away by God), Methuselah 969, Lamech 777, Noah 950. The lifespans given have surprising chronological implications, as the following quotation shows.


title: Dara Huang

text: Dara Huang (born 1982/1983) is an American architect. In 2013, she founded the architecture and design firm Design Haus Liberty. She is the co-founder of Vivahouse, which converts disused commercial properties into co-living spaces.


title: Dara Huang

text: Huang was born in Florida to Taiwanese immigrants. Her father is a retired NASA rocket scientist. She attended the University of Florida, from which she graduated in 2004 with a bachelor of arts in design. She was a member of Alpha Delta Pi sorority. She then attended Harvard University, from which she graduated with a master of arts in architecture.


title: Dara Huang

text: After graduating, Huang worked at architectural firms Herzog & de Meuron in Switzerland and Foster and Partners in London. At these firms she worked on several large projects, including the skyscraper 56 Leonard Street in New York City, Tate Modern in London, and Manolo Blahnik stores around the world.


title: Dara Huang

text: Huang has received several awards, including The Clifford Wong Prize, The KPF Travelling Fellowship, The Young Architects Award, and first place in the AIAS National Design Review.


title: Dara Huang

text: In 2013, Huang opened her own architecture practice, Design Haus Liberty, in Clerkenwell, London. Its work has been exhibited at Somerset House in London and the Venice Biennale of Architecture.


title: Dara Huang

text: Huang is a survivor of the 2008 Mumbai attacks. She and her then boyfriend John Fesko were at the Leopold Cafe when the terrorist started shooting.


title: Partial pressure

text: In a mixture of gases, each constituent gas has a partial pressure which is the notional pressure of that constituent gas as if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature. The total pressure of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture (Dalton's Law).


title: Partial pressure

text: The partial pressure of a gas is a measure of thermodynamic activity of the gas's molecules. Gases dissolve, diffuse, and react according to their partial pressures but not according to their concentrations in gas mixtures or liquids. This general property of gases is also true in chemical reactions of gases in biology. For example, the necessary amount of oxygen for human respiration, and the amount that is toxic, is set by the partial pressure of oxygen alone. This is true across a very wide range of different concentrations of oxygen present in various inhaled breathing gases or dissolved in blood; consequently, mixture ratios, like that of breathable 20% oxygen and 80% Nitrogen, are determined by volume instead of by weight or mass. Furthermore, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide are important parameters in tests of arterial blood gases. That said, these pressures can also be measured in, for example, cerebrospinal fluid.


title: Partial pressure

text: The symbol for pressure is usually or which may use a subscript to identify the pressure, and gas species are also referred to by subscript. When combined, these subscripts are applied recursively.


title: Partial pressure

text: Dalton's law expresses the fact that the total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture. This equality arises from the fact that in an ideal gas, the molecules are so far apart that they do not interact with each other. Most actual real-world gases come very close to this ideal. For example, given an ideal gas mixture of nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H) and ammonia (NH):


title: Partial pressure

text: Ideally the ratio of partial pressures equals the ratio of the number of molecules. That is, the mole fraction formula_12 of an individual gas component in an ideal gas mixture can be expressed in terms of the component's partial pressure or the moles of the component:


title: Partial pressure

text: and the partial pressure of an individual gas component in an ideal gas can be obtained using this expression:


title: Partial pressure

text: The mole fraction of a gas component in a gas mixture is equal to the volumetric fraction of that component in a gas mixture.


title: Partial pressure

text: The partial volume of a particular gas in a mixture is the volume of one component of the gas mixture. It is useful in gas mixtures, e.g. air, to focus on one particular gas component, e.g. oxygen.


title: Partial pressure

text: Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases (i.e., liquid or solid). Most often the term is used to describe a liquid's tendency to evaporate. It is a measure of the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. A liquid's atmospheric pressure boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure and it is often called the normal boiling point.


title: Partial pressure

text: The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the lower the normal boiling point of the liquid.


title: Partial pressure

text: The vapor pressure chart displayed has graphs of the vapor pressures versus temperatures for a variety of liquids. As can be seen in the chart, the liquids with the highest vapor pressures have the lowest normal boiling points.


title: Partial pressure

text: For example, at any given temperature, methyl chloride has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart. It also has the lowest normal boiling point (−24.2 °C), which is where the vapor pressure curve of methyl chloride (the blue line) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere (atm) of absolute vapor pressure. Note that at higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is less than that at sea level, so boiling points of liquids are reduced. At the top of Mount Everest, the atmospheric pressure is approximately 0.333 atm, so by using the graph, the boiling point of diethyl ether would be approximately 7.5 °C versus 34.6 °C at sea level (1 atm).


title: Partial pressure

text: It is possible to work out the equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction involving a mixture of gases given the partial pressure of each gas and the overall reaction formula. For a reversible reaction involving gas reactants and gas products, such as:


title: Partial pressure

text: For reversible reactions, changes in the total pressure, temperature or reactant concentrations will shift the equilibrium so as to favor either the right or left side of the reaction in accordance with Le Chatelier's Principle. However, the reaction kinetics may either oppose or enhance the equilibrium shift. In some cases, the reaction kinetics may be the overriding factor to consider.


title: Partial pressure

text: Gases will dissolve in liquids to an extent that is determined by the equilibrium between the undissolved gas and the gas that has dissolved in the liquid (called the "solvent"). The equilibrium constant for that equilibrium is:


title: Partial pressure

text: The form of the equilibrium constant shows that the concentration of a solute gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the solution. This statement is known as Henry's law and the equilibrium constant formula_18 is quite often referred to as the Henry's law constant.


title: Partial pressure

text: where formula_24 is also referred to as the Henry's law constant. As can be seen by comparing equations () and () above, formula_24 is the reciprocal of formula_18. Since both may be referred to as the Henry's law constant, readers of the technical literature must be quite careful to note which version of the Henry's law equation is being used.


title: Partial pressure

text: Henry's law is an approximation that only applies for dilute, ideal solutions and for solutions where the liquid solvent does not react chemically with the gas being dissolved.


title: Partial pressure

text: In underwater diving the physiological effects of individual component gases of breathing gases are a function of partial pressure.


title: Partial pressure

text: For example, at underwater, the total absolute pressure is (i.e., 1 bar of atmospheric pressure + 5 bar of water pressure) and the partial pressures of the main components of air, oxygen 21% by volume and nitrogen approximately 79% by volume are:


title: Partial pressure

text: The minimum safe lower limit for the partial pressures of oxygen in a breathing gas mixture for diving is absolute. Hypoxia and sudden unconsciousness can become a problem with an oxygen partial pressure of less than 0.16 bar absolute. Oxygen toxicity, involving convulsions, becomes a problem when oxygen partial pressure is too high. The NOAA Diving Manual recommends a maximum single exposure of 45 minutes at 1.6 bar absolute, of 120 minutes at 1.5 bar absolute, of 150 minutes at 1.4 bar absolute, of 180 minutes at 1.3 bar absolute and of 210 minutes at 1.2 bar absolute. Oxygen toxicity becomes a risk when these oxygen partial pressures and exposures are exceeded. The partial pressure of oxygen also determines the maximum operating depth of a gas mixture.


title: Partial pressure

text: Narcosis is a problem when breathing gases at high pressure. Typically, the maximum total partial pressure of narcotic gases used when planning for technical diving may be around 4.5 bar absolute, based on an equivalent narcotic depth of .


title: Partial pressure

text: The effect of a toxic contaminant such as carbon monoxide in breathing gas is also related to the partial pressure when breathed. A mixture which may be relatively safe at the surface could be dangerously toxic at the maximum depth of a dive, or a tolerable level of carbon dioxide in the breathing loop of a diving rebreather may become intolerable within seconds during descent when the partial pressure rapidly increases, and could lead to panic or incapacitation of the diver.


title: Partial pressure

text: The partial pressures of particularly oxygen (formula_27) and carbon dioxide (formula_28) are important parameters in tests of arterial blood gases, but can also be measured in, for example, cerebrospinal fluid.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: Elite Gymnastics, self-described as a "multimedia art project", was an electronic music duo from Minneapolis, Minnesota and later a solo project from Vancouver, British Columbia. Formed by Brooks in Minneapolis around 2009, original lineups consisted of various local musicians in the Minneapolis metro area and eventually settled as a duo of James Brooks and Josh Clancy. They self-released several EPs and mixtapes before Clancy's departure in 2012.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: As a duo they released seven EPs, which credited Brooks with most of the songwriting and musical production, and Clancy with most of the album artwork: "Real Friends", "Neu! '92", "Gizzard Greens V.1", "Gizzard Greens V.2", "Ruin" (and its B-side, "Ruin 2"), "Ruin 3", and "Ruin 4". "Gizzard Greens" is a digital double EP (though the two volumes were released individually in 2010 and 2011) in the style of remix albums, featuring a cover of Cheryl Cole's "Parachute" and a mashup combining Sub Focus' remix of Rusko's "Hold On" (featuring Amber Coffman) with Blame's "Piano Takes You" on the first volume, and bootleg remixes of Lady Gaga's "Poker Face" and Waka Flocka Flame's "Fuck the Club Up" (featuring Pastor Troy and Slim Dunkin) on the second.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: The "Ruin" EP was reviewed favorably by Pitchfork magazine, earning a 7.8 album review rating and critical acclaim among a number of smaller publications, and quickly attracted an online cult following. "Ruin" saw a physical release in vinyl format under the electronic label Acéphale, with the B-side ("Ruin 2") being five remixed versions of its A-side tracks. Previous albums were self-released online in digital format for free through their Tumblr-based imprint Psychedelic Surf Club. "Ruin" and "Ruin 2" were later self-released for free download as a digital double EP. "Ruin 4" includes "Life/Trap" and "We Got Lost", two previously unreleased tracks which didn't make it onto the "Ruin" EP, and a rerecorded version of "Ruin"'s "Little Things" as a hidden track.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: The name Elite Gymnastics was taken from the lyrics of "Ruthless Babysitting" by power electronics group Whitehouse.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: Following a 2012 tour as a supporting act for Sleigh Bells, Elite Gymnastics became Brooks' solo project with Clancy parting ways after a reportedly tumultuous experience on the road. "Our personal relationship is kinda kaput for the time being," Brooks describes in a Tumblr post detailing some of the reasons for continuing the project solo. Brooks continued the project solo, relocating to Vancouver following a stint in New York City, releasing the single "Andreja 4-Ever" as part of the Adult Swim Singles Program the same year.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: The solo form of Elite Gymnastics only saw the release of single "Andreja 4-Ever" and a couple of remixes (for Sky Ferreira and How to Dress Well) before Brooks decided to rename the project; first to Dead Girlfriends, then to Default Genders.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: The release of single "On Fraternity" from the debut EP "Stop Pretending", in association with the name change to Dead Girlfriends, caused a substantial amount of controversy and prompted a series of articles by various publications and an online round table discussion by Spin magazine. Brooks rechristened the project Default Genders shortly thereafter.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: During a four-year period following relocation to Los Angeles, California, Brooks released a series of demos and bootleg remixes on SoundCloud eponymously, though they were not made available for purchase or download.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: On February 4, 2019, Brooks released a second full-length Default Genders album titled "Main Pop Girl 2019", which includes a track featuring pop artist No Rome, updated versions of demos previously released eponymously, and an updated version of "Sophie" from "Magical Pessimism 2014" featuring artist Beth Sawlts. The album was reviewed favorably by Pitchfork magazine, receiving an 8.0 rating.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: On April 20, 2020, Brooks released a new full-length Default Genders album titled "Pain Mop Girl 2020", which consists mostly of guest-remixed and reworked versions of "Main Pop Girl 2019" songs, and features two original songs as the opening tracks.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: On December 4, 2020, Brooks released a collection of demos as an album titled "Main Pop Girls 2015–2018" which consists of an unreleased song as the opening track and songs previously showcased eponymously as SoundCloud demos during 2015–2018, many of which laid the groundwork for material on subsequent Default Genders albums.


title: Jaime Brooks

text: In 2021, Brooks announced a reconciliation with Clancy and revealed intentions to revive the Elite Gymnastics name with his blessing (though ultimately not his involvement). A debut album,


title: Jaime Brooks

text: "snow flakes 2022", was released on October 18, 2022 (the only prior commercial release under the name, "RUIN", being considered a double EP). The album consists of re-workings of previously-recorded songs as well as new material, with the new lineup of Jaime Brooks and Viri Char.


title: Crackle (service)

text: Crackle, formerly called Grouper and Sony Crackle, is a free video streaming service supported by advertisements that was founded in 2004. The service was purchased by Sony Pictures in 2006 and renamed Crackle. In 2018 the name was changed to Sony Crackle. Eric Berger served as the general manager of Crackle from 2008 to 2019. Sony sold a majority stake to Chicken Soup for the Soul in March 2019, and the name was changed back to Crackle. Later, Sony sold its remaining stake to the same company. As of January 2022, Crackle has about 40 million monthly active users.


title: Crackle (service)

text: Josh Felser, Dave Samuel, Mike Sitrin, and Aviv Eyal founded the online video site Grouper in 2004. In August 2006, Sony purchased Grouper for $65 million.


title: Crackle (service)

text: In July 2007, Sony rebranded Grouper as Crackle, a multi-platform video-entertainment network and studio. In late 2008, Eric Berger was appointed to oversee Crackle. Early features included movies and television shows from Sony's library, along with the development, production and distribution of original content.


title: Crackle (service)

text: In March 2011, Crackle launched its streaming services on Bravia TVs, the Playstation 3, Roku boxes, and Sony Blu-ray players. The following month, Crackle announced that it would release apps for Android and iOS systems later that June. Crackle also partnered with Xbox Live, making its content available for Xbox 360. In June 2013, Crackle released an app for the BlackBerry 10 platform. In December 2013, Crackle made its content available for the Apple TV set-top box.


title: Crackle (service)

text: In January 2012, Crackle added Animax to its content, available to viewers in the US and Canada. Towards the end of 2013, the Animax branding was removed. In Australia, Crackle became the free-to-air home of Sony's popular American soap opera "Days of Our Lives", following the end of its run with the television broadcaster Nine Network.


title: Crackle (service)

text: Several anime shows from Funimation (some outsourced from Animax and others, since November 20, 2013, directly from Funimation) are streamed on Crackle.


title: Crackle (service)

text: On April 1, 2014, Sony Pictures Television ceased its Crackle operations in the UK and Australia without prior notice. Crackle UK had struggled against competitors like LoveFilm and Netflix. NBCUniversal Television & New Media Distribution struck a deal with Crackle to add a large number of films from its collection to the Crackle library.


title: Crackle (service)

text: On April 30, 2014, Crackle announced it would begin carrying "Sports Jeopardy!", a sports-themed version of the game show "Jeopardy!," hosted by Dan Patrick. Approximately one week after the cancellation of the theatrical release of "The Interview", in the aftermath of the Sony hack, the "New York Post" reported that Sony would release the movie for free on Crackle.


title: Crackle (service)

text: On April 14, 2015, Crackle announced a new feature called "Always On"; an ad-supported, internet television channel similar to Vevo TV. Crackle also announced its first animated series, "SuperMansion"; their first hour-long scripted drama, "The Art of More"; and "", a sequel to 2001's "Joe Dirt".


title: Crackle (service)

text: On October 8, 2015, Crackle premiered "SuperMansion", a stop-motion animated comedy television series created by Matthew Senreich and Zeb Wells. The series stars the voices of Bryan Cranston, Heidi Gardner, Tucker Gilmore, Keegan-Michael Key, Tom Root, Yvette Nicole Brown, Wells, and Jillian Bell.


title: Crackle (service)

text: In 2017, Crackle announced the platform had greenlit an original drama, "The Oath", written and created by former Los Angeles County Sheriff's deputy Joe Halpin. Executive produced by Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson and his G-Unit Film & Television Inc., the drama series stars Sean Bean, Ryan Kwanten, Cory Hardrict, Arlen Escarpeta, Katrina Law, and J.J. Soria, and premiered on March 8, 2018.


title: Crackle (service)

text: In November 2017, Eric Berger became Sony Pictures Television Networks' chief digital officer in addition to his role as GM at Crackle.


title: Crackle (service)

text: On January 14, 2018, the company announced that the name of the service would be changed to Sony Crackle in spring 2018.


title: Crackle (service)

text: On March 28, 2019, it was announced that Sony would sell a majority stake of Sony Crackle to Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment, with the service reverted into "Crackle" name.


title: Crackle (service)

text: On December 15, 2020, Sony sold its remaining stake in Crackle, giving Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment full control.


title: Crackle (service)

text: Crackle is owned by Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment. Other Crackle Plus VOD platforms include Popcornflix (AVOD), Truli (faith-based content), and Pivotshare (SVOD platform). Crackle features programming in the following genres: action, comedy, crime, drama, horror, and sci-fi.


title: Crackle (service)

text: Crackle features films and TV shows, some of them on an exclusive basis, mainly from Sony Pictures and its subsidiaries, including Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures, Screen Gems, Sony Pictures Classics, and Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions.


title: Crackle (service)

text: Crackle also features “Crackle Original” series such as "On the Ropes", "Going from Broke", "Hidden Heroes", "The Oath", and "Snatch". Crackle's content changes each month as titles are added and taken down.


title: Crackle (service)

text: Crackle was available in 21 countries and in three languages: English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Currently, Crackle is only available in the US.


title: Crackle (service)

text: Crackle was launched in Canada in September 2010. Beginning in late 2015, several of the service's original series were made available only through the local services Crave TV and


title: Crackle (service)

text: Shomi. Following the closure of Shomi in the fall of 2016, new productions continued to be released exclusively on Crave TV, as well as Amazon Prime Video and Super Channel (Canada). Crackle's Canadian operations were shut down on June 28, 2018, and its content was moved to Bell Media's CTV Movies and CTV Throwback services. Despite Crackle being a Sony owned service, the successor CTV app has not launched on Sony's PlayStation or Smart TV platforms, although it has become available on Microsoft's Xbox One console and Samsung's Smart TVs.


title: Crackle (service)

text: As of late 2016, Crackle in Latin America was only available as an ad-free paid service. Subscribers were required to have a pay-TV service provider that had partnered with Sony Crackle in order to access the service. Crackle was discontinued in Latin America on April 30, 2019.


title: Flecainide

text: Flecainide is a medication used to prevent and treat abnormally fast heart rates. This includes ventricular and supraventricular tachycardias. Its use is only recommended in those with dangerous arrhythmias or when significant symptoms cannot be managed with other treatments. Its use does not decrease a person's risk of death. It is taken by mouth or injection into a vein.


title: Flecainide

text: Common side effects include dizziness, problems seeing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and tiredness. Serious side effects may include cardiac arrest, arrhythmias, and heart failure. It may be used in pregnancy, but has not been well studied in this population. Use is not recommended in those with structural heart disease or ischemic heart disease. Flecainide is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent. It works by decreasing the entry of sodium in heart cells, causing prolongation of the cardiac action potential.


title: Flecainide

text: Flecainide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1985. It is available as a generic medication. In 2022, it was the 188th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions.


title: Flecainide

text: Flecainide is used in the treatment of many types of supraventricular tachycardias, including AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW).


title: Flecainide

text: It also has limited use in the treatment of certain forms of ventricular tachycardia (VT). In particular, flecainide has been useful in the treatment of ventricular tachycardias that are not in the setting of an acute ischemic event. It has use in the treatment of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia and in the suppression of arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD). Studies (notably the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial) have shown an increased mortality when flecainide is used to suppress ventricular extrasystoles in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.


title: Flecainide

text: In individuals suspected of having the Brugada syndrome, the administration of flecainide may help reveal the ECG findings that are characteristic of the disease process. This may help make the diagnosis of the disease in equivocal cases.


title: Flecainide

text: In the long-term, flecainide seems to be safe in people with a healthy heart with no signs of left ventricular hypertrophy, ischemic heart disease, or heart failure.


title: Flecainide

text: Results of a medical study known as the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) demonstrated that patients with structural heart disease (such as a history of MI (heart attack), or left ventricular dysfunction) and also patients with ventricular arrhythmias, should not take this drug. The results were so significant that the trial was stopped early and preliminary results were published.


title: Flecainide

text: The dose may need to be adjusted in certain clinical scenarios. As with all other antiarrhythmic agents, there is a risk of proarrhythmia associated with the use of flecainide. This risk is probably increased when flecainide is co-administered with other class Ic antiarrhythmics, such as encainide. The risk of proarrhythmia may also be increased by hypokalemia. The risk of proarrhythmia is not necessarily associated with the length of time an individual is taking flecainide, and cases of late proarrhythmia have been reported. Because of the role of both the liver and the kidneys in the elimination of flecainide, the dosing of flecainide may need to be adjusted in individuals who develop either liver failure or kidney failure.


title: Flecainide

text: Because of the negative inotropic effects of flecainide, it should be used with caution in individuals with depressed ejection fraction, and may worsen congestive heart failure in these individuals. It should be avoided in people with ischaemic heart disease and the elderly.


title: Flecainide

text: As with all class I antiarrhythmic agents, flecainide increases the capture thresholds of pacemakers.


title: Flecainide

text: Due to the narrow therapeutic index of flecainide, physicians should be alert for signs of toxicity before life-threatening arrhythmias occur like torsades de pointes. While the toxic effects of flecainide are closely related to the plasma levels of the drug, it is unfeasible to check the plasma concentration in an individual on a regular basis.


title: Flecainide

text: Signs of flecainide toxicity include marked prolongation of the PR interval and widening of the QRS duration on the surface ECG. There may be signs and symptoms attributable to overt heart failure secondary to sudden decreased myocardial contractility.


title: Flecainide

text: Treatment of flecainide cardiac toxicity involves increasing the excretion of flecainide, blocking its effects in the heart, and (rarely) institution of cardiovascular support to avoid impending lethal arrhythmias. Modalities that have had success include administration of a beta-sympathomimetic agent, and administration of a sodium load(often in the form of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate). Placing the individual on cardiopulmonary bypass support may be necessary in order to temporarily remove the need for a beating heart and to increase blood flow to the liver.


title: Flecainide

text: Flecainide has a very high affinity for lung tissue and is associated with drug-induced interstitial lung disease.


title: Flecainide

text: Flecainide has high bioavailability after an oral dose, meaning that most of the drug that is ingested will enter the systemic blood stream. Peak serum concentrations can be seen 1 to 6 hours after ingestion of an oral dose. While the plasma half-life is about 20 hours, it is quite variable, and can range from 12 to 27 hours. During oral loading with flecainide, a steady state equilibrium is typically achieved in 3 to 5 days.


title: Flecainide

text: The majority of flecainide is eliminated by the kidneys, with the remainder metabolized by the cytochrome P450 2D6 isoenzyme in the liver. Therefore, alterations in renal function or urine pH will greatly affect the elimination of flecainide, as more is eliminated by the kidney than by the hepatic route.


title: Flecainide

text: Because of the dual elimination routes of flecainide and its tendency to decrease myocardial contractility, flecainide interacts with numerous pharmaceuticals and can potentiate the effects of other myocardial depressants and AV node blocking agents. In addition, flecainide can decrease the metabolism or elimination of many (but not all) agents that use the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.


title: Flecainide

text: A full list of drug interactions with flecainide can be obtained from the manufacturer. Some important drug interactions with flecainide include:


title: Flecainide

text: Flecainide intoxication is rare but serious due to the cardiogenic shock that it provokes. Its diagnosis can be difficult in the lack of contributing anamnestic elements. Clinical and paraclinical signs are not specific. Treatment is primarily symptomatic, which gives good results thanks to the hypertonic solution of sodium salts. Organ donation is possible in the case of braindead patients who had a flecainide intoxication.


title: Flecainide

text: Flecainide works by blocking the Nav1.5 sodium channel in the heart, slowing the upstroke of the cardiac action potential. This thereby slows conduction of the electrical impulse within the heart, i.e. it "reduces excitability". The greatest effect is on the His-Purkinje system and ventricular myocardium. The effect of flecainide on the ventricular myocardium causes decreased contractility of the muscle, which leads to a decrease in the ejection fraction.


title: Flecainide

text: The effect of flecainide on the sodium channels of the heart increases as the heart rate increases; This is known as use-dependence and is why that flecainide is useful to break a tachyarrhythmia.


title: Flecainide

text: Flecainide also inhibits ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2), a major regulator of sarcoplasmic release of stored calcium ions. It can reduce calcium sparks and thus arrhythmogenic calcium waves in the heart. While Flecainide therapy has been shown to suppress ventricular arrhythmias in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) and mouse models of this disease, the relative contribution from the inhibition of sodium channels and of RyR2 in this effect on CPVT is unclear.


title: Flecainide

text: Flecainide is sold under the trade name Tambocor (manufactured by 3M pharmaceuticals). Flecainide went off-patent on February10, 2004. In addition to being marketed as Tambocor, it is also available in generic version and under the trade names Almarytm, Apocard, Ecrinal, and Flécaine.


title: Fillmore!

text: Fillmore! is an American animated television series created by Scott M. Gimple for ABC and, later, Toon Disney. It originally ran from 2002 to 2004. A parody of popular police dramas of the 1970s, "Fillmore!" is centered on reformed juvenile delinquent Cornelius Fillmore and his new partner, Ingrid Third, members of the Safety Patrol at X Middle School. The series was aimed at children, but also attracted an older audience with its '70s references.


title: Fillmore!

text: It was the last series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation for ABC, before producing shows exclusively with Disney Channel and its sister channels. The series ran for two seasons. It maintains a dedicated fanbase and is considered a cult hit. Reruns later aired on Disney Channel, Toon Disney, and Disney XD.


title: Fillmore!

text: 12-year-old Cornelius Fillmore (voiced by Orlando Brown), a juvenile delinquent with a record, was caught raiding the school's new chalk shipment. He was "arrested" and given a choice by the safety patrol officer who caught him, either help him solve another case or spend the rest of middle school in detention. Fillmore decided to help out and he eventually decided to join up with the safety patrol.


title: Fillmore!

text: The show is based around him and his partner Ingrid Third (voiced by Tara Strong) at X Middle School, which is located in the suburbs of Minneapolis and Saint Paul in Minnesota. The show's format parodies that of hard-boiled police dramas. X's safety patrol is much more actively involved in student behavior than a typical school's safety patrol, and officers often seem to spend more time patrolling than normally attending class, although they can be seen attending at times.


title: Fillmore!

text: As part of the Safety Patrol at X Middle School, Fillmore and Ingrid solve crimes and mysteries. The series usually presents kid-friendly versions of common crimes, such as stolen scooters, smuggling tartar sauce, holding illegal frog races, and counterfeiting collector cards.


title: Fillmore!

text: The theme song for the show was written and performed by filk band Ookla the Mok. It appears on their album "Super Secret", as the intro to the song "Das Über Tüber, or the Mystery of Mr. P."


title: Fillmore!

text: The announcer of the series was voice actor Don LaFontaine, best known for his catchphrase "In a world...".


title: Fillmore!

text: "Fillmore!" premiered on ABC's Saturday morning programming block, ABC Kids, on September 14, 2002. The show continued to air on the block through the next two seasons. On March 8, 2003, Disney Channel added the series to their lineup, beginning with a three-hour marathon in primetime. Reruns continued until September 2, 2003, when the series (alongside "The Legend of Tarzan" and "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command") was pre-empted in favor of a 90-minute showing of "Recess".


title: Fillmore!

text: On September 2, 2003, reruns began airing on Toon Disney, and the final five episodes aired on the channel in January 2004. It was also aired on Disney XD until August 2009. It was briefly shown again on April 19, 2018.


title: Fillmore!

text: While the series has never been released on VHS or DVD, all 26 episodes are available (for digital download) dubbed in German from iTunes Germany and Amazon Germany. It also appears on Google Play but is currently unavailable to buy. "Fillmore!" was released on streaming via Disney+ in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland on July 27, 2022. It is also advertised on Apple TV.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: Anastasia is a 1956 American period drama film directed by Anatole Litvak and written by Arthur Laurents. Set in interwar France, the film follows a plot related to rumors that the Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, the youngest daughter of the late Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, survived the execution of her family in 1918. Russian General Bounine (Yul Brynner), former leader of the White Army during the Russian Revolution, along with his associates plot to swindle an inheritance of £10 million from the Grand Duchess using an amnesiac (Ingrid Bergman) who looks remarkably like the missing Anastasia. The exiled émigrés of the Russian aristocracy, in particular the Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna (Helen Hayes) of Denmark, must be convinced that their handpicked claimant is legitimate if the plotters are to get her money.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: "Anastasia" was adapted from a 1952 play written by Guy Bolton and Marcelle Maurette. He was inspired by the story of Anna Anderson, the best known of the many Anastasia impostors who emerged after the Imperial family were killed in July 1918.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: Though the last Russian Tsar and his family were executed in 1918, rumors persisted that his youngest daughter, the Grand Duchess Anastasia, somehow survived. In 1928 Paris, Anna, an ailing woman resembling Anastasia, is brought to the attention of former White Russian General Bounine, now the proprietor of a successful Russian-themed nightclub. Bounine knows that while Anna was in a mental asylum being treated for amnesia, she told a nun that she was Anastasia. When approached by Bounine and addressed as the grand duchess, she refuses to have anything to do with him. She flees and tries to throw herself into the River Seine, but is stopped.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: Bounine meets with his associates Chernov and Petrovin. Bounine has already repeatedly raised funds from stockholders (eager to gain a share of £10 million belonging to Anastasia held by an English bank) based on his claim that he had found Anastasia. Privately he admits it is a scam. But the stockholders have lost their patience and given him eight days to produce her.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: Bounine arranges for Anna to be intensively trained to pass as Anastasia. During this time, she and Bounine begin to develop feelings for one another. Later, in a series of carefully arranged encounters with former familiars and members of the imperial court, Anna begins to display a confidence and style that astonish her skeptical interlocutors.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: Anna has to go to Copenhagen, where she has to convince the highly skeptical dowager empress, Anastasia's grandmother, that she is Anastasia Romanov. Meanwhile, Bounine becomes increasingly jealous of the attentions that Prince Paul, another fortune hunter, pays to Anna. At a grand ball in Copenhagen at which Anna/Anastasia's engagement to Paul is to be announced, the dowager empress has a final private conversation with her. Although aware of Bounine's machinations, Empress Marie Feodorovna believes that Anna is truly her granddaughter. Realizing that Anna has fallen in love with Bounine, she helps her run away with him. The empress then makes it known to those around her that Anna is not Anastasia, although it is left ambiguous if she accepts that notion.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: The film was adapted by Guy Bolton and Arthur Laurents from the play by Bolton and Marcelle Maurette. Some critics believed the film was bound too much to the static settings and theatrical "scenes" of the play, but additional, essentially decorative, ball scenes were added to open up the action.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: The film does not reveal whether Anna is the Romanov princess, but suggests through subtle hints that she is. The gradual realisation of her true identity is juxtaposed against Bounine's growing romantic interest in Anna. In one speech, he says to Anna/Anastasia that he cares for who she is and not what her name is.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: Hayes draws from her stage experience to deliver the film's last line, summing up the motion picture's exploration of identity and role-playing. Asked how she will explain the vanishing of her supposed granddaughter to a ballroom full of expectant guests, she declares, "I will tell them that the play is over, go home!" The film closes with the regal figure of the Dowager Empress on the arm of Prince Paul, descending the grand staircase.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: The film marked Bergman's return to working for a Hollywood studio after several years of working in Italy with her husband, Roberto Rossellini. (Their marriage had caused a scandal, as he divorced his then current wife, Marcella DeMarchis to be with her.)


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: The film was also a comeback for Helen Hayes. She had suspended her career for several years due to the death of her daughter Mary, and her husband's failing health.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: The film was shot on location in Copenhagen, London and Paris. Studio interiors were shot at MGM-British Studios at Borehamwood, England.


title: Anastasia (1956 film)

text: The Alexander Nevsky Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Paris, which was a center of worship for Russian aristocrats and other émigrés from St. Petersburg in the city, is featured in one of the early scenes.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: "Lithium" is a song by the American rock band Nirvana, written by vocalist and guitarist, Kurt Cobain. It appears as the fifth track on the band's second album "Nevermind", released by DGC Records in September 1991.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: "Lithium" was released as the album's third single in July 1992, peaking at number 64 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. It also reached number one in Finland and the top five in Ireland and Portugal. The accompanying music video, directed by American filmmaker Kevin Kerslake, is a compilation of live footage from the band's October 31, 1991, show at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle, Washington, and from the completed but then-unreleased film, "".


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: Written in 1990, "Lithium" was debuted at a video session at the Evergreen State College's television studio in Olympia, Washington on March 20, 1990. The full session, which also included versions of three songs from the band's 1989 debut album, "Bleach", was directed by Jon Snyder and conceived by Cobain as a potential video release. It featured the band performing live while a montage of television footage taped by Cobain at home played in the background. To date, no full songs from this session have been officially released by Nirvana's record company, although videos for "Lithium" and "School," edited by Snyder and featuring additional footage and still photos, appeared on two episodes of "1200 Seconds", a television show produced by Evergreen students. The episodes aired in the fall of 1990 on a local community access cable station.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: The song was added to Nirvana's setlist soon after, over a year before the release of "Nevermind". Kim Thayil, guitarist of Seattle rock band Soundgarden, recalled hearing it for the first time during Nirvana's show at the Off Ramp Cafe in Seattle on November 25, 1990, saying that "when I heard 'Lithium,' it stuck in my mind. Ben, our bass player, came up to me and said, 'That's the hit. That's the Top 40 hit right there."


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: In April 1990, "Lithium" was recorded by Butch Vig at Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin, during the recording sessions for what was intended to be a second album for the band's original label, Sub Pop. However, the release was abandoned after the departure of drummer Chad Channing later that year, and the eight-song session was instead circulated as a demo tape, which helped generate interest with the band among major labels.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: On September 25, 1990, Cobain performed a solo acoustic version of the song on the "Boy Meets Girl" show, hosted by Calvin Johnson, on KAOS (FM) in Olympia, Washington.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: "Lithium" was re-recorded by Vig in May 1991 at Sound City Studios in Van Nuys, California, during the sessions for what became Nirvana's second album and major-label debut, "Nevermind". Preliminary attempts at recording the song's instruments were unsuccessful, in part because the band was having a difficult time maintaining a steady tempo, and kept speeding up. After one failed take, the band abandoned the song as a "frustrated" Cobain began playing the song, "Endless, Nameless" instead. This version of "Endless, Nameless" was released as the album's hidden track. The band's timing problems were immediately solved when their new drummer, Dave Grohl, took Vig's advice to play with a metronome. Vig also advised Grohl to use simpler fills and patterns for the song than he had initially attempted.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: The song's quiet verses and loud choruses dynamic also presented a challenge for Vig, who said that "getting the verses to sound relaxed and the chorus to sound as intense as possible, and make the transitions feel natural and effortless, was a hard one to do." As Vig recalled, "Kurt wanted to be able to play the guitar very ... not methodical-it needed to have this space." The dark sound of the distorted guitar was achieved by using a Big Muff fuzzbox played through a Fender Bassman bass amplifier, recorded with what Vig believes was an U47 microphone that he usually used to record bass guitar. The vocals for the song's verses were recorded in two takes, with the second take being used as the master vocal track, although Vig used the second line of the second verse from take one. The chorus vocals were quickly recorded and double-tracked after.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: "Lithium" was performed live at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards on September 9, 1992, in Los Angeles. Cobain had wanted to play the unreleased song "Rape Me" instead, but this was met with resistance from MTV, who wanted the band to play their breakthrough single, "Smells Like Teen Spirit," and were possibly wary of the newer song's controversial title and lyrics. Cobain agreed to play "Lithium" as a compromise, over concerns that not playing the show might lead to MTV boycotting other acts on their label, Gold Mountain, or firing their friend at the station, Amy Finnerty. "We didn't want to fuck everything up for everyone so we decided to play 'Lithium,'" Cobain explained in the 1993 Nirvana biography, "". "Instead of bowing out and keeping our dignity, we decided to get fucked in the ass." The performance, which featured Cobain playing a short part of "Rape Me" at the beginning "just to give [MTV] a little heart palpitation," ended with Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic being struck by his bass after throwing it into the air and attempting to catch it unsuccessfully.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: The final live version of "Lithium" was at Nirvana's last show, on March 1, 1994, at Terminal Einz in Munich, Germany.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: "Lithium" is an alternative rock song that runs for a duration of four minutes and sixteen seconds. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by BMG Rights Management, it is written in the time signature of common time, with a moderate tempo of 124 beats per minute. "Lithium" is composed in the key of D major, with guitars tuned down a whole tone, and chord shapes resembling chords in the key of E major, while Kurt Cobain's vocal range spans one octave and three notes, from the low-note of C4 to the high-note of F5. The intro, verses and chorus have a basic chord sequence of D–F–B–G–Bb–C–A–C and alternates between the chords G and Bb during the bridge. A transition from the bridge to the main chord sequence consists of a bar of C and a bar of A. The sheet music makes no reference to the lowered tuning of the guitars and (inaccurately) shows the E major key signature.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: The arrangement is representative of the musical style Nirvana had developed during work on "Nevermind", alternating between quiet and loud sections. In the song, Cobain fingers chord shapes on his guitar but varies between playing single notes and double stops on the instrument, giving the track a loose feel. The song opens with bouncing guitar strums before Cobain starts singing his lines in an almost whispered manner. His voice retains a measured calm during the verses, where low, open guitar lines trace the outline of the song's melody. During the chorus, Cobain shouts "Ye-eh-eh-eh-eh" over five notes and distorted, towering riffs. Cobain's thick, surging rhythm guitar meshes with Novoselic's melodic bass and Grohl's intense, snappy drumming.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: According to Cobain, "Lithium" was "one of those songs I actually did finish while trying to write it instead of taking pieces of my poetry and other things".


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: In his 1993 biography "Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana", author Michael Azerrad described the song's title as "an update on Marx's description of religion as the 'opiate of the masses.'" Gillian G. Gaar described it as "a song whose sing-along melody typically masks the disturbing quality of the lyric, which touches on the solace one can find in religion or madness." As Cobain explained, "In the song, a guy’s lost his girl and his friends and he’s brooding. He’s decided to find God before he kills himself. It’s hard for me to understand the need for a vice like [religion] but I can appreciate it too. People need vices.”


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: In "Come As You Are", Cobain acknowledged that the song might have been inspired in part by the time he spent living with his friend Jesse Reed and his born-again Christian parents. Cobain told Azerrad that he wasn't necessarily anti-religion, saying that "I've always felt that some people should have religion in their lives ... That's fine. If it's going to save someone, it's okay. And the person in ['Lithium'] needed it."


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: "Lithium" was released as the third single from "Nevermind" on July 13, 1992. Featuring a cover photo by Cobain, the single contained a sonogram of the musician's then-unborn child Frances Bean Cobain, as well as full lyrics for all the songs on "Nevermind". Cassette, CD, 12-inch vinyl, and British 12-inch vinyl picture disc editions included "Curmudgeon" and a live version of "Been a Son" (performed on Halloween the previous year) as B-sides. The British 7-inch and cassette featured only "Curmudgeon" as an extra track, while the UK CD release added a cover of the Wipers' "D-7" recorded for BBC Radio 1 disc jockey John Peel's program in 1990.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: John Sullivan for "New York Magazine" described "Lithium" as a "flawlessly crafted hit." AllMusic's Mark Demming remarked, "For all the sound and fury of Nirvana's epochal album, "Nevermind", it's significant that the album's best and most affecting song is also among the quietest. ... The liberating force of Nirvana's inspired anger was rarely more powerful than in the service of this song." "Time" music critic Christopher Farley praised the song for its "gorgeous guitar hooks," writing, "Its punk-inspired, we-couldn't-care-less ethos seemed to reflect the restless apathy some young people felt toward their times."


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: "Lithium" was ranked the 20th best single of the year in the "Village Voice" Pazz & Jop critics' poll, tying with singles by Ministry, Lisa Stansfield, and Utah Saints In 1993, it was voted at number 50 on "Spin"s Top 100 Songs of Our Time.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: In 2012, "NME" ranked "Lithium" at number 52 on its list of the "100 Best Tracks Of The '90s". In 2013, it was voted number one "by a pretty comfortable margin" in "Rolling Stone's" reader's poll of "The 10 Best Nirvana Songs." In 2019, the song was placed at number seven on "Rolling Stone"s ranking of 102 Nirvana songs.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: According to Nielsen Music's year-end report for 2019, "Lithium" was the tenth most-played song of the decade on mainstream rock radio with 123,000 spins. All of the songs in the top 10 were from the 1990s.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: On April 10, 2014, "Lithium" was performed by surviving Nirvana members Grohl, Novoselic and Pat Smear, with lead vocals and guitar by American rock musician St. Vincent, at the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony at Barclays Centre in Brooklyn, New York. "


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: "Lithium" was used as the goal song for Seattle's NHL team, the Seattle Kraken, in their inaugural season.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: In the United States, the single charted at number 64 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 single chart. "Lithium" peaked at number 16 and 25 on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock Tracks airplay charts, respectively.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: A live version of "Lithium," recorded at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, the Netherlands on November 25, 1991, was released as a promotional single in Holland in 1996, for the live compilation "From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah", released in October 1996. Clips of this performance of the song appeared in the 2005 documentary "", and the full show was released on Blu-ray and CD on the 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" version of "Nevermind" on November 12, 2021.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: In October 2021, another live version, recorded at The Palace in Melbourne, Australia on February 1, 1992, was released as a streaming single ahead of its appearance on the 30th anniversary edition of the "Nevermind". Reviewing the release for "Rolling Stone", Kory Grow wrote that "the real magic in the box set manifests during the band's Melbourne, Australia, gig on Feb. 1, 1992. Cobain urges the crowd to sing along with him on 'Lithium' - a track that hadn't even come out as a single yet - and the audience nearly drowns him out, gleefully belting his lyrics about feeling simultaneously happy and ugly and not caring who knows it. Cobain sounds so into it, he forgot to kick on his distortion pedal for the song's primal 'yeah' chorus".


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: A live version of the song recorded during the band's headlining set at the Reading Festival in Reading, England, on August 30, 1992, was released as a promotional single from the album "Live at Reading", released in November 2009. Video of this version first appeared on the 1994 home movie "Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!", although the audio was previously unreleased. In the liner notes to "From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah", Novoselic wrote that "hearing tens of thousands of people sing along with [the Reading version of] 'Lithium' was a very cool moment in the history of the band."


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: The music video for "Lithium" was the second of four Nirvana videos directed by Kevin Kerslake, who had worked with the band on the video for their previous single, "Come as You Are," and later directed the videos for "In Bloom" and "Sliver."


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: The video featured a collage of live footage from the completed but then-unreleased home movie "", which documented the band's two-week European tour with Sonic Youth, and from their show at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle on October 31, 1991. The footage from "The Year Punk Broke" was filmed at the 1991 Reading Festival on August 23, 1991, and at De Doelen in Rotterdam, the Netherlands on September 1, 1991. According to Nirvana's manager, Danny Goldberg, in his 2019 Cobain biography "Serving the Servant", Sonic Youth's vocalist and bassist Kim Gordon initially opposed the inclusion of one scene from the film, which featured Cobain being carried on Novoselic's shoulders, but eventually relented after being reminded that Nirvana had allowed Sonic Youth to use five live performances in the film for free. As Goldberg explained, Gordon "was in love with the shot" and believed its inclusion in a music video would lessen its impact in the upcoming film. The "Lithium" video also featured Cobain jumping into the drum set at the end of the Reading set, during "Endless, Nameless", which led to him dislocating his arm.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: According to Azerrad in "Come as You Are", Cobain's original plan for a "Lithium" video was an animated film about a girl named Preggo, who lives in a house in a forest. The story was to feature Preggo finding a pile of eggs in her closet and putting them in a train of three wagons that she wheels through the forest, until she comes to a king's castle. By this time, all but one of the eggs has cracked, and she carries it to the king asleep on his throne and places it on a large book on his lap. When the king awakens, he opens his legs and the book slides shut on the egg between his legs. This concept was abandoned when Cobain and Kerslake learned that the animation would take four months to produce, and the live collage was made instead. Azerrad wrote that while the final video was "enlivened by Kerslake's neat trick of using more violent footage during the quiet parts of the song and vice versa," it "was something of a disappointment from a band and a song that promised so much."


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: Cover versions of the song have been performed by choral rock band The Polyphonic Spree (which appeared in the 2015 film "The Big Short"), The Vaselines, Rockabye Baby! (as a lullaby), Man with a Mission and jazz quartet The Bad Plus.


title: Lithium (Nirvana song)

text: A cover version by Bruce Lash appears in the 2008 comedy-drama film "Marley & Me", starring Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston.


title: Catching Fire

text: Catching Fire is a 2009 science fiction young adult novel by the American novelist Suzanne Collins, the second book in "The Hunger Games" series. As the sequel to the 2008 bestseller "The Hunger Games", it continues the story of Katniss Everdeen and the post-apocalyptic nation of Panem. Following the events of the previous novel, a rebellion against the oppressive Capitol has begun, and Katniss and fellow tribute Peeta Mellark are forced to return to the arena in a special edition of the Hunger Games.


title: Catching Fire

text: The book was first published on September 1, 2009, by Scholastic, in hardcover, and was later released in ebook and audiobook format. "Catching Fire" received mostly positive reviews, with reviewers praising Collins' prose, the book's ending, and the development of Katniss's character. According to critics, major themes of the novel include survival, authoritarianism, rebellion and interdependence versus independence. The book has sold more than 19 million copies in the U.S. alone.